The Linde Annual 2010. Continuously Improving
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CBI South East Regional Council Directory of Members
CBI South East Regional Council Directory of members South East Delivering prosperity through private-sector growth Getting Britain building Creating a global role for Britain in a new Europe Encouraging high-growth export champions Delivering for consumers and communities CBI South East Regional Council: Directory of members 3 Chairman’s message Having been an active member of the CBI SE These are all great foundations but to make real council for a number of years I am delighted to progress a great deal more building work needs to begin my two year term as the CBI South East be done. To achieve this we have set out our Regional Chairman, taking over the reins from workplan – our own growth agenda – for 2013, Debbie McGrath who I must congratulate and under the banner ‘Delivering prosperity through thank for doing such a fine job. private sector growth.’ The four central pillars will In addition to being an informal networking seek to: Get Britain Building; Create a global role opportunity and an unrivalled forum in which to for the UK; To encourage high-growth export share views on the current state of business and champions; and Deliver for consumers and trade, the Council above all, plays a vital role in communities. ensuring that the CBI’s national campaigns reflect These though will not be in isolation to the many the views of businesses in the region. I am looking other issues affecting business, so members will forward to working with so many experienced continue to contribute to discussions on, for business leaders and council members from a example, aviation, energy, business reputation diverse range of business and educational and of course the economic and business case establishments that singles out the South East relevant to the European referendum debate that and Thames Valley as unique and highly will gain momentum over the next two years. -
Turbine Expanderexpander
CryogenicsCryogenics –– whywhy?? MaciejMaciej ChorowskiChorowski WroclawWroclaw UniversityUniversity ofof TechnologyTechnology FacultyFaculty ofof MechanicalMechanical andand PowerPower EngineeringEngineering European Cryogenic Course Wroclaw 20 - 25 April, 2009 T, K 10 10 The word cryogenics was introduced by Core of the hottest stars 9 Kamerlingh Onnes and is formed from the 10 8 Greek: 10 Fusion reaction of hydrogen 7 10 Core of the Sun 6 – cold 10 5 10 – generated from TEMPERATUREVERY HIGH Plasma 4 10 Surface of the Sun 3 According to the convention adopted at the 10 Steam turbine Biological processes XIIII Congress of the International Institute of 2 10 High temperature superconductivity Boiling temperature of nitrogen Refrigeration, cryogenics treats concepts and Low temperature superconductivity 10 technologies connected to reaching and Boiling temperature of helium Superfluid helium 4 applying temperature below 120 K. 1 -1 In cryogenic temperatures: 10 -2 10 -3 - new physical phenomena are visible (liquefaction 10 Superfluid helium 3 -4 of gases, superfluidity, superconductivity); 10 -5 - all the reactions are slowed down; 10 The lowest measured temperature in the whole volume of a probe -6 - dis-order in the matter is vanishing, noises are 10 VERY LOW TEMPERATUREVERY LOW -7 avoided (cryo-electronics). 10 The lowest temperaure of copper nuclei -8 European Cryogenic Course 10 CERN Geneva 2010 -9 10 Bose-Einstein condensate HistoricalHistorical developmentdevelopment ofof cryogenicscryogenics andand relatedrelated technologiestechnologies -
Merger Agreement Between Linde Intermediate Holding
Notarial deed by Notary Dr. Tilman Götte, Munich, as of November 1, 2018 - UR 2924 G/2018 Convenience Translation MERGER AGREEMENT BETWEEN LINDE INTERMEDIATE HOLDING AG AND LINDE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Merger Agreement between Linde Intermediate Holding AG, Klosterhofstraße 1, 80331 Munich, – hereinafter also referred to as “Linde Intermediate” or the “Acquiring Company” – and Linde Aktiengesellschaft, Klosterhofstraße 1, 80331 Munich, - hereinafter also referred to as “Linde AG” or the “Transferring Company” – Acquiring Company and Transferring Company also referred to as “Parties” or individually referred to as a “Party” – - 2 - Preliminary Remarks I. Linde Intermediate is a stock corporation, incorporated under the laws of Germany and registered with the commercial register of the local court of Munich under HRB 234880, having its registered office in Munich, whose shares are neither admitted to trading on the regulated market segments of a stock exchange nor traded on an over-the-counter market of a stock exchange. The nominal capital of Linde Intermediate registered with the commercial register amounts to € 50,000. It is divided into 50,000 registered shares with no par value each having a notional value of € 1.00. The fiscal year of Linde Intermediate is the calendar year. The sole shareholder of Linde Intermediate is Linde Holding GmbH, registered with the commercial register of the local court of Munich under HRB 234787, having its registered office in Munich (“Linde Holding GmbH”). The nominal capital of Linde Holding GmbH is, in turn, fully held by Linde plc, a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Ireland, having its registered office in Dublin, Ireland, and its principal executive offices in Surrey, United Kingdom (“Linde plc”). -
Rudolf Diesel — Man of Motion and Mystery Jack Mcguinn, Senior Editor
addendum Rudolf Diesel — Man of Motion and Mystery Jack McGuinn, Senior Editor You have to admit, having an In 1893, he published his treatise, “Theory engine named after you is a and Construction of a Rational Heat singularly impressive achieve- Engine to Replace the Steam Engine and ment. After all, the combustion the Combustion Engines Known Today.” It engine isn’t named for anyone. No one was the foundation of his research that led refers to the steam engine as “the Watt” to the Diesel engine. But later that year, it engine. was back to the drawing board; Diesel came But then along came Rudolf Diesel to realize that he wasn’t there yet, and later (1858–1913), and with him — the that year filed another patent, correcting his Diesel engine, the engine that liter- mistake. ally took the steam out of a wide range Central to Diesel’s game-changing engine of engine applications. Born in Paris creation was his understanding of thermo- to Bavarian immigrants in some- dynamics and fuel efficiency, and that “as what humble circumstances — his much as 90%” of fuel energy “is wasted in father Theodor was a bookbinder and a steam engine.” Indeed, a signature accom- leather goods manufacturer — Rudolf plishment of Diesel’s engine is its elevated was shortly after birth sent to live for efficiency ratios. After several years of fur- nine months with a family of farmers ther development with Heinrich von Buz in Vincennes, for reasons that remain of Augsburg’s MAN SE, by 1897 the Diesel sketchy. Upon return to his parents, Rudolf was excelling in engine was a reality. -
Air Separation Plants. History and Technological Progress in the Course of Time
Air separation plants. History and technological progress in the course of time. History and technological progress of air separation 03 When and how did air separation start? In May 1895, Carl von Linde performed an experiment in his laboratory in Munich that led to his invention of the first continuous process for the liquefaction of air based on the Joule-Thomson refrigeration effect and the principle of countercurrent heat exchange. This marked the breakthrough for cryogenic air separation. For his experiment, air was compressed Linde based his experiment on findings from 20 bar [p₁] [t₄] to 60 bar [p₂] [t₅] in discovered by J. P. Joule and W. Thomson the compressor and cooled in the water (1852). They found that compressed air cooler to ambient temperature [t₁]. The pre- expanded in a valve cooled down by approx. cooled air was fed into the countercurrent 0.25°C with each bar of pressure drop. This Carl von Linde in 1925. heat exchanger, further cooled down [t₂] proved that real gases do not follow the and expanded in the expansion valve Boyle-Mariotte principle, according to which (Joule-Thomson valve) [p₁] to liquefaction no temperature decrease is to be expected temperature [t₃]. The gaseous content of the from expansion. An explanation for this effect air was then warmed up again [t₄] in the heat was given by J. K. van der Waals (1873), who exchanger and fed into the suction side of discovered that the molecules in compressed the compressor [p₁]. The hourly yield from gases are no longer freely movable and this experiment was approx. -
List of Shareholdings of the Linde Group
LINDE FINANCIAL REPORT 2014 [41] List of shareholdings of The The results of companies acquired in 2014 are included as of the date of acquisition. The information about the equity Linde Group and Linde AG at and the net income or net loss of the companies is as at 31 December 2014 in accordance 31 December 2014 and complies with International Financial with the provisions of § 313 (2) Reporting Standards, unless specifically disclosed below. No. 4 of the Ger man Commercial Code (HGB) 138 COMPANIES INCLUDED IN THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (IN ACCORDANCE WITH IFRS 10) Partici- Net Coun- pating Thereof income/ Registered office try interest Linde AG Equity net loss Note in percent in percent in € million in € million Gases Division EMEA AFROX – África Oxigénio, Limitada Luanda AGO 100 – 0.1 0.4 c, d LINDE GAS MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 11.4 –1.7 f LINDE HEALTH CARE MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 –1.1 –2.9 f LINDE HELIUM M E FZCO Jebel Ali ARE 100 3.4 0.2 ATION Linde Electronics GmbH Stadl- Paura AuT 100 10.8 2.1 ORM Linde Gas GmbH Stadl- Paura AuT 100 230.8 24.9 F 246 Bad Wimsbach- ER IN ER PROVISIS Gase & Service GmbH Neydharting AuT 100 0.5 0.1 H T O Chemogas N. V. Grimbergen BEL 100 8.0 2.5 Linde Gas Belgium NV Grimbergen BEL 100 1.2 0.8 Linde Homecare Belgium SPRL Scalyn BEL 100 100 4.0 0.0 Linde Gas Bulgaria EOOD Stara Zagora BGR 100 8.8 0.1 Linde Gas BH d. -
Paving the Way for LNG
Plants, terminals and equipment for the entire LNG value chain Paving the way for LNG Making our world more productive 2 LNG value chain Introduction Driven by increasing natural gas demand and decreasing costs along the whole LNG value chain (due to significant economies of scale, improvements in technologies, etc.), investments in LNG infrastructure are growing rapidly in the last years. LNG has turned from being an expensive and regionally traded fuel to a globally traded source of energy with rapidly diminishing costs. In China, Norway and lately in particular in the US, petroleum fuels With more than 125 years of comprehensive experience in the Linde offers innovative and economical solutions for the entire LNG have been successfully substituted by LNG in various applications, handling of cryogenic liquids, Linde Engineering has a track record in value chain and has more than 40 years experience in designing, mainly for heavy trucking, remote-power generation and marine the design and performance of a wide range of natural gas projects building and operating LNG plants and proprietary cryogenic fueling. Today the volumes are still relatively small, however studies including upstream natural gas liquids recovery (NGL plants), feed equipment. indicate substantial demand for additional domestic LNG capacities in gas pre-treatment and liquefaction, transport and distribution of LNG many countries. These include the entire Baltic Area (ECA) and South regasification in both LNG import and export terminals. East Asia. As a consequence, an appropriate infrastructure consisting of small- to mid-scale LNG liquefaction plants, import terminals and Linde Engineering is well recognised as a reliable technology refuelling stations will be built up and/or expanded. -
Mergers & Acquisitions in the US Industrial Gas Business
Mergers & Acquisitions in the US Industrial Gas Business PART II – THE MAJOR INDUSTRY SHAPERS By Peter V. Anania, Leaders LLC he Industrial Gas (IG) industry has seen tremendous growth a process to separate oxygen in 1880. In 1886 the brothers Brin started over the past 100 years, fueled by rapidly expanding technol- commercially developing the use of oxygen. T ogy in market leading countries that required more mixes of Interestingly, one of BOC’s first mergers — and now its last — was gases (including the exotics), purer gases for high-tech applications, with Linde. In 1906, Linde joined with Brin Oxygen by contributing as well as new applications of traditional gases. With the develop- its British Linde patents. These patents represented a new method for ment of industry in emerging economies, demand for industrial producing oxygen by cryogenic distillation of air. The resulting gases continues to grow worldwide. This is Part II of this series that merged entity was renamed British Oxygen Company or BOC. In the examines mergers and acquisitions activity in the industrial gas busi- 1920s, a process for the large-scale production of liquid oxygen ness. In this feature we look at some of the “majors” and how they allowed the oxygen to be delivered in liquid form by road tanker and have grown over the years through acquisitions. In compiling this greatly expanded its market applications. article, we researched the websites of many of the companies men- BOC’s growth in the first half of the 20th century was achieved tioned herein, had access to the archives of JR Campbell Associates, largely by developing or acquiring rights to new technology and Inc., along with discussions with Buzz Camp- processes, including further improvements in liq- bell, and used The History of Industrial Gases, uefaction and cryogenic cooling in the 1930s. -
1 Introduction
1 1 Introduction The history of industrial gases is inextricably linked to the rapid pace of industri- alisation that marked the nineteenth century. The large-scale generation of certain gases opened the door for new types of technologies and production processes. Acetylene, for example, was discovered by E. Davy in 1836. A signifi cant landmark followed in 1862, when F. Wöhler succeeded in producing acetylene from the reaction between calcium carbide and water. Then, in 1892, T. L. Wilson and H. Moissan discovered a process for generating calcium carbide in an electric furnace. This paved the way for industrial-scale production of acetylene in 1895 (see also Section 8.2). Initially, acetylene was mainly used for lighting purposes due to its bright fl ame. Later, its high combustion temperature in oxygen prompted development of autogenous cutting and welding technology, starting in 1901. An even more important step from today’s perspective was the liquefaction of air by Carl von Linde, marking the birth of an entirely new industry. C. v. Linde employed the Joule–Thomson effect, decreasing the temperature of the gas by adiabatic expansion. In 1895, he achieved continuous generation of liquid air at a yield of three litres per hour using a laboratory plant [1.1]. The following years saw the construction and delivery of the fi rst small commercial air liquefaction plants. Figure 1.1 shows a typical early air liquefi er (ca. 1899). Fig. 1.1 Typical assembly of a Linde air liquefi er (ca. 1899). Industrial Gases Processing. Edited by Heinz-Wolfgang Häring Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. -
Further Records and Updates of Range Expansion in House Crow Corvus Splendens
Colin Ryall 39 Bull. B.O.C. 2016 136(1) Further records and updates of range expansion in House Crow Corvus splendens by Colin Ryall Received 31 May 2015 Summary.—House Crow Corvus splendens continues its ship-assisted global invasion, reaching locations further from its native range in the Indian Subcontinent. This report reviews the species’ recent spread as well as changes in the status of existing introduced populations where information is available. With the collapse of long-standing eradication programmes in Kenya and Tanzania, and a spread to inland sites in both countries, it is inevitable that House Crows will colonise the heart of Africa. In South and East Asia too, the species is spreading unobstructed through the region. Nevertheless, there is now a growing recognition of the threats of invasive alien species in general, including House Crow, and a willingness by some authorities and funding bodies to prevent the species’ proliferation. As a result, control programmes are now in operation at several locations where House Crows have established, and increasingly proactive approaches involving risk assessments, surveillance and action plans are being developed where a risk of invasion exists. Native to the Indian Subcontinent, southern Iran, Myanmar and western Yunnan (China), House Crow Corvus splendens has, over the past century or so, shown itself to be an invasive alien species (IAS) that is progressively spreading globally. Initially, the spread was mediated by deliberate releases in Aden (Yemen), Zanzibar and Klang (Malaysia) as of the late 1800s, for the purpose of dealing with refuse and crop pests. However, this was soon superseded by ship-assisted range expansion, at first within the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and its islands, probably via ships from Mumbai and Colombo, but also from ports including Aden and Suez, which possess large House Crow populations. -
How Liquid Helium and Superconductivity Came to Us
IEEE/CSC & ESAS EUROPEAN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (ESNF), No. 16, April 2011 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the Road to Liquid Helium Dirk van Delft, Museum Boerhaave – Leiden University e-mail: [email protected] Abstract – I sketch here the scientific biography of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who in 1908 was the first to liquefy helium and in 1911 discovered superconductivity. A son of a factory owner, he grew familiar with industrial approaches, which he adopted and implemented in his scientific career. This, together with a great talent for physics, solid education in the modern sense (unifying experiment and theory) proved indispensable for his ultimate successes. Received April 11, 2011; accepted in final form April 19, 2011. Reference No. RN19, Category 11. Keywords – Heike Kamerligh Onnes, helium, liquefaction, scientific biography I. INTRODUCTION This paper is based on my talk about Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (HKO) and his cryogenic laboratory, which I gave in Leiden at the Symposium “Hundred Years of Superconductivity”, held on April 8th, 2011, the centennial anniversary of the discovery. Figure 1 is a painting of HKO from 1905, by his brother Menso, while Figure 2 shows his historically first helium liquefier, now on display in Museum Boerhaave of Leiden University. Fig. 1. Heike Kamerling Onnes (HKO), 1905 painting by his brother Menso. 1 IEEE/CSC & ESAS EUROPEAN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (ESNF), No. 16, April 2011 Fig. 2. HKO’s historical helium liquefier (last stage), now in Museum Boerhaave, Leiden. I will address HKO’s formative years, his scientific mission, the buiding up of a cryogenic laboratory as a direct consequence of this mission, add some words about the famous Leiden school of instrument makers, the role of the Leiden physics laboratory as an international centre of low temperature research, to end with a conclusion. -
Shareholdings of Linde Aktiengesellschaft As of 31
GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OTHER INFORMATION [39] List of shareholdings of The results of companies acquired in 2017 are included as of the date of acquisition. The information about The Linde Group and Linde AG the equity and the net income or net loss of the com- at 31 December 2017 in panies is as at 31 December 2017 and complies with International Financial Reporting Standards, unless accordance with the provisions specifically disclosed below. of § 313 (2) of the German Commercial Code (HGB) COMPANIES INCLUDED IN THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (IN ACCORDANCE WITH IFRS 10) 132 Partici- pating Thereof Profit/loss Registered office Country interest Linde AG Equity for the year Note in percent in percent in EUR m in EUR m Gases Division EMEA AFROX – África Oxigénio, Limitada Luanda AGO 100 – – LINDE GAS MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 2.1 –3.9 f LINDE HEALTHCARE MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 –7.7 –1.3 f LINDE HELIUM M E FZCO Jebel Ali ARE 100 4.7 0.6 Linde Electronics GmbH Stadl-Paura AUT 100 11.4 1.5 Linde Gas GmbH Stadl-Paura AUT 100 297.2 21.6 Bad Wimsbach- PROVISIS Gase & Service GmbH Neydharting AUT 100 1.7 0.5 Linde Gas Belgium NV Grimbergen BEL 100 3.9 0.9 Linde Homecare Belgium SPRL Scladina BEL 100 100 3.7 0.5 Linde Gas Bulgaria EOOD Stara Zagora BGR 100 7.7 – 0.1 "Linde Gaz Bel" FLLC Telmy BLR 100 99 0.3 – 0.3 AFROX GAS & ENGINEERING SUPPLIES (BOTSWANA) (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – BOTSWANA OXYGEN COMPANY (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – BOTSWANA STEEL ENGINEERING (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – HANDIGAS (BOTSWANA) (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – HEAT GAS (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – KIDDO INVESTMENTS (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – PanGas AG Dagmersellen CHE 100 103.8 23.5 RDC GASES & WELDING (DRL) LIMITED Lubumbashi COD 100 0.8 – LINDE HADJIKYRIAKOS GAS LIMITED Nicosia CYP 51 51 10.6 1.7 Linde Gas a.