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Analyse Par Isabelle Sourbès- Verger, Chercheur Au CNRS, Géographe Et Spécialiste Des Vers La Fin Du Modèle Politiques Spatiales

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Analyse Par Isabelle Sourbès- Verger, Chercheur Au CNRS, Géographe Et Spécialiste Des Vers La Fin Du Modèle Politiques Spatiales Les puissances spatiales analyse Par Isabelle Sourbès- Verger, chercheur au CNRS, géographe et spécialiste des Vers la fin du modèle politiques spatiales. spatial indien ? Le modèle indien, focalisé jusque-là sur les applications civiles qui lui conféraient une véritable originalité, se trouve aujourd’hui confronté à de nouvelles logiques politiques, avec une redéfinition Photo ci-dessus : Le 23 septembre 2014, un des équilibres entre acteurs et des ambitions régionales et père et son fils célèbrent l’entrée prochaine dans internationales assumées. l’orbite martienne de la sonde Mangalyaan, faisant e 27 mars 2019, le Premier ministre, Narendra Modi, Space India Limited), en 2019 et un organisme régulateur, du pays la quatrième nation annonçait avec fierté l’entrée de l’Inde dans le club l’Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre à atteindre la planète rouge L très fermé des États ayant testé avec succès un mis- (IN-SPACE), en juin 2020 (2). et damant du même coup sile antisatellite. Ce premier tir de destruction volontaire d’un le pion à Pékin. Avec des satellite national a lieu en pleine campagne électorale et dans L’ISRO confrontée à une demande finances très contraintes un contexte de forte tension avec le Pakistan. Il marque une de plus en plus exigeante et un budget annuel de rupture brutale avec les principes fondateurs de la politique Pendant plus de 30 ans, la politique indienne a affiché sa 1,5 milliard de dollars, spatiale indienne, défenseur traditionnel des usages pacifiques volonté de mobiliser la technologie spatiale pour contribuer l’Inde peut s’enorgueillir de de l’espace. La création, deux mois plus tard, de l’Agence spa- au développement national en excluant explicitement les pro- posséder un programme spatial complet, avec sa tiale de défense (1) confirme ce tournant spectaculaire en met- grammes destinés à servir la fierté nationale. Cette « Vision » propre base de lancement tant fin à la dimension purement civile du secteur, jusque-là héritée du fondateur Vikram A. Sarabhai (3) a évolué depuis les et des réussites en matière sous contrôle exclusif de l’ISRO, l’agence spatiale indienne. années 2000 et s’est officiellement élargie aux programmes scientifiques et techniques Ces nouvelles orientations s’inscrivent dans un contexte scientifiques et d’exploration planétaire décrits dans la qui en ont fait le premier de réforme administrative entamée en décembre 2017 avec « Vision 2025 » (4). En témoignent les sondes lancées vers la pays asiatique à atteindre l’annonce d’une loi spatiale et la mise en place de deux nou- Lune (Chandrayaan 1 en 2008 et Chandrayaan 2 en 2019), Mars la planète rouge. (© AFP/ velles entités, une société de commercialisation, NSIL (New (Mars Orbiter Mission en 2013) et, plus encore, le programme Manjunath Kiran) Les Grands Dossiers de Diplomatie n° 58 Affaires stratégiques et relations internationales 71 Les puissances spatiales Gagayaan d’envoi d’un homme dans l’espace en 2022, avec satellites que des lanceurs (7). Alors qu’elle annonçait 25 mis- même l’éventualité d’une station spatiale en 2030. Ces nou- sions dans l’année, le confinement dû à la pandémie acte l’im- velles ambitions sont justifiées par les compétences acquises possibilité définitive de tenir les engagements pris. et la volonté de contribuer au statut de l’Inde comme future Par ailleurs, l’ISRO est aussi chargée d’autres programmes grande puissance. qu’elle est seule à pouvoir réaliser : le développement d’un Acteur unique et omnipotent du spatial, l’ISRO possède plu- lanceur réutilisable, la fiabilisation du GSLV pour un vol habité, sieurs centres répartis dans les différents États. L’ISRO, sous la réalisation des futures missions lunaires et martiennes. Une tutelle du Premier ministre, via le département de l’Espace dont réforme de l’organisation existante et une implication plus Photo ci-dessous : le secrétaire est aussi le directeur cette organisation, recueille grande des entreprises deviennent une nécessité désormais Le 7 septembre 2019, le l’expression des besoins des utilisateurs institutionnels — et admise par tous. Premier ministre indien est accueilli à l’Organisation théoriquement des opérateurs privés —, assurant aussi bien la indienne de recherche proposition que la conception des programmes et leur maîtrise Une ouverture prudente aux entreprises spatiale (ISRO) par d’œuvre. Dans ce cadre, les entreprises ont un statut de four- industrielles publiques et privées Kailasavadivoo Sivan, qui nisseur ou de sous-traitant et bénéficient de transferts de bre- Le premier acte officiel pour permettre cette ouverture est en est le président. Si l’Inde vets via la société Antrix, considérée comme le bras commercial la rédaction en 2017 du « Space Activities Bill » fixant le cadre s’intéresse beaucoup à de l’ISRO (5). juridique d’une activité spatiale commerciale par des acteurs l’espace depuis l’arrivée En 2018, avec un budget qui reste limité (1,4 milliard), le gou- non gouvernementaux. Ce document suscite immédiatement de Narendra Modi au vernement attend de l’ISRO, outre la conduite de ses pro- des discussions assez vives sur les nouvelles prérogatives dont pouvoir, le pays ne compte grammes de télécommunication et d’observation traditionnels, disposerait l’ISRO qui, dans le texte proposé, conserve un qu’un seul astronaute en qu’elle développe un lanceur réutilisable et fiabilise le GSLV la personne de Rakesh Sharma, aujourd’hui agé de (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) pour un vol habité. 71 ans. Le pays s’est donc L’ISRO se doit de contribuer aux objectifs politiques de rattra- L’ISRO se doit de contribuer fixé la date de 2022 pour page rapide de l’économie et des services dans le cadre des envoyer un autre homme programmes phares du Premier ministre Modi. Ainsi, la mise aux objectifs politiques dans l’espace — quatre en œuvre de « Digital India » (6), annoncé en 2014, suppose une de rattrapage rapide de candidats indiens sont en infrastructure numérique globale desservant les zones rurales formation au Centre Youri alors que moins de 35 % de la population dispose d’un accès l’économie et des services Gagarine près de Moscou — à Internet. La feuille de route de l’ISRO est bien remplie avec et ainsi commémorer la construction de 71 satellites à lancer d’ici à 2021. Un finan- dans le cadre des programmes le 75e anniversaire de cement est assuré pour la construction de 30 PSLV, le lanceur l’indépendance du pays. phares du Premier ministre polyvalent, et de 10 GSLV, le lanceur assurant la mise en orbite Un projet abandonné par Modi. Ainsi, la mise en son principal concurrent, des satellites géostationnaires, mais les capacités de produc- le Pakistan, qui a été tion de l’ISRO ne sont pas suffisantes pour remplir ces objectifs. œuvre de « Digital India », contraint de suspendre son En 2020, le budget poursuit sa progression et atteint 1,9 mil- programme de vols habités, liard de dollars, mais le problème principal auquel est confron- annoncé en 2014, suppose faute de financements. tée l’ISRO n’est pas celui des moyens financiers, mais bien de une infrastructure numérique (© AFP/PIB) dépasser le goulet d’étranglement de la production tant des globale desservant les zones rurales alors que moins de 35 % de la population dispose d’un accès à Internet. rôle crucial de conseiller du gouvernement pour l’octroi des licences, l’établissement des critères d’éligibilité et la fixation du coût d’acquisition, se trouvant ainsi juge et partie. Par ail- leurs, les questions concernant l’exportation potentielle des produits commerciaux développés en dehors de l’ISRO ne sont pas tranchées. De fait, un consensus entre tous les acteurs semble compliqué à obtenir, indépendamment des lenteurs du processus législatif indien, au point qu’en août 2020 le texte n’est pas encore voté et ne fait donc toujours pas figure de loi. On note néanmoins que le principe d’une libéralisation des activités spatiales semble acquis puisque de nouveaux sites de fabrication se mettent en place (Ananth Technologies, Centum Electronics…) et que de nouvelles sociétés comme Skyroot effectuent leurs premiers essais de moteurs pour un petit lan- ceur privé. La création en mars 2019 par l’ISRO de NSIL marque un autre pas en faveur du transfert à l’industrie de l’assemblage de Les Grands Dossiers de Diplomatie n° 58 72 Octobre - Novembre 2020 Les puissances spatiales petits satellites et du lanceur SSLV (Small Les années 2020 ouvrent indéniable- Satellite Launch Vehicle), même s’il s’agit ment une nouvelle ère pour le spatial toujours de sous-traitance. NSIL propose indien, en dépit de la lenteur dans la mise en plus de transférer aux industriels la en œuvre des réformes. L’ISRO est appe- technologie de l’ISRO pour produire des lée à transmettre progressivement aux lanceurs PSLV, le fer de lance du spatial industriels sa mission de maître d’œuvre indien (8) et en assurer la commercialisa- sur les programmes de lanceurs et de tion. Enfin, elle a pour mission d’exploiter satellites dont la production est bien commercialement la R&D réalisée dans maîtrisée, tout en gardant un rôle central les centres de l’ISRO. ainsi qu’en témoigne symboliquement Cependant, cette initiative renvoie aux le fait que c’est son président qui, en ambiguïtés du fonctionnement du sec- tant que secrétaire du DoS, a présenté teur. D’une part, l’appellation « New les orientations de la nouvelle entité. Space » pour une société surprend dès Elle devra toutefois s’adapter à terme à lors qu’elle désigne plutôt un phénomène la mise en place d’appels d’offres pour mondial inspiré du modèle américain des satellites d’applications, en parti- et de l’apparition de nouveaux acteurs culier dans les télécommunications, et privés affichant des logiques de start-up pour des services aval dont elle avait le éloignées des schémas traditionnels.
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