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Ore Deposits of the St. Lawrence County Magnetite District Northwest Adirondacks New York

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Ore Deposits of the St. Lawrence County Magnetite District Northwest Adirondacks New York Ore Deposits of the St. Lawrence County Magnetite District Northwest Adirondacks New York GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 377 Ore Deposits of the St. Lawrence County Magnetite District Northwest Adirondacks New York By B. F. LEONARD and A. F. BUDDINGTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 377 The mineralogy ^petrology, structure, and genesis of the ores in their geologic setting, with detailed geologic and dip-needle maps UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library catalog card for this publication appears after the index. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, B.C., 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract _________________________________________ 1 General features of the magnetite deposits Continued Introduction ----_-__-____-____-____________________ 2 Skarn ores_________-_-----_----_----_---------- 37 Scope of the two reports_________________________ 3 Description of typical ore.___________-__----_ 37 Importance of the district_____________________ 3 Preferred host of ore_-____-___-___-_-_------ 38 Discovery of Adirondack iron ores (1796-1830)____. 4 Space relations of skarn ores__________-_---_- 38 Development of magnetite ores (1830-1939)______ 6 Position of ore within the main skarn zone__-_- 39 Recent discoveries and development of magnetite Grade and size of ore bodies _____________ 39 ores (1940-46)____________________________ 7 Chemical character of the ores.______________ 40 Acknowledgments. _ __ _ __________________________ 9 Granite gneiss ores. _-----------_-------------- 40 Geologic setting of the ore deposits__________________ 10 Description of typical ore_ ___________________ 41 General geology of the Adirondacks.______________ 10 Preferred host of ore_-_-____---_-_-___------ 41 Major subdivisions and their rocks__________ 11 Discordant relations. _____________________ 44 Sequence of intrusion, deformation, and meta- Mineralogy of host rock and gangue ______ 44 morphism_ _ ____________________________ 11 Change in concentration of minerals..-.--- 45 Rocks of the St. Lawrence County magnetite district. 12 Phase change in potassic feldspar.________ 45 Metasedimentary rocks and migmatites____._ 12 Change in composition of minerals._______ 46 Pyroxenic metasedimentary rocks__.______ 13 Introduction of new minerals...-.________ 47 Biotite gneiss_________________________ 13 Chemical character of the ore ________________ 48 Quartzites and quartz-feldspar gneisses.___ 14 Grade and size of ore bodies____-____-_------- 48 Metagabbro and amphibolite_________________ 14 Magnetite deposits in modified rocks_________---_- 49 Quartz syenite gneiss series._________________ 15 Magnetite deposits in modified skarn.__------- 49 Hypersthene metadiabase__________________ 15 General characteristics.____________---_- 49 Granite and granite gneiss series._____________ 15 Some geologic features of the Trembley Main types and their occurrence________ 15 Mountain area___-________----------- 49 Origin of the granite and granite gneiss Description and occurrence of ore.________ 50 series_ _____________________________ 16 Magnetite deposit in modified granite gneiss. 51 Regional geologic relations of the ore deposits._____..__ 17 General characteristics__________________ 51 Occurrence of the magnetite deposits._____________ 17 General geology of the Parish deposit ___ 51 Position of magnetite deposits with respect to younger Description and occurrence of ore.._______ 52 granites.____________________________________ 17 Metallic minerals and paragenetic sequence. 53 Zoning of mineral deposits_______________________ 18 Mineralogy and paragenetic sequence of the metal­ Structure._____________________________________ 20 lic minerals_---_____-----_____---_----------- 54 Structural framework. ______________________ 20 General features and paragenetic sequence _____ 54 Structural elements.________________________ 20 Descriptive mineralogy of metallic minerals.-.- 56 Folds..._______________________________ 20 Oxides and borates_____________________ 56 Linear structures_______________________ 21 Magnetite __________-_-_-_---_----- 56 Faults__.__________________________ 21 Hematite _________-_--------------- 57 Relation of ore deposits to regional structure. __ 22 Primary crystalline hematite.____ 57 Areas of discordant lineation_____________ 22 Martite____..____-_-_-__----- 58 Major fold axes_______________________ 22 Other varieties of hematite.. _____ 59 General features of the magnetite deposits _____________ 22 Ilmenite. ___________-----_-_------- 59 Types of magnetite deposit_ ____________________ 22 Vonsenite.. -____-__------_--------- 60 Skarn -------_--__________.____________________ 23 Ilvaite _____________--_-_-----__------- 61 Definition and general discussion..___________ 23 Sulfides and arsenides._____________----_ 62 Mode of occurrence in the district ____________ 24 Pyrite and marcasite__-_----__------ 62 Mineralogy of skarns in the district-..._______ 25 Pyrrhotite.-_---__---------_------- 62 Nomenclature and quantitative limits___-_-___ 32 Sphalerite ____-___-__-----__------- $2 Main varieties of skarn______________________ 32 Bornite.._ ____________-_---_------- 63 Unmodified skarn_______________________ 32 Chalcopyrite _________-____--------- 63 Pyroxene skarn_____________________ 32 Chalcocite. _____-__------_--------- 63 Garnet skarn_______________________ 33 Covellite-_--------------_--------- 63 Amphibole skarn___________________ 34 Loellingite. __.________-_--___---_-- 63 Mica skols.________________________ 34 Modified skarn _________________________ 35 Discovery and identification ___ 63 Modified skarn, generally scapolitic 35 Optical properties and etch tests.. 64 Modified skarn with quartz or potassic X-ray and spectrographic analysis. 64 feldspar.________________________ 36 Microscopic occurrence.-..------ 64 in IV CONTENTS Page Page General features of the magnetite deposits Continued Individual magnetite deposits and magnetic anomalies Mineralogy and paragenetic sequence of the metal­ Continued lic minerals Continued Brandy Brook and Silver Pond belts __________ 96 Descriptive mineralogy of metallic minerals General geology of the belts _ ___________ 96 Continued Brandy Brook belt ___ ____________ 97 Colloform graphite._____________________ 65 Location, access, and ownership. _____ 97 Megascopic features.________________ 65 Discovery and exploration ___________ 97 Optical properties and etch tests_____ 65 Magnetic anomalies_________________ 97 X-ray data_______________________ 65 Rocks __ _ _ --_ __ _ _____ _ __ 98 Microscopic occurrence._____________ 66 Ore. ___-_____-_-_------------__--- 98 Comparison with other graphites. _____ 66 Economic possibilities_______________ 101 Miscellaneous metallic minerals__________ 67 Silver Pond (Brody Tract) belt. _____ __ 101 Valleriite(?)_____-_.__________ 67 Location, ownership, and magnetic Unidentified yellow metallic mineral...- 67 anomalies.. _ _____________________ 101 Late hydrothermal minerals..-___________________ 68 Rocks and structure. _ ____________ 102 Structure of the magnetite deposits _______________ 69 "Ore"-.-.--.------------------.--- 102 Structural types of deposit-._________________ 70 Economic possibilities__-__________-_ 102 Simple(?) tabular bodies_________________ 70 Brunner Hill prospect.....---------------.-- 102 Fishhook bodies________________________ 70 Burntbridge Pond anomaly. _________________ 103 Linear bodies_________________________ 72 Claflin School (Enslow) deposit ____________ 103 Deposits on minor folds _________________ 73 Location and history. _______-_-_-____--_ 103 Complex deposit______________________ 73 Geology, magnetic anomaly, and magnetite Primary structural features __________________ 75 deposit ________-______--_------___--- 105 Local transgressive relations _____________ 75 Clifton deposit.... ----- ----- 106 Linear structures and their use___________ 76 Location and access____ _________________ 106 Localization of ore._____________________ 76 History, mining methods, and production.. 106 Secondary structural features ________________ 77 Geologic fieldwork______________________ 108 Supergene alteration.___________________________ 77 Magnetic anomalies..--------.-.-.-.---- 109 Origin of the magnetite deposits ________________ 78 Main magnetic anomaly. _ ___________ 109 Metasomatism effected by younger granites____ 78 Other magnetic anomalies close to main Summary of events.____________________ 78 area. -_---------------------.---- HO Comparison of skarn ores and granite gneiss Scattered minor magnetic anomalies 110 ores.. _______________________________ 79 Geology-..---------------------------- HO Relation of magnetite deposits to younger Geologic setting- --___-----.-_------ HO granites_ ___________________________ 80 Rocks -__-_-_-_-_-_-------.----_--- HI Character of the metasomatizing solutions. 81 Quartz-feldspar granulites and re­ Metasomatism and iron concentration of lated gneisses__-_--_-_---__--- 111 granites and quartz syenites contrasted. __ 83 Phacoidal hornblende granite gneiss Temperature of formation of magnetite and related rocks. --____-__--_ 112 deposits... __-----_____-_____-___.____ 84 Metadiabase ___________________ 114 Other hypotheses___________________________ 85 Questionable metadiabase __ _.-_ 117 Igneous source of the iron; nonhypother­ Granite and granite gneiss series. _ 117 mal emplacement.
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