Hymenaea courbaril LC Taxonomic Authority: L.  Global Assessment  Regional Assessment Region: Global  Endemic to region Synonyms Common Names Hymenaea animifera Stokes Hymenaea multiflora Kleinhoonte Hymenaea resinifera Salisb.

Upper Level Taxonomy Kingdom: PLANTAE Phylum: TRACHEOPHYTA Class: MAGNOLIOPSIDA Order: FABALES Family: LEGUMINOSAE Lower Level Taxonomy Rank: Infra- rank name:  Plant Hybrid Subpopulation: Authority:

General Information Distribution Hymenaea courbaril widespread in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Range Size Elevation Biogeographic Realm Area of Occupancy: Upper limit: 700  Afrotropical Extent of Occurrence: Lower limit: 0  Antarctic Map Status: Depth  Australasian Upper limit:  Neotropical Lower limit:  Oceanian Depth Zones  Palearctic  Shallow photic  Bathyl  Hadal  Indomalayan  Photic  Abyssal  Nearctic Population This taxon is considered to be common.

Total Population Size Minimum Population Size: Maximum Population Size: Habitat and Ecology H. courbaril inhabits tropical deciduous or subdeciduous forest, with Hura, Brosimum, Bursera or with Vitex, Cnidoscolus, Gyrocarpus, lowland areas and foothills.

System Movement pattern Crop Wild Relative  Terrestrial  Freshwater  Nomadic  Congregatory/Dispersive  Is the species a wild relative of a crop?  Marine  Migratory  Altitudinally migrant Growth From Definition Tree - size unknow Tree (any size), also termed a Phanerophyte (>1m)

Threats This taxon is not considered to be threatened or in decline.

Past Present Future 13 None    Conservation Measures There are a number of protected areas within the range of this taxon and seeds have been collected and stored by the Millennium Seed Bank project as a method of ex-situ conservation.

In Place Needed 3 Research actions   3.2 Population numbers and range   3.3 Biology and Ecology   3.4 Habitat status   3.5 Threats   3.6 Uses and harvest levels   3.7 Cultural relevance   3.8 Conservation measures   4 Habitat and site-based actions   4.4 Protected areas   5 Species-based actions   5.7 Ex situ conservation actions   5.7.2 Genome resource bank  

Countries of Occurrence

PRESENCE ORIGIN Year Breeding Non- Passage Possibly Extinct Presence Native Introduced Re- Vagrant Origin Round Season breeding migrant extinct uncertain Introduced uncertain only season only Anguilla             Antigua and Barbuda             Barbados             Belize             Bolivia             Brazil             China             Colombia             Costa Rica             Côte d'Ivoire             Cuba             Dominica             Dominican Republic             El Salvador             French Guiana             Grenada             Guadeloupe             Guatemala             Guyana             Haiti             Honduras             Indonesia             Jamaica             Kenya             Madagascar             Malaysia             Martinique             Mauritius             Mexico             Montserrat             Netherlands Antilles             Nicaragua             Panama             Paraguay             Peru             Puerto Rico             Saint Lucia             Saint Vincent and the             Grenadines Singapore             Sri Lanka             Suriname             Taiwan, Province of China             Trinidad and Tobago             Uganda             Venezuela            

General Habitats Score Description Major Importance 1 Forest 1 Suitable Unset 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 1 Suitable Unset

Species Utilisation  Species is not utilised at all

Purpose / Type of Use Subsistence National International 11. Other household goods    9. Construction/structural materials    This harwood species is used in furinture, flooring and for decorative purposes.

Trend in the level of wild offtake/harvest in relation to total wild population numbers over the last five years: Trend in the amount of offtake/harvest produced through domestication/cultivation over the last five years: CITES status: Not listed

IUCN Red Listing IUCN Red Listing Red List Assessment: (using 2001 IUCN system) Least Concern (LC)

Red List Criteria: Date Last Seen (only for EX, EW or Possibly EX species): Is the species Possibly Extinct?  Possibly Extinct Candidate?  Rationale for the Red List Assessment H. courbaril has a very large geographical distribution. The taxon is considered tobe common and known to occur within the protected areas network. The taxon is not considered to be threatened or in decline at present thus a rating of Least Concern is given. Reason(s) for Change in Red List Category from the Previous Assessment:  Genuine Change  Nongenuine Change  No Change  Genuine (recent)  New information  Taxonomy  Same category  Genuine (since first assessment)  Knowledge of Criteria  Criteria Revisio and criteria  Incorrect data used  Other  Same category but previously change in criteria Current Population Trend: Stable Date of Assessment: 24/08/2010 Name(s) of the Assessor(s): Groom, A. Evaluator(s): Notes:

% population decline in the past: Time period over which the past decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): % population decline in the future: Time period over which the future decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): Number of Locations: Severely Fragmented: Number of Mature Individuals:

Bibliography Alverson, W.S.; Moskovits, D.K. & Shopland, J.S., 2000, Bolivia: Pando, Río Tahauamanú. Rapid Biol. Inv. 1: 1–79., , , Arrázola, S., Ferreira, W., Mercado, M. & Barra, N. de la, 2000, Caracterización de las unidades ambientales y evaluación de la degradación de la vegetación en la zona petrolera de Carrasco–Cochabamba, Bolivia., Revista Boliviana Ecol. Cons. Amb., 93–114., , Balick, M.J.; Nee, M.H & Atha, D.E., 2000, Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize, Mem. New York Bot. Gard.i–ix, 1-246, , Berendsohn, W.G. & Araniva de González. A.E., 1989, Listado básico de la Flora Salvadorensis: Familia 118: Leguminosae., Cuscatlania2, 1-16, , Breedlove, D. E., 1986., Flora de Chiapas., Listados Floríst. México i–v, 1–246., , , CONABIO, 2009., 2009, Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. Cap. nat. México 1., , , Correa A. M. D.; Galdames, C. & Stapf, M. S. de, 2004, Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Panamá., , Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1., Funk, V., Hollowell, T., Berry, P., Kelloff, C. and Alexander, S.N., 2007, Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.1–584., , , Howard, R.A. et al., 1988, Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Dicotyledoneae Part 1, Arnold Arboretum, , , Lee, Y.T. & Langenheim, J.H., 1975, Systematics of the genus Hymenaea L. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Detarieae), Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.1-109, , , Lewis, G.P. & Owen, P.E., 1989, Legumes Ilha de Maraca, , , Lewis, G.P., 1987, Legumes of Bahia, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, , , McVaugh, R., 1987, Flora Novo-Galiciana: Leguminosae, Vol 5, University of Michigan Press, , , Molina R.A., 1975, Enumeración de las plantas de Honduras., Ceiba2, 1-118, , Sousa S.M.,Ricker, M. & Hernández, H.M., 2003, An index for the tree species of the family Leguminosae in Mexico., Harvard Pap. Bot.2, 381–398, , Standley, P.C. and Steyermark, J.A., 1946, Leguminosae. Flora of Guatemala., Fieldiana, Bot.5, 1–368, , Stevens, W. D.; C. Ulloa, U., A. Pool & Montiel, O. M., 2001, Flora de Nicaragua., Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. i–xlii, 1–2666., , Steyermark, J. Berry, P.E. and Holst, K., 2001, Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana, Vol 6, Liliaceae-Myrsinaceae, , Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis Vásquez M.R., 1997, Flórula de las Reservas Biológicas de Iquitos, Perú: Allpahuayo-Mishana, Explornapo Camp, Explorama Lodge., , Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.,