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Turbine Expanderexpander CryogenicsCryogenics –– whywhy?? MaciejMaciej ChorowskiChorowski WroclawWroclaw UniversityUniversity ofof TechnologyTechnology FacultyFaculty ofof MechanicalMechanical andand PowerPower EngineeringEngineering European Cryogenic Course Wroclaw 20 - 25 April, 2009 T, K 10 10 The word cryogenics was introduced by Core of the hottest stars 9 Kamerlingh Onnes and is formed from the 10 8 Greek: 10 Fusion reaction of hydrogen 7 10 Core of the Sun 6 – cold 10 5 10 – generated from TEMPERATUREVERY HIGH Plasma 4 10 Surface of the Sun 3 According to the convention adopted at the 10 Steam turbine Biological processes XIIII Congress of the International Institute of 2 10 High temperature superconductivity Boiling temperature of nitrogen Refrigeration, cryogenics treats concepts and Low temperature superconductivity 10 technologies connected to reaching and Boiling temperature of helium Superfluid helium 4 applying temperature below 120 K. 1 -1 In cryogenic temperatures: 10 -2 10 -3 - new physical phenomena are visible (liquefaction 10 Superfluid helium 3 -4 of gases, superfluidity, superconductivity); 10 -5 - all the reactions are slowed down; 10 The lowest measured temperature in the whole volume of a probe -6 - dis-order in the matter is vanishing, noises are 10 VERY LOW TEMPERATUREVERY LOW -7 avoided (cryo-electronics). 10 The lowest temperaure of copper nuclei -8 European Cryogenic Course 10 CERN Geneva 2010 -9 10 Bose-Einstein condensate HistoricalHistorical developmentdevelopment ofof cryogenicscryogenics andand relatedrelated technologiestechnologies 1883 Karol Olszewski and Zygmunt Wróblewski liquefy air and its components (77 K) – Cracow, Poland 1895 Carl Linde starts LINDE AG 1898 James Dewar invents vacuum insulation and liquefies hydrogen (20,3 K), UK 1902 Georges Claudet starts L’Air Liquide 1908 Kammerlingh Onnes liquefies helium (4,2 K) and discovers superconductivity in mercury in 1911, Leiden, Holand 1950 Collins starts a serial production of helium liquefiers, USA 1986 Bednorz i Mueller discover high temperature superconductivity (the highest Tc is now of 135 K), Zurich, Switzerland 2008 Start of the ITER construction – the biggest concentrated cryogenic system 2009 Start of the LHC superconducting accelerator at CERN, Geneva (over 2000 of superconducting magnets of total length 28 km), 105 tons of He, Geneva, CERN European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 KarolKarol OlszewskiOlszewski andand ZygmuntZygmunt WrWróóblewskiblewski airair,, nitrogennitrogen,, oxygenoxygen liquefactionliquefaction inin 18831883 1846-1915 1845-1888 Jagiellonian University, Cracow European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 TechnicalTechnical gasesgases industryindustry hashas decideddecided abotabot thethe metallurgymetallurgy developmentdevelopment –– overover 100100 yearsyears ofof traditiontradition Georges Claudet – co-founder of the L’Air Liquide in 1902 Carl von Linde – Linde AG founder in 1895 European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 JamesJames DewarDewar andand hishis „„vacuumvacuum flasksflasks”” 1898,1898, vacuumvacuum insulationinsulation,, hydrogenhydrogen liquefactionliquefaction 1842-1923 European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 ModernModern cryogeniccryogenic insulationinsulation systemssystems –– developmentdevelopment ofof thethe DewarDewar conceptconcept Zbiornik zewnBtrzny Cieky PrzestrzeL gaz próniowa Zbiornik wewntrzny Vacuum insulation A A Multilayer Vacuum Insulation (MLI) European Cryogenic Course Vacuum Insulation with Glass Spheres CERN Geneva 2010 HeikeHeike KamerlinghKamerlingh--OnnesOnnes andand hishis „„cryocryo--industryindustry”” heliumhelium liquefactionliquefaction 19081908 1853-1926 European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 HeikeHeike KamerlinghKamerlingh OnnesOnnes DiscoveryDiscovery ofof superconductivitysuperconductivity inin mercurymercury 19111911 r.r. European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 CollinsCollins liquefiersliquefiers –– heliumhelium availableavailable inin laboratorieslaboratories fromfrom 19501950 Capacity of 4 – 8 LHe liter per hour European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 ComparisonComparison ofof NbTiNbTi superconductingsuperconducting wirewire withwith coppercopper rodsrods Phase diagram NbTi European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 CryogenicsCryogenics inin LargeLarge HadronHadron ColliderCollider acceleratoraccelerator,, CERNCERN GenevaGeneva Over 2000 of superconducting magnets of overall length exceeding 27 km Helium inventory above 100 t Temperature 1,8 K Energy 14 TeV Particles: protons European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 BednorzBednorz andand MuellerMueller highhigh temperaturetemperature superconductivitysuperconductivity discovereddiscovered inin 19861986 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 „It is too early to predict how extensive the technical applications will be, but it is quite evident that the development is being followed with keen interest by representatives of electrical power technology, by microelectronics researchers and by physicists who envisage new applications in measurement technology” Form the Nobel Prize justification IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikon, Switzerland European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 CriticalCritical temperaturestemperatures ofof HTSHTS superconductorssuperconductors Group of superconductors Superconductor Critical temperature, K YBCO YBa2Cu3Ox (Y-123) 92 BSCCO Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) 85 Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (Bi-2223) 110 TBCCO TlBa2Ca2CuOx (Tl-1221) 122 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox (Tl-2223) 125 HBCCO HgBa2CuOx (Hg-1201) 94 HgBa2CaCu2Ox (Hg-1212) 117 HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox (Hg-1223) 135 HTS superconductors can be cooled with LN2, cheap and easily available European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 StructureStructure ofof B2223B2223 superconductorsuperconductor European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 HTSHTS prototypeprototype cablescables European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 MeissnerMeissner effectseffects,, discovereddiscovered inin 19331933 The Meissner effect (also known as the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect) is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor. Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld found that below the superconducting transition temperature the specimens became perfectly diamagnetic, cancelling all flux inside. The experiment demonstrated for the first time that superconductors were more than just perfect conductors and provided a uniquely defining property of the superconducting state. Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature. A magnet levitating above a superconductor European Cryogenic Course (cooled by liquid nitrogen). CERN Geneva 2010 MAGLEVMAGLEV traintrain ShanghaiShanghai European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 OtherOther applicationsapplications ofof cryogenicscryogenics TechnicalTechnical gasesgases industryindustry (air(air rectification,rectification, liquefaction,liquefaction, transporttransport andand storagestorage ofof gases)gases) FoodFood freezingfreezing andand storagestorage Medicine,Medicine, storagestorage ofof biologicalbiological samplessamples RocketRocket industryindustry (LH2)(LH2) PowerPower generationgeneration –– (LNG),(LNG), CO2CO2 capturecapture andand storagestorage BigBig scientificscientific facilitiesfacilities European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 AirAir rectificationrectification Air is a mixture of: nitrogen 78.1%, oxygen 20.9%, argon 0.93%, carbon dioxide 0.03%, neon 1.8E-3%, helium 5.2E-4%, hydrocarbons 3.5E-4%, krypton 1.1E-4%, hydrogen 5.0E- 5%, xenon 8.0E-6, ozone 1.0E-6%, radon 6.0E-18%. The main product of air separtaion are: nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon, krypton and xenon European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 CryogenicCryogenic foodfood freezingfreezing European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 CryomedicineCryomedicine CRYOMEDICINE CRYOTHERAPY CRYOSURGERY CRYOSTIMULATION TISSUE NECROSIS (to activate defensive reactions) (to destroy pathological cells) DIRECT LOCAL WHOLE BODY SPRAY CONTACT EVAPORATING European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 SimulationSimulation ofof cryosurgicalcryosurgical treatmenttreatment Cryosurgery is aimed at the tissue necrosis, cryosurgical apparatuses are supplied with LN2 or N2O Time: 0 s 10 s 20 s 40 s Time: 80 s 100 s 160 s 220 s European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 CryomedicineCryomedicine -- cryochambercryochamber WSTPNE FILTRY POWIETRZA WYMIENNIK CIEPA FILTR POWIETRZA OSUSZACZ POWIETRZA WYMIENNIK CIEPA KRIOOCZYSZCZALNIKI N2 PRZEDSIONEK KOMORA WACIWA 210 K (- 60 C) 110 K / 150 K (- 120 C / - 160 C) ZBIORNIK CIEKEGO AZOTU SPRARKA POWIETRZA Azot Powietrze European Cryogenic Course Komora CR-2002 CREATOR Wrocaw CERN Geneva 2010 CryoCryo--chamberchamber entranceentrance European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 CryomedicineCryomedicine inin PolandPoland nownow meansmeans overover thousandthousand cryogeniccryogenic installationsinstallations ofof differentdifferent scalescale andand yearlyyearly consumptionconsumption ofof liquiliquidd gasesgases aboveabove 5000 Mg. AA secondarysecondary effecteffect isis aa vastvast propagationpropagation ofof thethe useuse ofof liquidliquid gagasesses andand cryogeniccryogenic cultureculture inin thethe society.society. 100 80 60 amount of cryochambers 40 20 1 1978 1989 2005 time European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 SeprconductingSeprconducting magnetmagnet coolingcooling andand diagnosticsdiagnostics -- NMRNMR European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 BiologicalBiological samplessamples storagestorage:: European Cryogenic Course CERN Geneva 2010 RocketRocket
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