University O F Cal I F O R N I a Bancroft L I Brary/Berke L Ey Regional Oral Hi
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University of Cal ifornia Bancroft Library/Berke l ey Regional Oral Hi story Office Walter Clay Lowdermi lk SO IL, FOREST, AND WATER CONSERVAT I ON AND RECLAMAT l ON IN CHINA, ISRAEL, AFRICA, AlVD THE UNITED STATES In Two Vol umes An l nterview Conducted by Malca Chal l Berke l ey 1969 Al l uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between the Regents of the University of California and Walter Clay Lowdermilk, dated July 9, 1968. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the Regional Oral History Office, 486 Library, and should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification of the user. The legal agreement with Walter Clay Lowdermilk requires that he be notified of the request and allowed thirty days in which to respond. TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND WORK IN SOIL CONSERVATION, 1888-1947 Preface Foreword by Senator Carl Hayden l ntroduct ion l nterview History Walter Clay Lowdermi l k--A Brief Biography I CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION, 1888-1915 [Written quest ions and answers] Early Education and Work Life at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, 1912-1915 Work With Belgium Relief Commission, 1914 Graduating From Oxford [Taped quest ions and answers] Parents and the Westward Migration Brothers and Sisters Earl y Education Training in the German Forests, 1912-1915 Herr Forstmeister Hebel, Specialist in Growing Oak For Furniture Americans Learn Forest Management in Germany The British Foresters Study Methods in Oxford I I THE FOREST SERVICE, 1915-1917 [~ritten questions and answers] Ranger in the Tonto National Forest Santa Fe National Forest [Taped quest ions and answers] Tonto Nat iona 1 Forest Lumbermen vs. Government Cattlemen vs. Sheep Men Personal ChaIlenges Santa Fe National Forest I I I THE LUMBERJACK REGIMENT, 1917-1920 [Written questions and answers] The Voyage to Europe Timber Acquisition Officer Settling Timber Account After the Armistice Commission on War Damages in lnvaded Regions [Taped questions and answers] Timber Acquisition Officer Settling the Two Million Dollar Claim Commission on War Damages in lnvaded Regions IV THE FOREST SERVICE--MISSOULA, MONTANA, 1920-1922 [Written questions and answers] Appointed Regional Research Officer Problems of Slash Disposal Development of Forest Conservation in the the United States Forestry Pioneers [Taped quest ions and answers] Duties as Research Offi cer Slash Disposal PIant Succession Forestry Pioneers V CHINA, 1922-1927 [Written questions and answers] Lowdermilk's Marriage and Decision to go to China Developing the ~heoryof Man-Made Eros ion The Ye l I ow River and S iIt Temple Forests Thrive Amid Eroded Land Setting up Experiments to Find out the Facts Lowdermilk Set in Direction of His Life's Work Reporting the Results of Experimentation Hwai River Other Studies Reported Theory on Famine Prospects for the Future Studies of Typhoons and Floods The Nanking lncident THEY lNTENDED US TO DI E AT 3:30 P.M. Comment on the Nanking Incident The Return to the United States fa aped questions and answers] Methods of Determining and Carrying Out Research Contacts With Other Scientists Visual Evidence of Erosion in China Measuri ng Runoff and Erosion ~eactionof Chinese Scholars to Field Work Reading the Ancient Chinese Gazetteers The ~wai River Report Joint Expedition With 0. J. Todd to see Effects and Meaning of Silt So lvi ng Prob lems caused by Eros ion ~owde'rmilkFinds His Life Work Forestry in China in the 1920's Memories of Pearl Buck Mrs. Lowdermilk Tells of Her Experiences During the Nanking Incident The Voyage ~ackto the United States ~ecisio'nAbout the Future V I STUDY l NG FOR THE DOCTORATE, 1927-1 929 [Written questions and answers] Decision to Get a Ph.D. Experimentation on Runoff and Erosion Begins Devising and Maintaining the Soil Tanks ArtificiaI Rain So iI Tubes Summary of Findings Def inition of Accelerated Erosion Receiving the Ph.D. [Taped questions and answers] Review of a Century of Literature The Berke l ey Exper iments Geo logy Use of the Progressive Hypothesis Professor Louderback Evaluating Experimental Data for Thesis VII FOREST EXPERIMENT STATIONS AND SAN DIMAS, 1929-1933 [written questions and answers] Forest Exper iment Centers Developing the San Dimas Experiment Specifications Locating the Watershed A New Design for Forest Service Bui ldings Exper iments Rechargi ng Ground Waters Fire of 1960 Using the C.C.C. Col l eagues in San Dimas Edward Kotok The Depression Building the Family Home Appointment to the Soil Erosion Service Meeti ng Rexford Tugwel l Tugwell Sends Lowdermilk to Washington Reunions at San Dimas Vl l l THE YEARS IN WASHINGTON, 1933-1947 [Written questions and answers] Part I The Soil Erosion Service, 1933-1935 Arrival in Washington Activity at Headquarters Hiring Personnel Sedimentation Study Aerial Mapping Field Work Navajo l nd ian Reservation Gila River: The San Simon Wash and the Cattlemen Early Work on Omnibus Flood Control Act of 1936 Taylor Grazing Act Attitudes of Cattlemen Transfer of Soil Erosion Service to Department of Ag ricu l ture Passing the Soil Conservation Act w elations With Extension Service and Farm Bu reau Federation Part 2 The Soil Conservation Service, 1935-1938 Reasons for Districts in Soi l Conservation Service Ben James' Farm Developing the Districts Success of Districts Reasons for Regional Administration Relations With A.A.A. Coordination of Specialists: The Farm Planner Obtaining Cooperation of Farmers l ngen ious Farmer: Sam Gowder Demonstrat ion Areas Lowdermilk Appointed Chief of Research Research Programs Erosion' Experiment Stations Puerto Rico Sedimentation Studies Relations With Other Organizations Relations With TVA Shel terbel t Project Use of Civilian Conservation Corps Duties Management Flaw in Recruitment Extent of Erosion in U.S. in 1930's Life in Washington Cosmos Cl'ub Appointment to Survey Old Lands in Europe and the Middle East Part 3 The Soil Conservation Service, 1939-1947 Return to Wash ington Friendship With Justice Brandeis Speaking Tour Across the U.S. ~e'artAttack and Recuperation Writing Palestine, --Land of Promise Publishina Palestine. --Land of Promise commendatyon Di nner ' Various Activities, 1944-1947 Anglo-American Commission of Inquiry on Palestine Decision to Retire [Taped questions and answers] Part I The Soil Erosion Service and the Soil Conservation Service, 1933-1938 Knowledge of Erosion in 1933 Controversies Among Specialists Bennett vs. Kellogg: The Extent of Erosion Si l t Prob l ems in Reservo irs Reasons for Sedimentation Studies Soi l s Men l nterpreti ng Erosion Whitney and Marbut Demonstration of Erosion Problems of Recording Erosion Foresters: Changing Concepts Plant Men vs. Engineers Integration and Coordination of Special ists Wood lots 207 Gu l l ies 209 Farm Ponds 209 Getting Cooperation of the Farmer 21 1 Philosophy Regarding Cooperation With the Farmer 21 1 Soi l Conservation Districts Designed to Achieve Cooperation 21 3 Hiring the Social Psychologist 213 The Soil Conservation Service and the Extension Service 214 Background of the Controversy 21 5 Examples of Difficulties 215 Lowdermilkls Three Lines of Defense Against Erosion 217 Controversy Between Engineers and Agronomists 218 Research in Soil Conservation Service 220 Experiment Station: Coshocton, Ohio 220 Guthrie, Oklahoma 222 Aerial Surveys and Land Classification 224 Administration of Research 225 Financi ng 225 Organizing 226 Techniques of Administration 227 Omnibus Flood Control Act of 1936 228 Arthur C. Ringland Analyzes the Administration of the Act 228 Conf l ict With the Corps of Engineers 229 Multi-purpose Projects 230 Communa l Forests 23 1 Memorable Relationships 231a Henry Wa l l ace 232 Harold lckes 234 Reaction to Department of Conservation 234 M. L. Wilson 235 Isaiah Bowman 236 The Library of Congress: Dr. Herbert Putnam 237 Use of Gazetteers 237 China, as Background for Conservation 238 Milton Eisenhower 239 Louis Bromfield 240 Part 2 The Soil Conservation Service, 1939-1947 Changes in Research Program Relations With Bennett Gilbert Grosvenor Soil Conservation Districts Speaking Tour Through the United States Farmers Are l mportant Chi ldren Understand "Conquest of the Land" Conservation and the Churches xxv i i Writing a General Report of the Survey Trip 252 Theories on Regulating the Use of Land 252 Development of Theories of Water Rights 254 Individual Enterprise and Regulation 255 Flood Control Act of 1944 256 Watershed Development: Urban and Agricultural 258 Technical Committee on Forestry and Forest Products 259 Measuring Needs of Woods 260 FA0 and Forestry 260 Justice Louis Brandeis 26 1 Mrs. Lowderml lk Tel Is About Washington,D.C. 262 White House Receptions 262 'Mrs. Roosevelt and the Girls' Reformatory 263 Herbert Hoover 264 Soil Conservation Service: Missionary Zeal 265 TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I I CONSULTANT ABROAD AND AT HOME, 1938-1968 IX TRAVELS ABROAD WH I LE ASS I STANT CHI EF OF THE SOlL CONSERVATION SERVICE Part I Land Use Survey of Europe and the Middle East, 1938-1939 [Written quest ions and answers] Planning the Trip and its Objectives Eng Iand Hol land