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Gender Pay Inequality California State University, Monterey Bay Digital Commons @ CSUMB Capstone Projects and Master's Theses Spring 2015 Gender Pay Inequality J. Elizabeth Campos California State University, Monterey Bay Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes Recommended Citation Campos, J. Elizabeth, "Gender Pay Inequality" (2015). Capstone Projects and Master's Theses. 493. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes/493 This Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ CSUMB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Projects and Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CSUMB. Unless otherwise indicated, this project was conducted as practicum not subject to IRB review but conducted in keeping with applicable regulatory guidance for training purposes. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gender Pay Inequality By: J. Elizabeth Campos Advisor: Dr. Juan José Gutiérrez California State University, Monterey Bay Social and Behavioral Sciences Sociology Concentration Spring 2015 Gutiérrez 2 Abstract Equality should be share among individuals in our society. Age, race, ethnicity, sex, or gender should not be a cause for discrimination. The struggle for gender equality has brought many to construct research and movements throughout the world and in history. The question address in this research is why do women get paid less than men. The gender pay gap is a social problem that afflicts women in our society. This research exposes the different factors that contribute to the inequality in pay between men and women, and why it still persist in our society despite the laws and the awareness of social justice among individuals. Different information based on quantitative and qualitative research is presented to examine women’s economic attainment in comparison to men’s, which clearly shows the difference in pay between men and women. 3 Gender Pay Inequality J. Elizabeth Campos Introduction Equal pay is a contemporary issue that needs to be addressed, being such a prevalent social problem in today’s date, some individuals might know nothing or so little about this issue that could be affecting them. Why women are still struggling to reach equality in the workplace and in particular with equal pay? On my research I present the main causes of income inequality between men and women. I also present solutions to this problem, things that are being done such as laws and regulations to end the gender pay gap or at least bring it to its minimum difference. I am presenting statistical data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, which shows the disparities in income between men and women. I will be using feminist social theory to analyze this problem. No one can better understand and explain the reasons and causes of women’s afflictions in society but women themselves. There are many factors that contribute to the gender pay gap and it varies in different cultures and in different market economies. It has been also stated that wage inequalities result from differences in men and women’s human capital (Auster, 1989). Segregation is one main factor of the differences in pay between men and women. The work sector is mostly segregated by gender, men and women tend to hold occupations, which for men it enables them to grow in their professional careers and obtain a good pay and, on the other hand, women are not in the same situation. Women’s occupations can keep them stuck in their professional careers and with a low pay. My research is presenting contemporary literature showing women holding lower status jobs, less lucrative specialties and men holding higher status, higher paying, and more prestigious jobs. This social problem also varies in countries, the severity of it and its roots. Variations in the gender earnings gap across countries are systematically associated with structural characteristics of national labor markets, and especially with the extent to which the labor market is regulated (Mandel and Semyonov, 2005). I am interested in this topic because being a woman and in particular a Hispanic woman it means a lot to me; I consider my self a feminist because I attempt to reach equality for us, to help those not only women but everyone who suffers from oppression in some social way. I feel that I have to be informed about the struggles that are in society, and use my knowledge and abilities to help and inform those who are in need. From a sociological perspective I intend to explain this issue and hypothesized that women still struggle up to this date with equal pay 4 due to the lack of opportunities for better jobs for them, segregation in the workforce, and the patriarchal society in which we live in. The expected outcomes are that women tend to have a harder time finding a suitable job for them, being able to negotiate their pay, sex role stereotypes, gender bias, and their personal lives that intervene with their professional life such as becoming mothers. The main method for this research will be archival, and statistical research. I will be obtaining statistical data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics that shows the differences in income between men and women. Literature Review This section will review literature based on the main factors that contribute to the differences in pay between men and women. Also how the division of gender in labor came to be and how this division has impacted women the most than men. The gender pay gap refers to the difference between men’s pay and women’s pay as a percentage of men’s pay. As already mentioned, it is also a summary statistic for an individual’s education, training, prior labor experience, and expected future participation (Polachek, 2004). We may ask ourselves why we address this topic or why is it important if we are in the 21st century, and this should be an issue of the past. Despite the advances in society in relationship to rights and social equality, women still get paid less than men. Authors of The World Development Report of 2012 say that for an economy to be functioning at its potential, women’s skills and talents should be engage in activities that make the best use of these abilities. In the United States a woman earns $0.77 on the dollar compared to men, and according to the Joint Economic Committee, for minority women, the average gap is even larger. African American women earn only $0.62 for every dollar earned by white men, and Hispanic women earn $0.53. Throughout the 3 feminism waves women have looked for social and economic equality, rights and privileges that men have in society and somehow women do not get to fully enjoy them (Ritzer, 2003). Authors of The World Development Report of 2012 conclude that women have made unprecedented gains in rights in education, health and in access to jobs and livelihoods. More countries than ever guarantee women and men equal rights under the law in such areas as property ownership, inheritance and marriage. But feminist scholars such Christina Hughes in her works she states that when women ask for equality, the measure of normative standard of that equality is 5 men’s lives, therefore, despite the advances of equality in the world, there is still a search for equal rights that pertain to men and somehow not accessible to women. As human beings women are the same as men therefore equal treatment. Women also should be equally entitled to the same pay for the same work and same levels of access to education. When women’s labor is underused or misallocated because they are face discrimination in markets or societal institutions that prevent them from completing their education, entering certain occupations and earning the same incomes as men, economic losses are the result. In the history of the United Sates during the 19th century, the country had a farm economy, where it was based on men labor in the farms and women at the house. Men typically did heavy fieldwork, woodwork, always outside the home, whereas women did food and clothing preparing. In our society the sexual division of labor is hierarchical, with men on top and women on the bottom. In the beginning of time, men hunted, and women had children. Women were absorbed in pursuing goals such as childcare, women were limited to a state of immanence having their goals given to them by their bodies rather than creating their own goals. With changes in the U.S economy becoming a market economy, things done by women such as clothing became available to purchase, and women’s work became less valuable. Gender roles became well-known in society and some would argue that women should concentrate on the home, that women had an specifically loving and gentle nature suited to child care which is a huge factor that contributes to the disparities in pay between men and women. So what are the factors that contribute to the disparities in wages between men and women? The United States Accountability Office in their 2011 report found that women are more productive and better educated than they have ever been, but their pay hasn’t yet caught up. Gender is the most important social factor in the pay gap between men and women, more than race, education or social-economic status. The United States Accountability Office also found that the pay gap affects women at all income levels and across a wide range of occupations and it widens as women grow older and in the cases of women with advanced degrees. Even though research is well documented about the gender pay gap, some will still debate the causes of it, claiming is not only gender that causes these disparities.
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