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DOCUMENT RESUME the Development of Technical And DOCUMENT RESUME ED 411 471 CE 074 838 TITLE The Development of Technical and Vocational Education in Africa. INSTITUTION United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Dakar (Senegal). Regional Office for Education in Africa. ISBN ISBN-92-9091-054-2 PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 411p.; Product of the International Project on Technical and Vocational Education (UNEVOC). PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC17 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Case Studies; *Developing Nations; Economic Development; Education Work Relationship; Educational Cooperation; *Educational Development; Educational Legislation; *Educational Policy; Foreign Countries; Industry; *Role of Education; *School Business Relationship; *Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Africa ABSTRACT The 13 chapters in this book depict the challenges facing African nations in their efforts to develop their technical and vocational education (TVE) systems. Chapter 1,"TVE in Africa: A Synthesis of Case Studies" (B. Wanjala Kerre), presents a synthesis of the case studies in which the following major trends taking place within the existing socioeconomic context are discussed: TVE within existing educational structures; cooperation between TVE institutions and enterprises; major challenges facing the nations in their efforts to develop TVE; and the innovative measures undertaken in response to the problems and constraints experienced. The remaining 12 chapters are individual case studies giving a more detailed picture of natural efforts and challenges encountered in the development of TVE. Chapters 2-8 focus on the role of TVE in educational systems: "TVE in Cameroon" (Lucy Mbangwana); "TVE in Congo" (Gilbert Ndimina); "TVE in Ghana"(F. A. Baiden); "TVE in Kenya"(P. 0. Okaka); "TVE in Madagascar" (Victor Monantsoa); "TVE in Nigeria" (Egbe T. Ehiametalor); and "TVE in Zimbabwe" (N. N. Munetsi). Chapters 9-13 address policy and legislation in TVE to enhance cooperation with the world of work: "Education, Training, and Employment in Burkina Faso" (Joseph Kabore); "Cooperation between Training Institutions and the Industrial Commercial and Agricultural Enterprises in Cote d'Ivoire" (Aska Kouadio); "Relationship between TVE and Enterprises in Senegal" (Oumar Sock); "Cooperation between TVE Institutions and Enterprises in Swaziland"(B. S. Mndebele, L. B. Lukhele); and "TVE in Uganda" (E. Lugujjo, B. Manyindo). (YLB) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** iEscoUNEV(OC International Project on Technical and Vocational Education r Projet International pour l'enseignement technique at professionnel THE I, DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN AFRICA U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research end Improvement ED CATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. r- PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL 1996 HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES 2 INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) UNESCO OFFICE DAKAR, SENEGAL THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN AFRICA : CASE STUDIES FROM SELECTED COUNTRIES V N[SC 0 UNESCO REGIONAL OFFICE DAKAR, SENEGAL PREFACE In conformity with UNESCO's Programme and Budget for 1994-195 and within the framework of UNESCO's International Project on Technical and Vocational Education (UNEVOC), the African Regional Office (BREDA) has closely worked with Member States in the region to promote the development of technical and vocational education. In 1993-1995, case studies have been undertaken in both the English and French speaking countries in the Africa region. The case studies focused on two major areas of growing importance importance in technical and vocational education. One is the "Role of Technical and Vocational Education in Educational Systems" ;the other is "Policy and Legislation in Technical and Vocational Education to enhance co-operation with the World of Work". The case studies undertaken included those of Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Swaziland while those from the Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Madagascar and Senegal. These data from Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde were also collected.These case studies are representative samples of countries in the above and other zones of Sub-Saharan Africa. The similarities in their structures and administrative set-ups are greater than their differences. The problems and constrainsts which exist are also similar in many respects. This publication is aimed at facilitating the achievement of UNESCO's goals through its international Project (UNEVOC) which include, inter alia, fostering the international exchange of ideas, experiences and studies on policy issues, and facilitating access to data bases and documentation. The first chapter presents a synthesis of the case studies in which major trends taking place within the existing socio-economic context are discussed. These include : technical and vocational education within existing educational structures ; cooperation between TVE institutions and enterprises ; major challenges facing the nations in their afforts to develop TVE and the innovative measures undertaken in response to the problems and constrainsts experienced. The following chapters are individual country case studies giving a more detailed picture of natural afforts and challenges encountered in the development of TVE. In the final chapter, the authors take the challenge to suggest, in a more comprehensive manner, some strategies in response to the problems and constrainsts raised in the preceeding chapters. This comprehensive publication, depicting the challenges facing the African nations in their efforts to develop their technical and vocational education systems and the wide spectrum of national policies and innovative measures undertaken to meet these challenges, provides interesting insights and alternative strategies for policy makers, educational planners, researchers, and employers. It is also a worthy contribution of reading materials for students and lecturers in this scarcely researched and published field of education. 4 We are indeed grateful to the Member States for their active participation in this project, and wish to thank the following authors of the case studies, upon which this synthesis is based: 1. Aska, Kouadio ; COte d'Ivoire 2. Baiden, F. A. ; Ghana 3. Ehiametalor, E. T. ; Nigeria 4. Lugujjo, E. and Mayindo, B. ; Uganda 5. Manatsoa, Victor ; Madagascar 6. Mndebele, C. B. S. and Lukhele, L. B. ; Swaziland 7. Munetsi, N. N. M. ; Zimbabwe 8. Ndimina, G. ; Congo 9. Okaka, Peter 0. ; Kenya 10. Sock, Oumar ; Senegal 11. kabore, Martin ; Burkina Faso 12. Mbangwana, Lucy ; Cameroon Finally we thank Dr. B. Wanjala Kerre, UNESCO's Consultant, for the editorial work of this publication. The views expressed in this report are those of the individuals concerned and do not necessarily reflect those of UNESCO. Pai OBANYA Director UNESCO Regional Office Dakar, Senegal TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE PART I Chapter 1 : Technical and Vocational Education in Africa : A Synthesis of Case Studies B. Wanjala KERRE 9 PART II TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS Chapter 2 : Technical and Vocational Education in Cameroon Lucy MBANGWANA 45 Chapter 3 : Technical and Vocational Education in The Congo Gilbert NDIMINA 57 Chapter 4 : Technical and Vocational Education in Ghana F. A. BAIDEN 81 Chapter 5 : Technical and Vocational Education in Kenya Peter OKAKA 123 Chapter 6 : Technical and Vocational Education in Madagascar Victor MANANTSOA 165 Chapter 7 : Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria E. T. EHIAMETALOR 187 Chapter 8 : Technical and Vocational Education in Zimbabwe N. N. MUNETSI 217 PART III POLICY AND LEGISLATION FOR TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION TO ENHANCE COOPERATION WITH THE WORLD OF WORK Chapter 9 : Education, Training and Employment in Burkina Faso Joseph KABORE 279 Chapter 10 :Cooperation between Technical and Vocational Institutions and Enterprises in Cote d'Ivoire Aska KOUADIO 299 Chapter 11 :Cooperation between Technical and Vocational Education Institutions and Enterprises in Senegal Oumar SOCK 313 Chapter 12 :Cooperation between Technical and Vocational Education Insdtitutions and Enterprises in Swaziland B. S. Mndebele & L. B. Lukhele 343 Chapter 13 :Cooperation between Technical and Vocational Education Institutions and Enterprises in Uganda E. LUGUJJO & B. MANYINDO 383 PART III TERMS OF REFENCE FOR CASE STUDIES PART I TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN AFRICA : A SYNTHESIS OF CASE STUDIES CHAPTER 1 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN AFRICA : A SYNTHESIS OF CASE STUDIES B. Wanjala KERRE* INTRODUCTION The Socio-Economic Context The spirit of independence that swept through the African continent in the early 60s heralded a new era that saw a phenomenal expansion in Education and an increased demand for available goods and services. Improvement in health care, lead to higher population growth which in turn, put pressure on the demand for education, food, health services, housing, transportation and other needs. Over the past three decades, Africa has had to face new challenges in both the political and the
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