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CO2-Refrigeration in a Historic Perspective CO2 Is Back!

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CO2-Refrigeration in a Historic Perspective CO2 Is Back! CO2 is back! CO2-refrigeration in a historic perspective (2000) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Armin Hafner Professor Refrigeration Technology NTNU, EPT 7491 Trondheim Norway GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 Professor Gustav Lorentzen 1915-1995 First draft made for a patent application on how to operate and control transcritical CO2- vapour compression systems November 1988 CO2-refrigeration technology prior 1988? GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 3 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 4 Inventors and pioneers of mechanical refrigeration Content Vapour compression cycle: – Oliver Evans (1755-1819), USA • How developed refrigeration technology? ”The Abortion of the Young Steam Engineer’s Guide”, 1805 • Factors which contributed to the development – Jacob Perkins (1766-1849), American living in London British Patent No 6662, 14. August 1834 •CO2 i relation to other working fluids Machine applying sulphur-ether, build by John Hague • The people behind the innovations • Synergies to todays situation • CO2 processes / system configurations and modifications • Reasons why CO2 refrigeration technology was absent between 1960 to 1990 MOTIVATION: Can we learn something when studying the historic CO2 refrigeration systems? GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 5 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 6 Inventors and pioneers of mechanical refrigeration Inventors and pioneers of mechanical refrigeration Air cycle: Absorption cycle: – John Gorrie (1802-1855), Florida, USA – Ferdinand Carré (1824-1900), France ”An engine for ventilation and cooling air in tropical climates by mechanical power” 1842-1844 Patent NH3/H2O absorption system in 1859 London World Exhibition 1861 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 7 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 8 Three important ‘drivers’ in the late 19th century 150 years ago: ICE = refrigeration Factors pushing the development of mechanical refrigeration technology from 1850 Source: Disney “Artificial” ice production Brewing of beer (all year long) Transport of meat Norwegian Ice Export from 1860 to 1915 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 9 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 Natural working fluids also common in the US: Three important ‘drivers’ in the late 19th century Factors pushing the development of mechanical refrigeration technology from 1850 “Artificial” ice production Brewing of beer (all year long) Transport of meat Advertisement in ICE and REFRIGERATION, 1922, vol. 63 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 12 Three important ‘drivers’ in the late 19th century Theory and Practice 1840-1870 Factors pushing the development of mechanical • Perkins, 1834 refrigeration technology from 1850 (inventor, designer) • 2. law of thermodynamics: Carnot, 1824 • Gorrie, 1842 Le Frigorifique, Buenos Aires – Rouen 1876-77 • 1. law of thermodynamics: Clausius, Helmholz, (medical doctor) Joule, Mayer, Thomson (Lord Kelvin), 1842-1852 “Artificial” ice • Harrison, 1850-1860 production • Joule-Thomson expansion, 1862 (journalist, publisher) Brewing of beer (all ”Perkins had little, if any, real understanding of the year long) fundamental nature of his cycle” J. F. Sandfort, 1962 Transport of meat 1870: Carl Linde established the fundamental thermodynamically base for mechanical refrigeration End of 19th century: Development moved from single pioneers/developers to companies with economic and technical resources GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 13 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 14 Franz Windhausen (1829-1904) CO2-refrigeration technology was born Britisk Patent No 2864, 1886 Mercury applied as ”pressure fluid” (fluid piston), to transfer the movement of the • 1850: CO2 mentioned (?) as potential working fluid in patent application of Alexander C. Twining (1801-1884), USA plunger (B) to the compression of CO2 in ”...a volatile liquid, as alcohol, ether, sulfuret of carbon, &c.” chamber C • 1866: First machine build (?) by Thaddeus Sobeski Carlincourt Lowe (1832-1913), USA. • Applied compressed CO2 to inflate military balloons 1865-1866 • British Patent No 952 on CO2 system in 1867 • Build Ice machines in Dallas, Texas, and Jackson, Mississippi 1869 • 1882: Carl Linde designed a CO2 - machine for F. Krupp in Essen, Germany • 1884: British Patent of Wilhelm Raydt (Hannover, Germany) for an ice-machine with a CO2 vapour compression process • 1886: British Patent of Franz Windhausen, Berlin GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 15 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 16 Carl von Linde (part1) First industrial refrigeration machine: (1842 – 1934) developed for a brewery Linde’s articles on refrigeration • Linde's first refrigeration system used technology had aroused the interest Dimethyl ether as the refrigerant and was built by Maschinenfabrik Augsburg of brewers who had been looking (now MAN AG) for the Spaten Brewery in 1873. for a reliable year-round method • He quickly moved on to develop more of refrigeration for the fermentation reliable ammonia (R717)-based cycles. and storage of their beer. These were early examples of vapor- compression refrigeration machines, Carl Linde (1868) and ammonia is still in wide use as a The first Linde refrigeration machine. refrigerant in industrial applications. (1873) GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 Spaten Heineken Carlsberg Linde: godfather of industrial refrigeration Rotterdam based Heineken Brewery ordered an ice machine in 1877 for ice production. In • Linde’s efficient new refrigeration technology his collaboration with the Heineken Brewery, offered big benefits to the breweries, and by Linde developed “natural convection cooling” with a system of cooling pipes under the 1890 Linde had sold 747 ammonia refrigeration ceiling of the cellar. machines. In addition to the breweries, other uses for the new technology were found in slaughter- Fermentation cellar of a brewery with natural convection cooling houses and cold storage facilities all over Europe. Linde came in contact with J.C. Jacobsen, head of the Carlsberg Brewery in Copenhagen, who ordered a large refrigeration unit in 1878. +++ GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 Carl von Linde and ”Refrigeration as a Science ” (part 2) Linde’s comparison of NH3 and CO2 systems • Developed the fundamental thermodynamics for Theory, 1894: ”..[CO2] can never reach the mechanical refrigeration in 1870-71 (Amanuensis, efficient performance ratio of ammonia [NH3] ...” TH München) Had to correct the existing thermodynamic (Zeuner) due to operation at supercritical high • Experimental investigation funded by Spatenbrauerei side pressure 1872-73 ; (ether), NH3 • Consortium with Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg Results from experimental investigations (MAN) 1873-79 performed at test facility in Munich published • Established ‘Gesellshaft für Linde’s Eismaschinen’, 1879- in Zeitschrift des VDI, 1895 • Test facility for refrigeration machines, Munich 1888-? Published later ”Ungleichwertigkeit von Ammoniak, Kohlensäure und schwefliger Säure in Kompressions-Kaltdampfmaschinen” Carl von Linde, 1842-1934 non – equivalence of NH3, CO2, and sulphurous acid in vapour compression machines GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 21 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 22 Hans Lorenz (1865‐?) Results from field tests, Lorenz 1892-1901 NH3 systems CO2 systems SO2 systems 3500 3500 3500 3000 3000 3000 2500 2500 2500 2000 2000 2000 1500 1500 1500 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 0 0 0 g ) Capacity per unit compressor power n z n n rg r rg n e i hen e or c unde b sd Bu nbe nb r e den (2) Ma e r m e s Zwickau Apolda Gube e Dr Mun nn Nu t Pad Dre Ro Nurnberg (2 Gees Similar results are shown by Stetefeld, 1904 23 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 24 CO2 as a working fluid • High working pressures • Small compressor displacements • Low critical temperature Applications and systems o CO2: 31.1 C o NH3: 132.4 C o SO2: 157.5 C GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 25 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 26 Marine Refrigeration Reefer, ca 1930 1890 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 27 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 28 Freezing of fish Marine Refrigeration Göttsche, 1915) (Ottesen, Nekolai Dahls method), 1915 CO2 Compr. GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 29 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 30 Small capacity units AC system (Göttsche, 1915) (Hubendick, 1921) (USA) GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 31 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 32 Compressors Components Slow rpm cross head compressors Stuffing box and piston rings i leather Lubricant: glycerine GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 33 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 34 Compressor ca. 1930 Condenser concepts (1) GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 35 GIAN @ Indian Institute of
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