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Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) to Ultraviolet Light and Ionizing Radiation, Ultrasonication, Nucleases, Boiling, and Heat

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Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) to Ultraviolet Light and Ionizing Radiation, Ultrasonication, Nucleases, Boiling, and Heat Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) to ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation, ultrasonication, nucleases, boiling, and heat. Immersion in undiluted bleach (60,000 ppm or mg/L of available chlorine) for 1 hour can be Disease Agent: partially effective. High concentrations of NaOH (1-2 N) or • Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions heat in a gravity displacement autoclave at 121°C or higher or in a porous load autoclave at 134°C for 1 hour are advo- Disease Agent Characteristics: cated for disinfection. • Current evidence supports the theory that the infectious Disease Name: agent is a prion. However, the existence of accessory factors has not been excluded. • Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a TSE/prion disease of deer, • Prions are proteinacious infectious agents causing transmis- elk and moose. sible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs): a group of neu- Priority Level: rodegenerative diseases that includes in humans kuru, Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD) and • Scientific/Epidemiologic evidence regarding blood safety: in animals scrapie of sheep and goats, bovine spongiform Theoretical encephalopathy (BSE) of cattle, CWD of deer, elk and moose, • Public perception and/or regulatory concern regarding a spongiform encephalopathy of felines and zoo ungulates blood safety: Very low and spongiform mink encephalopathy. (vCJD and human • Public concern regarding disease agent: Low/Moderate prion diseases other than vCJD, are discussed in separate Background: fact sheets). • Prions differ from other infectious agents in that they are • CWD was identified in US in late 1960 in captive mule deer formed mostly of an abnormally folded prion protein and in a Colorado wildlife research facility but was recognized as devoid of detectable nucleic acid. a TSE in 1978. It has spread in the wild and has been recorded • Mammalian prions replicate by recruiting the normal cel- in 14 states in the US, with the highest incidence in Colorado lular prion protein PrPC to form a disease-causing isoform and Wyoming, and in 2 provinces in Canada. It was also designated PrPSc (Sc is an abbreviation for scrapie). PrPSc or reported in South Korea due to the export of farmed animals PrPres (abbreviation for misfolded core PrP protein resistant infected with CWD from North America. To date, CWD has to proteinase K) or PrPTSE (a wider definition accepted by not been reported in Europe. WHO) are the designations for the pathogenic forms and are • The origin of CWD is unclear. CWD occurs in both captive used interchangeably in the literature. Prion diseases repre- and wild-ranging cervids, mule deer, white-tail deer, Rocky sent disorders of protein conformation in which the tertiary Mountain elk and moose. structure of the native protein is profoundly altered. The Efficient natural transmission of CWD in cervids may transition occurs when the a-helical PrPC changes into a occur through saliva, urine and feces. TSE TSE b-sheet-rich molecule of PrP that is resistant to proteases The PrP of cervids has been found in water sampled (proteinase K, lysosomal enzymes). from a CWD endemic area. • Prions are nonimmunogenic as a result of the sharing of Cattle and sheep apparently do not develop the disease epitopes with the normal cellular isoform. when challenged orally with CWD. • PrPC is a glycosylated protein attached to the outer-layer of • CWD can be transmitted in some but not all experimental plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol animal models: anchor. It is present on a variety of cells but also circulates The disease has been transmitted by the most efficient in plasma and has a molecular weight of about 33-35 kDa. intracerebral route to cattle, sheep, ferrets, mink, goats • PrPTSE has a more restricted tissue range than does PrPC. and hamsters. It has also been transmitted to geneti- • PrPTSE forms aggregates that precipitate as diffuse accumula- cally manipulated mice expressing hamster prion tions or as amyloid plaques in the central nervous system; protein gene, transgenic mice overexpressing mouse these are a histopathological hallmark of the TSEs. Generally, prion protein gene, and transgenic mice expressing elk PrPTSE is identified in a form of PrPres using immunohistologi- or deer prion protein gene, but not to conventional cal techniques or by immunoblotting after the treatment of mice. tissues by proteinase K. Transgenic mice carrying human PRNP transgene • At least two strains, type 1 and type 2, of elk CWD prions exist arrays with either the codon 129 methionine or valine as shown by experimental disease transmission into trans- allele have been resistant to direct intracerebral inocu- genic mice carrying a mule deer transgene array. lation with CWD-infected brain homogenate. • Physicochemical properties: Resistance of prions to com- CWD has been transmitted by direct intracerebral inoc- monly used disinfectants (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ulation and by oral feeding to squirrel monkeys but not ethanol, and iodine [partially]) and other treatments that to cynomologus macaques. Both monkeys are also sus- damage nucleic acids is well recognized. Prions are resistant ceptible to human TSEs and BSE. October 2011; update to TRANSFUSION 2009;49(Suppl):50-51S 1 Recently, the human cellular prion protein was Incubation Period: converted to abnormal PrPTSE in the presence of • Difficult to determine in natural infection; experimentally, CWD-infected brain homogenate from a genetically 1-2 years after peripheral routes of exposure. manipulated mouse expressing the prion protein gene of cervids. This artificial cell-free reaction, utilizing Likelihood of Clinical Disease: cycles of sonication and incubation, produced a new • Unknown in humans strain of human TSE as demonstrated by comparison of biochemical profiles to other strains of human TSEs. Primary Disease Symptoms: • Blood of experimentally infected deer contains infectivity residing in B-cells and platelets but not in plasma. The blood • Not applicable in humans. contains infectivity as early as after one third of the incuba- • Wasting, behavioral changes, excess salivation, difficulty tion period. swallowing, polydipsia, polyuria, and ataxia occurs in infected animals. Common Human Exposure Routes: Severity of Clinical Disease: • No known transmission to humans. A recent study found that the CWD prion might be present in skeletal muscle from • High among cervids (progressive, invariably fatal) infected animals. Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, blood, fat, Mortality: saliva and “antler velvet” contain animal infectivity. Recent investigation of cases of CJD in deer hunters showed no • 100% for symptomatic disease in cervids epidemiologic link with CWD. Chronic Carriage: Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: • Unknown • Unknown, not reported; however, in the absence of any Treatment Available/Efficacious: human infection, a theoretical concern exists if human- adapted strains were to appear. • Not applicable At-Risk Populations: Agent-Specific Screening Question(s): • In theory only: hunters, meat processors, taxidermists, and • No specific question is in use. those who consume deer or elk products (according to one • Not indicated because of the absence of recognized human report 40% of US blood donors have consumed venison infection. obtained from the wild). • No sensitive or specific question is feasible. If risk to humans • A CDC survey that inquired about hunting for deer and elk is confirmed and route of transmission is identified, expo- by US residents found that 18.5% had done so, with 1.2% sure to cervids (e.g., hunting, meat consumption) could be having hunted in areas considered endemic for CWD at the evaluated as a screening question. time of the survey. Wild venison was consumed by over 60% Laboratory Test(s) Available: of the respondents. • No FDA-licensed blood donor screening test exists. Vector and Reservoir Involved: • No presymptomatic test is available. • Reservoir is infected cervids. Currently Recommended Donor Deferral Period: Blood Phase: • No FDA Guidance or AABB Standard exists. • Unknown, but blood of CWD-infected cervids is infectious Impact on Blood Availability: in animal studies. • Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable; would Survival/Persistence in Blood Products: be significant if required given the popularity of hunting in • Unknown the population • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable Transmission by Blood Transfusion: Impact on Blood Safety: • Unknown • Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable Cases/Frequency in Population: • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable • No human case of the disease has ever been confirmed. Leukoreduction Efficacy: • The incidence of CWD in wild cervids is estimated to be 15% in affected areas; up to 50% in hyperendemic areas have • Unknown, but probably limited by analogy with other evidence of CWD. TSEs 2 Pathogen Reduction Efficacy for Plasma Derivatives: 8. Kim TY, Shon HJ, Joo YS, Mun UK, Kang KS, Lee YS. Addi- tional cases of chronic wasting disease in imported deer in • Inactivation data not available. Highly significant dilution Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2005;67:753-9. and/or partitioning of infectivity away from final derivatives 9. Mathiason CK, Powers JG, Dahmes SJ, Osborn DA, Miller by fractionation process suggested in animal models using KV, Warren RJ, Mason GL, Hays SA, Hayes-Klug J, Seelig DM, other prion agents. Wild MA, Wolfe LL, Spraker TR, Miller MW, Sigurdson CJ, Telling GC, Hoover EA. Infectious prions in the saliva and Suggested Reading:
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