Fabaceae) Seedlings in Hydroponic and Soil System
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Amazonian Journal of Plant Research ©2017 Universidade Federal do Pará This paper is available online free of all access charges – Faculdade de Engenharia Agronômica https://www.ajpr.online - Amaz. Jour. of Plant Resear. 3(3):353-362. 2019 Original Paper Development of Hymenaea courbaril L. (Fabaceae) seedlings in hydroponic and soil system Sandra A. Santos da Silva1, Eliane N. Braz2, Pedro V. de Araújo Júnior1, Fabio Miranda Leão 2, Dhyene R. Silva Dos Santos1 and Rafael Oliveira da Silva3 1 College of Agronomic Engineering, Federal University of Pará, Altamira - Pará, Brazil 2 Forestry Engineering School, Federal University of Pará, Altamira - Pará, Brazil 3 Federal University of Pará, Tucurui - Pará, Brazil Received: 04 April, 2019. Accepted: 7 June, 2019 First published on the web December, 2019 Doi: 10.26545/ajpr.2019.b00044x Abstract The jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) belongs to the family Fabaceae and subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It is a specie used for various purposes, it has a huge economic and ecological value, highly indicated for degraded areas recovery. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate the jatobá seedlings development, cultivated in hydroponic system and on the soil, in order to verify which is the most promising system for the seedlings production of the specie. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the Forestry Engineering School of Pará’s Federal University – UFPA, in the municipality of Altamira – PA. The experimental design used was in blocks completely randomized with two treatments (Hydroponic System and Soil) with four repetitions, being each repetition composed by five plants, making four blocks each treatment. The seedlings were cultivated in soil horizon B oxisol (treatment 1) and nutritional solution (treatment 2). The following parameters were evaluated: height, collar diameter, dry matter weight of the aerial part and root system and nitrogen contents, phosphorus and potassium of the aerial part and the root. The development in the seedlings diameter was similar in both studied systems, however, the best jatobá seedlings development observed was in soil cultivation, although the hydroponic system had provided better nitrogen and phosphorus absorption. The potassium absorption was similar between the treatments. Key-words: Jatobá, Plant nutrition, Cultivation Systems Introduction market, being highly valued because of the durability Hymenaea courbaril L. popularly known as and lack of cracks (Ferreira, 2017). jatobá, is a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, The plant has high geographical distribution and classified as late specie to climax in tropical forests. characteristics capable of developing in adverse It is a tree that can reach up until 40 m of height, with environmental conditions, presenting tolerance a chest diameter of up to 2 m, with arranged leaves strategies to the abiotic stress, where other plants alternated and petiolated, fruit of the indiscent can’t establish themselves. According to Costa (2015) flattened pod type, of flavor and smell characteristic the jatobá occurs naturally in dry soils and of low (Coradin et al., 2018). fertility, but with good drainage, since it’s a plant that Jatobá is a specie used for various purposes, presents certain tolerance to water deficiency. Due to however, its main product is the wood, for being hard, its wide distribution and good adaptation to different heavy and with excellent acceptance in the foreign environments, it is one of the main species indicated to the degraded forest areas recovery. Sandra A. Santos da Silva 353 E-mail: [email protected] da Silva et al. The jatobazeiro is still a specie of great One month after sowing, the more uniform ecological importance to family farmers and seedlings were selected to the experiment setup, these traditional people, besides of having an enormous were removed carefully from the tray avoiding to economic value by the use of its fruits and by the hard cause injuries to its root system, in this moment these wood a lot used in construction, furnitures and others were washed in running water. (Costa, 2015). About the jatobá’s nutritional requirements, several researches indicate that the same reacts significantly with higher nutrient content available to its development (Nascimento et al., 2014; Gonzaga et al., 2016). Matheus et al. (2011) affirms that the failure to supply of certain essential nutrients (N, Mo, S e Ca) can cause nutritional disorders to the plant, even so it’s still a plant considered undemanding in moisture and soil fertility, being one of the reasons to be indicated to the degraded areas recovery. In this way, the present work aimed to evaluate the jatobá’s seedlings development, cultivated in hydroponic system and on the soil, in order to verify which is the most promising system for the seedlings production of the species. Material and methods The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the Forestry Engineering School of Pará’s Federal University – UFPA, in the municipality of Altamira – PA, located at the geographical coordinates 03º12’00” S e 52º13’45” W (Moura and Ribeiro, 2009). The climate data during the experiment, Fig. 1. Process of Jatobá seedlings production (H. courbaril). (A) performed between Nov 28th 2012 to Feb 22nd 2013, Seed scarification. (B) Seeds sowing. presented average precipitation of 247mm per month, average relative air humidity of 81%, maximum For the hydroponic system, the seedlings were temperature of 37,4ºC and minimum of 20,2ºC, transplanted to plastic vases containing washed and average temperature of 26ºC (INMET, 2012; 2013). sterilized quartz using 1,0 liter of nutritional solution, The used experimental design was in blocks for each vase. In the plastic vases, it was inserted a completely randomized with two treatments faucet with a hose coupled in the bottom of its base (Hydroponic System and Soil) with four repetitions, with 3 mm of internal diameter, in order to allow that being each repetition composed by five plants, the solution drainage occurred by the gravity effect making four blocks each treatment. (Figure 2). The jatobá seedlings used in the experiment The nutritional solution used in the experiment were manufactured in a greenhouse, which has a was the proposal by Epstein (1975) modified by Silva shade screen 50%, from seeds coming from Altamira (2006) according to table 1, which placed the referred county – PA. To the dormancy break, the seedlings solution into cultivation for Brazilian mahogany were scarified with the use of water sandpaper nº 60 (Swietenia macrophylla King) in Pará’s state, which (Figure 1), after this procedure, it was executed the provided the normal species development. sowing in plastic trays containing washed and The nutritional solution was provided in the sterilized sand. The sterilization process was carried early morning hours (7h) and drained in the late out in vertical autoclave, under 1,0 ATM of steam afternoon (18h), manually, in order to offer the root pressure, during 01h30. 354 Development of Hymenaea courbaril L. (Fabaceae) seedlings in hydroponic and soil system, in the city of Altamira – PA aeration, staying the same flooded during 11 hours black ink, suspended on the countertop below of each per day. The replacement of wasted water volume by vase. evapotranspiration was made with distilled water The vases were covered with aluminum paper, whenever necessary. to minimize the light input, and so avoid the algae appearance and nutritional solution heating. The vases upper opening was closed with plastic lid, which contained a hole that allowed the seedling development and this was sealed with aluminum paper. In the space where it was installed the experiment countertop, it was used a transparent plastic cover, right below of the shade, in order to control the rain effects, so that the systems (hydroponic and soil) wouldn’t receive the incidence of the same (Figure 3). Fig. 2. Hydroponic System Assembly. (A) Overview System. (B) Detail of the drainage process and solution storage. Table 1: Chemical composition of Stock Nutritive solution, in molar (M), used in the experiment. Complete Concentration Fig. 3. (A) e (B) Plastic cover detail, protecting the seedlings from Stock Solution Solution (M) the rainwater incidence. (mL.L-1) Potassium 1M 9 The nutritional solution was weekly changed, Nitrate measuring the pH to 5,5 until 6,5, being this MAP 1M 2 Magnesium corrected, whenever necessary, with the calcium 1M 1 Sulphate hydroxide solution (Ca(OH)2) to raise the pH Calcium Nitrate 1M 4 solution, when acid. Micronutrients - 2 For the cultivation system in soil, it was used Fonte: Epstein (1975) modified by Silva (2006). black polyethylene bags with capacity for three liters During the night time the nutritional solution and this was filled with soil from the horizon B Oxisol was stored in pet’s bottles painted with nontoxic and the sand in the prorpotion 3:1. 355 da Silva et al. The soil chemical analysis (Table 2) was done in the aerial part and of the root. The measurements the Soil laboratory of the Federal Rural Amazon were performed biweekly for the variables height and University – UFRA, for fertility analysis, proposed by collar diameter. The height was defined as the Embrapa (2011). distance between the stalk next to the substrate The analyzed parameters to evaluate the jatobá’s (collar) until the plant apex (apical gem). To the collar seedlings development were plant height; collar diameter, it was obtained the measurement next to the diameter; root dry matter and aerial part; N, P, K from substrate. Table 2: Soil Chemical Analysis used in the experiment. pH Corg M.O N P K Ca Mg Al H + Al ---------------------cmol dm-3--------------- H O KCl -------------g.Kg-1------------ mg dm-3 c 2 - 5,48 4,86 11,25 19,40 1,16 3,25 0,29 2,35 0,71 0,10 3,63 At the 84 days the experiment was removed phosphorus contents on the root (PR), potassium from the filed, being the plants wrapped in paper bags contents on the aerial part (KPA) and potassium properly identified and placed in the greenhouse with contents on the root (KR) of Jatobá’s plants (H.