JAN 29 1946
SEATTLE,WASH INC.TON TheShakespeare Fellowship was founded i,, London in 1922 under the presidency of Sir George Greenwo94~.
VOL. VI OCTOBER, 194.5 NO. 4
Oxford-Shakespeare Case Loses Brilliant Advocate Bernard Mordaunt Ward (1893-1945), Author of The Seventeenth Earl oJ Oxjord
Friends and admirers of Captain Bernard M. searching out the original records at great pains and Ward will be saddened to learn of his death, which expense. He took as his guiding principle in the occurred quite suddenly at his home, Lemsford Cot accomplishment of this task the following text of Itage, Lemsford, Hertfordshire, England, on October Edmund Lodge in Illustrations of Br,tish History 2, 1945. (17911: Captain Ward's untimely demise--due to over• "For genuine illustration of history, biography exertion in the war-removes the last of a distin• and manners, we must chiefly rely on ancient orig guished family of British soldier-scholars. He was inal papers. To them we must return for the correc• one of the founders of The Shakespeare Fellowship tion of past errors; for a supply of future materials; in 1922, and for several years prior to his return to and for proof of what hath already been delivered the British Army in 1940, served as Honorary Sec unto us." retary of The Ft-llowship. As author of The Seven• In order to keep the size of his book within reason• teentk Earl o/ Oxford, the authoritative biography able bounds, Captain Ward did not attempt to in o( Edward de Vere, based upon contemporary doc· troduce detailed Shakespearean arguments into The uments, and published by John Murray of London Seventeenth Earl of Oxford, being content to leave in 1928, Captain Ward will always occupy the place to others the rewarding task of making apparent the of honor next to the late J. Thomas Looney as one all-revealing parallels between the authentic rec of the two most important ad•,ocates in establishing ords of Edward de Vere's remarkable career as the case for the poet Earl as "Shakespeare." courtier, soldier, scholar, poet, dramatist, literary Born in 1893, Bernard M. Ward was the only patron and theatrical entrepreneur, and the other• child of Colonel Bernard Rowland Ward and his wise mystifying creative background of the Shakes• wife,Jeanie, daughter of John Milner Duffield of the pearean works. As one of the oldest and most con British Civil Government of Gibraltar, He was edu• servative publishing houses in London, the John cated at Winchester and the Royal Military Colle~e Murray editorial opinion was also against bringing at Sandhurst, leaving the latter to enter military out the Shakespeare parall'els as part of the biog• service during World War I. Later in life, Captain raphy. In this connection, ·it is only fair to admit Wardtook special courses in Elizabethan literature that to have done so would have entailed the issu under Prof. Charles J. Sisson of the University of ance of at least a two-volume study. London, author of Thomas Lodge and O·her Eliza. Previous lo the publication of The Seventeenth bethans,a man generally recognized by the cogno• Earl of Oxford, Captain Ward iu 1926 edited a re• '
52 QUARTERLY
both of yourself and of her Majesty, that your numerous thoughts expressed in the letter which are friends may long enjoy you and you them. I speak echoed in Shakespeare and vary only slightly in the hecause I am not ignorant what practices have way they are told; some of these echoes seem even been made against your person lately by Mather, more significant than the phrases to be listed. and later, as I understand by foreign practices if it be true. And think if the Admiral in France was O:,,/ord'• Leiter, Echoed In Shake1peare'• Play,. an eyesore or beam in the eyes of the papists, that the Lord Treasurer of England is a block and a your 11ews • .. in the ears of every 111a11 crossbar in their way, whose remove they will never stick to attempt, seeing they have prevailed I have heard strange news.-lf it be true, all ven so well in others. This estate hath depended on geance comes too short. yon a great while as all the world doth judge, and What fear is this that startles in our ears? now all men's eyes not being occupied any more Mute wonder lurketh in men's ears. on these lost lords are, as it were on a sudden bent and fixed on you, as a singular hope and pillar, French /Eneases whereto the religion hath to lean. And blame me false lEneas not, though I am bolder with your Lordship than my custom i., for I am one that count myself as their own overthrows a follower of yours now in all fortunes; and what misadventured piteous overthrows shall hap to you I count it hap to myself; or at least I will make myself a voluntary partaker of tears falling from their eyes it. Thus, my Lord, I humbly desire your Lordship tear-falling pity dwells not in this eye to pardon my youth, but to take in good part my zeal and affection towards you, as one on whom I rU111ours here are but con fused have builded my foundation either to stand or to po~sess' d with rumours fall. And, good my Lord, think I do not this pre I heard a bustling rumour, like a fray sumptuously as to advise you that am but to take advice of your Lordship, but to admonish you, as e,caped from Paris a11d Roue11 one with whom I would spend my blood and life, so much you have made me yours. And I do pro Is Paris lost? is Rouen yielded up? test there is nothing more desired of me than so JIe,per Sicilianus to be taken and accounted of you. Thus with my hearty commendations and your daughter's we black vesper leave you to the custody of Almighty God. that cruelty spreads all over Fra11ce Your Lordship's affectionate son-in-law, EDWARD OXEFORD.• Look on thy country, look on fertile France, And see the cities and the towns defac'd In my study of this letter, I have found numerous words and expressions which are paralleled in the silk the world is so full of treaso11s and vile instru• Shakespeare plays and poems, though several years ments must have elapsed before the latter were written. fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils Some of the expressions were doubtless common places of the Elizabethan period, but the whole com I speak because i am not ig11ora11t bination of them is hard to account for on any other I speak not out of weak surmises, but from proof grounds than as the composition of one author. I as strong as my grief have made a ,tudy of all of Lord Oxford's extant letters and poems and present here only the earliest made against your person lately by Mather as a kind of sample of what may be expected from of all things upon the earth he hated Your person the entire number. most.
Besides the exact Shakespearean parallels which this estate hath depended 011rou a great while will be detailed in a succeeding paper, there are on his choice depends The safety and health of •ward refers to Harleian MSS., 6991.5. this whole state. 0CT0l!ER, 1945 all men's eyes ... on a sudden benl and fixed on you very person who adopted the pen-name o{ •·Shake• soo how the guilty multitude do point, and nod speare" in the 1590\. their heads, and throw their eyes on thee. Hazlitt's remarks on Shakespeare seem applic millions of false eyes Are stuck on thee. able to the writer of the leller: He has a ma~ic power O\·er words: they come a singular hope and pillar winged at his hiddin;(; and seem lo know their a well-deserving pillar. you shall seem in him The places. They are struck nut at heal. on the spur triple pillar of the world. of the occasion, and ha\·e all the truth and vivid ness which arise from an actual impression of the I am •.. a follower of yours now in all fortunes objects. His epithets and single phrases are like To his honours and his valient parts Did I my sparkles, thrown off from an imagination, fired soul and fortunes consecrate. by the whirling rapidity of its own motion. I humbly desire your Lordship to pardon my youth When good will is show'd, though't come too Publicity That Counts short, The actor may plead pardon. Mrs. Elsie Greene Holden of Denver has done herself much credit and The Shakespeare Fellow, my zeal and affection towards you ship a fine service in writing and circulating two That which show, heaven knows, is merely love. I new papers in circles where the Oxford-Shakespeare Duty and zeal. evidence was pn·viously unknown or disregarded. As a result of her excellent promotional work, one 011 whom I have builded my foundation several public and college libraries, as well as in• never may That stale or fortune fall into my keep fluential individuals have either become members ing, Which is not owed to you. of The Fellowship or subscribers lo our puhlica• If I mistake In those foundations which I build tion. upon. The first of Mrs. Holden's papers is entitled, The Ox.ford Theory of the Authorship of Shakespeare. think I do not this presumptuously It runs to between five and six thousand words, and Let my presumption not provoke thy wrath. gives an effective resume of the work done by J. Thomas Looney and his best known followers OM with whom I would spend my blood and life chielly in this country--to bring the telling facts of High in name and power, Higher than bo;h in · Lord Oxford's career in parallel with the author• blood and life. ship of the great plays and poems. Mrs. Holden's second paper, Shakespeare's S011• nothing desired me tha11 so to be taken and more of nets, is somewhat shorter, hut dearly and readably accounted of you covers the highspots in the evidence connecting only to stand high in your account. Lord Oxford and his intimate group with the char acterizations, events and relationships adumbrated in these previously enigmatic poems. The tragic news the writer has heard and the The digest of the Son11ets' human background is worry for the safety of his father-in-law are told in based mainly upon the original research of C. W. a manner which plainly shows his sincerity. The Barrell, as prillted in the News-Letter of The Shake letter is not a studied composition, hut is the natural speare Fellowship during 1942-3. Mrs. Holden's outpouring of an anxious heart and mind. The brief should help general readers grasp the vital words burst forth in a way which indicates them to significance of these personal poems when read with be a part of his ordinary vocabulary, manifestly a the recovered facts of Edward de Vere's private life vocabulary extending far beyond the actual words in mind. in the letter. This Shakespearean quality, added to This is the kind of promotional material that the parallel phrases and echoes of the plays, is yet wins friends and influences people. another proof .,f the many that have been adduced Mrs. Holden is to be congratulated and heartily wh,ch shows that the youthful Oxford of the letter, thanked for writing and circulating these stimu the most admired dramatist of the 1580's, was the lating informational essays. 54 QUARTERLY
The Remarkable Testimony of Henry Peacham
By Loms P. BENEZET,M.A., Po.D
The writer first learned of Henry Peacham, "Mr. One is inst,mtly reminded of thP re<'ently pub of Arts, Sometime of Trinity Coll: in Cambridge," lished work of Professor T. W. Baldwin, William about seven years ago, through the medium of Mrs. Shakespeare's Small Latin 1111tl Lesse Greek, in Clark's book, The Man Who Was Shakespeare. which, after showin)!: that the author of the plays Consulting c1.llleagues in academic circles, he was familiar with Quintilian, Persius, Martial, Ju. learned that Mr. Peacham was practically unknown. venal, Tibullus and Lucan, besides all the beller This is a pity, for his book The Comp/eat Gentle known Latin authors, ( in other words had a heller man, "Imprinted at London for Francis Constable, knowled)!:e of Latin than many a man who has taken 1622," deserves to be read by all students of the an M. A. in the language today) he blandly assures times of "Elizabeth and our James" as well as by all us that it is entirely possible that the Stratford cit members of the teaching profession. For it is a 250- izen, as a child, could have amassed all this erudi page treatise on education, describing its status in tion in the Grammar School of his native village England during the latter part of the sixteenth cen• I population 1500), the school whose equipment is tury and the first quarter of the seventeenth. described by Halliwell-Phillips as consisting of Peacham comments on English schools of his day, Lilly's Grammar plus a few horn-books chained paying his respects to the masters, the curriculum, to the desks. Bear in mind that Mr. Peacham is des the methods of discipline. He says that poor teach• cribing boarding schools for the children of the ing "is a general plague and complaint of the whole landed gentry and lesser nobility. If these young Land; for, for one discreet and able Teacher, you gentlemen were treated so barbarously and tau~ht shall find twenty ignorant and carelesse." so poorly in the "public" schools of the day, what There are four very common faults in the schools: erudition could one expect even a genius to have 1) The masters do not test the individual capac· acquired in a day school in a small village, with ities of their pupils, but suffer the brilliant and thirty pupils ranging in age from seven to fourteen promising student to be held back to the dead level years, scattered through six different forms of the dullards. He has no chance to advance at his (grades) and taught by a single master? own rapid pace, so is bored and becomes "quite dis• No, Peacham 's description of conditions in the couraged." better schools of England in the latter years of the 2 I The masters practice "plaine crueltie" in cor• reign of James I proves that those Stratfordian reeling mistakes. Peacham has seen young gentle apologists who stoutly maintain that Wm. Shaks· men "pulled by the ears, lashed over the face, beaten pere "must have attended the grammar school" about the head with the great end of the rod, smitten of his own village, even though there is not the upon the lippes for every slight offense with the slightest evidenc~ of this in the records of the Ferula, \not offered to their Fathers' Scullions at school; and that before he dropped out at the age home) by these Ajaces flagelli/eri." of 13 or thereabouts, he "could have acquired" a 3) The students are kept indoors all day long, knowledge of the works of Aesop, Plautus, Terence, with no recreation or recess periods, in contrast to Ovid, Tibullus, Lucan, Caesar, Livy, Vergil, Hor· the practice of Dutch schools, where, between each ace, Persius, Martial, Juvenal and Quintilian, be· two hours of lecture, the students have a rest to talk sides enough G1eek to translate Marianos, Lucian, over the lesson "with their fellowes." Heliodorus, etc., are cozening themselves as well as 4) In some schools, on the contrary, there is "too their readers. much carelessne~se and remissenesse" in ~'not giving The author of the Shakespeare plays and poems them in the Schoole, that due attendance they was a university scholar, whose opinion of the ought." typical English schoolmasters of his day, as indi• He tells that in Germany, on the other hand, cated by his frequent ridicule of their pedantry and where there are intelligent and humane teachers, he hide-bound tradition, was much in accord with the has seen "twelve year old boys able to write and· sentiments of Mr. Peacham. speak Latin in such fashion as the English Masters, Next let us examine the curriculum prescribed for university graduates, would hardly improve upon." the gentleman. First he requires that the student I,, 0cTOUEH, ]9t5 taught ·•stilf>:in Speaking uud Writing"; next comes There follows a chapter on "Heputatiou aud Car History, whil'h he extols highly. Third comes Cos riage" which might well have been written hy a mography, a combination of Astronomy and Geog thorough student of the Shakespeare plays, so close raphy. ly does it parallel the philosophy of the author. In this chapter, illustrating a peninsula, he states Every maxim and hit of sage advice given by that the "vaste continent of Peru and Brasile in Shakespeare characters to members of the younger America were an Iland but for that Streigh~ general ion seems to be echoed here. Necke of land betweene Panama and Nombre de The last chapter, "Of Travaile," preaches a ser dios; which Philip the second, i(ing of Spaiae, was mon on the text ~'Home-keepin:,( youth have e\'er once minded to have cut for a shorter passage for homely wits;' that speech of Valentine's whid1 has ships into the South Sea, but upon better delibera caused more than one critic to declare that Shakes tion he gave ove1 his project." Next he speaks of peare was either a great traveller or a great hypo "Observations in Survey of the Earth," which is a crite. combination of Physical Geography with Geology. Peacham has evidently followed his own pre He mentions the annual floods of the Nile, the con scription for broadening and educating: a gentle stant winds in some parts of the earth, the building man, for he gives us eye-witness descriptions of up of some lands by rivers and the separation of cities, castles, palaces, parks and forests in both others by the sea. France and Britain were once France and Spain. He concludes by saying that he joined, says Peacham, as were "Spaine and Bar has"given his readers only a taste, to illustrate how bary," Italy and Sicily and Cyprus and Syria. one should learn and observe while travelling. There follow chapters on Geometry, Poetry, In summing up the work, it is remarkable to note "Musicke," Antiquities ( "Statues, Inscriptions, how closely Peacham's education of a l(entleman Coynes" I, Drawing, Limning and Painting ( "in fits the attainments of the author of the Shakespeare 0yle" I with lives of the painters from "Cimabus" works. Style in speaking and writing, history, cos to "Raphael." Next Peacham prescribes the study mography, physical geography, poetry, music, of Blazons, "both Ancient and Moderne," followed knowledge of antiquities, ( in which he includes the by Armory and Heraldry. A third chapter on this, mythology and semi-legendary stories of ancient to him, very essential study is entitled "The Practice Greece and Rome as well as the genuine history of of Blazonry," and is illustrated by many coats of the classical nations )-all fit into the pattern of the arms. subject matter that was very familiar to the Bard. Next follows a chapter on "Exercise of the Body," Blazonry and heraldry are known to him, not as to in which he lists the sports in which a gentleman a recent addition to the ranks of those entitled to a may indulge; tilting in tournaments, (although he coat; not as a patch upon his garments but as the confesses that this is too dangerous, since manv, warp and woof of his nature. Geometry, a subject including Henri II, the King of France, have lost hardly capable of contributin'.\ to daily intercourse, their lives thereby), horseback riding, running, is the only study named by Peacham which does not leaping, swimming, shooting, hawking and hunting. show itself in the plays. Tennis is also mentioned, but wrestling and wei~ht But the crowning contribution that Peacham throwing are not suitable for gentlemen, but rather makes to our true understanding of sixteenth and for the common "soldiers in a Campe," althou<_\h seventeenth century writers is found in his chapter Epaminondas Achmat, "Emperor of Turky ," "to~k on Poetry. • great delight in throwing the hammer" in which Here, after devoting sixteen pages to the poets of sport none could excel him, "there being reared in the ancient world and, to some moderns who have Constantinople, for one extraordinary cast, which written verses in Latin, he lists the writers of English none could come neere, two great Pillars of poetry. Bi,ginning with '·Jeoffrey Chaucer," Gower marble." and Lydgate, author of Piers Plow-ma,,, he names It is significant that these "gentlemanly" sports, Harding, Skelton, Henry Earl of Surrev. "the riding, falconry, tilting, tennis, shooting and hunt learned but unfortunate Sir Thomas Wyatt," Stern ing, are the very ones which "Shakespeare" knows hold, John Heywood, Doctor Phaer and Arthur and is proficient in, as pointed out in Dr. Caroline Golding as those worthy of mention amonl( writers, Spurgeon's Shakespeare's Imagery. The author of whose works appeared before the reign of Elizabeth. the plays is at home in all aristocratic pursuits, Eleven names all told, and among them are two whileunacquainted with sports of the lower classes. uncles of the 17th Earl of Oxford! 56 QUAHTEHLY
Then comes a paragraph which, to my way of not out of tnvy, but to avoid tediousnesse, 1 over thinking, contains one of the best keys to the solu passe." tion of the Shakespeare Mystery. We recall the Nole that this was printed in 1622. George Chap statement of Sir Sidney Lee, that the Earl of Oxford man and Ben Jonson are "still living and so well was the best of the court poets in the early years of knowne." But Wm. Shakespeare of Stratford is Elizabeth's reign, and Wehhe's comment that "in dead, these six years. the rare devices of poetry he ( Oxford l may chal We recall thal Philip Henslowe, in the famous lenge lo himself the title of the most excellent among diary in which are recorded the names of all the the rest." Also we remember that The Arte of Eng other dramatists who wrote for the English stage lish Poesie ( 1589 I after confessing that "as well between 1593 and l 609, never once names Shakes Poets as Poesie are despised, and the name become peare. Could the inhabitants of Lilliput ignore of honourable infamous" so that many noblemen Gulliver? and gentlemen "are loath to he known of their skill" Henry Peacham, "Mr. of Arts," was in a position and that many who have written commendably have to know the truth. He had been for several years, the suppressed it, or suffered it to he published "with tutor of the three sons of Thomas Howard, Earl of out their names," goes on to state that in Elizabeth's Arundel, Oxford's cousin. Living in the family time have sprung up a new group of "courtly circle, he knew the secret behind the pseudonym writers, who have written excellently well, if their under which were published Venus and Adonis and doings could be found out and made public with Lucrece, those poems which, with The Faerie the rest, of which number is first that noble gentle Queene, provide the high water mark of Elizabethan man, Edward, Earl of Oxford." rhyming. Now comes Henry Peacham, confirming all that Sir George Greenwood, in The Shakespeare Prob has been said by the others. He calls the reign of lem Restated, has a powerful chapter on "The Si Elizabeth "a golden Age" in that it produced such lence of Philip Henslowe." But still more compel poets "whose like are hardly to be hoped for in any ling is the silence of Henry Peacham, for not only succeeding Age," and then proceeds to give the list does he ignore the Stratford man, but, at the head of of those "who honoured Poesie with their pennes his list of the great poets of "the Golden Age," where and practice," in the following order: the name of the Bard of Avon should he expected, we "Edward Earle of Oxford, the Lord Buckhurst, encounter instead that of one who is not even men Henry Lord Paget, the noble Sir Philip Sidney, M. tioned in any of the histories of English literature Edward Dyer, M. Edmund Spenser, Master Samuel consulted as "authority" by my colleagues of the Daniel, with sundry others whom (together with Departments of English, the greatest of the world', those admirable wits yet living and so well knowne) unknown great, Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford.
Our President Rings the Bell Again
Our indefatigable President, Dr. Louis Benezet of Two days after the Holderness lecture, Dr. the Department of Education of Dartmouth College, Beneze! visited Amherst, Massachusetts, where he has spent a busy autumn season bringing the spoke to a group of Shakespeare students at the in Oxford-Shakespeare evidence to the attention of vitation of the English Department of the Massa· various audiences throughout the New England chusetts State College. Notices of Dr. Benezet's States. engagement had appeared in both the Springfield On the evening of October 23rd, he spoke at the and Holyoke newspapers and the auditorium was Holderness School in Holderness, New Hampshire, thrown open lo the public. The lecture went off ver)' at the invitation of the Rector, first addressing the well before an appreciative audience which, we are student body and later the faculty, their wives and pleased to note, included Mr. Frank Willcox, Li friends. Among others at Holderness, Professor brarian of the Holyoke Public Library, who has the Abbey of the English Department, who recently re distinction of b~ing the first librarian in the United turned from military service, was keenly interested States to enter his institution as a subscribing mem· to learn how far the case for Lord Oxford has pro her of The Fellowship. gressed in the country during the past few years, After his talk at the Massachusetts College, Dr. despite all handicaps. Benezet addressed members of the faculty at the OCTOBER, 1945 57 home of Professor Varley of the English Depart considerable space to an account of the Beneze! talk, ment. Much of the success of these talks was due to digesting many of his arguments ac·curately and the advance work that had been done by Professor well. Vernon Helming, who arranged them for Dr. It is a notable fact that Dr. Benezet is rapidly de Benezet. veloping into the. best of all Ameri,·an lecturers on The last day of October, our President traveled Shakespeare. 1u concentrating on the authorship of up to the Vermont-Canadian border to give his I;~ the plays arid poems, he brings to life the creative ond annual lecture on Lord Oxford as Shakespeare personality behir,d them in a way that fascinates at Stanstead College, Quebec, having visited the audiences of all ages and conditions. 1nstead of re same place last year. The present talk was given peating the pros) and fabulous conjectures of the under the auspices of the Community School of usual professional Shakespearean "authority," who Adult Education of the four towns of Derbyline and is almost invariably guaranteed to act as a sleeping Beebe, Vermont, and Rock Island and Stanstead, potion on his hearers, Beneze! opens new and ex Quebec. As had been the case upon his previous citjng vistas on his suhject and stimulates vital visit, Dr. Beneze! was kept long after the lecture to interest in the immortal works. answer questions and advise regarding further If The Fellowship only had about a dozen such study of the great Elizabethan mystery story which speakers, constantly employed, the Oxford-Shake he knows so well. speare case would soon be a live topic in every The Newport (Vermont) Daily Express devoted English class in the country.
The Battle Still Rages Over Who Was Shakespeare By BURTON RASCOE In his Theatre column of July 31, 1945, the well read and eminently read able dramatic critic of the New York World-Telegram published the following commentary on the QUARTERLY. The Editors are both proud and happy to reproduce Mr. Rascoe' s salty reactions to their efforts in the field of Oxford Shakespeare research, having long esteemed his judgment in matters of both literary and dramatic moment.
There is one vice which has had such a hold on annoy any Stratfordian, big or little if the spirit so Illeover a long period of time that I have given up moves them. They seem to have fun. hopeof ever being cured of it. I am a chronic reader Diary of Times o[ scholarly publications, what you might call a In recent issues Dr. Louis P. Beneze! has been hopeless addict of them. lambasting the Stratford Shakespeareans with our old friend of college days, Henslowe's "Diary," that account book by a leading Elizabethan theat The tipple nowadays I find most agreeable to my rical producer which,has been one of the principal palate is the Shakespeare Fellowship Quarterly, put means of fixing the dates of Shakespeare's plays. out by a society founded in 1922 in London, to Philip Henslowe, as you ,recall, was an illiterate establish Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, as real estate dealer who got into the theatrical produc the author of the plays attributed to Shakespeare. ing busines!I' by accident, through acquiring a site The writers for this quarterly are ingenious, of land on which a theater and bear-bating amphi bright and entertaining. Their spade work is inde theater was operating and, finding show business fatigable and they have dug up the darndest things. profitable, became the richest producer and theater But there is no scholar's dust on them; they are owner of his times. nusaders full of joy and devilment. They delight Henslowe kept strict account, it seems, of the mtrippjng up the Shakespearean bigwigs with new plays he bought or commissioned, the actors he discoveries; th~y love to shy rocks at the high hats hired and what he paid them, the loans he made o[ Dr.J. Q. Adams and Dover Wilson, but they will them, at usurious rates \so actors and writers were -- 58 QUARTERLY rarely out of his debt and therefore couldn't quit playing in their own repertoire on a percentage him I and what he charged them for eostumes ( for basis. This rcpc, to ire then induded Henry the Fifth he ran a costume shop, also, and stuck the actors and I Henry Sixth. Tom Nash in his Pierce Peni high prices for the habiliments of their profession I. lesse ( 1592 I corroborates the Shakespearean iden Although Henslowe names nearly every other tity of both of these plays by his enthusiastic des Elizabethan playwright and numerous actors as criptions of them. I Henry Sixth, the sequel to being on his pay roll, nowhere does Shakespeare's Henry the Fifth, had heen a tremendous hit before name occur in the diary either as a playwright or it came to Henslowe's Rose Theatre, for Nash states as an actor. explicitly that th, hero of the piece, "brave Talbot Oxford Theory ( the terror of the French I" had had "his bones new Dr. Benezet presents this as evidence that Hens embalmed with the tears of ten thousand spectators lowe never heard of Shakespeare; that the Earl of at least, ( at several times I who in the Tragedian Oxford's plays were not paid for because his noble that represents his person, imagine they behold him fresh bleeding." Henslowe's records of his per position would 1101 permit him to be identified with the low company of playwrights and therefore centage intakes at the Rose when this same play "Shakespeare" was Oxford ... Mv own guess is was shown there are proportionately high, but fall that the reason Shakespeare's name doesn't appear far short of the "ten thousand spectators ... at in Henslowe's diary is that Shakespeare was a rival several times" that Nash mentions. Obviously, the producer and that the Shakespearean plays which play wes a great favorite before Henslowe booked Henslowe did produce were pirated "memory-ver it. Both this drama and its predecessor, Henry the sions," (a common method of play larceny at the Fi/th, have a stage history that antedates 1592. Nash time I for which no payment was made to Shake considered them dramatic masterpieces of unex• speare. ampled worth in arousing English patriotic fervor. But these quarrels of the Baconians, Oxonians No other highly popular dramas based on the same and Stratfordians are entertaining and often en themes and characters and bearing the same titles lightening. And Dr. Beneze! serves to remind us as these Shakespeare plays are known to have been that perhaps the most successful producer in Shake produced by the leading companies of that day. speare's day could hardly read or write, rarely got (The Famous Victories of Henry Fifth is a tele a name or title correct and apparently never read scoped piratical memory-version of the first and the plays he produced. How different from our second parts of Henry the Fourth and Henry the times when all producers are learned and cultivated Fifth, botched up for publication by unscrupulous gentlemen who never take advantage of an actor's actors in 159,i, and need not concern us here.I poverty or gyp a playwright out of a dime! Nash was a thoroughly intelligent and sound critic who knew the best when he saw it. It would be a * waste of time to argue that he didn't or that some By way of epi:logue, we would point out that Mr. other "great unknown" had preceded the real Rascoe overlooks some essential evidence when Shckespeare in writing duplicates of the master· he attempts to explain the notable omission of pieces which Nash describes. Moreover, in 1592 Philip Henslowe to mention anything resembling Lord Strange's Company ranked among the very the name of "William Shakespeare" in his Diary, best and did not have to squander its talent upon although referring in one way or another to every pirated umemory-versions." other dramatist of the period. Similar circumstances are fully apparent when We cannot by any means assume that "the Shake we find Henslowe turning a theatre over on a per• spearean plays which Henslowe did produce were centage basis to the Lord Admiral's Men and the pirated 'memory-versions' ... for which no pay Lord Chamberlain's Men in June, 1594. These were ment was made to Shakespeare," and that it was the actors-comprising the most skilled in the therefore natural for Henslowe to avoid mention realm-who then put on Titus Antlronicus, Hamiel ing a "rival producer" he is surmised to have been and The Tamhg of the Shrew. Indeed, the Lord robbing. Chamberlain's group ( which had absorbed the best As it happens, Henslowe did not enter the field of Lord Strangc's Players I is generally known as as a producer, but as a theatre manager or owner. "Shakespeare's Company." It is quite incredible lo According to his Diary, he opened his Rose Theatre argue that Sh~keepeare's own fellows ( Lord Oxford in February, 1592, with Lord Strange's Company himself being the dramatist and also Lord Cham- ;. tLJJ_lill§l@L
OcTOl!EII, ]9-15 ;;9 herlain of E,'.•gland I, won_ld ~:·oduce shoddy ar'.d reeorcls with his sense of logic unhampered. He will counterfo1t men10ry-vers1011s of the authentic then see that D.-. Beneze! is right---and that the con works which th~) had in their own repertoire. Our jectural creative calendar, built to lit William uf good friend Dr. Rascoe should forget the untenable Stratford, is ob\'iously wrong and must he ahan• Stratfordian assumptions and read the Henslowe doned forthwith. The hlitors. "CREATURE OF' THEIR OWN CREATING" An Answer to the Present Day School of Shakespearean Biogra1>hy By CIIAIILES WrsNER BARRELL In reviewing Sir Sidney Lee's posthumous leisured study, observation and experien!'e on the volume of Elizabethan and Other Essays for the part of their creator? London Mercury, June, 19;{0, Prof. George B. Har 2 J The attested documentation of the life and rison, one of the most widely-accepted modern personal activities of William Shakspere, son of the writers on Shakespeare and his times, remarks: illiterate John Shakspere, butcher, glover or wool In ( Lee's I imagination Shakespeare was a stapler of Stratford-on-Avon? 'village youth'. ( Stratford, incidentally, was not In either case, both of these main lines of evi a village J, who became 'stagestruck and longed dence have been adequately covered by Lee. to act and write plays ... he was singular! y in It is only when he attempts to bring them to dustrious, sin~ularly level-headed, and amply gether in the person of William of Stratford that endowed with that practical common sense which the incongruity of his biographical materials be enables a man to acquire and retain a modest comes glaringly apparent. competence.' Lee could not understand how in But it doe, not follow, as Harrison suggests, that credible to sensitive people was this stolid bour Lee is to blame because his biographical elements geois author of A Midsummer Night's Dream and do not fuse. Lee himself did not invent the records. Lear; and because his pronouncements of Shake As it happens, he transcribes them quite as fully speare unluckily came to be regarded as oracle, and honestly as any of the Shakespearean biog some of the weaker brethren, instead of examin raphers who have come after him. ing the evidence for themselves, rejected Lee's The great difficulty-which begets so many hun Shakespeare in favour of Bacon or Derby or Ox dreds of thousands of dissenters from the Stralford ford, or some other creature of their own cre ian point of view-grows out of the fact that the ating. two essential line& of evidence in this biographical enigma simply cannot be made to synchronize un Harrison's patronizing reference to various dis less the Great Perhaps, as George Saintsbury quaint believers in Lee's acquisitive Miracle Worker of ly puts it, is col!tinually applied for that express the Avonside borough as 'some of the weaker breth purpose. More readers of the Bard's works and al ren' because they have sought some more convinc leged life are becoming cognizant of this circum ing personality to account for the creation of the stance with the passing years. Despite the oracular world's greatest dramatic literature calls for an insistence of the accepted "authorities," a growing; answer even at this late date. respect for logic and truth is helping us to differ Al.er rapping Lee for his obtuseness, it is a hit entiate more cl,·arly between fact and authorized illogical to accuse disseuters in the same breath of opinion. But in getting at the facts behind the flying off at wild tangents 'instead of examining Shakespear<' mystery, Harrison and his pre3ent day lhe evidence for themselves.' school are really no better guides than Lee was. It What evidence, it would seem pertinent to ask, is merely a matter of emphasis. Lee devotes much doesProf. Harrison refer to? Might it be: space to the Stratford scene, reproducing the rec 11 The internal evidence of the plays and ords of Willitlm Shakspere's career as a thrifty, Poerns?-their vital artistic grip, cosmopolitan money-hungry trnder-seeing in these personal ,cholarship, mastery of human psychology, verbal characteristics the motives of peerless creative P•~er and felicity-not to mention their deep genius. philosophy-al I testifying to a long background of Harrison anrl his followers, on the other hanrl, 60 QUARTERLY s:art the other way about. Neatly side-stepping the sion, who tend to such excesses must he shown the Stratford man's personal credentials with a well error of their ways-or d.sciaimed---as fast as they bred sniff of disdain, they concentrate on the plays appear. We seek no conclusions that cannot be and poems, declaring that their author must have logically justified hy contemporary records of the been thus and so to produce such masterpieces. To literary Earl. Here we differ from the Baconians wave aside, either without comment or with a pity who have really outdone the Stratfordians in the ing stare of academic pomposity, tactless questions fantastic exuberance of their conjectures. Assign concerning the crnde trivialities and blank anoma ing to !:>ir Francis a creative schedule that no two lies of Will Shakspere's recorded life is now the human beings conld possibly have carried out in practice in approved orthodox circles. Snch insist one lifetime, they have piled mystery upon mystery ence is not l(Ood form, you know. and bedevilled everything with an unworkable Under this usage, the illiteracy of Will's parents cypher alphabet that has accomplished nothing and his adult dat!ghter, together with his own pain beyond boring the world into glum indifference. fully inept penmanship, become mere social foibles. The synthetic master's lack of any recorded intellec William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, on the other tual training or development in the arts is said to hand, was definitely known to his contemporaries have no significance-the works attributed to him as a public pluywright-unpublished under his providing sufficient 'evidence' to the contrary own name or title-and the friend, patron and per while William's eager pursuit of the glittering shill sonal associate of other playwrights, poets and ing and his persistent hounding of debtors for actors. He was also the son-in-law, friend and fre minor sums is lightly treated as an amushg eccen quent companion of the poet-dramatist Earl of Ox tricity of creative genius. Inability to identify the ford. That Derby actually had a hand in the compo personality of "Shakespeare" as it appears in the sition, staging aud publication of some of the later works with the personal records of the Stratford Shakespeare plays many people who have taken the native, in fine, should bother no one with a healthy trouble to look into the recorded facts of his life will respect for good literature-and enthroned 'author be inclined to believe. ity.' And, finally, it is not only unjust, but a gross dis This is all very pretty, and an easy method for the tortion of the actual circumstances in the case for glossing over of many thorny dilemmas. But truth Lord Oxford as Shakespeare for Prof. Harrison to seekers who demand at least a fair semblance of intimate that proponents of this attested poet and congruity between effect and alleged cause are still playwright have in him nothing more than an un constrained to ask whether this new fashion of substantial creature of their own creating. Oxford's ignoring or shrugging off the negative personal claims are based upon genuine contemporary rec documentation of William Stratford makes him of ords, patient! y sought and honestly transcribed. The a whit more c1edible as the greatest of English intimation of fakery, unwarranted exaggeration or poets? fictionizing of leading arguments in his behalf will The answer is obvious. At bottom, gueaswork is be resented by all who have followed the evidence the main reliance of both the Lee and the Harrison published in these pages dnring the past six years. schools of biography. Out of next to nothing, much has been manufactured. Trivialities have been ex Prof. Harrison's patronizing phraseology may be aggerated and sentimentalized into long-winded, condoned by Oxford-Shakespeare students, how romantic fables that serious scholarship rightfully ever, because of a special circumstance. Having in views askance. In this respect, Harrison's reference mind, perhaps, the fact that the Stratford cause to the questioners of the standardized legend of the which he represents has been compromised fre Stratford Marvel as the weaker brethren is a mis quent! y and serious! y by the wholesale forgeries nomer-not to say a libel. and commercialized fakes of the Irelands, Jordans, It is these very skeptics, as a matter of fact, who Colliers and thei, ilk who have from time to time insist upon examining the evidence for themselves. gilded the Stratford lily to their own purposes. Tr~e enough, certain enthusiasts have made over Harrison naturally assumed in 1930 that the same hasty, ill-advised and unjustifiable claims on behalf type of creating must be responsible for much of of various candidates for the authorship of the the Oxford-Shakespeare evidence. Undoubtedly he Shakespearean works. Those of the Oxford persua- knows different!} today. r
OCTOBER, 1945 61
The Wounded Name of Truth
By DOROTHY OGBURN
Hamlet: brought the facts of Shakespeare's identity to li)!ht Had I but time,-as this fell sergeant, J~h, there was some exc·use for their ignorance, though ls strict in his arrest,-0, I could tell you little indeed for their apathy. But for a quarter of Bu1let it be. Horatio, I am dead; a century there has been no excuse at all. It is a Thou livest; report me and my cause aright shameful thing. The plea is deeply moving, sound To the unsatisfied ...... ing down the corridors of four hundred years with 0 God, Horatio! What a wounded name, out losing its poignancy. 0, God, Horatio! .. What a Things standing thus unknown, shall live behind wounded name, things standing thus unknown, shall me. live behind me ... Draw thy breath in pain, to tell If ever thou didst hold me in thy heart, my story ... Speak of me as I am; nothi11g extenu Absent thee from felicity awhile, ate, nor set down aught in malice. Edward de Vere's And in this ha, sh world draw thy breath in pain, is still a wounded name, the evil of which he was To tell my story ...... falsely accused ( by the treacherous Howards) liv The rest is silence. ing after him, while the good has been i11terred with his bones. Othello: Even as a boy he was jealous of his good name Soft, you; a word or two before you go. and wrote a poem before he was sixteen bewailing 'r._ I have done the state some service, and they know a contemporary blemish• upon it: 't; Help gods, help saints, help sprites and power. that in the heaven do dwell, No more of that. I pray you, in your letters, Help all that are to wail aye wont, ye howling When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, hounds of hell: Speak of me as I am ; nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice; then must you • • speak Help echo that in air doth flee, shrill voices to re Ofone that lo11'd not wisely but too well; sound, Ofone not easily jealous, but, being wrought, To wail the luss of my good name, as of these Perplex' din the extreme; of one whose hand griefs the ground. t like the base fodum, threw a pearl away And he still, as the mature author of Othello, set Richer than all his tribe; of one whose subdu'd store by it: eyes Good name in man or woman, dear 111rlord, Albeit unused to the melting mood, Is the immediate jewel of their souls; ·· Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees Who steals my purse steals trash; 'tis something, Their med'cinable gum. Set you down this; nothing; A11dsay besides that in Aleppo once, 'Twas mine, 'tM his, and has been slave to tltou- Where a malignant and a turban'd Turk sands: Beata Venetian and traduc'd the state, But he that filches from me 'my good name I took by the throat the circumcised dog, Robs me of tl,at which not enriches him, And smote him, thus. (Stabs himself.) A11dmakes me poor indeed. ~ Political allusion~ in Othello have been ably in In both these final speeches we have the plea of terpreted by Mrs. Eva Turner Clark and Admiral an honorable man for recognition and justice: a *When Edward de Vere was thirteen, his sister allt'm()l<'f his own sensitive and turbulent nature. It is to by calling him her little haslard. 'heshame of scholars that, while profitin~ from and mjoying tFrom A Paradise of Dainty Devices, compiled hy llich the abundant riches he has be;ueathed to ard Edwards sometime before his dealh in 1566. ( Edile
H. H. Holland. But a recent reading of the play has at a tremendous risk and with supreme courage and convinced me that Oxford imbued the character of patriotism. It is the recorded slurs of these cornered the Moor with a powerful emotional symbolism, traitors, still dccessible in the Hecord OBice in Lon intense! y personal like much else of his work. There don, which have lived after Oxford, wounding his is uncertainty as to the exact year in which Othello name, setting down much in malice against this was written, though it was undoubtedly sometime noble genius whose very name-the honor of which, during the l580's. But I think we may be sure that at the cost of oblivion, he never betrayed-meant Oxford wrote it at a time when he was bedevilled truth. with remorse arid sorrow. There were never too Surely it is time that readers and lovers of Shake many implications for such a genius to encompass; speare came out of their smug trance and listened he was equal to any complexity of suggestion, im to what he says, taking him at his word and respond port, and design. I think a pervading note in this ing with warm hearts and alert grateful minds. play was his conception of Othello as the dark, pas Not marble, nor the gilded monuments sionate, vulnerable side of his own nature. Certainly Of princes shall outlive this powerful rime. Oxford himself had loved not wisely but too well. • * * • ·• ... your praise shall still find room Certainly he had thrown a pearl away-a pearl like Even in the eves o_lall posterity Desdemona herself-the blonde, modest, virtuous That wear the world out to the e11di11gdoom. Anne Cecil, his wife, whom, although not easily His beauty sha l/ in these black lines be seen, jealous, he had, when wrought upon by certain wily A11d they shall live, and he in them still green. courtiers, suspected of unfaithfulness ( to Vere: i.e., Your monument shall be my ge11tle verse, to tmth and to himself) and forthwith abandoned. Which eyes 1101 yet created shall o'er-read; For he had been perplex'd in the extreme. It had And tongues to be your being shall rehearse, gone hard with him. When all the breathers of this world are dead; Lord Oxford was a Renaissance man and a highly You still shall live-such virtue hath my pen sensitized genius. His emotions were violent, his W here breath most breathes, even in the mouth, susceptibilities acute, his imagination abnormally of 11um.. fertile; and he was proud and vain of his noble He knew he was writing for posterity. We are po~ lineage, the most illustrious in England. The time terity. He was speaking to us. came when he realized that he had thrown a pearl Yet the professors continue blandly to pontificate away which was of greater worth than his youthful about the Never-never bard of Stratford, and the values had allowed him to recognize. He had loved literati preen themselves with their smat:erin~ of others too-made old offences of affections new "learning." James Joyce remarked that Shake• and suffered bitterly for it, spending his emotions speare reveals his name "in the sonnets where there lavishly, as, given his vivid and ardent nature, he is Will in over-plus," and adds, "Like John O'Gaunt must do,-loving with generosity and whole-souled his name is dear to him, as dear as the coat of arms abandon: not wisely but too well. This had been the he toadied for ... " His name was dear to him, and dark, passionate side of him. Thus Othello. with reason, but a different name ( though Will was Lord Oxford had served the state, and they knew his nickname l a11d a different reason from thoseof it; but nothing must be said of that, for he had Joyce's glib assumption. A man who can accusethe sworn to keep secret his authorship of the plays, au·hor of Hamlet and King Lear of toadying is in· which are full of topical political allusions, person trinsically petty and superficial. alities, and caricatures. In a sonnet undoubtedly Why write I still all one, ever the same, addressed to Queen Elizabeth, he says: And keep hvention in a noted weed, If my slight Muse do please these curious days That every word doth almost tell my name. The pain be mine, but thine shall be the praise. Showing their birth and where they did proceed? She paid him 1,000 pounds a year for this secret Without stressing the suggestion that ever and service to the slate, on the pain of anonymity. ( In every were written into these lines for literal proof July 1586 the Venetian ambassador in Spain wrote, that E. Vere was his name, we can surely see th~ apropos of the King of Spain: "But what enraged Shakespeare again and again holds out the kei·, him ... is the account of masquerades and comedies explaining himself directly to us, in the plays and. which the Queen of England orders to be acted at the sonnets as wPII, ever pleading for his good name-: his expense.") Moreover he had saved the state And what is our response? We hum a silly tu!ll· from its traducers-the Howard-Arundel faction- and look the other way. QCTOllER, ]945
GENESIS OJ? A HENRY JAMES STORY
By CHAKUS WISNER BARIIELL
Included in the recently puhlished Collected of his own verse, and previous to the Stratford Short Stories of Henry James is The Birthplace, a fiasco he had heen g-eneral editor of Scutl,s Canter psychological satire, w.rfilen around Shakespeare's lmry series of poets, which i11dudecl volumes of alleged birthplace at Sfratford-on-Avon. The subtle Blake, Burns, Coleridge, :-ihelley a11d Poe, with bi humor of this Lale will be appreciated by all who ographical and critical commentaries written by are familiar with the dubious background of the Skipsey. Some of these are now collector's items. Henley Street c·ottage. Four of Skipsey's best known lyrics are included in As should be well known, there is no contempo· the Oxford Book of Victorian Verse. rary record that the son of John Shakspere and Rhys, who knew him well and owed much to his Mary Arden was actually born in this house-not guidance in the field of poetry, describes Skipsey as to mention the author of Hamlet and the Sonnets. an impressive specimen of the ancient folk-bard; The place was officially selected in 184 7 as the while L.ady Burne-Jones says he was "a noble "most likely spot" when P. T. Barnum, that Prince looking man, with extremely gentle and courteous of Humbugs, made an offer to the Stratford author manners." All things considered, Skipsey was en ities to purchase "Shakespear's birthplace" and re· tirely out of place in the synthetic, catch-penny at moveit piecemeal to his American Museum in New mosphere of th,! doubtful "Birthplace." Although York. he very badly needed the perquisites of the care British public opinion was aroused by Barnum's taker's office at the time, his innate honesty could cheeky proposition, John Payne Collier's Shake not tolerate the situation, fraught with charl,,"tanism, speare Association taking the lead in raising money as it was, and he seems to have made more friends to purchase the property and prevent Barnum from than he lost by resigning. removing it overseas. This set the seal of official Henry James took this incident as the ground approval upon the long-disputed "birthplace" and work for his Birthplace, transformin~ poor Skip it has been advertised to the tourist trade as one of sey's minor tragedy into a subtly conceived the sacred shrines of Britain ever since. comedy. Morris Gedge, the leading figure in the According to an account given by Ernest Rhys in story, owes little in specific detail to the real-life his autobiography, Everyman Remembers, Henry character of Joseph Skipsey. The burlesque lecture Jamesbecame interested in the house as the setting with which Gedge rounds off his activities is the for his satire through hearing Sir Edward Burne best part of the James tale. Skipsey could never have Jones tell how h,, and others had helped a poet to thought of such a device. He probably expressed the office of caretaker and showman of the Strat his real feelings in broad Northumbrian dialect, ford "birthplace" in 1881; only to have the poet instead. rebelat the dissimulation he was required to prac It seems strange that Clifton Fadiman, who writes tice,and finally quit the job in disgust. the introductory and editorial commentary accom The poet was Joseph Skipsey, not only an honest panying the volume in which The Birthplace is man,but a true follower of the Muses, self-taught reprinted, gives no hint at all of the creative back and guileless in the modern art of professional ground of this s11tire. Neither, it appears. have any mowmanship. Although now well-nigh completely of the better known reviewers touched on the matter. forgolten,Ski psey aroused considerable interest in Some of the latter i!re a bit puzzled that James mid-Victorian literary circles, winning the friend should poke fun at Stratford-on-Avon. Yet the fact ihip and esteem of such figures as Swinburne, is that Henry James, despite his well grounded love Watts-Dunton, D. G. Rossetti, Tennyson, William of England and her most hallowed traditions, was \!orris and Burl!e-Jones. A native of Northumber a complete disbeliever in the orthodox story of land, he had been obliged to earn his living as a William of Stratford as the actual Shakespeare. For coal-minerfrom the age of seven. But despite this, years he was one of the keenest followers of the hecultivated the divine spark by constant study and iconoclastic, anti-Stratfordian works of Sir George Practice, Blake being his most admired master. Greenwood. And it is safe to say that no more vig Duringhis lifetime, Skipsey published five volumes orous dissent from accepted Shakespearean assump- 64 QUARTERLY
lions has ever been penned than the following, THE SHAKESPEARE FELLOWSHIP which appears iu one of Henry James' letters to his QUARTERLY friend Violet Hunt, under date of August 26, 1903: "!'inn ... haunted by the conviction that the di -A Continuat1011 of the NEWS-LETTER- vine William is the biggest and most successful VoL. VI OcTOBER,194.5 N0.4 fraud ever practiced on a patient world. The more I turn him round and round the more he so affects President me. But that is all-I am not pretending to treat the Louis P. Benezet, A.M., Pd.D. question or to curry it any further. It bristles with Vice-Presidents difficulties, and I can only express my general sense James Stewart Cushman F'lo ie :t, " ld If d of 1d to ,al ,p- 'o- ,d ell .ge ,re llJ ~~ ine , 1 INDEX Volume VI Adams, Joseph Quincy ...... 14, 15, 28, 57 "Gelett Burgess' Tribute to 'Shakespeare' Identified" ...... 34 "A Great Pioneer's Ideas on Intellectual Free- dom" ...... 33 "Genesis of a Henry James Story," by Charles Wisner Barrell ...... 63 Allen, Percy ...... 16, 29, 46 Harris, Frank 40 et seq. "A London Worthy's Letter" ...... 26 ...... Harrison, John, the Elder, publisher ...... 31, 32 Apis Lapis ...... 11, 26 Harvey, Gabriel 11, 12, 26 Barrell, Charles Wisner .... 1, 11, 17, 18, 22, 29, ...... 30, 53, 59, 63, 64 Hendrickson, Rod ...... 26 "Battle Still Rages Over Who Was Shake Heron, Flodden W...... 18, 33, 36 speare," by Burton Rascoe ...... 57 Holden, Elsie Greene ...... 15, 18, 53 Benezet, Louis P ..... 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 35, 40, 54, 56, 57 "Incorporation of the Fellowship to Stimulate Oxford Research" ...... 17 Burgess, Gelett ...... 34 "John Payne Collier's Ghost" ...... 48 Burghley, Lord ...... 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25, 51 Jonson, Ben ...... 44 et seq. Cairncross, A. S._ ...... 14, 15, 44 "Keep the Light Burning" ...... 29 Clark, Eva Turner .... 2, 17, 21, 29, 36, 50, 51, 54 Kent, William ...... 26 "Creature of Their Own Creating," by Charles "London News-Letter" ...... 46 Wisner Barrell ...... 59 Looney, J. Thomas 8n., 10, 22, 23, 31, 33 Cushman, James Stewart ...... 17, 18 ...... "Lord Oxford's Letters Echoed in Shake- "Death of Canon Rendall" 17, 18 ...... speare's Plays," by Eva Turner Clark . . . . 51 Dellinger, John Howard 17, 20 ...... "Lord Oxford's Shakespearean Travels on the "Did Hals Paint the Bard?" ...... 16 European Continent," by Eva Turner Clark 3 Doble, Frank C...... 17 Mallet-Prevost, Severo ...... 17 Douglas, Lieut.-Col. Montagu ...... 46 Masson, David, author of Shakespeare's Per- sonality ...... 29 Dwyer, James J ...... 2, 46 McKee, James ...... 16 "Earliest Authenticated 'Shakespeare' Tran- "Melville's 'Captain Vere' " ...... 21 script Found With Oxford's Personal Poems," by Charles Wisner Barrell ...... 22 "Misquotation Corrected" ...... 39 "Forehorse to a Smock, The," by James McKee 16 Nash, Thomas ...... 11, 12, 24, 25, 26 "Foster of Iowa Speaks Out" ...... 32 "National Circulation for Oxford-Shakespeare Story" ...... 64 Fripp, Edgar I., author of Shakespeare, Man Neilson, William Allen ...... 13, 14, 15 and Artist ...... 27, 43 Ogburn, Charlton ...... 17 Gates, Geoffrey, author of The Defence of the Militarie Profession ...... 31 Ogburn, Dorothy ...... 2, 61 a: • "Our President Rings the Bell Again" ...... 56 Shakespeare Fellowship, American Branch, Reorganization of ...... 17 Oxford, Earl of, Lord Great Chamberlain ( also called Lord High Chamberlain): ... 2, 3, Certificate of Incorporation ...... 17 11, 38, 39 Trustees of Incorporation ...... 17 Birth date of ...... 36 News-Letter and Quarter! y ...... I, 2, 29 Dedication of hook to ...... 31 Shakespeare's reading ...... 13 et seq. Followers of ...... 3n. Shakspere of Stratford ...... 3 His purchase and sale of "Fisher's Folly," "Sole Author of Renowned Victorie, The," by Bishopsgate Street ...... 25 Charles Wisner Barrell ...... l l Retinue of ...... 3 "Stratford Defendant Compromised by His Sale of lands ...... 7 Own Advocates, The," by Louis P. Beneze! 13, 27, 40 "Oxford's Birthday Signalized in Rod Hen- drickson's Broadcast" ...... 36 "That Continental Tour" ...... 21 "Oxford-Shakespeare Books" ...... 29 Thorndyke, Ashley ...... 13 "Oxford-Shakespeare Case Loses Brilliant Ad- Tillyard, E. M. W., author of The Elizabethan vocate" ...... 49 World Picture and Shakespeare's History Plays ...... 46 "Oxford-Shakespeare Talks" ...... 15 Van Benthuysen, Clara ...... 21 "President Benezet Lectures in Philadelphia" 35 Vavasor, Anne ...... 37 "President Benezet's Lecture Tour" ...... 18 Vere, Sir Edward ...... 36, 37 "Publicity That Counts" ...... 53 Ward, B. M., author of The Seventeenth Earl "Rare Military Volwne Sponsored by Lord of Oxford ...... 16, 3G, 49, 50, 51 Oxford Issued by Shakespeare's First Pub- Ward, B. R., author of The Mystery of 'Mr. W. lisher," by Charles Wisner Barrell ...... 30 H.' ...... 50 Rascoe, Burton ...... 57 "Wayward Water-Bearer Who Wrote Shake speare's Sonnet 109, The," by Charles Wis- "Recognition of Merit" ...... 21 ner Barrell ...... "...... 37 "Remarkable Testimony of Henry Peacham, "Whitman on the Authorship" ...... 47 The," by Louis P. Benezet ...... 54 Wilson, Dover ...... 42 et seq. "Rendall Pamphlets Available" ...... 47 "Wounded Name of Truth, The," by Doro- Rice, Burton ...... 17 thy Ogburn .•...... 61