Inter-Personal Conflicts As the Inhibiting Factors

INTER-PERSONAL CONFLICTS AS THE INHIBITING FACTORS

OF COLONEL LANSER'S DUTIES AS AN ARMY COMMANDER

IN AN INVADED TOWN AS SEEN IN JOHN STEINBECK'S

THE MOON IS DOWN

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

In English Language Education

By:

BUDHI SATRIO Student Number: 991214141

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007

FAILURE IS NOT

AN OPTION

(Gene Kranzt)

Dedicated to: Papa & Mama, Flora & Dea

v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my beloved parents, Antonius Haryoto and Fransiska Sunarni for their amazing and never ending pray, love, patience, and support during my study and the completion of my thesis.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Drs.

Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D., as my major sponsor and Drs. L. Bambang

Hendarto Y., M.Hum., as my co-sponsor, for their guidance, correction, and contribution of ideas on this thesis. I also thank them for their invaluable patience and encouragement during the accomplishment of this thesis.

I would like to thank all my lecturers who have shared their knowledge and encouragement during my study in the English Education Study Program of

Sanata Dharma University. Special thank also goes to all PBI staffs for their help and friendliness during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

My deepest love and appreciation go to Flora Maharani, S.Pd. and

Dominica Bungadea, who have been, my source of spirit, love and support and who always pray in their love for my happiness and success. I thank them for being my faithful comrades in life.

My special thank goes to my beloved brother, Dionisius Budhi Prakoso for his amazing love, support and pray for me during the good times and the bad. I also thank Poca, Bang Yandhi, and Christabel for their attention to me. My special love and thank also go to Sutopo Martinus and Maria for being wonderful best friends that I can relay on.

vi My deep gratitude goes to Bpk. J.D. Wagijo and family, Mbak Tari, Mas

Silo, Mas Momo, Mbak Denok, Mbak Srie and Yuli who always help and accept me with open arms during the hardest time in my life. It is an honor to be a member of this family.

I would like to thank all PBI'99 especially Topo, Marga, Lino "pakde",

Bodro, Hadi, Filemon, Robert "item", Rika and Domie. I also would like to thank all my friends in Parquet Volkswagen Community especially Subuh,

Wulung, Gigih "Kombi" and Heri who always remind me to focus on my thesis every time I get too busy with my beloved Volkswagen.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends in Sickness

Groupen; Jarot, Luwak, Roni, Kamra, Yudhi who have shared wonderful moments of friendship since 1999. Keep on rocking and rolling, brothers!

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ...... i

PAGE OF APPROVAL ...... ii

PAGE OF BOARD EXAMINERS ...... iii

STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY ...... iv

PAGE OF DEDICATION ...... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENT ...... viii

ABSTRACT ...... xii

ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study...... 1

B. Objectives of the Study ...... 3

C. Problem Formulation ...... 3

D. Benefits of the Study ...... 4

E. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review Related to Literature...... 7

1. Theory of Literature ...... 7

a. Character ...... 7

viii b. Characterization ...... 9

c. Critical Approach in Literary Study...... 11

2. Theory of Psychology ...... 13

a. Conflict...... 13

b. Conflict Resolution ...... 14

B. Review of Norway Condition during World War II ...... 19

C. Criticism ...... 20

D. Theoretical Framework ...... 22

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

A. Subject Matter ...... 23

B. Approach ...... 24

C. Procedure...... 25

D. Organization of the Study ...... 26

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS

A. The Description of Colonel Lanser's Characteristics ...... 28

1. Stiff...... 29

2. War- experienced ...... 31

3. Well- trained...... 32

4. Smart ...... 33

5. Wise...... 34

B. The Inter-Personal Conflicts as the Inhibiting Factors of

Colonel Lanser’s Duties in Carrying Out His Orders ...... 36

ix 1. Colonel Lanser’s Duties as an army commander in the invaded town

a. Occupying the town ...... 36

b. Making the local coal miners mine the earth for the coal and

ship it ...... 37

c. Getting along with town people with little friction as possible ...... 37

d. Maintaining order in the invaded town ...... 38

2. Colonel Lanser’s Inter-Personal Conflicts and its Resolution ...... 39

a. The Conflict against Mayor Orden ...... 40

1). Mayor Orden’s Refusal to be his collaborator ...... 40

2). Mayor Orden’s as the leader of the rebellious people ...... 42

b. Conflict against his mentally-down soldiers ...... 45

c. Conflict against town people ...... 47

1). The dead of two Colonel Lanser’s officers by the town

people ...... 47

2). The sabotage of coal mine equipments and rail road tracks by

town people and coal miners ...... 49

3). The escape of some town people to England seeking for support

to fight the invader ...... 51

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions ...... 56

B. Suggestions ...... 59

1. Suggestion for Future Researchers ...... 59

2. Suggestion for the Teaching and Learning Extensive Reading I

using The Moon is Down ...... 60

x BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 63

APPENDICES:

Appendix 1: Summary of The Moon is Down ...... 65

Appendix 2: Cover of the Novel ...... 67

Appendix 3: Biography of John Steinbeck ...... 68

Appendix 4: Picture of John Steinbeck ...... 71

Appendix 5: Lesson Plan of Teaching Extensive Reading I ...... 72

xi ABSTRACT

Satrio, Budhi (2007): Inter-Personal Conflict as The Inhibiting Factors of Colonel Lanser's Duties as an Army Commander in an Invaded Town as seen in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis analyzes a novel written by John Steinbeck in 1942 entitled The Moon is Down. The background of the story has something to do with the World War II era. It tells about conflicts of the invader and the invaded people that happen in the World War II. This study discusses the inter-personal conflicts as the inhibiting factor of Colonel Lanser's duties as an army commander in an invaded town. One of the reasons I choose the novel because through its main character, Colonel Lanser, life seems to be perfectly portrayed. The discussion focuses on the inter-personal conflicts within him. The objective of this study is to see how conflicts may inhibit one's life as seen in the life of Colonel Lanser. In order to achieve the goal, there are two questions to answer. They are "How Colonel Lanser is described in the novel". Secondly, "How does he cope with his inter-personal conflicts that inhibit his duties". In this thesis, there are two kinds of sources used. They are primary source and secondary source. The primary source is The Moon is Down itself whereas the secondary source is books, journal, criticism, reviews from internet related to the novel. The approach used is psychological approach and the theories used are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of conflict and theory of conflict resolution. After analyzing the novel, there are two findings found. The first finding reveals that Colonel Lanser is stiff, war- experienced, well- trained, smart, and wise. The second one reveals his inter-personal conflicts due to his post as an army commander to occupy the town. There are three inter-personal conflicts experienced by Colonel Lanser. First is his conflict against Mayor Orden, the Mayor of the invaded town, who refuse to be his collaborator. Secondly, his being opposed by the town people. Thirdly it deals with the mental breakdown experienced by his soldiers. It is recommended that further researchers deals with the actions done by Colonel Lanser in the occupied town based on post colonialism point of views. This way the meaning of "The Moon is Down" would be better explained and clarified. This study also suggests that the novel be used to teach Extensive Reading I for fourth semester students of English Language Education Study Program.

xii ABSTRAK

Satrio, Budhi (2007): Inter-Personal Conflicts as The Inhibiting Factors of Colonel Lanser's Duties as an Army Commander in an Invaded Town as seen in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini menganalisis sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh John Steinbeck pada tahun 1942 berjudul The Moon is Down yang berlatar belakang Perang Dunia II. Novel ini berkisah tentang konflik yang terjadi pada para penjajah maupun pada mereka yang terjajah. Studi ini mendiskusikan tentang konflik inter-personal sebagai faktor penghambat tugas-tugas Kolonel Lanser, seorang komandan angkatan bersenjata di sebuah kota jajahan. Salah satu alasan saya tertarik menganalisa novel ini karena melalui karakter utama dalam novel ini, Kolonel Lanser,kehidupan dapat tergambar secara sempurna. Diskusi dalam studi ini difokuskan pada inter-personal konflik yang terjadi padanya. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana konflik dapat menghambat kehidupan seeorang seperti yang dialami Kolonel Lanser. Untuk mencapai tujuan dalam studi ini, ada dua pertanyaan untuk dijawab, yaitu: "Bagaimana Kolonel Lanser digambarkan di dalam novel. Kedua, "Bagaimana dia mengatasi konflik inter-personal yang terjadi yang menghambat tugas-tugasnya". Ada dua macam sumber yang digunakan dalam studi ini yaitu sumber utama dan sumber pendukung. Sumber utama adalah novel The Moon is Down itu sendiri sedangkan sumber pendukung adalah buku-buku, jurnal, kritik, referensi dari internet yang berhubungan dengan novel ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologis sedangkan teori-teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter, karakterisasi, konflik dan resolusi konflik. Setelah menganalisis novel ini, ditemukan dua penemuan yang penting. Penemuan pertama mengungkap bahwa Kolonel Lanser adalah seorang yang tegas, berpengalaman dalam perang, terlatih dengan baik, cerdas, dan bijaksana. Penemuan kedua mengungkap konflik-konflik inter-personal yang terjadi pada dirinya yang dikarenakan oleh posisinya sebagai komandan tentara dalam menginvasi sebuah kota. Colonel Lanser mengalami tiga inter-personal konflik. Pertama konflik dengan Orden, sang walikota, yang menolak menjadi sekutunya; kedua, konflik dengan penduduk kota yang menentangnya. Ketiga adalah konflik dengan pasukannya yang menurun semangatnya. Direkomendasikan disini untuk para peneliti yang akan datang untuk meneliti tindakan yang dilakukan Kolonel Lanser berdasarkan sudut pandang post colonialism. Dengan demikian arti dari "The Moon is Down" dapat dijelaskan dan diklarifikasikan dengan lebih baik.Studi ini juga meyarankan menggunakan novel ini untuk digunakan dalam mengajar mata kuliah Extensive Reading I untuk mahasiswa semester empat Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.

xiii CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided into five parts. The first part is background of the study that explains the basic reasons of this study. The second part is objectives of the study that states the aim of the study. The third part is problem formulation that states the problem discuss in the study. The fourth part is benefits of the study that states the benefits for the development of this study. The last part is definition of terms that clarifies some important terms used in this study.

A. Background of the study

As human beings, it is common if we have some goals in our daily life.

Those purposes could be achieved for a long or short period. In order to achieve those purposes we should take some efforts. Unfortunately, those purposes could not be achieved easily because of a lot of inhibiting factors occur, including conflicts.

Those conflicts as the inhibiting factors to achieve one's goal may occur as intra-personal or internal conflict and inter-personal or external conflict that commonly happen in one's life. However, conflicts are inevitable in our life because human beings are unique. Everybody is different from others in various aspects. Beaty and Hunter (1989: 778) state that most people try hard to avoid conflict, preferring that their life be serene and their relationship with other people smooth and without complication. No one escapes conflict for long, even without wars or large scale of disagreement.

This statement above clearly implies that everybody will experience conflict during his or her life. The conflicts that everybody will experience could be derived from internal and internal side. External side includes the environment and the relationship within the people around whereas internal side involves the personality of an individual himself or herself.

This phenomenon becomes a reality that truly happens in our life. As a portrayal of human life, some people often put it into the work of literature such as novel, poetry, and drama. Life and literature are two things that could not be separated. Many works of literature are inspired by the human's phenomenon.

Moreover, the authors are able to create the story as well as the reality to attract the reader's attention.

As one of the literary works, novel could represent the phenomenon of human conflicts clearly. Characters in a novel enable the author to adapt daily-life conflicts easily because they usually represent the life of human beings in a real world. One of the novels that reflect this subject is John Steinbeck's The Moon is

Down which was firstly published in 1942. Many experts in literature regard this novel as a kind of propaganda in World War II. Although the author does not mention the setting of the story, they assume that it refers to Norway that invaded by the German during World War II (www.brainencyclopedia.com. 2005).

Through this novel, Steinbeck received the Haakon VII Medal of Freedom for his literary contribution to the Norwegian resistance movement (www.nobelprize.org.

2005).

The story tells about inter-personal conflicts as the inhibiting factors of

Colonel Lanser's duties. As an army commander in an invaded town, Colonel

Lanser has some duties to carry. Unfortunately, his duties cause the invaded people to suffer. When the conflict is growing worse the town people try some efforts to make the Colonel Lanser's duties fail.

I choose this novel because I am really interested in the conflicts that occur in the story. Since the story happens in World War II, there are so many conflicts occurring that involve the invader and the invaded people. The conflicts here are complicated but interesting to analyze, especially the conflicts experienced by Colonel Lanser's. As the commander in an invaded town, he must face inter-personal conflicts with the Mayor of the town who refuses to cooperate with him, the rebellion of the town people and his own soldiers who are mentally down. I really admire his characteristics in carrying out his duties because he always knows what he has to do and even when he faces dangerous situation he is never panic and still holds his command well. On the other hand, John Steinbeck is good enough at describing the internal conflicts as if the readers involve in the story and feels the strained situation.

Based on the explanation above, I regard that his characteristics and the interpersonal conflicts experienced by Colonel Lanser that inhibit his duties become kind of interesting subjects to analyze.

B. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are mainly focused to see how Colonel Lanser is described and how conflicts may inhibit one's life as seen in the life of Colonel

Lanser, the main character, in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down.

C. Problem Formulation

In order to achieve the objectives above, this study focuses on the problems that can be formulated as follows:

1. How is Colonel Lanser described in John Steinbeck's The Moon is

Down?

2. How does Colonel Lanser cope with his inter-personal conflicts that

inhibit his duties as an army commander in an invaded town?

D. Benefits of the Study

I hope that this study will give a contribution to literary study to the readers, students, teachers, and another researcher. For the students and the teachers, this study could help them to understand one of John Steinbeck's works,

The Moon is Down and enrich their appreciation of literature. The analysis is also expected to help the readers and another researcher of the same study to understand John Steinbeck's idea through The Moon is Down in order to find other possible studies using this novel.

Analyzing the social issue of one's failure to conduct his duties in this novel will help all of us to consider literary work not only as a means of entertainment but also a mean of communicating values, moral teaching, ideologies, and ways of life. Furthermore, this study helps us to have deeper and comprehensive understanding of the issue concerned.

E. Definition of Terms

Six definitions of terms are listed below to avoid misconception. They are character, characterization, conflict, inter-personal conflict, duty, and inhibit.

1. Character

Abrams (1981: 20) points out that characters are the persons presented in a

dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being

endowed with the moral and disposition qualities that are expected in what

they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the actions. In this study,

character is defined as a person in a literary work who speaks and acts in his

own particular ways.

2. Characterization

Holman and Hormon (1986: 81) say that characterization is creation of the

imagery personages who exists for the readers as lifelike. Here we can see

that character and characterization are related to each other. In this study,

characterization refers to how the author presents the character's features

including personality and values.

3. Conflict

Perrine (1972: 44) says that conflict is a clash of action, ideas, desire, or

wills between two individuals and people in society. The conflict can include

physical, mental, emotional, or moral. In this study, conflict is described as

one's struggle in achieving something that involved another individual's

importance and desire.

4. Inter-Personal Conflict

Worchel (1979: 460) says inter-personal or external conflict is the conflict

between a person and an external force (another person, nature, society, the

universe). In this study, inter-personal conflict is the conflict that exists

between two or more persons.

5. Duty

In Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture (1992: 398) duty

means something that one does either it is part of one's job or because it is

morally or legally right that one should do it. In this study, duty is defined as

one's job to carry out as a must.

6. Inhibit

In Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture (1992: 676) inhibit

means to prevent somebody from doing something.

. CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

In this chapter, there are four parts of discussion namely review related to literature, review of Norway condition during World War II, theoretical framework, and criticism. Review Related to Literature consists of theory of literature and theory of psychology. Theory of character includes theory of character, theory of characterization, and critical approach. Theory of psychology includes theory of conflict and theory of conflict resolution. Review of Norway condition during Word War II states the history of Norway at that time as the supporting data for the conflicts discussed later. Theoretical framework states how those theories are applied to analyze the topic. The criticism explains what critics say toward the novel and the author.

A. Review Related to Literature

1. Theory of Literature

In this part, there are three important theories that help the writer describe the characterization of the main character in this study. They are theory of character, theory of characterization and critical approach. a. Character

Abrams (1981: 20) points out that the characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with the moral and disposition qualities that are expected in what they say, i e. the "dialogue", and what they do, i.e. the "action". It means that the

character in a story shows moral and natural qualities of minds through the dialogue and the action of the characters in the story. Supporting Abrams' idea about a character, Barnet gives another point of view about a character. Barnet

(1986: 113) defines that character is a figure that acts in the story. From this definition we could interpret that character in a story does not merely exist as a human being but also something with the ability of human being e.g animal and plant. Here, human ability involves thought and behavior.

Character in a literature can be categorized into some types. Based on the importance, Henkle (1977: 87-97) categorizes characters into two kinds, main or major character and minor character. A major character is usually the center of the story, because the events of the story are focused on this character from the beginning until the ending parts. The core of the story is highlighted through this characters experience. On the other hand, minor characters appear in a certain setting, just necessarily to become the background for the major characters. Their roles are less important than the major character because they are not fully developed characters and their roles in a story are just to support the development of the major character.

Forster (1974: 53-64) divides characters into two types based on the internal complexity. They are flat character and round character. A flat character is presented without much individualizing detail and therefore can be adequately described in a singular phrase or sentence. It remains the same along the story. It also can be: "a single idea or quality": Characterized in one or two traits, flat characters can be written in a sentence to describe whether they are good or bad characters. This way causes the flat character is not full developed in the story.

A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is presented with subtle particularity. It undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his or her character, personality or outlook. The changes may be large or small. It may change to be better or worse but it is something important and basic. He is as difficult to prescribe with any adequacy as a person in real life is.

Round character is complex and many sided in their temperament so that he has much proportion for their developments. b. Characterization

Holman and Hormon (1986: 81) say that characterization is creation of imagery personages who exist for the readers as lifelike. Having the same idea

Murphy (1972: 52) states that characterization is the technique used by the author to make the qualities of the character- his likes and dislikes, how he lives and what he does-known. From those definitions, we could interpret that characterization is the way the author describe characters in a literary work so that the reader could recognize and reveal the information and ideas of them.

Murphy (1972: 162-173) proposes ways in which the author attempts to make his characters understandable and lifelike for his reader. The ways he proposes are formulated as bellow:

1. Personal description

The author describes a character from his physical appearance like his

build, his face, his skin, his eyes, his hair, or his clothes.

2. Character as seen by another

The author uses another character’s eyes and opinion to describe the

character he wants to expose. Here, characters in the story tell what they

see from each other characters that they encounter.

3. Speech

What a character says can give the readers a clue to his character. The conversation in which the character is involved and the way he puts forward his opinion may show the readers the personality the character.

4. Past life

Sometimes the character's past life shows the readers important clues to get to know about the character. It can be described by author's comment, through the character's conversation, or through the medium of another person.

5. Conversation of others

Readers can get to know the character through the conversation of other people and the things say about him give the readers a clue to the character spoken about.

6. Reactions

The character's reaction to various situations and events shows the character's tendency and his tendency give the reader a clue about he character's personality. Here, the readers might accept to find the quality of the characters in dealing with various situation and events they encounter.

7. Direct comment

The author directly gives his personal description and comment on the character he creates. Usually, the author gives his opinion about the characters in the story itself.

8. Thoughts

By letting the readers come into the thought of the character in the novel,

the author wants to show the personality of the character. If the readers are

subjectively involved in the character's thought, they can understand the

character's personality and positions. The readers feel as if they are the

characters themselves.

9. Mannerism

The character's personality also can be described by the author through his

mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies (way of behaving) in his fictional life.

Here, the author not only reveals the habits or mannerism of the character

positively but also negatively. c. Critical Approach in Literary Study

In analyzing a literary work, a novel for instance, we will use a certain approach in order to make the analysis clear and understandable. Rohrberger and

Woods, Jr (1971:3) state that we need to employ a means that is called a critical approach in order to understand and apprehend the aesthetic values of literary work. Rohrberger and Woods, Jr (1971: 4-15) define five kinds of critical approach called formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach.

The formalist approach concentrates on the total integrity of the literary works. The involvement of each aesthetic part to the whole is seen as harmony to the complete work. The techniques and structure used in the theory are reference to the understanding of the piece of work.

The biographical approach is used when we intend to judge literary works based on the importance of acknowledging the author's personal life for a deep understanding to his writing. The proponents of this approach believe that the works of literature has its' source within the biography of its writer, and the biographical provision itself supplies useful information that could facilitate them to a better understanding and appreciation of the works.

The sociocultural-historical approach asserts the analysis of social, cultural and historical background as reference to the further understanding of the story. As

Rohrberger and Woods state that there are two factors influencing this assertion: firstly, they believe that the literature is not created in a "vacuum"; secondly, literature forms significant ideas to the culture that produces it. Many take the view that literature is a criticism of life that affects men in society, and that great literature is a criticism of life that affects men in society, and that great literature expresses the value of order, restraint and human dignity

The mythopoeic approach is used when the critic attempts to find particular recurrent pattern of human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind. Generally, the patterns involve death and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, or patterns of behavior basic to

Christian theology. The mystical relationship found in a story can be explained by the use of this approach.

The psychological approach involves theories of psychology to explain the character's personality in the story. The proponents of this approach insist that each character's behavior could be referred to the psychology of human being. By the approach, the character's thought and behavior can be traced more profoundly because it has a close relationship with human’s life.

2. Theory of Psychology a. Conflict

Perrine (1972: 44) says that conflict is a clash of action, ideas, desire, or wills between two individual and people in society. The conflict can include physical, mental, emotional, or moral. Further, Atkinson and Hillgard (1983: 363) say that sometimes conflicts arise between a motive and person's internal standards rather than between two external goals. An individual's desires may conflict with his or her standard of acceptable social behavior. Achievement motives may conflict with individual standards or helpful and cooperative; to succeed may require competing with –or even undermining colleagues and associates.

Based on the causes, Worchel (1979: 460) classifies conflict into two kinds called intra-personal (internal) conflict and inter-personal (external) conflict.

Intrapersonal conflict is defined as a conflict that an individual experiences when making a choice between two or more alternatives such as aspects of personality, moral, intellectual and spiritual, while inter-personal conflict is the conflict between a person and external force (another person, society, nature, the universe).

Inter-personal conflict can also involve competition between two or more individuals over a goal (competition) or a disagreement as to the means for reaching goal. For example, a local authority in an invaded town and the commander of the invader compete to win an authority of the invaded town. The local authority uses persuasive ways to the town people while the commander of the invader uses violence ways to the town people.

On the other hand, Coleman and Broen (1988: 114-116) classifies conflicts into thee types. Those are approach-avoidance, double-approach conflicts, and double-avoidance conflicts. Approach-avoidance conflicts involve strong

tendencies both approach and to avoid the same goal. In a similar way, other desire may conflict with inner reality or ethical restraints or with fear or failure.

These conflicts are sometimes referred to as “mixed blessing” dilemmas because some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless of which course of action are selected. For example, a person may want to marry for sexual, social and securities, while at the same thing fearing the responsibilities of married life and the loss of personal freedom.

Double-approach conflicts involve competition between two or more desirable goals. In other words, a person is faced with two or similar choices. For example, a man has to decide his choice toward his mother or his wife decision.

Double-voidance conflicts are those that individual avoid of doing because he dislikes it. It usually appears when both of the options are not preferable.for example, in a war a soldier has to choose between fighting and killing somebody or refusing to fight but being killed with the attendant social disapproval and possible punishment. b. Conflict Resolution

People tend to stay away from trouble and conflict. They try some effort to solve the problem and conflict in order to make their life better. Somebody who is in conflict and aware of it tends to search resolution, conflict management or resolution for his or her problems. Related to the conflict that happens in the story, it is important to know the conflict resolution taken by the character analyzed.

Isenhart and Spangle (2000: 45-152) propose five alternatives to resolve both intra-personal and inter-personal conflicts. There are negotiation, mediation, facilitation, arbitration, and judicial processes. These alternatives are described as follows:

1. Negotiation

This way involves the conflicting parties to have a kind of agreement with enough cooperation. It aims to reconcile or compromise the different ideas or point of views that appear between them. There are two types of negotiation: integrative negotiation and distributive negotiation. Integrative negotiation suggests the conflicting parties to have joint venture relationship. It means that they discuss their conflict to dig their problems and find the mutual gain by giving respect to each other. On the other hand, distributive negotiation is a kind of a bargaining approach in which each party views issues with a narrow perspective and accepts the outcome as a fixed goal. They may threat and demand the opposite to compete in gaining an advantage.

2. Mediation

In this way, both of the conflicting parties need the third party as their guidance. It appears as a neutral party in which it works as a mediator with an objective point of view for the problem. The third party does not give any advice during the process of mediation. The success of this process depends on the willingness of the conflicting parties to resolve their problems. Mediation is a private form because each party could express their needs, concerns, and fears to gain an agreement.

3. Facilitation

It also needs a third party as their guidance that encourages both parties to find the best solution. Facilitation is applied such of reasons. First,

problems are complex. Second, there exist no more than minimum of

polarization of group members. Third, people with expertise about the

issues express a willingness to participate in discussion about the issue.

Forth, solutions to the problems are not better solved through unilateral

decision-making process. Fifth, the party is willing to accept ownership of

its discussion processes and the outcomes of the discussions.

4. Arbitration

This way is suggested when mediation fails and the cases are more

complex and involve parties who do not value the relationship enough to

cooperate. In this case, the parties in conflict need third party to hear their

dispute and make the decision for them. By pre agreement, the parties

choose to make the decision binding or not binding. It differs from more

formal court proceeding, such as adjudication. Under ideal conditions,

arbitration should not occur until parties have attempted negotiation and

mediation.

5. Judicial Processes

It is the most formal way to resolve the conflicts by involving the third

party that has legal and binding power in its decision. The third party in

this party is court. Any violation that comes from the conflicting party is

categorized as law violation. It is usually attempted when negotiation,

mediation, facilitation, and arbitration fails.

Another theory of conflict resolution is Moore's theory of conflict resolution. Moore (1999: 23-26) says that there are four ways to achieve resolution

they are private decision making, legal authoritative third-party decision making, and extralegal coerced decision making. These strategies are explained as below:

1. Private decision making by parties

In this part there are four ways to achieve resolution. First is avoidance.

Here people may avoid each other because they feel uncomfortable with

the situation in the conflict. Usually they do not have the power to face and

change the situation. They do not want to negotiate with it. They tend to

repress emotional reaction, looking different view, or leave the situation

totally.

Second is informal problem- solving discussion. Here, the problems are

resolved with satisfaction among the people involved but the problems also

could be abandoned because the people do not want to make a conclusion

to the problem.

Third is negotiation. It is such kind of bargaining relationship between

parties who have a perceived or actual conflict of interest. They share

about their interest and needs each other, exchange specific resources, and

find the right procedures in solving the problems. The process is difficult

because they have to unite in a temporary relationship which emotional

degree plays an important role on it.

Forth is mediation. It is an extension of negotiation that involves the

intervention of third party who leave the decision making power to the

parties in conflict. It could be applied when the parties are not able to

handle the situations and the third party's assistance becomes the only way

to solve the problems. Usually, both of the parties respect the mediator.

2. Private Third-Party Decision Making

This method consists of two ways. First is administrative dispute resolution approach. Here, the third party may make a decision to the parties in conflict. The decision must be balance to the needs and the interest of the parties. Second is arbitration. Here, the parties request the assistance of neutral third party to make a decision either advisory or binding. It becomes a private process because the parties do not publish the process from the beginning until the end to public.

3. Legal Authoritative Third-Party Decision Making

This strategy consists of two approaches. First is judicial approach. It involves the intervention of institutionalized and socially recognized authority in a conflict. Usually, the outcome is win-lose and the result of the process are binding and enforceable. Second is legislative approach.

Here, the parties solve the conflict under the law. The outcome is usually win-lose process and uses voting.

4. Extralegal Coerced Decision Making

It consists of two types. First is non-violence approach. It involves a party committing acts or abstaining acts so that an opponent is force to behave in a desire manner. These acts do not involve; physical coercion and do not harm psychologically. It works if the parties put respect on one another.

Second is violence approach. The party must have strong power to damage the other party. It involves physical coercion to maintain a party's position.

B. Review of Norway Condition during World War II

Many experts on literature regard the setting of The Moon is Down represents the condition of Norway during World War II. Therefore, it is important for us to know the Norway condition during World War II in order to get deeper understanding of this novel since in this review help us to get a clear picture about the condition happens in Steinbeck's The Moon is Down.

Norway was a neutral country during World War I (http:// www.answers.com., 2006). The inactive period ended with surprise invasion by

German forces on April 9, 1940. Starting with the invasion at that time, Norway was under military occupation of German forces and civil rule of German commissioner in collaboration with a pro-German puppet government.

On the pretext that Norway needed protection from British and French interference, Germany invaded Norway for several reasons

(http://www.answers.com., 2006), there were to secure ice- free harbors from which naval forces could seek to control the North Atlantic, to secure the availability of iron one from mines in Sweden, to precede British and French invasion with the some purpose and to reinforce the nation of a Germanic empire.

On the other hand, the allies had plans to invade Norway to take advantage of its strategically important Atlantic coast, but were thwarted by the German occupation.

The occupation during World War II disturbed the Norwegian's confidence in neutrality that led them to collective security. Norway put up a stiff fight against the German occupation and during five years of Nazi occupation Norwegians built a strong resistance movement which fought the German occupation forces with

both armed resistance and civil disobedience. Some Norwegians took part in armed resistance while the other provided support for such activities and many

Norwegians engaged in various form of civil disobedience.

There was the attempt to maintaining an "Ice Front" against the German soldiers. This involved, among other things, never speaks to a German if it could be avoided and refusing to sit beside a German on public transportation. Finally, the German forces in Norway surrender on May 10, 1945 after the capitulation of

German forces in Europe.

C. Criticism

Many of the readers are very enthusiastic in reading her novels since John

Steinbeck has a great talent in writing a novel. However, he also got many critics from other people of the literary world.

It seems that The Moon is Down is regarded as a kind of propaganda in

World War II. Donald W. Heiney (2006), a writer of Essentials of Contemporary

Literature, says "During the second World War, Steinbeck wrote outright war propaganda. Steinbeck is generally sympathetic to the proletariat and to the rural laborer. He has not, however, adhered consistently to the platform of any one party or movement."

Supporting Heiney's idea, Joseph R. Milcalp (2006), a writer in literary study, says, "..., it is a heavily allegorical story that, although unrealistic to a modem audience, was well reviewed and liked by the World War II- era American public who wanted not art but propaganda". It means that people now needs a kind of motivated literary work to make their live more alive.

Kelly Stonebock (2006), a writer who intentionally analyzed the novel states that The Moon is Down has often received critics since it was firstly published. According to her, the invader in the story refers to Nazi. When The

Moon is Down was firstly published in 1940's, it received harsh criticism from many critics. They claimed that Steinbeck had gone soft. He had done the unthinkable during a time of war. He had portrayed the enemy as human being with souls, instead of the faceless everyone had thought them to be. Steinbeck had painted a very truthful portrait of the Nazis and had shown them as men who had needs, wants, and desires like all other humans.

On the other hand, some writers still assume that the novel gives some inspiration to the readers. One of the writers who intentionally reads Steinbeck’s novel, Christoper Mayer (2006), thinks that this novel is a kind of propaganda during World War II. Early in Worlds War II John Steinbeck, already a world- class novelist penned an amazingly successful piece of propaganda that may hold lesson for us today as we struggle to understand an increasingly hostile world. The

Moon is Down, is a brief, simple novel-a fable reality-that was so inspiring to those under the heels of fascist dictators that it would bring a death sentence for simple possession". He also says, " The truly extraordinary things about this book, however, is that it is frequently told from the point of view of the invaders who are depicted as intelligent, though misguided, human beings.

Jeremieh Ericcson (2006), a patron of literature and history, regard this novel as one of great literary works. He, says, "It is very sympathetic to not only the conquered people but also the conquerors. It truly shows the way war is. Full

of despair, hate, longing and killer depression. I was simply blown away with it".

It means that the author describe his point of view on the conflicting parties in balance.

D. Theoretical Framework

The analysis of my study are focused on conflicts as the inhibiting factors of Colonel Lanser's duty as an army commander in an invaded town as seen in

John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Therefore, in finding out the answers, the theories that are used in the analysis are theories of character, characterization, conflict and conflict resolution.

Since the analysis deals with Colonel Lanser's character, I attempt to analyze the character first. It is conducted in the reference to the theory of character by Henkle and Forster and of Characterization by Murphy. These theories would help me to get closer with the character.

The theory of conflict is used to analyze the conflicts occurring in the novel. Since I focus on the inter-personal conflicts experienced by the main character, it is reasonable to apply the theory of conflict by Worchel in my analysis. I also employ the theory of conflicts resolution by Moore as the basis in analyzing Colonel Lanser's effort to solve and face the conflicts occurred.

Besides, a review of Norway condition in World War II has an important position to support the analysis of the Colonel Lanser's duties as an army commander and the external conflicts occurred in the story. It helps me understand more about the character and the conflicts he faces.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into four parts named subject matter, approach, procedures and organization of the study. Subject matter explains the work that is analyzed and it includes the physical description of the novel. Approach states the approach taken to analyze the novel. Procedures are steps of doing the analysis and the organization of the study explains each part of the study including the appendix.

A. Subject Matter

The Moon is Down is a novel by John Steinbeck, an American Author. The title refers to a phrase spoken by Banquo's son, Fleance, in Shakespeare's

Machbeth. It was written in 1942 during World War II when Steinbeck worked as a reporter. The novel consists of 188 pages and is divided into eight chapters. It firstly published in March, 1942 by the Haddon Craftsmen whereas in my analysis, I used the novel which was published by Viking Press in 1942.

The story details military occupation of a small town in Northern Europe by the army of an unnamed nation. It is presumed that the country is Norway, and in the 1945 Steinbeck received the Haakon VII Medal of freedom of his literary contribution to the Norwegian resistance movement.

The main character in this novel is Colonel Lanser, an army commander in an invaded town. The story begins with a surprise invasion to a small mining town by an army of unnamed nation. Colonel Lanser, the commander of the army,

successfully invades the town without any resistance from the town people because the help of Colonel Lanser’s accomplice, George Correl.. The invader’s goal is to take over the coal mine to support their war effort.

As time goes by, the town people realize their condition of being invaded and start to organize the resistance movement. Mayor Orden, the Mayor of the town, secretly emerge as the leader of the rebellious people. The rebellious people create chaos, sabotage mine equipment, and rail road tracks.

Soon after, Colonel Lanser and his soldiers find themselves in conflicts with the town people. Colonel Lanser tries to combat their resistance but the resistance becomes more solid and strong with the help from British authority. The

British authority sends hundreds packages contains of dynamites as a weapon and chocolates for the town people since the invaders control the food supplies in the town. The British authority also send their bombers which creates many damages in coal mine and rail road tracks that inhibit the coal shipment schedule.

The conflicts between the invaders and the town people getting worse.

Moreover, a lot of Colonel Lanser’s soldiers experiences mental-breakdown that loosen their fighting spirit after several times influence in the conflict. Moreover, during the conflicts Colonel Lanser has to lose two of his senior officers who are killed by the town people. At the end of the story, Colonel Lanser realizes that he already lost the war and still tries to carry out his duties as an army commander of an invaded town as well as he could.

B. Approach

In conducting this study, I applied psychological approach proposed by

Rohberger and Woods, Jr.. This approach is related and reasonable as the basis of

analyzing the inter-personal conflicts of Colonel Lanser's duties. It is based on the consideration that inter-personal conflicts are part of psychological aspects. Here, I tried to find out psychological information about the type of conflicts, how they occur, and what the conflict resolutions are. It also helps me to find Colonel

Lanser's characteristics in relation to the focus of the discussion.

C. Procedures

There were some steps I used to analyze this novel. The research was library study. It means that I got the data by reading, taking the important notes, and looking for written information from any sources.

First, I chose the John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down and read it several times in order to get the deeper understanding about the story of the novel entirely.

While reading the novel, I was interested in analyzing the conflicts happening in the story. I focused my attention on Colonel Lanser, as the main character, and the conflicts inhibiting him to carry out his duty. Besides, I make some notes as the important points of the novel to help me analyzing the problem formulation.

After that I continued to analyze the description of Colonel Lanser's characteristics and his inter-personal conflicts happened in the story as the inhibiting factors of his duty. In order to support my analysis, I collected some references from book and Internet related to the topic discussion. It was very important since they could enrich my information about the novel.

Then, I focused on answering the questions on problem formulation:

Colonel Lanser's characteristics and the conflicts as the inhibiting factors of his duty. In order to answer the question, I applied the theory of characterization by

Murphy, the psychological approach by Rohrberger and Woods, theory of conflict proposed by Worchel and theory of conflict resolution by Moore. For additional information, I read some books about literature and psychology. Moreover, I read an article from Internet about Norway social condition in World War II and comments or criticism related to the novel and the author.

The next step was making conclusions from the analysis. Here, I also made some suggestions for the further researchers in analyzing this novel that related to the topic discussed. Besides, I added teaching learning activities in English using this novel.

D. Organization of the Study

This analysis is divided into five chapters. Chapter I, introduction, tells about my background for choosing the topic, the author, and the novel, The Moon is Down. Then, objectives of the study state the goals of my study. Following this section, there is problem formulation that states problems discussed in this study.

Then, there is also research for the readers and other researchers. The last part of this section is definition of term as the information to clarify the discussion latter.

Chapter II contains theoretical review that is divided into four parts. First part is a review of related literature that states the theories used to analyze the novel in the discussion latter. It is divided into two major theories. First are theories of literature, including the theory of character, theory of characterization, and critical approach in the literary study. Second is theory of psychology including theory of conflict and theory of conflict resolution. Second part is review of Norway condition during World War II. Third part is theoretical framework that

states the application of the theories in analysing. Forth part is criticism that states some critics' opinion related to the novel and the author as the supporting data.

Chapter III is methodology. It consists of four parts called subject matter, approach, procedure, and organization of the study. Subject matter tells the physical condition and a brief summary of the novel. Approach is the implementation of approach taken as the basic of the analysis. Procedure is the steps that I took in analyzing this study. Organization of the study tells about the part of the thesis.

Chapter IV presents the analysis of the problem formulation stated. In this chapter there are two parts. The first part is the description of Colonel Lanser.

Second is Colonel Lanser's inter-personal conflicts as an inhibiting factors of

Colonel Lanser duties. I devided this part into two discussion. First, I describe his duties in an invaded town. Second, I analyze his inter-personal conflicts and its resolution.

Chapter V is entitled Conclusions and Suggestions. It is divided into two parts. First part concerns conclusions that state the conclusions of the study.

Second part states Suggestions. It deals with suggestions for the implementation of this novel as the teaching-learning activities. It also gives some suggestions to researcher to find another possible study using the novel.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts. First part analyses the description of

Colonel Lanser's characteristics in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Second part analyses Colonel Lanser's inter-personal conflicts as the inhibiting factors of

Colonel Lanser's duties in carrying out his orders.

A. The Description of Colonel Lanser's Characteristics

Since the analysis deals with Colonel Lanser's characteristics, I attempt to analyze his characteristics first. It is conducted based on the theory of character by

Henkle and Forster and of characterization by Murphy. According to Henkle

(1977: 87-97) characters could be categorized into two kinds, main or major character and minor character. Colonel Lanser is one of the main characters in

Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. He is the person who has the fullest attention on the novel from the beginning until the end of the story.

Forster (1974: 53-64) divides characters into two types based on the internal complexity. They are flat character and round character. Here, Colonel

Lanser is presented as a round character because he experiences several significant changes, for example, in the beginning of the story he tends to use non violence approach toward Mayor Orden but after some inter-personal conflicts appear, he applies the violence approach to resolve the conflicts.

To have a deeper analysis on Colonel Lanser's characteristics, I also employ theory of characterization by Murphy. In this study, I just apply six ways to analyze his characteristics. There are personal description, speech, past life,

reactions, direct comment, and mannerism. Based on these ways, I find out that

Colonel Lanser's characteristics are stiff, war-experienced, well-trained, smart, and wise. The characteristics of Colonel Lanser are described in details in the next paragraphs below.

1. Stiff

Colonel Lanser is described as a man of middle age, “The Colonel was a middle aged man, gray and hard and tired looking” (p. 30). As a Colonel of an army he has a stereotype of a soldier that is stiffness. In Oxford Advanced

Learner's Dictionary of Current English (1987: 322), stiff means not easily changed or influenced; showing strength of character and purpose. Colonel Lanser is stiff to everyone without exception. When George Correl, his accomplice in invading the town, refuses his order to leave the meeting with Mayor Orden,

Colonel Lanser shows him a stiff attitude,

And Correl said, “I have right to be here!” Lanser repeated shaply, “Will you leave us now, Mr. Correl? Do you outrank me?” (p. 32).

Colonel Lanser also shows his stiff attitude to George Correl when George

Correl refuses to leave the town as soon as possible although his life is in danger for being attacked by the town people. The town people try to kill him by hitting him with rocks on his head that makes him badly injured. Colonel Lanser suggests him to go back to the capital before something happens again,

Lanser's voice was tight. His eyes were slitted. He said harshly, “Wear a helmet, keep indoors, do not go out at night, and, above all, do not drink. Trust no woman nor any man. Do you understand that?” (p. 66).

Colonel Lanser also shows his stiff attitude to Mayor Orden, the Mayor of the town, when the Mayor refuses to cooperate in maintaining order in the town.

The town people start to rebel, especially the coal miners who do not want to do what the Colonel Lanser's officers ask them to do that is mine the earth for the coal faster than before,

“Mayor Orden, you know our orders are inexorable. We must get the coal. If your people are not orderly we will have to restore that order by force.” His voice grew stern. “We must shoot people if it is necessary. If you wish to-save your people from hurt, you must help us to keep order” (p. 86). As a stiff man, Colonel Lanser's judgment is not easily changed.

He shows it when George Correl influences him to replace Mayor Orden with Correl as a Mayor of the town. He knows that Mayor Orden's existence is important for him to achieve his goal in invading the town because he thinks if

Mayor Orden agrees to collaborate with him the town people will follow what the

Mayor does so that it will help Colonel Lanser in carrying out his orders,

Lanser shook his head. “I have no order about that. I must use my own judgment. Mayor Orden is more than a mayor, he said. “He is his people. He knows what they are doing, thinking, without asking, because he will think what they think. By watching him I will know them. He must stay. That is my judgment” (p. 65).

Another proof that he is a stiff man is when Mayor Orden tries to change

Colonel Lanser's decision to stand a public trial for Alex Morgan who has killed

Captain Bentick, one of Colonel Lanser's senior officers, Colonel Lanser still holds on his own opinion with his reasonable reason that the trial for Alex Morgan should be held publicly to prevent a further rebel action,

“You know as well as I that punishment is largely for the purpose of determining the potential criminals. Thus, since punishment is for others than the punished, it must be publicized. It must even be dramatized” (p. 85).

Based on the proofs above, we can conclude that he shows his stiff attitude in the right moment and place. This is also derived from the army's stereotype that exists in his life.

2. War- experienced

The position as an army commander of the invaded town is very suitable position for Colonel Lanser because this occupation is not his first time experience. He has experienced this position a couple of years before, “Lanser said, “I've helped to occupy countries before” (p. 61). That statement shows that

Colonel Lanser knows what war is and in his battalion he is the only man who has been in a real war, “Of them all, only Colonel Lanser knew what war really is in the long run” (p. 47). Colonel Lanser has a real war experiences since he had been a soldier for a long time and also fought in real battles of war,

Lanser had been in Belgium and France twenty years before and he tried not to think what he knew that war is treachery and hatred, the muddling of incompetent generals, the torture and killing and sickness and tiredness, until at last it is over and nothing has changed except for new weariness and new hatreds” (p. 47).

As an experienced commander of the invaded town he knows that in a war anything can happen. He also learns that in a war good things can easily turn to be bad things easily. It makes him try to make his troops realize that the war is not over yet,

Lanser looked down and said, “Defeat is momentary thing. A defeat does not last. We were defeated and now we attack. Defeat means nothing. Can't you understand that? Do you know what they are whispering behind doors?” (p. 67).

As an experienced army commander Colonel Lanser knows that the town people may strike back again as soon as they are ready. This fact also makes him always aware of his surrounding and gives an order to his men to stay alert although they have succeeded in invading the town. He shares his war experience to his men that war is full of hatred and trickery and therefore, the troops should never loose their attention to the town people,

Lanser said, “There are no peaceful people. When will you learn it? There are no friendly people. Can't you understand that? We have invaded this country by what they called treachery, prepared for us." His face grew red and his voice rose. "Can't you understand that we are at war with these people?” (p. 67).

The evidences above imply that Colonel Lanser has some experiences in war. From his experiences, he knows what war really is and what will occur in a war. He tries to share his experiences of war to his men in order to make them realize what is going on in a real war so that his men will always stay alert all the time during the war.

3. Well- trained

Colonel Lanser is also fully aware of himself about being a soldier. This self awareness makes him suitable to carry out this kind of military job. He really knows the meaning of becoming a soldier in a war. When one of his officers recommends him to rest because he looks overtired, the Colonel rejects it and says,

“I'm not a civilian Hunter. We're short enough of officers already. You know that.

Get to your work, Major” (p.165). His fully awareness of being a soldier in a war also shows in the statement bellow,

Lanser told himself he was a soldier, given orders to carry out. He was not expected to question or to think, but only to carryout orders; and he tried to put aside the sick memories of the other war and the certainty that this would be the same. This one will be different, he said to himself fifty times a day; this one will be very different (p. 47).

Besides, Colonel Lanser also shows that he is really aware of becoming a good soldier through his statement bellow when he advises his green officer who seems frightened during the occupation,

You are a soldier. Your comfort is of no importance and, Lieutenant, your life isn't of much important. If you live, you will have memories. That's about all you will have. Meanwhile you must take orders and carry them out. Most of the orders will be unpleasant, but that's not your business (p. 167).

Colonel Lanser knows that to be a good soldier he has to follow the order and carry it out no matter what happens. When Doctor Winter, the official of the town, tries to confuse him about the Colonel's order the Colonel answer it as a well trained soldier like,

And Doctor Winter said to the Colonel, “Will you carry out the orders, knowing they will fail? Lanser's face was tight. “I will carry out my orders no matter what they are” (p. 186).

He also shows himself as a well trained soldier when he responds quickly to the dangerous situation when the town people attack him and his men during the military court that he held in Mayor Orden’s house for the Captain Bentick’s murderer. As soon as the attack happens that make some of his men badly injured,

Colonel Lanser gives his order without being panic under attack to Captain Loft clearly to handle the situation by leading a small squad to pursuit the rebellious people,

Lanser took command. “Captain Loft, there will be tracks in the snow. Now, I want every house searched for firearms. I want every man who has one taken hostage." And then, "I want every weapon in town gathered. Bring in everyone who resist. Hurry, before their tracks are filled” (pp. 98- 99).

From these evidences, we know exactly that Colonel Lanser knows what the soldiers must do and behave in a war. As a soldier and a commander, he is able to react well in any situations without being depressed and putting his men in the jeopardy.

4. Smart

His decisions about things which have a relationship with his order in the invaded town also shows that he is really experienced in his field as well as smart. It shows when he decides that he and his officers will live and post his

headquarters inside the Mayor Orden's house which means that the invaders live in the same roof with the local authority. This smart decision is based on his assumption that by doing so he can control and watches the local authority's policy,

The Colonel puffed deeply. “We have found that when a staff lives under the same roof of the local authority, there is more tranquility. “You mean”, said Orden, “The people feel there is collaboration involved? Yes, I suppose that is it” (p. 38).

Trough his experience, he can make another good decision when he lets

Mayor Orden be the mayor of the town instead of replacing the mayor with himself by doing so he hopes that it could reduce the conflicts between the invaders and the town people and the mayor could help him in maintaining order in the town,

The Colonel said quickly, “We know that, and so we are going to keep your government. You will still be the Mayor, you will give the orders, you will penalize and reward. In that way, they will not give trouble” (p. 35).

Based on the evidences above, we know that Colonel Lanser could make right decisions so that these right decisions may support his mission to be well accomplished. All of his decisions never involve his private needs and only focus on the accomplishment of his duty.

5. Wise

His reaction when he faces Lieutenant Prackle, one of his young officers who get bored and frightened during the war, shows us that Colonel Lanser is a wise person. Colonel Lanser knows that it will be useless to get angry because it will make the condition getting worse. Colonel Lanser help the young officer to resolve the problem and then make the officer ready to be in duty again,

Good. Now I tell you, and I hope you'll understand it. You are not a man anymore. You are a soldier. Meanwhile you must take orders and carry them out.” Prackle said wearily, “Yes, sir, thank you, sir” (p.167).

We can find another proof that Colonel Lanser is a wise man from his reaction toward one of his officer's suggestion to set booby traps and poison the chocolates in the package of dynamites sent by the British authority for the rebellious people. Colonel Lanser simply rejects this plan since he knows that it would not be effective to solve the problem. He never underestimates the intelligence of the town people so that he knows that the town people will not be easily trapped,

They will poke them with poles, or lasso them, before they touch them. They will try the chocolate on the cat. Goddamn it, Major, these are intelligent people. Stupid traps won't catch them twice (p.161).

Another evidence is through his reaction in facing the problem with the

Mayor Orden’s cook who throws boiled water to his soldiers that make some of his soldiers badly injured. At that time Colonel Lanser choose to release the cook instead to shoot ar punish her for what she did. Colonel Lanser hopes that it will reduce the conflict that unnecessary to occur,

“Was anyone hurt?” Lanser asked” “Yes, sir, scalded, and one man bitten. We are holding her, sir” Lanser said, “Release her and go outside the porch” (p. 40).

From the evidences above, we know that he is a wise person. We can know it from the fact that he always tries to handle the problem as well as possible in order not to make the conflicts become worse. In addition, Colonel Lanser also never underestimates others and tries to put the problems in a proper position to be solved.

B. The Inter-Personal Conflicts as the Inhibiting Factors of Colonel Lanser's

Duties in Carrying out His Orders

To have a deeper analysis about Colonel Lanser's inter personal conflicts that inhibit his duties as an army commander in the invaded town, we have to know what his duties are. Therefore, I divide this analysis into two parts. First, I describe Colonel Lanser's duties in an invaded town. Second, I explain Colonel

Lanser's interpersonal conflicts and their resolution.

1. Colonel Lanser's Duties as an Army Commander in the Invaded Town a. Occupying the town

His first duty as a commander is to occupy the small mining town. Colonel

Lanser successfully occupies the town with the help of George Correl, a local storekeeper, who has prepared everything for the D-day. Colonel Lanser successfully occupied the town with a surprise invasion on Sunday morning within less than half an hour without loosing any troop at all and manages to kill some of the local troops,

“By ten-thirty the brass band of the invader was playing beautiful and sentimental music in the town square.” “By ten thirty-eight the riddled six were buried, the parachutes were folded, and the battalion was billeted in Mr. Correl's warehouse by the prier, which had on its shelves blankets and cots for the battalion” (pp. 12- 13). “By ten-fortyfive it was all over. The town was occupied, the defenders defeated, and the war finished” (p. 11).

Mayor Orden, the Mayor of the town, gets confused when he has to do his duty in his town. Everything is not the same as he has expected before. Colonel

Lanser explains that he and his soldiers have occupies the town, “The Mayor said,

“I have had no news. What about the rest of the country?”. “All taken,” said the colonel. “It was well planned” (p. 33). At the same time he also explains to the

Mayor about his main duties in the invaded town.

b. Making the local coal miners mine the earth for the coal and ship it

After successfully invade the small mining town Colonel Lanser held a meeting with Mayor Orden, the mayor of the town. In this meeting he explains to the Mayor about his main duty in the town. Colonel Lanser's main duty is to mine the coal and ship it, “My job is to get the coal out” (p. 64). Colonel Lanser explains to the mayor of the town that this order is a more engineering job than a conquest, “This whole thing is more engineering job than conquest. The coal must come out of the ground and be shipped” (p. 34).

Some technicians help Colonel Lanser in carrying out this job in the mine, but to bring the coal come out of the ground the local miners should do it, “We have technicians, but the local people will continue to work the mine” (p. 34). The

Colonel will use whatever it takes to make the local miners do exactly what he says. Like when the Colonel tries to explain his order to Mayor Orden, "The colonel said, “I hope they will want to, because they must. We must have the coal”

(p. 35). "They will be in danger if they are rebellious. We must get the coal, you see. Our leaders do not tell us how; they order us to get it" (p. 36). Later, Colonel

Lanser proofs his words to get the coal whatever it takes. Colonel Lanser lets the miner to starve if they do not work harder in the coal mine and if they do not work harder it means that their families will starve too. c. Getting along with town people with little friction as possible

Since he and his battalion live in the town, Colonel Lanser has a duty to get along with people in the invaded town, “We are instructed to get along with your people” (p. 40). This order is also important to do since the Colonel knows that by getting along with local people it will reduce the conflict that will happens between them and the invaders. As he says, “We want to get along as well as we

can. You see ... We will try to get along with just as little friction as possible”(p.

33).

Colonel Lanser proves that when he has his first meeting with Mayor

Orden in the Mayor's house. When some of the soldiers on the back porch to pacify the meeting, the Mayor's cook, Annie, throws boiling water to the some of the Colonel's men and makes them injured. At that time, Colonel Lanser chooses to release her instead ordering the soldiers to shoot the cook,

The door opened and a soldier stood in the opening. "Shall I arrest this woman, Sir?” “Was anyone hurt?” Lanser asked.” “Yes, sir, scalded and one man bitten. We are holding her, sir” “Lanser said, “Release her and go outside off the porch” (p. 40).

By releasing the cook, Colonel Lanser wants to show his good will to

Mayor Orden as well as carry out his duty. Colonel Lanser needs the Mayor

Orden's corporation in order to accomplish his mission in the invaded town successfully. He really aware that with less conflict happens in the invaded town will help him to accomplish his duties well. d. Maintaining order in the invaded town

As the commander in the invaded town, he is the man in charge. He has to maintain order in order to create better situation for the invader and the local people. Colonel Lanser asks the Mayor of the town to collaborate with him to maintain the order in the town. Although the Mayor rejects the request, the

Colonel still carries out his order. It shows when he asks the Mayor to help him to stand a trial for Alex Morden and then shoot him publicly for killing the Colonel's officers, “This man has killed an officer. The coal miner should be shot publicly, because the theory is that other will -then restrain himself from killing our man”

(p. 88).

In order to maintain the order in the town Colonel Lanser uses a cooperative way as well as a hard way. He always reminds Mayor Orden to control the actions of his people not to create chaos in the town for their own safety. If it does not work, he will take the hard way although it is his last choice,

“Lanser said wearily, “I don't like to think of the means the military will take to keep order” (p. 41).

Lanser said,” If your people are not orderly, we will have to restore that order by force.” His voice grew stern. “We must shoot people if it is necessary. If you wish to save your people from hurt, you must help us to keep order” (p. 86).

When the rebellious actions are getting worse in the town, Colonel Lanser takes everything that necessary to maintain order in the town. He orders his soldiers to shoot everybody who committing crime in the town and at the end of the story he orders his soldier to execute Mayor Orden for his crime.

2. Colonel Lanser's Inter-Personal Conflicts and its Resolution

Worchel (1979: 460) classifies conflict into two kinds called intra-personal

(internal) conflict and inter-personal (external) conflict. The conflicts that inhibit

Colonel Lanser's duties are classified as inter-personal conflict. It is the conflict between a person and external force. To analyze the conflicts happen, I use theory of conflict resolution presented by Moore (1999: 23-26). He says that there are four ways to resolve the problems namely private decision making by parties, private third-party decision making, legal authoritative third-party decision making, and extralegal coerced decision making. In my analysis, the inter-personal conflicts that are faced by Colonel Lanser are the conflict against another person and society whereas the conflict resolution used are avoidance approach as a part of private decision making by parties, judicial approach as a part of legal

authoritative third-party decision making, and violence and non-violence approach as part of extralegal coerced decision making. a. The Conflict against Mayor Orden

1). Mayor Orden's refusal to be his collaborator

Since the first time Colonel Lanser meet Mayor Orden, he has tried to persuade Mayor Orden to collaborate with him. The Colonel keeps doing that since he knows that by collaborating with the local authority will make his job easier to handle. Unfortunately, Mayor Orden keeps on his principle that he refuses to collaborate with the invader. The Mayor keeps his principle until the end of the story and he always believes in the power of his people and it starts the conflict between them,

Now Lanser stood up, “Please cooperate with us for the good of all” When Mayor Orden made no reply, “For the good of all,” Lanser repeated. "Will you?” “Orden shook his head. “I don't know. When the town makes up its mind what it wants to do, I'll probably do that” (p. 41).

The Mayor refuses all the things asked by Colonel Lanser for him to do.

The Mayor does that from the very first time they meet. He always finds the right answers to refuse the Colonel's request to collaborate. Colonel Lanser's threat to harm the life of the local miners if the Mayor does not want to help him makes the miners work in the coal mine, however the invader does not make the Mayor afraid,

The Colonel said, “You must make them work and thus make them safe” Mayor Orden asked, “But supposes they don't want to be safe?” “Then you must think of them” Orden said, a little proudly, “My people don't like to have others think for them. Maybe they are different from your people “(p. 36).

Mayor Orden also refuses the Colonel Lanser’s request to pass sentence of

death on Alex Morgan for killing Captain Bentick when Colonel Lanser

asks him to go to the trial. It makes Colonel Lanser become very angry

since if Colonel Lanser successfully makes the Mayor to pass the sentence

of death in the trial, he hopes that the town people will see that there is

collaboration in maintaining order between the invader and the local

authority and therefore, it can reduce the possibility of conflict to happen

again,

Orden said softly, “You wish me to pass sentence of death on Alex Morgan after a trial here?” “Yes, and you will prevent much bloodshed later if you will do it”. Then the Mayor said, “This principle does not work. First I am the Mayor. I have no right to pass sentence of death. There is no one in this community with that right. If I should do it, I would be breaking the law as much as you” (pp. 86-87).

Colonel Lanser's conflict with Mayor Odren is getting worse when the

Mayor refuses the Colonel's request to help him in maintaining order in the town.

The town people start to use dynamites to create a chaos in the town and make a lot of damages with it. This makes Colonel Lanser run out of his patience and takes Mayor Orden as the hostage,

And Mayor Odren said smiled helplessly at him. “They can not stop, sir” Colonel Lanser said harshly, "I arrested you as a hostage for the good behavior of your people” (p. 183).

Finally, after many efforts have been done to make Mayor Orden collaborate with him Colonel Lanser comes to the reality that he has fail to make the Mayor be his collaborator. Mayor Orden has faith in his own people that they will fight the enemies with or without the Mayor,

But that won't stop it," Orden said simply. "You don't understand. When I have to become a hindrance to the people, they will do without me." Lanser said, "Tell me truly what you think. If the people know you will be shot if they light another fuse, what will they do?” “I don't know," said the Mayor. “I think they will light the fuse” (p. 183).

This inter-personal conflict involves a person and another person. Colonel

Lanser plans to make Mayor Orden as his collaborator but Mayor Orden refuses it.

Colonel Lanser keeps trying to do the lobbying toward Mayor Orden although

Mayor Orden never gives a good response to his proposal and seems does not care about what he says, “Now Lanser stood up, “Please cooperate with us for the good of all” When Mayor Orden made no reply, “For the good of all,” Lanser repeated.

‘Will you?” (p. 41).

In order to resolve this conflict, Colonel Lanser applies non-violence approach as part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel Lanser applies the non-violence approach toward Mayor Orden by lobbying Mayor Orden in persuasive ways for several times in order to make Mayor Orden willing to be his collaborator. However, this approach fails since Mayor Orden still holds his believes that is never cooperate with the enemies.

2). Mayor Orden as the leader of the rebellious people

Since the first time Colonel Lanser and Mayor Orden meet there is an indication that Mayor Orden has set his mind to fight the invader with his people and in his fight, it is does not matter for the Mayor who will be the leader of it,

Orden smilled. You won't believe this, but it is true: authority is in the town. I don't know how or why, but it is so. This means we can not act quickly as you can, but when the direction is set, we will act together (p. 41).

Mayor Orden always involves in every rebel action in his city although he is taken as a hostage in his house. One night, he manages to escape to arrange some strike back actions with some town people without being found out and he manages to do that because of the help of his two loyal servants, Annie and

Joseph,

“How will the Mayor get out?” Annie laughed. “Joseph is going to be in his bed in case they look in, right in his nightshirt, right next to Madame!” And she laughed again. She said, “Joseph better lie pretty quiet” (p. 125).

At that night in one of the town people's house, the Mayor has a plan to help some young people who have committed a crime to the invaders to escape to

England. At that time there are a lot of town people who have committed crimes in the city to create a chaos and some of them that manage to escape from the soldiers will be helped by the Mayor to sail out to England,

“The Anders boys are sailing for England. They've got to.” “Are they?” Molly asked. “What for?” “Well, it was their brother, Jack, was shot today for breaking the little car. The soldiers are looking for the rest of the family. You know how they do” (p. 124).

At the same time, the Mayor also knows that these young boys are going to kill George Corell, the traitor, before they sail to England. The Anders boys will go to England by the stolen boat. They are going to steal George Correl's boat and kill Mr. Corell all at once,

“We got word you boys were going tonight.” “We've got to go,” Tom said. Orden nodded. “Yes, I know. We heard you were going to take Mr. Correl with you.” Tom laughed bitterly. “We thought it would be only right. We're taking his boat. We can't leave him around. It isn't good to see in the street” (p. 138).

The mayor also sets a plan to strike back that night. He asks the Anders boys to look for some help in England as soon they are arrive there. The Mayor asks for some simple weapons to use in their fight against the invader. Since they are watched, the Mayor thinks that it is better if the British authority sends simple weapons to hide and to use them in the right time to fight back by parachutes,

“Do you want guns, Sir? Shall we ask for guns?” “No, tell them how it is. We are watched. Any move we make call for reprisal. If we could have simple, secret weapons, weapons of stealth,

explosives, dynamites to blow up the rail road, grenades, if possible, even poison." He spoke angrily (p. 142).

The conflict between Colonel Lanser and Mayor Orden is getting worse when Colonel Lanser find out that as the time goes by Mayor Orden secretly emerges as a leader of the rebellious people of the town. Colonel Lanser's collaborator Mr. George Correl gives him some reliable facts which indicate that

Mayor Orden has become the leader of the rebellious people since the first time and also becomes the man who supports the-rebel actions in the town,

“I have to report to you that Mayor Orden has become in constant contact with every happening in this community. On the night when Lieutenant Tonder was murdered, he was in the house where the murder was committed. When the girls escaped to the hills, she stayed with one of his relatives. I traced her there, but she was gone. Whenever men have escaped, Orden has known about it and he has helped them. And I even strongly suspect that he is somewhere in the picture of these little parachutes (pp. 168-169).

This inter-personal conflict involves a person and another person. Colonel

Lanser has tried not to harm Mayor Orden since he really needs his collaboration for the success of his invasion but with this new facts make Colonel Lanser have no more choice to make Mayor Orden as his collaborator anymore. Colonel Lanser considers that Mayor Orden has endangered the invasion by his position as the leader of the rebellious people who fight against the invaders and finally Colonel

Lanser comes to the fact that Mayor Orden deserves a punishment for his crime.

In order to resolve this conflict, Colonel Lanser applies violence approach as part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel Lanser applies the violence approach toward Mayor Orden by taking the Mayor as the hostage in his own

house to control the behavior of the town people. Then when it fails, Mayor Orden will be executed, “Lanser was erect and stiff. My orders are clear. Eleven o'clock was the deadline. I have taken hostages. If there is violence, the hostages will be executed” (p. 186). When it comes to the deadline and violence still goes on in the town, Colonel Lanser does what he says before by giving his order to his soldier to execute Mayor Orden. b. Conflict against his mentally-down soldiers

Colonel Lanser has to face the fact that his soldier is tired and mentally down after several months in the invaded town where the hatred and conflict are growing worse everyday. The soldiers are in under siege all the time since they are haunted of being murdered by the town people,

Now it was that the conqueror was surrounded, the men of the battalion alone among silent enemies, and no man relax his guard for even a moment. If he did, he disappeared, and some snowdrift received his body. If he went alone to a woman, he disappeared and some snowdrift received his body. If he drank, he disappeared. The men in the battalion only could sing only together, could dance only together, and dancing gradually stopped and the singing expressed a longing for home. Their talk was of friends and relatives who loved them and their longings were for warmth and love (p. 103).

They are also longing for home and the warmth of their family since the town people are silent, sullen, and cold to the soldiers. The town people show their hatred by never communicating with the invader. The town people are always cold and sullen when they face or force to talk to the invader. In this way, they want to show that they do not want to co-operate with the invader, “..., that the people they had known looked at them coldly and never spoke” (p. 101).

The town people still communicate to each other and laugh but when they see invaders, they will turn to be sullen and cold again,

The patrols, seeing lights, hearing laughter, would be drawn as to a fire, and when they came near, the laughter stopped, the warmth went out, and the people were cold and obedient. And the soldiers, smelling warm food from the little restaurant, went in and ordered the warm food and found that it was over salted or over peppered (p. 103).

Based on the fact that many experts on literature regard the setting of The

Moon is Down represent the condition of Norway during the German occupation in World War II (hitp://www.answers.com., 2006), what town people did really happened in Norway during the German occupation and what they did was called

"Ice Front". Ice Front was the action of never speaking to a German whenever they could avoid and refused to sit beside a German on public transportation.

In the novel, the same condition also happens to some of Colonel Lanser's officers. The young lieutenants are afraid and since they do not have any war experience, they are always terrified every time the conflict happens,

Tonder's hand dropped. “Be still! Don't talk like that! These people! These horrible people! These cold people! They never look at you.” He shivered. “They never speak. They answer like a dead man. They obey, these horrible people. And the girls are frozen!” (p. 110).

Another event that described the “Ice Front” is when Joseph, Mayor

Orden's loyal servant has to face Lieutenant Prackle. Joseph tries to be silent in communicating with the invaders and if he must talk he will talk as brief as possible,

Prackle said loudly, “Joseph, is there any wine or any brandy?” Joseph shook his head. Tonder started up from the table, his face wild with anger, and he shouted, “Answer, you swine! Answer in words!” Joseph did not look up. He spoke tonelessly. “No, sir; no, sir; there is no wine” (p. 110).

The news from home which always contain good news and the letters from home that always arrive late and sometimes does not arrive at all make the soldiers more depressed. They are wondering about what happen to their family and relatives and other conquered countries,

Then the soldiers read the news from home and the news were always good, and for a little while they believe it, and then after a while they do not believe it anymore. And everymen carried his heart the terror (p. 103).

This inter-personal conflict involves a person and another person. In this case involves Colonel Lanser and his soldiers. This conflict inhibits the Colonel

Lanser to complete his duty. The soldiers are mentally weak and it could influence their combat performance and may easily lose the battle.

In order to resolve this conflict, Colonel Lanser applies avoidance approach as a part of private decision making by parties. In this case, Colonel

Lanser avoids meeting his soldier and talking about their problems. In his mind, he knows exactly that this condition will happen to all soldiers including him. Since he has learned from the previous war, he hopes that his soldiers will able to manage themselves to survive from this kind of condition. c. Conflict against town people

I). The dead of two Colonel Lanser's officers by the town people

In order to help Colonel Lanser to carry out his duties in that small mining town, he has five officers with him. They are one Major, two, Captains, and two young Lieutenants. The officers live in the Mayor Orden's house where they set it as their headquarters. One day in the mining field one of Colonel Lanser's

Captains, Captain Bentick, is killed by a local miner named Alex Morgan in a chaos,

“I have to report, sir, that Captain Bentick has been killed?” Lanser said, “Are you sure he's dead?” “Quite sure,” Loft said stiffly. “Who did this?” “A miner." Said Loft (p. 70).

The death of Captain Bentick by the local miner makes the town people awake from their confusion. As soon as Alex Morgan is shot dead in the town square, some town people throw the glass of the window of the room where the trial for Alex Morgan is held. This action makes Lieutenant Prackle injured and makes the Colonel very angry,

Then there was a shout outside. The glass of the window crashed inward and Lieutenant Prackle wheeled about. He brought his hand up to his shoulder and stared about it (p. 98).

On the other occasions, Colonel Lanser has to loose another officer. One of his young Lieutenants, Lieutenant Tonder, who is commanding the squad to shoot

Alex Morgan is killed in one snowing night. Molly Morgan, Alex Morgan's widow, kills Lieutenant Tonder in her house when Lieutenant Tonder tries to seduce her that night,

The blades slipped through her fingers until she held the long shears and she was holding them like a knife, and her eyes were horrified. Slowly she raised the shears and placed them inside her dress. Her voice was strained and sweet. She called, "I'm coming, Lieutenant, I'm coming” (p. 146).

Lieutenant Tonder knows that the woman he is seducing is the widow of the man he shoots to dead in the town square, but he still does that since he feels so lonely and he really wants to get Moly's attention to be his lover. On the other hand, Molly Morgan uses that opportunity to revenge him of killing his beloved husband. After committing a murder, Molly Morgan runs away to the hill and because of the help of Mayor Orden, she can hide in the Mayor relative's house and is never captured until the end of the story.

The death of Captain Bentick and his young Lieutenant is a hard thing for him since they are his officers and without their presence will make the Colonel's duty hamper. Lanser said, “I wish we had more junior officers. Tonder's getting killed didn't help us a bit. Why couldn't he let women alone?” (p. 163).

This inter-personal conflict involves a person and society, Colonel Lanser and the town people. On the day when Captain Bentick is killed in the mining field by Alex Morgan, the miners actually also involve in creating chaos that make

Captain Bentick get killed.

In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies judicial process as a part of legal authoritative third party decision making. As soon as Alex Morgan is captured, Colonel Lanser holds a military court in Mayor Orden's house. In this court Alex Morgan is found guilty as charge for killing Captain Bentick and therefore he deserves a death sentence, “Lanser said. “The court finds you guilty and sentence you to be shoot immediately” (p. 95).The death sentence will be executed in a form of shot to dead execution by the Colonel Lanser's soldiers and will be held in the town square as soon as the court is closed.

2). The sabotage of coal mine equipments and rail road tracks by town people and the coal miners

Colonel Lanser's duty to make the coal miners mine the earth for the coal is inhibited by the miners. The miners have their own way to revenge the invaders.

The miners work slowly and clumsy in the coal mine to inhibit the invader to get the coal on time. The miners also make mistakes and sometimes break some mining equipments. Their revenge actions hamper Colonel Lanser to carry out his order,

In the harbor the coal barges came empty and went away loaded, but the coal did not come out of the ground easily. The good miners made mistakes. They were clumsy and slow (p. 100).

The town people also participate in this rebel action. They also have their own ways to do that. The town people wreck the dynamo in order to inhibit the

miners to work faster in the coal mine and also to make Colonel Lanser and his officers to live without electricity in the town. Colonel Lanser and his officers will find difficulties to live without the electricity because the officers have to work and make a report at night. Every time Colonel Lanser gets the dynamo fixed by the technicians, some of the town people will wreck it again and again,

“Did you get the fellow that wrecked it?” Prackle asked. And Hunter said grimly, “It might be any of five men. I got all five." He went on musingly, “It's so easy to wreck the dynamo if you know how. Just short it and it wrecks itself.” He said, "The light ought to be on any time now” (p. 95).

When the dynamites from the British authority arrived, the damages are more largely done by the town people. The town people use the dynamites to blow the rail road tracks and also the track siding, “Hunter said. ”There are three breaks in the rail road all within three miles” (p. 135). They also use the dynamites to make a chaos in the coal mine. These actions do not only hamper the coal shipment and transportation but also make the soldiers busier than before and make worried since now the invaded people who are civilians are armed and dangerous,

And there was death in the air, hovering and waiting. Accidents happened in the railroad, which clung to the mountain and connected the little town with the rest of the nation. Avalanches poured down on the tracks and rails were spread. No train could move unless the tracks were first inspected. People were shot in reprisal and it made no reprisal (p. 101).

This inter-personal conflict involves a person and society, Colonel Lanser and the town people. The sabotage done by the miner and the town people that never stop really inhibits Colonel Lanser's duty in making out the coal out. The town people keep sabotage the mining equipment, dynamo and vehicle as their contribution to fight the invader.

In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies the violence approach as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. He allows his soldier to shoot the men who are captured sabotaging the mining equipment, dynamos or vehicles, “What's your trouble?” Hunter asked. “Oh the usual thing with me-the slow-down and a wrecked dump car. I saw the wrecker, though. I shot him” (p.

114).

3). The escape of some town people to England seeking for support to fight the invader

Bombing help, weapons, and food supply from British authority have arrived after several times when some of the town people manage to escape to England.

As soon as they arrived in England, they try to find some help from the British authority. The British authority sent their bombers to bomb the coal mine and some places in the town continuously to support the town people fighting toward the invader,

Now and then a group of young men escaped and went to England. And the English bombed the coal mine and did some damage and killed some of both their friends and their enemies (p. 101).

The British bombers bomb the town, the coal mine and the rail road tracks continuously and make the Colonel and his troops always stay alert condition. The invaders cover their office and the house windows to avoid the bombers to bomb them, “The jolly lights did not shine out of the snow, for by law every window must be black against the bombers” (p. 104). The British bombers cause some damages in the town. Those damages hamper Colonel Lanser to accomplish his duty in the town. The bombers also cause some damages in the coal mine, “And yet when the English bombers came over, some light always appeared near the coal mine” (p. 104).

The damages on some railroad tracks make the transportation in the city hampered. The damages also hampered the coal shipment schedule because the coal from the mine will be delivered to the harbor by train. Whenever the troops have fixed them, the bombers will hit the rail road all over again and it takes a lot of effort and time for the Colonel's troops to fix them,

Major Hunter said, “I've built this siding four times. I don't know why a bomb always knocks out this particular siding. I'm getting tired of this piece of tracks. I have to change the route every time because of the craters. There's no time to fill them in. the ground is frozen too hard. It seems to be too much work” (p. 109).

After several times the British authority finally sends the secret weapons asked by Mayor Orden. In one clear night, the British bombers drop hundreds of small blue packages with little parachutes on each of them,

High in the air the two bombers circled, mud colored planes and from the belly of each one tiny little objects dropped hundreds of them, one after another. They plummeted a few feet and then little parachutes opened and drifted small packages silently downward toward the earth (p. 151).

These blue packages are sent for the town people who need weapons to fight against the enemies. Each package contains some dynamites and chocolates.

The town people who see these little parachutes come from the bomber quickly collect and hide it,

The late dawn came and the people moving out of their houses in the country saw the spots of blue against the snow... "They went to them and picked them up. They unwrapped the paper and read the printed words. They saw the gift and suddenly each finder grew furtive, and he concealed the long tube under his coat and went to some secret place and hit the tube (p. 153).

As soon as Colonel Lanser knows about the little packages sent by the British bombers, he gives his order to his soldiers to collect the packages as much as they can. He looks surprise to find out that the packages contains of

dynamites. Along with the dynamites, there are an instruction about how to use the dynamites and what the people should do with the dynamites,

“Well, I have read it and I want you to listen to it carefully,” said Lanser, “Now here, rails in the country. And, work at night. And, tie up transportation. Now here, Instructions: rails. Please stick under rail close to the joint, and tight against a tie. Pack mud or hard-beaten snow around it so that it is firm. When the fuse is lighted you have a slow count of sixty before it explodes. Bridges: weaken, do not destroy.” And here, transmission poles and here, culverts, trucks,… (p. 159).

The British authority also sends chocolates since they know that the town people in the invaded town are hungry. This hunger problem exists because the invaders control the food supply for the town people. The invaders make the town people to suffer in order to reduce the chaos because the invaders think that if the town people are hungry and suffer they will thinking about food instead of creating chaos,

The food supply was controlled-issued to the obedient and withheld from the disobedient-so that the whole population turned coldly obedient. There was a point where food could not be withheld, for a starving man cannot mine coal, cannot lift and carry. And the hatreds was deep in the eyes of the people, beneath the surface (p. 101).

The town people, who most of them are coal miners, are forced to work harder than before in the coal mine. The invaders have new rule that only by working harder the miners’ family will get something to eat since the invaders control the food supply,

Captain Loft said, “If the coal doesn't come out, no food for the families. We will have the men eat in the mine, so there's no dividing at home. That ought to cure it. They work or their kids don't eat. I told them just now” (p. 114).

The British authority sends the packages in blue wrapper in order to be easily found by the town people in the snow. This technique is very effective since the town people will easily find the packages in the snow and the children would like to hunt for it because of the chocolate and its interesting blue paper wrapper,

Colonel Lanser said, “The wrapper is so blue, so that it's easy to see. Unwrap the outer paper and here”. Lanser picked up the small packages, “here is apiece of chocolate. Everybody will be looking for it. I'll bet our own soldiers steal the chocolates” ( p. 157).

This inter-personal conflict involves a person and society. Here, the conflicting parties are Colonel Lanser and the town people. After the town people get the dynamites, the rebellious action of the town people are getting worse. The town people use the dynamites effectively to break the rail roads. As soon as they get the dynamites in the packages, they blow some rail roads and make Major

Hunter, the officers in charge on rail road, confused, "Lanser glanced at it and laughed harshly.”Here's something for you, Hunter. Two more breaks in your line”

(p. 157). The town people not only use the dynamites to blow the rail road tracks but also to blow the coal mine and create chaos with it.

In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies violence approach as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel Lanser commands his officer to find and investigate the rebel organization among the town people then stamp it out, “Yes, said Lanser, “we have to stamp it out, ferociously, I suppose.

You take a detail, Loft” (p. 163). He gives his order to his officer to execute

Mayor Orden when he finally finds that Mayor Orden is the leader of the rebellious people and as a man who plays important role behind the British authority's support.

Those inter-personal conflicts above are the factors that inhibit some of Colonel Lanser main duties. The duties that inhibit by those inter-personal conflicts are maintaining order in the invaded town and making the local miner to mine the earth for the coal and getting along with the town people with little friction as possible.

Colonel Lanser duty to maintaining order in the invaded town is inhibit because without Mayor Orden to be his collaborator it is very hard to handle the town people because the Mayor himself against the invaders and the town people follow and support their leader. The condition is getting worse when Mayor Orden organizes the rebel movement. There are a lot of chaoses in the town that make the soldiers and officers are killed by the town people. The same condition also happens in the coal mine. The coal miners also support the Mayor resistance and they have their own way to fight the invader. They sabotage the coal mine equipments that inhibit Colonel Lanser’s coal shipment schedule. The town people also kill the soldiers that create friction with them. As a result, Colonel Lanser duties to get along with the town people with little friction as possible is inhibit.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Chapter V is divided into two parts, namely conclusions and suggestions.

The conclusion consists of the conclusion of my analysis. The part of suggestion is divided into two sections, namely suggestion for future researchers to conduct further research using the novel and suggestion for teachers to implement the novel as teaching learning activities. Here, I give the implementation of teaching

Extensive Reading I using chapter 1-2 of John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down for the fourth semester students of English Education Study Program.

A. Conclusions

From my analysis on The Moon is Down, I can conclude that I have achieved the objectives of my study because the problem formulation could be answered. Colonel Lanser is classified as a major character because he has fullest attention during the story. He also appears from the beginning of the story until the end. Colonel Lanser is also regarded as a round character because he experiences some conflicts in the story and he leads some resolutions to solve the conflicts.

Based on the analysis, Colonel Lanser's characteristics are described as stiff, war-experienced, well-trained, smart, and wise. His stiffness is shown by his character and the way he talks which is not easily changed or influenced by other people's opinion and circumstances. As a war-experienced commander, Colonel

Lanser knows what war really is since he has some experiences in war and occupied towns in Belgium and France twenty years before he invades the small mining town in the story. Colonel Lanser is regarded as a well-trained soldier because he really knows the meaning to become a soldier in a war. He tells himself, that as a good soldier he has to carry out his order without any question no matter what it is. He also shows himself as a well trained soldier when he can respond quickly to the dangerous situation without being panic. He is also described that he is smart because he is able to make some good decisions to do his job to he well accomplished through his experiences as an army commander.

Colonel Lanser is also described as wise because he never underestimates others and tries to put the problems in a proper position to be solved.

Based on the analysis, Colonel Lanser has some important duties in the invaded town. His duties are occupying the town, making the local miners to mine the earth for the coal and ship it, getting along with the people with little friction as possible and maintaining order in the invaded town.

Based on the analysis, the inter-personal conflicts that inhibit Colonel

Lanser's duties as an army commander in the invaded town are only conflicts between a person against another person and a person against society.

The conflict between a person and another person is clearly shown when

Colonel Lanser involves in a conflict with Mayor Orden and his soldiers. The conflict against Mayor Orden appears when Mayor Orden refuses to collaborate with Colonel Lanser as the authority of the town and emerge as the leader of the

rebellious people. In the other hand, Colonel Lanser, also faces his mentally down soldiers which endanger the successful of his duties.

The conflict between a person and society could be seen when Colonel

Lanser has to loose his two officers who are killed by the town people. Instead of that, the town people sabotage the mine equipments and rail road tracks.

Moreover, he has to face the fact that some town people escape to England seeking for support

Based on the analysis, Colonel Lanser uses some approaches to resolve his conflicts. When Mayor Orden refuses to collaborate with Colonel Lanser as the authority of the town, Colonel Lanser applies non-violence approach as part of extralegal coerced decision making by lobbying Mayor Orden in persuasive ways for several times in order to make Mayor Orden willing to be his collaborator. As time goes by, Colonel Lanser finds out the fact that Mayor Orden is the leader of the rebellious people. Here, Colonel Lanser applies the violence approach as part of extralegal coerced decision making toward Mayor Orden by taking the Mayor as the hostages in his own house to control the behavior of the town people. Then when it fails, Mayor Orden will be executed.

On the other hand, Colonel Lanser also faces his mentally down soldiers which endanger the successful of his duties. To resolve this conflict, Colonel

Lanser applies avoidance approach as a part of private decision making by parties.

In this case, Colonel Lanser avoids to meet his soldier and to talk about their problems.

When Colonel Lanser has to loose his two officers who are killed by the town people, Colonel Lanser applies judicial process as a part of legal

authoritative third party decision making. He holds a military court in Mayor

Orden's house. In this court the miner is found guilty as charge for killing his officer and therefore he deserves for the death sentence.

In addition, the town people also sabotage the mine equipments and rail road tracks. To resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies the violence approach as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. He allows his soldier to shoot the man who captured sabotage the mining equipment, dynamo or vehicle.

Colonel Lanser also has to face the fact that some town people escape to

England seeking for support. In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies violence approach as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel

Lanser commands his officer to find and investigate the rebel organization among the town people then stamp it out.

B. Suggestions

1. Suggestion for Future Researchers

In this thesis, I focus on analyzing the characteristics of Colonel Lanser and the inter-personal conflicts that emerge as the inhibiting factor in his duties. I am sure other researchers could analyze other topics that could be found in John

Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. The future researchers could conduct researches on the unwillingness of Mayor Orden to collaborate with the invaders, the motivation of British authority to support the town people movement, or the meaning of invasion for the town people.

2. Suggestion for the Teaching and Learning Extensive Reading I using The

Moon is Down

When we learn English, there are some possible medias that can be used such as grammar book, news, newspaper, magazine, drama, movie, even literary works. In my opinion, reading a work of literature is very important because it provides us with an authentic language. It also enriches our knowledge because it could make our mind function optimally. It seems that this novel is suitable to be used as an English teaching learning material. This novel consists of difficult words and the story is complicated enough that makes the novel interesting to learn. Regarding of its language difficulty and complicated conflicts, this novel is suitable to the college students.

Based on the benefits of teaching English of using literary work, I provide suggestion for teaching Extensive Reading I using the novel The Moon is Down.

There are two exercises used in this teaching-learning activity. They are comprehension questions and vocabulary exercise. Comprehension Questions are questions that derived from the novel and student's opinion related to the topic taught. Vocabulary Exercise is very important because it can improve the students to memorize the new words.

The Implementation of Teaching Extensive Reading I Using Chapters 1-2 of

The Moon is Down

The teacher gives the students The Moon is Down in the previous meeting.

This novel will be used for two meetings. It could help the students to get more

understanding of the novel so that the teaching-learning activity will be efficient and effective. In the first meeting, the teacher asks the student to answer comprehension questions from chapters 1-2 of the novel in which the material is given to the students a week before the meeting. It gives time to the students to have a deeper understanding about the passage given. In the second meeting, the teacher asks the students to summarize chapter 1-2 of the novel using their own words.

Here are the procedures of teaching Extensive Reading I using chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down:

Meeting 1

(The teacher asks the students to read chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down before the meeting.)

1. The teacher gives the students a quiz consist of comprehension questions

derived from chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down in a written form.

2. The teacher asks the students to answer the comprehension questions.

3. The teacher asks the students to submit the answers.

4. The teacher offers any students to answers the comprehension questions orally.

Here, the teacher will give points for them who want to answer the

comprehension questions. The other students also may give a comment.

5. The teachers gives a conclusion together with the students concerning to the

discussions.

Meeting 2

1. The teacher asks the students to recall chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down by

giving some clues.

2. The teacher asks the students to summarize chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down

using their own words.

3. The teacher asks the students to submit the summary.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M.H. 1981. A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Beaty, Jerome J. and Paul Hunter. 1984. New World of Literature. New York: W.W. Norton Co.

Coleman, James, William E. Broen, Jr. 1988. Abnormal Psychology on Modern Life. London: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Forster, E.M. 1974. Aspects of the Novel and Related Writings. London: Edward Arnold

Henkle, Roger B. 1977. Reading the Novel. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon. 1986. A Handbook to Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company

Hornby, A.S. 1974. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Isenhart, Myra Warren, & Spangle, Michael. 2000. Collaborative Approaches to Conflict Resolving. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Moore, Christhoper W. 1999. The Mediation Process. Washington: Mount Blank Press.

Murphy, M.J. 1972. Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd

Perrine, Laurence. 1974. Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense. New York: Harcourt, Brace Javanovich, Inc.

Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. 1971. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House.

Steinbeck, John. 1942. The Moon is Down. New York: The Viking Press.

Worchel, Stephen & Cooper, Joel. 1979. Understanding Social Psychology. Homewood: The Dorsey Press.

63 64

Internet Sources http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=Norway&curtabLinklext =Norway (Accessed on April 10, 2006 at 06.35 p.m.) http://www.answers.com/main/nquery?method=Occupation+of+Norway+by+Naz i+Germany& curtab (Accessed on April 10, 2006 at 06.52 p.m.) htlp://www.mrtravers.com/critic.htm (Accessed on April 5, 2006 at 07.35 a.m.) http://tags.library.upon.edu/tag/the_ moon _is _down (Accessed on April 5, 2006 at 08.20 a.m.) http://www.zooscape.com/egi-bin/maitred/WhitePulp/steinbeck/isbn0783889658 (Accessed on April 10, 2006 at 07.30 p.m.) http://give youjoy.net/peace-passion/000462.html (Accessed on April 10, 2006 at 07.30 p.m.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/john.steinheck.html (Accessed on December 15, 2006 at21.33p.m.)

Appendix 1

SUMMARY OF THE MOON IS DOWN

Colonel Lanser as an army commander successfully invades a small mining town without any resistance from the town people. The invasion could run smoothly because of the help from Colonel Lanser's accomplice, George Correl.

He is a popular storekeeper in the town who lend his boat to the policeman and the postman for fishing several miles at the sea and who held shooting-competition for the local troops to take place six miles back in the hills in the day of the invasion.

In the beginning, the town people still confuse about what happen since they have lived at peace so long that they do not quite believe in war. Soon after, the Colonel Lanser and his young officers live in Mayor Orden's house and take

Mayor Orden, the mayor of the town, as a hostage. Colonel Lanser's main duty is to make the coal come out of the ground and be shipped. He ordered the town people to work in the mine harder than before and sooner the hatred and conflict occur.

The murder of Captain Bentick by Alex Morgan, which followed by the death sentence for Alex Morgan, makes the conflict and hatred growing worse.

The town people awake from their confusion and start the rebellion against the invader. They sabotage the mine equipments such as generators and vehicles, set a murder attempt to kill the soldier and George Correl the traitor, and smuggling people who commit crime toward the invader out of the country to England asking for help.

65 66

The bombing help from British authority and the appearance of the Mayor

Orden who secretly emerge as the leader of the rebellious people make the invader angry and start to control the food supply and make the coal miner and town people suffered. It does not make them weak in spirit and make them hatred more the invader. The town people show their hatred by never interact with the Colonel

Lanser's troops which make them mentally down.

As the time goes by, the British authority send hundreds of dynamite by parachutes in snowing night to be found by the town people. They use the dynamite to blow the rail road, vehicles and some generators in the mine and create a chaos with it. To prevent further damage, Colonel Lanser announces that the life of Mayor Orden will be in danger if the town people still use the dynamite.

Mayor Orden, the secret leader of the rebellious people, believes that the announcement will not loosen the town people spirit to fight He prepared himself to be executed as the explosions roar near the town.

Appendix 2

COVER OF THE NOVEL

Published by Penguin 20th Century , October 1999

Taken From: http://editions.fantasticfiction.co.uk/edition.egi?isbn=0808554271

(Accessed on July 1, 2006 at 07.15 a.m.)

Appendix 3

BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN STEINBECK

John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California on February 27, 1902. He was the third of four children and the only son of John Ernst II and Olive Hamilton

Steinbeck. He spent his childhood and adolescence in the Salinas Valley. In 1915-

1919 he attended Salinas High School then Stanford University intermittently between 1920 and 1926. Steinbeck not graduates from Stanford, but instead chose to support himself through manual labor while writing for the New York

American. His experiences among the working classes in California lent authentically to his depiction of the lives of the workers who are the central characters of his most important novels. Steinbeck spent much of his life in

Monterey County, which later was the setting of some of his fiction.

Steinbeck's first novel, Cup of Gold, was published in New York in 1929 by

McBride, and was followed three years later by The Pastures of Heaven published by Brewer, Warren, and Putnam and in September 1933, To a God Unknown.

However, these three first novels were unsuccessful both critically and commercially. Steinbeck had his first success with Tortilla Flat in 1935, an affectionately told story of Mexican- American told with gentle humor.

Nevertheless, his subsequent novel, In Dubois Battle (1936) was marked by an unrelenting grimness. This novel is a classic account of a strike by agricultural laborers and a pair of Marxist labor organizers who engineer it, and is the first

Steinbeck novel to encompass the striking social commentary of his most notable work. Steinbeck received even greater acclaim for the novella Of Mice and Men in

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February 6, 1937 a tragic story about the strange, complex bond between two migrant laborers. His crowning achievement, The Grapes of Wrath, won Steinbeck

Pulitzer Prize, a National Book Award. It was also adapted into a classic film directed by John Ford that was name one of the American Film Institute's one hundred greatest films. The novel describes the migration of a dispossessed family from Oklahoma Dust Bowl to California and critiques their subsequent exploitation by a ruthless system of agricultural economics.

After the best -selling success of The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck went to Mexico to collect marine life with the freelance biologist Edward F. Ricketts, and the two men collaborated in writing Sea of Cortez (1941), a study of the fauna of the Gulf of California. During the Second World War, Steinbeck wrote some effective pieces of government propaganda, among them The Moon is Down (1942), a novel of Norwegians under Nazis. He also served as a war correspondent. With the end of World War II and the move from the Great Depression to economic prosperity

Steinbeck's work did soften somewhat. While containing the elements of social criticism that marked his earlier work, the three novels Steinbeck published immediately following the war Cannery Row (1945), The Pearl and The Bus (both

1947) were more sentimental and relaxed in approach. Steinbeck also contributed to several screenplays. He wrote the original stories for several films, including

Lifeboat (1944), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and A Medal for Benny, and the wrote the screenplay for Elia Kazan's Viva Zapatal, a biographical film about

Emiliano Zappata, the Mexican peasant who rose to the presidency.

Steinbeck's later writings were comparatively slight works of entertainment and journalism, but he did make conscientious attempts to reassert his stature as a

major novelist: Burning Bright (1950), East of Eden (1952), and The Winter of

Our Discontent (1961). None of these works equaled the critical reputation of his earlier novels. Steinbeck's reputation depends mostly on the naturalistic novels with proletarian themes he wrote during the Depression. It is in these works that

Steinbeck is not effective in his building his characters. Steinbeck received the

Nobel Prize for literature in 1962, and died in New York City on December 20,

1968.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/john.steinbeck.html (Accessed on December15,2006 at 21.33 p.m.)

Appendix 4

PICTURE OF JOHN STEINBECK

Taken From: http://www.steinbeck.sjsu.edu/biography/index.jsp

(Accessed on July 1, 2006 at 08.00 a.m.)

Appendix 5

LESSON PLAN EXTENSIVE READING I

Subject : Extensive Reading I Level of Students : Fourth Semester Students of English Language Education Study Program Material : Chapter 1-2 The Moon is Down (Pages 11-71) Time Allocation : 4 x 50 minutes

Basic Achievement Learning Activities Sources Competencies Indicators

Developing -Understanding Meeting 1 - Chapter reading the content of (The teacher asks the 1-2 of The comprehension the reading students to read Moon is and putting passage chapters 1-2 of The Down forward their - Answering Moon is Down before (Pages 11- opinions the the meeting.) 71) concerning the comprehension The students: -Worksheet contents of the questions - Answer a quiz consist reading based on the of comprehension passage given. reading questions derived from passage orally chapters 1-2 of The and in written Moon is Down in a form. written form. - Summarizing - Submit the answer. the reading -Answer the passage using comprehension the students' questions orally. Here, own words. the teacher will give points for them who want to

72 73

answer the comprehension questions. The other students also may give a comment. - Draw a conclusion together with the teacher concerning to the discussions. Meeting 2 The students: - Recall chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down with some clues - Summarize chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down using their own words. - Submit the summary.

QUIZ OF THE MOON IS DOWN

Chapter 1-2 (Meeting 1)

Date :......

Name :......

Std. No : ......

A. Pre-activity Questions

1. Who is John Steinbeck?

2. Mention at least two of his famous literary work?

B. Comprehension Questions

Answer the comprehension questions below based on Chapter 1-2 of The Moon is

Down and your own knowledge!

1. Who are Colonel Lanser and George Correl? What are their relationship and role in the invasion of the town?

………………………………………………………………………………………

74 75

2. Describe the characteristics of Colonel Lanser! Explain it!

………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Why does Mayor Orden refuse to collaborate with Colonel Lanser?

………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Why does Colonel Lanser refuse George Corell's idea to replace the Mayor

Orden's position with himself?

………………………………………………………………………………………

5. What is your opinion about a military invasion to other country? Explain it!

......

C. Vocabulary Exercise

Describe these words below!

1. Invader : …………………………………………………………………….

2. Conquered : ……………………………………………………………………..

3. Official : ……………………………………………………………………..

4. Resistance : ……………………………………………………………………..

5. Defeat : ……………………………………………………………………..

WORKSHEET OF THE MOON IS DOWN

Chapter 1-2 (Meeting 2)

Date : ……………………………

Name : ……………………………

Std. No. :……………………………

Instruction

Summarize chapter 1-2 of The Moon is Down using your own words! (200 words at most)

………………………………………………………………………………………