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Chondrichthyes) from the Main Devonian Field (East European Platform)

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Chondrichthyes) from the Main Devonian Field (East European Platform) Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 63, 3, 156–165 doi: 10.3176/earth.2014.14 New data on Karksiodus (Chondrichthyes) from the Main Devonian Field (East European Platform) Alexander Ivanova,b and Tiiu Märssc a Faculty of Geology, St. Petersburg State University, 16 Liniya 29, 199178, St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] b Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya St. 4/5, Kazan, Russia c Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected] Received 25 May 2014, accepted 13 August 2014 Abstract. New teeth belonging to Karksiodus mirus Ivanov & Märss (Chondrichthyes) were found together with putative chondrichthyan scales in five new localities of the Leningrad Region, northwestern Russia, within the Aruküla and Burtnieki regional stages, Givetian, Middle Devonian. The teeth exhibit variability in the number of cusps, angles between the lateral cusps, base curvature, length of lateral parts and the prominence of the wall of the transversal basal canal. Karksiodus tooth material collected from these sites suggests that this taxon possesses an heterodont dentition and a specific, complex vascularization system affecting the dental base and the crown. Enameloid tissue seems to be absent, thus the surface striations on the cusps are presumably made up by orthodentine. The fish fauna from these localities is listed. Key words: Karksiodus, Chondrichthyes, Aruküla Regional Stage, Burtnieki Regional Stage, Givetian, Middle Devonian, Leningrad Region, Estonia. INTRODUCTION additional teeth from the Karksi outcrop and the new specimens from the Givetian of the localities from the Chondrichthyan remains are very rare in the Devonian Leningrad Region, Russia, are described in this paper. shallow-water deposits of the northwestern region of the East European Platform, on the territory called the Main Devonian Field (Borisyak 1922). This territory with the MATERIAL AND METHODS large exposure area of Devonian deposits includes parts of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and the northern region The teeth of Karksiodus collected to date are usually of Belarus (the western part of the Main Devonian incomplete, with broken cusps and bases, exposing the Field), as well as the northwest of Russia: Leningrad, walls of the transverse basal vascular canal; they also Pskov, Novgorod and Vologda regions (the eastern part often show abraded surfaces. However, some teeth bear of the Main Devonian Field). Scarce chondrichthyan well-preserved striations on the cusps. scales have been reported from the Middle Devonian Most of the sandstone layers containing chondri- Narova (= Narva) and Burtnieki regional stages of Estonia chthyan remains were very weakly cemented and did and northwestern Russia (Karatajūtė-Talimaa 1997; not require acid preparation. Samples of the sandstone Märss et al. 2008). A few chondrichthyan teeth are also were fractioned and sieved. Vertebrate microremains known from the Middle (Aruküla and Burtnieki regional were then manually picked under an optical microscope. stages) and Late Devonian (Kursa and Mūri regional Acetic acid was utilized to recover vertebrate micro- stages) of Latvia, Estonia and northwestern Russia remains from the samples of dense, carbonate-cemented (Ivanov & Lukševičs 1994; Mark-Kurik & Karatajūtė- sandstone from the Kemka locality. The tooth micro- Talimaa 2004; Ivanov et al. 2011). Karksiodus mirus structure was examined in thin section; the images were Ivanov & Märss, 2011 (in Ivanov et al. 2011) is so far photographed at the different stages of polishing using the best-known, dentition-based chondrichthyan taxon the optical microscope Nikon ECLIPSE 50i and digital from the Main Devonian Field. The five teeth ascribed camera Nikon DS-Fi1. One tooth cusp was polished and to this species have been recorded in the Givetian etched for 10 sec in 5% HCl. The microremains were Aruküla deposits of the Aruküla cave (Mark-Kurik & micrographed using the scanning electron microscopes Karatajūtė-Talimaa 2004) and Burtnieki deposits of Cambridge CamScan-4, Tescan VEGA-II XMU and the Karksi outcrop, Estonia (Ivanov et al. 2011). The Zeiss EVO MA15. 156 A. Ivanov and T. Märss: New data on Karksiodus The described specimens are housed at the Pale- Lemovzha (Volosovo District), Siverskij, Zaitsevo and ontological Museum of St. Petersburg State University Novinka (Gatchina District) and Kemka (Luga District). (collection number PM SPU 70) and in the Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology (collection Lemovzha locality number GIT 383 with specimen numbers 47–49). The outcrop is located on the right bank of the Lemovzha River (right tributary of the Luga River), LOCALITY DATA 4.5 km upstream from the river mouth and 2.5 km from Khotnezha village (Fig. 1B). The Middle Devonian beds The new teeth of Karksiodus mirus Ivanov & Märss are well exposed in a cliff about 20 m high and 40 m were found in five distinct localities within the long. The section includes the deposits of the Narova Leningrad Region, northwestern Russia (Fig. 1): (Narva) Regional Stage in the lower part of the outcrop Fig. 1. A, B, location of the studied outcrops; the Karksi outcrop is shown by an asterisk in A; outcrops (localities) in the Leningrad Region are shown by asterisks in B: 1, Lemovzha; 2, Kemka; 3, Siverskij; 4, Zaitsevo; 5, Novinka. C, Stratigraphical interval of the studied outcrops (shown by grey rectangles) and levels of collected specimens (shown by a white arrow). 157 Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 63, 3, 156–165 and the Aruküla Regional Stage (lower part of the Luga with additional data herein). The psammosteids and Regional Beds) in the upper part. The Narova deposits sarcopterygians are predominant among the vertebrate of the Lemovzha and Khotnezha members are re- macroremains. presented by brownish or dappled marls with brownish- The precise position of the boundary between the grey sandstones, bluish-grey siltstone and clay interlayers. Narova and Aruküla regional stages has not been Some marl levels downstream along the Lemovzha determined in the Lemovzha section. The tooth of River contain well-preserved remains of agnathans and Karksiodus mirus Ivanov & Märss was found in the fishes (Ivanov & Lebedev 2011; Skutschas et al. 2011; layer of brownish-grey, weakly cemented, fine- to Ivanov et al. 2012). The vertebrate assemblage occurring medium-grained, cross-bedded sandstones, 1.5 m above there includes the psammosteids Schizosteus splendens the marls and sandstones boundary. This layer contains (Eichwald) and S. striatus (Gross); the placoderms remains of the psammosteids Schizosteus splendens, Holonema sp., Homostius sp. and Byssacanthus dilatatus S. striatus and Pycnosteus pauli (V. Glinskiy, pers. (Eichwald); the acanthodians Archaeacanthus sp., comm. 2013); the placoderms Asterolepis sp. and Cheiracanthus longicostatus Gross, C. brevicostatus Coccosteidae indet.; the acanthodians Cheiracanthus Gross, Diplacanthus? sp., Haplacanthus sp., Markacanthus brevicostatus, Diplacanthus gravis, ‘Acanthodes’ sp., costulatus Valiukevičius, Ptychodictyon sp. and Homacanthus sp. and Rhadinacanthus sp.; and the P. distinctum Valiukevičius; and the sarcopterygians sarcopterygians Glyptolepis sp. and Osteolepididae indet. Glyptolepis? quadrata Eichwald, Struniiformes indet., The psammosteid taxa S. striatus and P. pauli occur Dipterus arenaceus Eichwald, cf. Gyroptychius sp., in the Narova and Aruküla regional stages. However, Thursius sp. and Osteolepiformes indet. (Valiukevičius S. splendens is only found within the Narova Regional 1985; Ivanov et al. 2012, with additional data herein). Stage (Mark-Kurik 2000). On the other hand, the The deposits of the Aruküla Regional Stage are acanthodian species Diplacanthus gravis is only known represented by brownish- and yellowish-grey, fine- to to occur in the Aruküla Regional Stage (Mark-Kurik coarse-grained, cross-bedded sandstones with clay balls, 2000; Valiukevičius 2000). For this reason, it is likely lenses and interlayers. The sandstones are moderately that the lower sandstone layer containing the Karksiodus cemented with weakly cemented interlayers. The Aruküla tooth is of Aruküla age. Numerous and diverse acanthodian vertebrate assemblage known from the surroundings of scales are also concentrated within this layer, as well as Khotnezha village contains remains of the psammosteids scales of Karksilepis parva Märss. The scale surface has Pycnosteus palaeformis Preobrazhensky, P. pauli Mark four elongated odontodes that point sharply towards the and Schizosteus striatus; the placoderms Homostius sp., posterior margin of the scale and a rhomboid, flat base Actinolepis tuberculata Agassiz, Dickosteus sp. and (Fig. 2L). The slightly flattened, horizontally directed Asterolepis estonica Gross; the acanthodians odontodes have a smooth surface, but their basal Archaeacanthus quadrisulcatus Kade, Haplacanthus part bears fine striations (Fig. 2L, sc), as typical of marginalis Agassiz, Homacanthus gracilis (Eichwald), Karksilepis (Märss et al. 2008). The central and largest Diplacanthus carinatus Gross, D. gravis Valiukevičius, of the odontodes extends across the entire base of the Diplacanthus sp., Markacanthus costulatus Valiukevičius, scale and projects beyond the posterior edge of the M. alius Valiukevičius, Minioracanthus laevis scale. Two small lateral odontodes are distributed in Valiukevičius, Cheiracanthus brevicostatus Gross, a row on either side
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