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ELABORATION OF OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS FOR A SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER RESOURCES SASS III OF IRRIGATION IN THE SASS BASIN OF THE NORTH WESTERN SAHARA AQUIFER SYSTEM July 2010 – June 2014 The North-Western Sahara Aquifer System (SASS) is a basin of over 1,000,000 km2 shared by three countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya) whose water reserves are substantial with an almost fossilized aspect. Previous studies on the SASS had focused on the characteristics and operation of the aquifer as well as the evolution of abstractions, but rarely on the valuation of the water. Phase III of the SASS project aims to restore this equilibrum by promoting the sustainable management of water resources which is the most limiting factor to any stable economic activity. This study related to socioeconomic aspects of irrigation represents one of the two main components of the SASS III project. It aims to enrich the achievements of the hydrogeological knowledge of water resources through socio-economic and environmental data. It analyzes the operation of farms and especially the actual behavior of the irrigators with particular emphasis on ability to adapt to the challenges that threaten the sustainability of the develpment. The analysis of surveys done on 3,000 farmers helped identify the main SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS constraints to water productivity, but also to quantify the scope of their economic impact and to make recommendations to enhance the value of the resource. OF IRRIGATION IN THE SASS BASIN IN S A B SS A S A Better Water Valorization for Sustainable Management of the Basin ANRH DGRE GWA OF IRRIGATION IN THE OF IRRIGATION S PECT S ISBN : 978-9973-856-85-2 Sahara and Sahel Observatory - SOCIO-ECONOMIC A Bd du Leader Y. Arafat, BP 31, 1080 Tunis Carthage, Tunisia III Tel. : (+216).71.206.633 - Fax : (+216).71.206.636 SS URL : www.oss-online.org - Email : [email protected] A SAHARA AND SAHEL OBSERVATORY S ELABORATION OF OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE NORTH WESTERN SAHARA AQUIFER SYSTEM July 2010 – June 2014 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF IRRIGATION IN THE SASS BASIN A Better Water Valorization for Sustainable Management of the Basin Drafted by: Mohamed Salah Matoussi Regional Consultant Read by: Abdelkader Dodo Water Program Coordinator Djamel Latrech SASS III Project Coordinator Maxime Thibon Scientific Advisor Reviewed by: Khatim Kherraz OSS Executive Secretary September 2014 Copyright © SAHARA AND SAHEL OBSERVATORY (OSS), 2014 ISBN : 978-9973-856-85-2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 9 DEVELOPING THE QUESTIONNAIRE 15 DEVELOPING THE SURVEY BASE 19 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SURVEY ZONES 23 1. Algeria 25 2. Libya 26 3. Tunisia 28 DEVELOPING SAMPLES OF FARMERS TO BE SURVEYED 31 1. Developing the Algerian sample 33 2. Developing the Tunisian sample 50 3. Developing the Libyan sample 57 VALIDATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES 63 1. Description of the validation process 65 2. The validation Process 66 3. Rough estimate of the time required for validation 66 DIGITAL ENTRY OF COLLECTED DATA 69 TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED DATA 73 1. Definition of variables used in our analysis 75 2. Basic socioeconomic concepts 75 3. Presentation of econometric models used in the estimates 84 ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA 87 1. Tunisia 89 2. Algeria 116 3. Libya 143 4. Overall analysis 152 5. Prospects 162 APPENDIx: VERY BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE BASIC ECONOMETRIC MODEL 165 List of Figures and Tables FIGURES Figure 1. Map of the SASS basin. 12 Figure 2. Selection of sites with the Libyan team. 28 Figure 3. Developing the survey base with Libyan partners. 28 Figure 4. Map of the SASS survey zones. 30 Figure 5. Foggara in Timimoun. 41 TABLES Table 1. breakdown of the Tunisian sample according to the 5 governorates retained. 29 Table 2. Breakdown of the Algerian sample among the Wilayas concerned. 33 Table 3. Breakdown of El Oued region into homogenous zones. 35 Table 4. Breakdown of the farms according to the area of irrigated zones. 37 Table 5. Breakdown of the sample according to the number of irrigated farms. 37 Table 6. Irrigated area and breakdown according to the irrigation water sources in El Oued zone. 38 Table 7. Breakdown of the sample according to the water source. 38 Table 8. Breakdown of the farms according to the criterion of the legal status of the farms. 39 Table 9. Breakdown of the sample according to the legal status of the farms criterion. 39 Table 10. Breakdown of the irrigated areas according to the type of crops. 40 Table 11. Breakdown of the sample according to the type of crops criterion. 40 Table 12. Number of farms per zone, per area according to the type of oasis of the sample to be surveyed. 42 Table 13. Breakdown of the sample according to the legal criterion . 42 Table 14. Breakdown of farms according to size criterion. 43 Table 15. Breakdown of the sample according to number of irrigated farms criterion. 43 Table 16. Breakdown of the areas according to irrigation technique. 44 Table 17. Breakdown of the sample according to gravity irrigation technique. 44 Table 18. Breakdown of farmers according to legal status. 44 Table 19. Breakdown of sample according to legal status. 45 Table 20. Breakdown of irrigated areas according to main crop criterion (ha). 45 Table 21. Breakdown of the sample according to the main crop criterion (ha). 46 Table 22. Number of farms per zone, by size and according to type of oasis of the sample to be surveyed. 46 Table 23. Breakdown of sample according to criterion of the plantations. 46 Table 24. Breakdown according to farm size. 48 Table 25. Breakdown of the sample according to the farm size criterion. 49 Table 26. Breakdown of the sample according to the legal status of the farm. 49 Table 27. Breakdown of farms according to the legal status. 50 Table 28. Breakdown of the sample according to the water source criterion. 51 Table 29. Breakdown of farms according to water source . 51 Table 30. Breakdown of the global sample per selected governorates. 52 Table 31. Size of the sample of farms to be surveyed in the Governorate of Gabes. 52 Table 32. Calculating « r » by strata. 53 Table 33. Breakdown of the Kebili sample according to the selected criteria. 53 Table 34. Structure and size of the sample by strata and per delegation in the region of Kebili. 54 Table 35. Breakdown of the Tataouine sample according to selected criteria . 54 Table 36. Survey plan in the governorate of Tataouine. 54 Table 37. Breakdown of the sample in the region of Medenine. 56 Table 38. Breakdown of the agricultural farms according to size. 56 Table 39. Public and private irrigated areas per selected zones. 57 Table 40. Breakdown of the sample according to selected zones. 57 Table 41. Breakdown of farms and their areas according to source of irrigation per shaabia countrywide. 58 Table 42. Breakdown of farms and irrigated areas of the SASS area per Shaabia according to source of irrigation. 59 Table 43. Breakdown of the irrigated areas per Shaabia according to source of irrigation (Jeffara & central area). 60 Table 44. Breakdown by global sample to be surveyed in the Jeffara according to the size of the irrigated farms. 60 Table 45. Breakdown of the global sample per Shaabia (Jeffara) according to number of farmers. 61 Table 46. Breakdown of the global sample per Shaabia (Jeffara) according to the size of farms and irrigation source. 61 Table 47. Breakdown of the global sample by Shaabia (Jeffara) according to number of farmers and source of irrigation. 61 Table 48. Breakdown of questionnaires to be validated by countries. 67 Table 49. Number of hours required for the validation operation. 67 Table 50. list and definition of key variables. 75 Table 51. Breakdown according to the legal status of the origin of the irrigation. water. 90 Table 52. Breakdown according to the 3 zones considered. 91 Table 53. Breakdown according to the type of water pumping network (public, private, free). 93 Table 54. Breakdown by geographical region. 94 Table 55. Water consumption per hectare per farmer (WHA). 97 Table 56. Water consumption per hectare and cropper (WHA) (replacing LWCMC by LDAPMC) 98 Table 57. Water consumption per hectare per cropper with focus on the water price only. 98 Table 58. Water Productivity (global sample). 100 Table 59. Gross margin per hectare. 101 Table 60. Total production per hectare (RTHA). 102 Table 61. Water consumption per hectare per farmer (WHA). 105 Table 62. Water consumption per hectare and per farmer with focus on water price. 105 Table 63. Water Productivity (according to the water source perspective). 106 Table 64. Coefficient of variation of the AIA. 107 Table 65. Gross margin per hectare (according to the water source perspective). 107 Table 66. Global production per hectare (RTHA) (according to the water source perspective). 109 Table 67. Water consumption per hectare per farmer (WHA). 111 Table 68. Coefficient of variation of the cost per m3 of water paid directly by the farmer per region. 111 Table 69. Water Productivity. 113 Table 70. Gross margin per hectare or profit generated per one m3 of irrigation water used. 114 Table 71. Planned sample and realized sample. 117 Table 72. Size of the sample selected for the analysis. 117 Table 73. Breakdown according to the type of irrigation network. 119 Table 74. Breakdown according to the 4 regions considered. 121 Table 75. Breakdown according to the water pumping network (collective, private, free). 122 Table 76. Breakdown according to the geographical areas. 123 Table 77.
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    Journal Algérien des Régions Arides 62 LA WILAYA D’EL OUED OU LE PROBLEME DES DISPARITES COMMUNALES Dr. FARHI. A, Dr. MAZOUZ. S,.ALKAMA. Dj, NACEUR. F, SAOULI.AZ chercheurs associés au C.R.S.T.R.A INTRODUCTION Après avoir émargé en tant que trouvent au Nord de la wilaya et s’étendent vers le Sud. ( D.P.A.T El Oued, 2000) Daira importante dans la Wilaya de Biskra durant toute une décennie, la Wilaya d’El Caractérisée par un climat saharien Oued n’a vu le jour qu’avec le découpage et un milieu aride, la wilaya d’El Oued de 1984. Cette promotion qui a en fait enregistre en moyenne une température touché d’autres régions du pays a permis allant de 1°C en hiver jusqu’à 45°C en été d’élever le nombre de wilayas au niveau avec une pluviométrie faible ne dépassant national de 31 à 48. L’objectif visait une pas une moyenne de 80 à 100 mm par meilleure maîtrise du développement local année (octobre à février). à travers d’une part la multiplication de Contraintes physiques et contraintes mailles administratives et territoriales climatiques constituent les entraves intégrées et équilibrées et d’autre part par fondamentales au développement local. la dotation des wilayas de pouvoirs plus importants au niveau socio-économique DISPARITES ENTRE LES pour qu’elles puissent éliminer les distorsions internes (Ministère de COMMUNES DE LA WILAYA D’El l’intérieur, 1974). OUED C’est dans cette optique que depuis A. LES COMMUNES 16 ans, la wilaya d’El Oued inscrit sa FRONTALIERES MAL EQUIPEES volonté d’action qui, si elle rejoint sur le plan des contraintes de gestion les autres Le choix des indicateurs wilayas, elle est cependant différente de d’évaluation du niveau d’équipement de ces dernières sur le plan des contraintes chaque commune de la wilaya d’El Oued a naturelles du fait de sa situation été axé non seulement sur les équipements géographique et sa spécificité de wilaya fonctionnels existants mais aussi leur saharienne.