GalCoverE3.qxd 1/11/05 12:55 PM Page 1

Galileo The European Programme for Global Services

European Commission GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 1

Galileo The European Programme for Global Navigation Services

1 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 2

BR-186 (2nd edition; English) January 2005

ISBN 92-9092-738-0 ISSN 0250-1589

Coordinator: Muriel Simon, Galileo Joint Undertaking

Editor: Andrew Wilson, ESA Publications Division

Design & layout: Carel Haakman & Andrew Wilson, ESA Publications Division

Published by: ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG ,The

© 2005 European Space Agency

Price: EUR 10

Printed in The Netherlands

2 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 3

Contents

Galileo: a Technical, Economic and Political Challenge 5 Getting the Most from Navigation 7 Applications: Opening 15 Services: Bringing Space to the User 21 Infrastructure: From Space to Ground 25 Excelling in Technology Development 29 Implementation and Management 33

3 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 4

Galileo

Galileo, the first satellite positioning and navigation system specifically designed for civil purposes, will offer state-of-the-art services with outstanding performance in accuracy, continuity and availability. It will be more advanced, more efficient and more reliable than the current US GPS monopoly.

©ESA-J. Huart

4 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 5

Galileo will provide the first satellite Galileo: positioning and navigation system specifically for civil purposes. Its a Technical, profitable applications will spread into many areas of all our lives – starting Economic and with safe and efficient transport. Using only small receivers, we will all be able to determine our locations to within a few Political metres.

Challenge Galileo is vital for the future of ’s high-technology industries. It will generate new, large markets and provide the critical advance in technology for Europe and its partners.

It is crucial for Europe to have a choice independent of the current US Global Positioning System (GPS). In addition, the scale of future navigation needs and the requirement for global coverage cannot be satisfied by a single system alone. The Galileo programme has been launched.The cost of deploying the A recent agreement with the US will system is some EUR 3.4 billion.The ensure interoperability of Galileo with system will create more than 100 000 GPS. Galileo is thus becoming the new jobs and a market for equipment de facto world standard for open signals and services worth some EUR 200 billion in the GNSS mass market. per annum by 2013.

5 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 6

Galileo

6 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 7

Satellite Navigation and Timing international time standards.The time – a varying position accuracy Getting the pinpoints a location measurement is improved by including (sometimes to only several dozen by measuring the distances to at least the signal from a fourth satellite, so metres), depending on place and Most from three known locations – the Galileo special care is being taken in selecting time; .The distance to one satellite the numbers of satellites and their . – the reliability leaves something to Satellite defines a sphere of possible solutions. be desired. Regions at high Combining three spheres defines a The Advent of Galileo latitudes, crossed by many aviation single, common area containing the Galileo comprises a constellation of 30 routes, do not have dependable Navigation unknown position.The accuracy of the satellites divided between three circular coverage. Signal penetration in distance measurements determines orbits at an altitude of around dense areas and town centres is how small the common area is and 23 000 km to cover the Earth’s entire unreliable. Furthermore, the thus the accuracy of the final location. surface.They are supported by a predominantly military character of In practice, a receiver captures time worldwide network of ground stations. GPS means there is always a risk of signals from the satellites and converts At present, there are two radio civil users being cut off in the event them into the respective distances. navigation satellite networks: the US of a crisis. GPS and the Russian Glonass systems, The position accuracy depends on the both designed during the Cold War for Whether intentional or otherwise, accuracy of the time measurement. military purposes, although the Russian signal interruptions of existing Only atomic clocks provide the system is not yet fully deployed. Galileo navigation systems can have required accuracy, of the order of circumvents the vulnerabilities of a disastrous consequences, especially as nanoseconds (10–9 s), and the necessary single infrastructure (GPS), and offers there is no warning and no immediate stability, of the order of 10 nanoseconds the possibility of making satellite information about errors to users. For per day for Rubidium Atomic frequency navigation services more robust, more example, a Canadian research body standard and 1 nanosecond per day for reliable and safer. highlighted the case of an aircraft hydrogen-maser atomic clocks. Such affected by an unannounced signal clocks are a major technology element GPS is used to a large extent for civil interruption of more than 80 minutes, aboard the Galileo satellites and purposes but it does have several major aggravated by an initial positioning contribute to the definition of shortcomings: error of 200 km when contact was

7 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 8

reestablished.The Icelandic aviation the criteria for accuracy, reliability and Galileo will provide the very high level authorities reported several security. of continuity required by today’s transatlantic flights in their control business, particularly for satisfying zone similarly disturbed. Civil aircraft Galileo offers superior and constant contractual responsibility. suffered 20-minute signal interruptions accuracy thanks in particular to the in three mid-US states, and airline structure of its Applications Markets captains have reported the same and ground control system. Satellite transmission is now a fact of phenomenon over the Mediterranean. Guaranteed accuracy to better than life in telephony, television, computer 1 metre is necessary for certain networks, aviation and shipping and In August 2001, the report of the Volpe applications such as entering a seaport many other areas.The range of National Transportation Centre or guiding a vehicle into a parking applications open to the Galileo system commissioned by the US Government space. is extremely varied and the number of clearly stressed a number of such potential spin-offs immense. shortcomings. Even the advent of the Galileo offers superior reliability improved GPS III, which the US is because it includes an integrity The benefits to future driving systems considering, would not resolve all of message that immediately informs are of vital importance. At present, road them.There is a total absence of service users of possible errors, and because it accidents (including 40 000 fatal ones) guarantee and accountability – as covers difficult areas such as northern generate social and economic costs these are incompatible with the Europe. corresponding to 1.5-2.5% of the gross system’s military objectives – with all national product (GNP) of the the implications that can be envisaged Recognising the importance of Galileo, . Road congestion in the event of an aviation accident or an agreement has been reached entails additional estimated costs of an oil tanker wreck. between Europe and the around 2% of the European GNP. on the interoperability and A significant reduction in these figures The European Union (EU) therefore compatibility of the two systems, as a result of Galileo will therefore have decided, in close cooperation with the leading to Galileo to become the world enormous socio-economic benefits, European Space Agency (ESA), to standard for satellite navigation quite apart from the number of lives develop a system of its own that meets services. saved.

8 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 9

The number of inland transport also clearly be a valuable tool for the The applications prospects are applications is expanding. Motor emergency services (fire brigade, enormous. As with the microcomputer vehicle makers now offer their police, paramedics, sea and mountain 20 years ago or the Internet 10 years customers navigation units that rescue), who will respond more rapidly ago, it is highly likely that at the combine satellite location and road to those in danger. Galileo can guide moment we can only see the tip of data to avoid traffic jams and reduce the blind, monitor Alzheimer’s sufferers the . travel time, fuel consumption and with memory loss, and guide explorers, therefore pollution. Road and rail hikers and sailing enthusiasts. To meet all these demands, Galileo will transport operators will be able to offer several levels of service: monitor the movements of their lorries, Many other sectors will also benefit wagons and containers more from Galileo. It will be used as a – a basic level free of charge efficiently, and combat theft and fraud tool for urban development for the final user, emphasising more effectively.Taxi companies now and large public works, for consumer applications and use these systems to offer a faster and geographical information systems, for general-interest services. GPS is also more reliable service to their managing agricultural more free for these applications but customers. Road tolling based on efficiently, and helping to protect the Galileo offers better quality and Galileo will be a reality. environment. It will be a means reliability; towards developing third-generation – restricted-access service levels for The aviation market will also benefit mobile phones with Internet-linked commercial and professional largely from the safe services offered by applications. It will facilitate the applications that require superior Galileo; By 2020, at least 120 000 aircraft interconnection of telecom- performance to generate value- (from civil transport, general aviation, munications, electricity and banking added services.These levels range helicopters, etc.) will use satellite networks and systems via the extreme up to a highly restricted service for navigation in conformity with precision of its atomic clocks. It will also applications that must in no event international aviation standards. be of paramount importance to help be disturbed. developing countries preserve their The value of Galileo is not limited to scarce natural resources and develop The paid-for services will contribute to the economy and companies. It will their international trade. the economics of the system.

9 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 10

Crucial Issues In terms of international cooperation, Cooperation with those countries will Crucial issues are at stake for the future leading-edge technologies are prime result in a better technical of Europe. Galileo will enable Europe to assets for Europe’s standing in the harmonisation with the other satellite acquire technological independence, as world. navigation systems in the world, it did with the and strengthen the worldwide initiatives. It is vital that Europe should The EU has clearly stated that it is infrastructure needed to operate the be included in one of the main willing to involve interested non- system, and develop and stimulate the industrial sectors of the , an member countries in Galileo’s research, markets worldwide. area that is already widely recognised development and industrial in the US.Without Galileo, the commissioning activities.The EU has The European Union has recently development or even the survival of clearly stated that it is willing to involve concluded cooperation agreements European new technology sectors interested non-member countries in with a number of countries with a view would be under very serious threat.The the Galileo’s research, development and to meeting such objectives: technological advance from Galileo will industrial commissioning activities; – with the US in order to assure the give the participating European China and Israel are already involved. interoperability and compatibility industries a considerable competitive This can only strengthen our links and with GPS; advantage in this sector and in the common interests, quite apart from the – with China and Israel, in order to many ensuing applications. choice that will be offered to the entire create a framework for cooperation world. on a wide scale for industrial, The equipment and services market research and scientific activities resulting from the programme is International Cooperation (standardisation in particular), estimated at around EUR 10 billion per Galileo is a global system and requires regional integrity monitoring and annum, with the creation in Europe of global partners for developing its full financial participation in Galileo; more than 100 000 highly skilled jobs. potential. Consequently, Galileo will not – discussions with the Russian Conversely, if Europe misses out on just be the result of cooperation Federation are under way with a these new developments, many between European countries, but it will view to creating the cooperation electronics and jobs would embrace the involvement of a rapidly mechanism that will allow Galileo to ultimately disappear. increasing number of other countries. benefit from the experience of the

10 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 11

development and operation of development-phase activities, to be Glonass. designed to meet the specific needs in Projected Worldwide GNSS Unit Sales (millions) China, are complementing the The number of countries wishing to established work programme for this participate actively in Galileo is phase and focus on infrastructural and growing.The is related areas (such as local elements holding discussions with Ukraine, India, and local augmentations, ranging Brazil, South Korea, Mexico and station, sensor stations, SAR-), as Australia. well as on applications and market development (multi-modal, user Within the scope of the political segment, standardisation and cooperation agreements that are being certification, frequency coordination, concluded with the European Union, joint workshops and research and indeed as one of the underlying activities). objectives, a number of entities of these countries are establishing active Like China, Israel has also indicated its participation in the Galileo Joint aim of investing soon in Galileo by Undertaking.Thus, in October 2004 the joining the Galileo Joint Undertaking, National Remote Sensing Centre of through the Israel Export and China became the first new member of International Cooperation Institute. the Joint Undertaking, joining the founding members, the European Investment and Economic Viability Union and the European Space Galileo is not expensive. Its Agency.Through the agreement, China development and deployment cost, has committed an investment of including the launching of 30 satellites EUR 200 million in order to finance and the installation of ground specific activities in the development equipment, is EUR 3.4 billion.This is and deployment phases.The equivalent to the cost of building

11 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 12

150 km of semi-urban motorway or a An Original and Innovative Structure cannot be expected to cover all of the main tunnel for the future high-speed Galileo is adopting an original and costs involved. rail link between Lyon and Turin.This is innovative legal structure to encourage less than the Øresund link between public-private partnership.To complete While it is the responsibility of the and , or the fifth the development and validation phase, public sector to carry out forward terminal now being built at Heathrow and pave the way for the deployment analyses, detect future emerging airport. It is roughly two-thirds the cost phase, an original form of company markets, encourage their development of the high-speed rail link between provided for in Article 171 of the Treaty and prepare the required technologies Liège, and , or the establishing the European Community – as with Ariane and Airbus – it is also 160 km Betuwe rail infrastructure has been set up: a Joint Undertaking. Its necessary for large firms, which in some project for container transport in founder members are the EU and ESA. cases have until recently been The Netherlands. In addition, the European Investment featherbedded by the public bank and, at a later stage, firms authorities, to look themselves beyond The Galileo infrastructure is subscribing a minimum of the short term if they want to survive economically viable. EUR 5 million (EUR 250 000 for Small- in the face of world competition. PricewaterhouseCoopers, based on and Medium-sized Enterprises projections over a period of 20 years, subscribing individually or collectively) Public Private Partnership indicated a cost/benefit ratio of 4.6 can also become members. The Galileo system will be managed – higher than for any other and operated in the form of a infrastructure project in Europe.This In addition to the space sector, which is concession as part of a public-private figure was obtained through accustomed to benefiting from the partnership (PPP), a structure that conservative estimates, and the EU’s research programmes, the allows the project to be financed by benefits calculated took into account foundations for public-private both public and private funds.The only a few transport sectors. partnership is laid with a wide range of principle objective of a PPP is to firms. By contributing to the capital of achieve best value for money for the The economic viability has been the Joint Undertaking, firms will take public sector by minimising the whole confirmed by all candidate consortia their share of the normal risks inherent life cost of the project while for the Galileo concession. in industrial activities. Public funds maximising the benefits and revenues.

12 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 13

While the private-sector concessionaire The Galileo Joint Undertaking manages will be responsible for managing the the Concession process. It addresses deployment and operational phase – the various technical, legal, commercial and thus making a substantial and financial issues related to the contribution to the financing of the development of the Galileo business project – a limited public contribution plan, the fund-raising and risk is foreseen for the deployment phase allocation and the integration of and the first years of the commercial EGNOS with Galileo. operating phase. The Concession process will be The Concession Process successfully concluded through the The Galileo deployment phase will be establishment of the Galileo financed in PPP.The Galileo Joint Concession Contract.The public Undertaking is to help mobilise the counterpart (i.e. the conceding public and private sector funds authority), representing the interest of required to complete the various the public partners, is the Galileo phases of the programme. Supervisory Authority.

In achieving this goal, the Galileo Joint Undertaking plays a key role by managing a competitive tendering process aimed at negotiating an overall PPP contract for financing the deployment and exploitation phases of the programme.The contract clearly sets out the responsibilities, roles and risks to be shared between the public and private sectors.

13 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 14

Galileo

©ESA-J. Huart

14 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 15

Galileo is conceived as a core pedestrian) to timing, surveying, law commercial framework to facilitate and Applications: infrastructure upon which applications enforcement, engineering, science, regulate the exploitation of the will be built. It will form part of society’s environment, search and rescue, and downstream worldwide market. New Opening New greater technical infrastructure, even recreation.These in turn directly applications are appearing every day in including communications and affect business areas such as oil and this huge market, which is projected to Horizons broadcasting systems, on which we will gas, banking, insurance, reach 3 billion users in 2020. all rely heavily.The applications made telecommunication, tourism and possible by Galileo stretch beyond the agriculture. Transport determination of a user’s position and The transport applications are the user time, and instead integrate new Some applications require the system category par excellence for Galileo.The technologies to satisfy coming user to have special features.These features system’s services will be used in every needs. do not exist in the current positioning transport domain – aviation, maritime, systems and will constitute added value road, rail and even pedestrian. Each Applications underpin and foster for Galileo as a civil system.They may user segment has its own characteristic European innovation in industry, include service guarantee, needs, and Galileo is designed to satisfy research and small- and medium-sized authentication of the signal, integrity of them all. enterprises. In some areas, they can the signal, liability of the service produce direct benefits for citizens and operator, traceability of past In civil aviation, Galileo can be used in their social environment by improving performance, operation transparency, the various phases of flight: en route system efficiency and economic return, availability of raw and processed data navigation, airport approach, landing or simply by facilitating everyday from the core system, certification and and ground guidance. In particular, activities. competitive service performance in Galileo local elements will allow for terms of accuracy, continuity and applications like precision approach in Galileo applications will rely on availability. In addition to all these conditions of limited visibility. Galileo integrated services: navigation data are features, the Galileo Supervisory will enable the transition to a GNSS combined with additional information Authority and the Galileo service concept in aviation that finally layers.The numerous domains range Concessionaire will provide an leads to a reduction of the current from transport (air, rail, maritime, road, institutional, regulatory and ground infrastructure.

15 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 16

Galileo will also be an efficient tool for efficiently, basing the electronic fee- such as collision warning, vision controls could be restricted to goods the implementation of the Single collection systems – currently being enhancement and low-speed or persons not monitored via this European Sky. developed – on the reliable and manoeuvring aids. technique. Increased efficiency will accurate Galileo position. Information benefit customs authorities as well as In maritime navigation, Galileo will be services for road users can also be The rail community will also benefit, the public. used for onboard navigation for all based on Galileo.Traffic behaviour can from train control, train supervision, forms of transport, including ocean be monitored via onboard navigation fleet management, track survey and Galileo will have a primary role in all of and coastal navigation, port approach recorders to generate useful passenger information services. Railway the above applications because of its and port manoeuvres. Galileo’s information for other road users. operations are a safety-of-life core characteristics of certification, characteristics, which make it suitable Vehicle data can be stored together application, where Galileo can help to operations transparency and service even for today’s demanding with exact time stamps and precise reduce the number of accidents, which guarantee derived from its civil nature. applications, will permit the definition position information for liability may involve hundreds of victims.To In addition, the integrity monitoring and development of new applications, purposes in case of accident. In order control such risks as hazardous feature (real-time ‘integrity flags’) of the such as the Automated Identification for the recorded data to be usable in materials travelling through densely navigation performance over the whole System (AIS), to improve safety in court and for insurance companies, populated areas, a high level of service area makes Galileo suitable for navigation. Inland waterway they need to be highly reliable, accuracy is required together with high all the safety-of-life applications. navigation, even in critical guaranteed and derived from a levels of integrity, availability and environments, will also benefit from certified system. Galileo meets these guarantee of service. Galileo-based Energy Galileo and its interoperability with requirements. automatic level crossing systems will The very precise timing obtainable via other systems and sensors.The River be a safer alternative to today’s many Galileo will help to optimise the Information System (RIS) will benefit Galileo performance levels – often unattended level crossings in rural transfer of electricity along power lines. even more in general. supported locally by terrestrial areas. Certification of the service is a Galileo could also help in the components – and its enhanced sine qua non for deploying a system maintenance of the electricity- Road applications include in-car reliability (guaranteed continuity and meeting the safety needs of rail distribution infrastructure. Power grids navigation, fleet management of taxis, integrity) will improve safety and applications. are continuously monitored by a range lorries and buses, road tolling and mobility in road traffic. Advanced Driver of instruments spread around the driver assistance. Road operators will Assistance Systems combined with Satellite navigation will play a role in system. Information from these be able to exploit their network Galileo receivers will include features improving border controls. Physical instruments is used to repair the

16 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 17

system when a power line breaks or positioning of tow tugs relative to the emerged as major issues in the In the insurance sector, Galileo provides weaknesses appear in the grid. Galileo rig, the anchoring of semi-submersibles electronic exchange of documents. For an effective way of controlling and will improve the instruments’ time and any independent drilling rigs.The example, one of the biggest concerns in monitoring valuable goods.This synchronisation to provide a speedier final position of the drilling facility will e-commerce is the security of includes the transportation of gold return to full service.The ‘trustubility’ be determined as well as the final information provided by the customer bullion between national banks, works and ‘traceability’ of the Galileo time orientation of the platform to a high in the purchasing process.This usually of art, and large numbers of banknotes stamp will facilitate the contractual and degree of accuracy. calls for a dedicated encryption system. for distribution to banks or for commercial agreements for the power Similarly, e-banking suffers from risks destruction. Continuous tracking distribution contract between public The trend in the oil and gas sector is to such as falsified transactions and reduces the risks and thus benefits the and private contractor/s. move away from established finds unauthorised access to documents, insurance companies and their towards remote sites without any local accounts and credit cards. Stock customers. The oil and gas sector can benefit from infrastructure. In these areas, satellite exchange activities are subject to similar Galileo in a large number of areas. For positioning and communications are risks. Data-stamping based on a legally The certified services offered by Galileo instance, marine seismic exploration of vital importance. Real-time data traceable time reference will reduce not only provide legally-accepted will use the positioning service both for transmission combined with position these risks. information, but also enable a great the seismic acquisition vessel as well as determination enables oil companies to number of services related to car and for the seismic streamer arrays and gun make real-time decisions on Online systems have created the need property insurance.This is expected to arrays.This will enhance the safety of drilling operations. Integrity information, for accurate and legally accepted generate significant return for the drilling activities, by enabling high- provided by Galileo, is of paramount documentation that provides detailed insurance sector as well as for the end resolution surveys of the new sites and importance when approaching the information on the user and the type users, as it could bring about innovative the identification of any geomor- target and preparing to anchor or lower and size of transaction. Electronic prime and policy conditions based on phological or geophysical risks. the drilling platform legs. signatures are currently used, but time- ‘pay per use’ and increased confidence stamping will dramatically enhance the on insurance-associated risks. The positioning of the rig and its Finance,Banking and Insurance security of these systems. A Galileo- anchor-handling vessel will be As online financial transactions become based trusted-time signal could be used Agriculture and Fisheries improved through Galileo. Accurate an increasingly common part of daily for a reliable encryption system, offering With food security climbing ever higher positioning information will be life, the integrity, authenticity and the additional value of traceability and up the decision-makers’ agenda, provided during transit and final security of transmitted data have liability of the time information. together with food risks and consumer

17 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 18

concerns, achieving traditional domain is based on Galileo terminals location-based services by integrating People-tracking is another application, productivity targets at all costs is no performing ‘certified’ agriculture parcel positioning with communications, where external staff could be longer the main driver in agriculture. On measurements to provide cost-effective typically in handheld terminals. A coordinated more efficiently: medical the contrary, farmers aim for better solutions for both users and controllers. handset will determinine its position and welfare employees visiting quality agricultural products, while using either Galileo alone or in patients; policemen; fire engines; respecting the environment and The fisheries sector will similarly benefit conjunction with other systems. commercial workers.This service can maintaining acceptable income. from Galileo. Apart from the day-to-day be used generally to control and navigation and positioning of vessels, Location-based services depend on coordinate the activities of a group.The Navigation can contribute to yield Galileo can help to monitor fish service providers or network operators same technique can improve the safety monitoring and the spraying of resources.This can be enhanced with knowing the position of the mobile of children on their way to school. fertilisers, herbicides and insecticides to data from the sea and environs. caller in order to provide appropriate replenish low-yield areas and control of information. Data sent to a user’s The billing systems of mobile weeds and pests. Galileo receivers can Certified Galileo services will allow handset can be automatically communications networks could be be installed easily on harvesters, tractors authorities to confirm that fishing vessels customised to provide on-demand improved.Today, mobile network and self-propelled sprayers. operate only in designated areas.This services such as information about operators vary their call charges applies all the more at the international nearby restaurants, hotels and theatres, depending on the time of day. Soon, by Proper yield monitoring entails not only level, where there are strict rules and weather forecasts. pinpointing handsets, they could also effective resource management and governing the invasion of national water charge on the basis of location, consequently significant return, but also boundaries. This technique is particularly important allowing corporate tariffs in small areas. contributes to safeguarding the agri- in emergency situations for identifying Location-based billing could extend to environment, which, in turn, is often Similarly, Galileo will provide the means to callers with only vague ideas – or none services such as road tolling and regulated by a series of rules.There establish or improve land registries.This whatsoever – of their locations.The automated tourist guides. might be a legal requirement for will help to create legal security where locations can be automatically farmers to provide map evidence cadastral information today is often determined and reported to the Emergency and Crisis Management showing the exact areas where inaccurate or even unavailable. nearest emergency services.This Crisis and emergency management chemicals were sprayed. concept is part of the development, in require fast response times and the Personal Navigation Europe, of the E-112 emergency call most efficient use of resources. An Another application in the agriculture Galileo opens the door to several programme. effective response to forest fires, for

18 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 19

example, calls for early alert and reliable data for different purposes. For need: the high accuracy in positioning GPS services are already established for and accurate position information example, the continuous collection of for professional business.Today, some recreational flying and sailing, but about the location of the fire. Police data will allow new experiments in of these users are using Differential GPS Galileo will extend them to personal and emergency services need reliable various research areas. Galileo can (D-GPS) techniques that are navigation via handsets with map and accurate knowledge of the contribute to ocean and cryosphere constrained by the availability of displays and secondary location of deployed forces in order to mapping, including the determination stations in the area of interest.They are communication functions. Integration coordinate them efficiently.This issue is of the extent of polluted areas (and also very expensive for the final users. with mobile communications particularly critical when the tracking offending tankers to their technology will open up new scenarios ‘traditional’ infrastructures (electricity, origins), studies of tides, currents and Galileo will open new opportunities in and applications for personal mobility. water, roads, communications, etc) are sea levels, and tracking of . It this market by offering a global world- not available because of the will help to monitor the atmosphere, wide service, with sub-metre accuracy Attractive tourist packages can be emergency conditions.The speed of including the analysis of water vapour thanks to the additional dissemination based on Galileo coupled with implementing temporary backups then for weather-forecasting and climate of encrypted navigation-related data, interactive multimedia becomes critical. Galileo, with its studies, and ionospheric measurements ranging and timing – all with a service communications linked to local reliable signal, can play a fundamental for radio communications, space guarantee. Moreover, the service information providers. role in this situation. science and even earthquake guarantee will open new scenarios for prediction. In nature, the movements of business situations involving third The key advantage of Galileo is its focus Other crisis situations include floods, wild animals can be tracked to help parties with commercial and on interoperability, which will easily maritime emergencies, oil spills, preserve their habitats. contractual relations. For example, there allow its integration – at system and earthquakes and humanitarian aid might be contracts between public user levels – with existing and future operations. Surveying authorities and private companies to systems, such as GSM and UMTS. The surveying sector covers a very provide ‘certified’ surveys for public Environmental Management wide and heterogeneous set of users: applications. In the same way that no-one nowadays Galileo is expected to play an land and maritime survey for can ignore the time of day, everyone in important role for the scientific cartography, mapping, cadastral survey, Recreation the future will need to know their community.The availability of new hydrography, natural resources, The leisure market will see a precise location. frequencies and different signals will , marine seismic exploration, tremendous surge in developments increase the possibilities of analysing etc. All these users have a common that we cannot even imagine today.

19 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 20

Galileo

20 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 21

Satellite navigation positioning and Guaranteeing signal accuracy and Galileo as a Global and Open System Services: timing services are becoming an integrity provides a competitive edge It is clear that Galileo needs to serve all indispensable element in many for the swift introduction of Galileo’s parts of the world, not only to provide Bringing Space activities. Managing and controlling the services in the presence of the a seamless service to maritime and civil various modes of transport, and their existing GPS system. Galileo will give aviation users but also to allow to the User related safety-of-life aspects, service providers and users alike the European equipment-makers and communications networks and many necessary confidence in their operators to sell their products other utilities are expected to rely investments. globally.The synergies between heavily on satellite navigation. Mass- navigation and communications are market applications, including Guaranteed accuracy and integrity calls obvious and need to be fostered right combined mobile communications for a scheme defining the roles of the from the beginning.There are and navigation systems, are growing public and private partners. Globally immediate opportunities in rapidly, with their own needs. Galileo is recognised signal standards are conjunction with mobile terrestrial designed to satisfy the requirements of essential for the worldwide acceptance networks such as GSM and UMTS, with such a wide range of applications. of satellite navigation and will permit satellite communications networks speedier adoption of the system by all providing the extensions where The Galileo Services Approach user communities. Certification of needed. In contrast to GPS, Galileo will system elements or functions that are broadcast integrity information for mandatory for safety-critical To guarantee European independence, some critical applications, assuring the applications will assure other users that Galileo needs to be a standalone quality of positioning accuracy. Users the system is reliable. infrastructure, yet it must be will receive a timely warning whenever compatible and interoperable with the system fails to meet its stated This framework will be defined in systems such as GPS, not only to accuracy.The Galileo system consultation with international achieve the highest possible availability guarantees that this warning is sent organisations such as those dealing but also to ease the introduction of its out quickly enough even for the most with air and maritime navigation, and services. Moreover, Galileo is able to demanding of applications, such as with national authorities regulating accommodate the later integration of aircraft landing. specific applications. regional components.

21 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 22

User Needs and Services Mapping requiring only reduced accuracy. In This service will increase safety, The Commercial Service (CS) is aimed at The need for several service categories, general, Open Service applications will especially where there are no market applications requiring higher in terms of accuracy, service guarantees, use a combination of Galileo and GPS traditional ground infrastructure performance than offered by the Open integrity and other parameters, has signals, which will improve services.This worldwide seamless Service. It provides added value been identified. Most requirements will performance in severe environments service will increase the efficiency of services on payment of a fee. CS is be met solely with the satellite signal, such as urban areas. companies operating on a global basis based on adding two signals to the in many cases in combination with – airlines and transoceanic maritime open access signals.This pair of auxiliary sensors that can, for instance, The Open Service does not offer companies.The EGNOS regional signals is protected through be in the user’s vehicle. Improved integrity information, and the European enhancement of the GPS commercial encryption, which is service requirements can be satisfied determination of the quality of the system will be optimally integrated managed by the service providers and most effectively by local components, signals will be left entirely to the users. with the Galileo Safety-of-Life Service the future GOC. Access is controlled at offered as value-added services by There will be no service guarantee or to have independent and the receiver level, using access- private operators.The various service liability from the Galileo Operating complementary integrity protection keys. requirements and their associated Company on the Open Service. information (with no common mode of performance level and security aspects failure) on the GPS and Glonass The uses foreseen for the Commercial can be rationalised into five distinct The Safety-of-Life Service (SoL) will be used constellations. Service include data broadcasting and service groups, as described below. for most transport applications where resolving ambiguities in differential lives could be endangered if the The Safety-of-Life Service will be applications.These will be developed The Galileo Open Service (OS) is defined performance of the navigation system certified and its performances will be by service providers, who will buy the for mass-market applications. It is degraded without real-time notice. obtained by using certified dual- right to use the two commercial signals provides signals for timing and The Safety-of-Life Service will provide frequency receivers. Under such from the Galileo operator. positioning, free of direct user charge. the same accuracy in position and conditions, the future Galileo Operating The Open Service will be accessible to timing as the Open Service.The main Company will guarantee SoL.To benefit Developing commercial applications any user equipped with a receiver. difference is the worldwide high- from the required level of protection, either by using the commercial signals While up to three separate signal integrity level for safety-critical Safety-of-Life is implemented in the alone, or by combining them with frequencies are offered within the applications, such as maritime, aviation frequency bands reserved for the other Galileo signals or external Open Service, cheap single-frequency and rail, where guaranteed accuracy is Aeronautical Radio-Navigation Services communications systems, opens a wide receivers will be used for applications essential. (L1 and E5). range of possibilities.The worldwide

22 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 23

coverage brings a strong advantage for the robustness of its signal, which defined in cooperation with COSPAS- applications requiring global data protects it against jamming and SARSAT, and its characteristics and broadcast. spoofing. operations are regulated under the auspices of the International Maritime Typical value-added services include The Search and Rescue Service (SAR) is Organisation and the International Civil service guarantees; precise timing Europe’s contribution to the Aviation Organisation. services; the provision of ionosphere international cooperative effort on delay models; local differential humanitarian search and rescue. It will correction signals for extreme-precision allow important improvements in the position determination; and other existing system, including: near real- services based on the broadcast of time reception of distress messages system information data. from anywhere on Earth (the average waiting time is currently an hour); Galileo is a civil system that includes a precise location of alerts (a few metres, robust and access-controlled service instead of the currently specified 5 km); for government-authorised multiple satellite detection to applications.The Public Regulated Service overcome terrain blockage in severe (PRS) will be used by groups such as conditions; increased availability of the the police, coastguard and customs. space segment (30 Medium Earth Civil institutions will control access to satellites in addition to the four Low the encrypted Public Regulated Earth Orbit and the three geostationary Service. Access by region or user group satellites in the current COSPAS-SARSAT will follow the security policy rules system). Galileo will introduce new SAR applicable in Europe. functions such as the return link (from the SAR operator to the distress The PRS is operational at all times and beacon), thereby facilitating the rescue in all circumstances, including during operations and helping to reduce the periods of crisis. A major PRS driver is rate of false alerts.The service is being

23 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 24

Galileo

24 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 25

Space and multiple satellites on a single rocket, frequent update rate will achieve the Infrastructure: The core of the Galileo system is the with a dispenser able to deliver up to high level of positioning accuracy global constellation of 30 satellites in six simultaneously into demanded of the system.The Control From Space to medium Earth orbit, three planes medium Earth orbit. Smaller launchers Centres will also compute the integrity inclined at 56˚ to the equator at about will be used for the early in-orbit data, which are provided as part of the Ground 23 222 km altitude. Nine satellites will validation missions and for replenish- Safety-of-Life service.The integrity data be spread evenly around each plane, ments. will be uploaded to the satellites for with each taking about 14 hours to dissemination to the users even more orbit the Earth. Each plane has one A network of ground stations frequently than the orbit and clock additional dormant spare, able to consisting of sensor stations, control data. In the case of alarms (e.g. provide cover for any failed satellite in centres and uplink stations will support malfunctioning signals), the system will that plane. satellite operations. A worldwide be able to alert the users with a delay network of Galileo Sensor Stations will of only 6-10 seconds. The satellites will use largely proven continuously monitor the satellites. Its technologies.The body will rotate around precise measurements of the Data transfer to and from the satellites its Earth-pointing (yaw) axis for its navigation signals will be sent to the will be performed through a global wings to rotate and point towards the two Galileo Control Centres, in Europe, network of , (generating peak power of 1600 W). for further processing.There, Telecommunications and Tracking A basic box structure will group the sophisticated software will determine Stations (satellite control and payload and platform elements.The the satellite orbits and the time monitoring data) and Mission Uplink launch mass is about 700 kg each. synchronisation error of the satellites’ Stations (uplinking navigation data: atomic clocks with respect to the orbits, clock errors, integrity). After the initial constellation is Galileo system time maintained on the established, further launches will ground.The orbits and clock data will The integrity data computed at the replace failed satellites and replenish be uploaded to the satellites about Galileo Control Centres will be usable the system as the original satellites every 2 hours for dissemination to the by any users worldwide because they reach their ends of life.The baseline for users, who will use them in their are based on the measurements from creating the constellation is to carry position-calculation algorithms. Such a the global network of sensor stations.

25 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 26

However, it will also be possible for service), two are for commercial services time.The data messages will also regional service providers to deploy and two are for public regulated include the integrity data as their own networks of sensor stations services.They will be broadcast in the determined centrally from the to compute the integrity of the Galileo following frequency bands: measurements by the network of signals over their region.Those regional – E5A-E5B (1164-1215 MHz) and E6 global sensor stations monitoring the integrity data can be made available to (1260-1300 MHz), allocated to RNSS Galileo constellation and, when the users via authorised integrity uplink at WRC-2000 in Istanbul; available, regional integrity data. channels provided in the Galileo – E2-L1-E1 (1559-1591 MHz) were satellites. Alternatively, those data can allocated to RNSS before WRC-2000 An important aspect of the Galileo also be sent to the Galileo Control and arealready used by GPS. Sharing concept is the provision of revenue- Centres for integration with the this band with GPS will be on a non- generating services, of which data integrity data computed centrally. interference basis, in order to avoid broadcast will be an important affecting current GPS services while element. A range of data message Local components will enhance the offering users simultaneous access rates, up to 1000 symbols per sec, is above with local data distribution via to GPS and Galileo at minimal being considered, maximising the terrestrial radio links or existing increases in terminal cost and potential for value-added services such communication networks, in order to complexity. as weather alerts, accident warnings, provide extra accuracy, integrity or traffic information and map updates. extended coverage around airports, Galileo navigation signals will comprise harbours, railways and in urban areas. ranging codes and data messages.The Local components will also be data messages will include satellite deployed to extend navigation services clock, , space vehicle identity to indoor users. and status flag and constellation almanac information. Moreover, they Frequencies and Signal Design will also include a Signal-In-Space Galileo will transmit 10 signals: six serve Accuracy parameter providing the open and safety-of-life services (although users with a prediction of the satellite part may also be used for the commercial clock and ephemeris accuracy over

26 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 27

EGNOS: Paving the Way for Galileo EGNOS, the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service, is Europe’s first venture into satellite navigation. A joint project of ESA, the EC and (European Organisation for the Safety of ), EGNOS is the first step in the European satellite navigation strategy, paving the way for Galileo and offering early Galileo services. EGNOS is Europe’s Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) and is being deployed to provide regional satellite-based augmentation services to aviation, maritime and land users in Europe. It augments the GPS and GLONASS systems, making them suitable for safety- critical applications such as flying aircraft or navigating ships through narrow channels. EGNOS is designed to meet the extremely challenging performance requirements for landing aircraft, so it naturally meets most other user requirements: – availability is improved by broadcasting GPS look-alike signals from up to three geostationary satellites; – accuracy is improved to 1-2 m horizontally (previously about 20 m) and 3-5 m vertically; – integrity and safety are improved by alerting users within 6 s if a GPS malfunction occurs. GPS has revolutionised navigation and positioning over the last two decades, but there are shortfalls: some users need firm commitments on civil control, others need much better accuracy than GPS alone can provide, and many need improved system ‘health warnings’ to support safety-critical applications. Satellite-based augmentation systems such as EGNOS do all this and more, preparing the way for Galileo services, and improving positioning solutions and increasing safety. Everything done before with GPS is now improved and much more easily achievable.Today, when a GPS satellite malfunctions, it can take up to 3 hours for the satellite to be declared ‘unhealthy’ and, during that time, positional accuracy can be much worse than 100 m. Each SBAS provides an alert message within 6 s when GPS malfunctions, helping to maintain performance. EGNOS services are being provided in and the Mediterranean from 2005 for non-safety-critical applications. EGNOS may be extended to cover other areas, including Africa, South America and Asia. EGNOS is one of several similar EGNOS Architecture systems in operation or under construction worldwide, as in the US (WAAS), Japan (MSAS) and India (GAGAN). As it is built upon common international standards, EGNOS will provide interoperability with these other systems so that a user with a GNSS receiver can use the EGNOS,WAAS, MSAS and GAGAN augmentation signal in the appropriate regions. The financing,construction,deployment and validation of the EGNOS system is supported by public entities and the European Air Traffic Service Providers. Operation and services exploitation will be licensed to the EGNOS Economic Operator (EEO) and managed within the Galileo Concession. EGNOS is the first stimulus for European-led navigation services and, paving the way for Galileo services.For civil aviation use,EGNOS complies with ICAO global standards.It also covers multi-modal transport and many other non-transport applications. It will be integrated into Galileo as part of the concession. The EGNOS infrastructure will be available in 2005 with provision of services for non-Safety-of-Life applications. Civil aviation will be able to make operational use of EGNOS in 2006 when the Safety-of-Life Service is certified.

27 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 28

Galileo

28 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 29

The Galileo system depends on a Standard (3.3 kg) is derived from a Two developments helped to Excelling in number of novel technologies, ranging commercial design used in demonstrate the feasibility of the from signal-generation and time- communication networks.This clock Galileo signal design: Navigation Technology keeping in the space segment to oscillates at optical frequencies (laser- Signal Generation, and Frequency accurate control and secure operations pumped) with a microwave beat Generation and Up-Conversion. Development in the ground segment. ESA began frequency of about 6.2 GHz. Upload of developing the most critical clock corrections for this clock are The Transmit Section amplifies the technologies at the inception of the foreseen every 2 hours The four navigation signal carriers up to Galileo programme, covering almost all development of the more challenging about 50 W each.These signals are areas of Galileo, including simulation but more precise Passive Hydrogen then combined in an output tools. Maser started in 2001. It is larger than multiplexer and delivered to the the Rubidium clock but still compact transmit antenna.Two power Payload enough (18 kg) for accommodation amplifiers have been developed for The satellite payload consists of the without difficulty in the satellites.The the low and high bands of the Galileo Timing, Signal Generation and Transmit clock oscillates directly at 1.4 GHz.The frequency spectrum. Sections.There will also be dedicated stability of this clock is such that ground antennas for the search and rescue intervention will be necessary only once The Navigation Antenna was the (COSPAS SARSAT) service, plus the every orbit. subject of two parallel activities.The frequency conversion and transmission challenge with these antennas is to and reception stages. The Signal Generation Section delivers illuminate the Earth’s surface with a the navigation signals.These consist of a quasi-isoflux power level, independent The Timing Section is the very heart of set of ranging codes that are first of whether a receiver is directly below the payload, with the combined with the relevant navigation the satellite (shortest signal providing the very accurate time messages and then up-converted before propagation path) or seeing the reference.The ranging error from this delivery to the output transmit section. satellite at very low elevation angle clock is of the order of 30 cm.Two The navigation messages contain (longest signal propagation path).This different clocks have been developed. information about the satellite orbit is required to minimise signal The small Rubidium Atomic Frequency (ephemeris) and the clock references. interference between satellites.

29 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 30

As for the Search and Rescue payload, operating frequencies within a limited a flexible design with optimised mass special attention has been paid to the range to accommodate the multiple and power consumption, and high antenna unit, which combines launches, reduction in interference reliability. transmission and reception at two levels, security aspects and the different frequency bands, one of them evolution of frequency allocation Simulation Tools very close to the navigation band. throughout the mission life. In The Galileo System Simulation Facility addition, the system requires the (GSSF) is an end-to-end simulation tool Platform increased signal robustness provided of the Galileo system. It provides high- The spacecraft platform will largely use by spread-spectrum techniques and level models of the Galileo space, user existing technologies. However, the the increased security of the TT&C link and ground segments, and of the Average vertical accuracy (m) for Open Service. telecommunication and telemetry by data encryption and environmental effects on the functions will be supported by two authentication. navigation performance.The models different modes: the standard mode can be run in real-time and allow the that is used for Tracking,Telemetry & The S-band transponder will receive analysis of specific figures of merit, Command (TT&C) operations of most telecommands, ranging and other including integrity analyses and ESA missions, and a new mode based signals, and transmit telemetry and navigation accuracy for Galileo, GPS on spread-spectrum signals.The new the transposed ranging.The and hybrid (Galileo/GPS) receivers.The mode is envisaged mainly for nominal transponder can be driven by internal flexibility of the GSSF architecture 6.0 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.0 operations of the constellation and is and external clock references. allows user-defined models and intended to provide increased system Additionally, the ranging capability algorithms to be plugged into the robustness and security. can support time-transfer and clock overall GSSF models. Future Galileo synchronisation functions using a users can also use GSSF to design their There are stringent safety and highly stable ground clock reference. navigation systems efficiently in a operational requirements for the TT&C realistic environment. transponders, together with a variety of Predevelopment of the TT&C flexibility requirements. It will be transponder began in 2000 with the The Galileo Signal Validation Facility possible to change the goal of producing an engineering (GSVF) allows the generation of the telecommand/telemetry (TC/TM) model.The activity is concentrating on Galileo signal as received at the output

30 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 31

of a user antenna.This signal includes The first stage of the Galileo System The second stage (GSTB-V2) consists of up to 16 satellite sources, and takes Test Bed (GSTB-V1) is an experimental the development and launch of an account of the propagation effects Galileo ground segment to verify experimental satellite ahead of the between the satellites and the user. As Galileo concepts for Orbit launch of the first block of Galileo opposed to the GSSF,where the user Determination & Time Synchronisation satellites.This satellite, to be launched receiver is modelled by software, the and integrity algorithms. In the absence at the end of 2005 into a Galileo orbit GSVF allows it to be plugged directly to of real Galileo satellites, GSTB-V1 uses of 23 222 km altitude, will fulfil the the simulation by replacing the GPS satellites. A worldwide network of requirements of the International receiver antenna with the GSVF output. GPS reference stations represents the Telecommunications Union (ITU) in The receiver ‘believes’ that is receiving worldwide network of Galileo sensor respect of the use of frequencies the real satellite signals and behaves as stations.The GPS measurements reserved for Galileo. In addition, the it would if mounted on a car, ship or collected by the network have verified Galileo orbit will be characterised and aircraft, for example, depending on the that the stringent performance critical satellite technologies such as kind of user profile being simulated. requirements for Galileo are feasible. the clocks will be validated, providing GSVF includes very sophisticated Orbit determination and time important feedback to the models that allow high-fidelity realistic synchronisation ranging errors below development of the operational simulations. GSVF will be used as a the 50 cm-level have been achieved on satellites. Owing to the criticality of this reference tool for testing Galileo a routine basis.The establishment of a mission, two experimental satellites are receivers. Galileo Master Time has also been being developed in parallel, with the demonstrated. GSTB-V1 has been in intention of launching whichever is Galileo System Test Bed operation since early 2004. It was ready first. In parallel with developing the satellite established in collaboration with the technologies, an overall testbed has scientific community, such as the been developed to address critical International GPS Service and the UTC ground-segment technologies, and an Time Community.The availability of experimental satellite is being built for data online encourages scientists to launch in advance of the in-orbit examine the results and provide feed- validation satellites. back to the development of Galileo.

31 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 32

Galileo

32 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 33

The infrastructure is being from the private sector through the During the operations phase, private Implementation implemented in three phases: concession scheme. sector revenues will range from value- added services sold to operators and and Development and In-Orbit Validation The development and validation of the collected by the concession holder, to (starting 2002) space and ground segments are being the exploitation of intellectual Management – consolidation of mission carried out by ESA. property rights. By 2015, the revenues requirements; to the concessionaire should allow the – launch end-2005 of the first Early in the development phase, an public availability payments to be experimental satellite; experimental satellite will also be reduced to zero. Profit-sharing – development of 4 satellites and launched, to secure the Galileo mechanisms will be agreed with the ground-based components; frequency filings, to characterise the concessionaire. – validation of the system in orbit. orbits to be used by the validation satellites, and to test critical Deployment technologies such as the atomic clocks. – construction and launch of the The in-orbit validation will take place remaining 26 satellites; before 2007. – installation of the complete ground segment. The Development and In-Orbit Validation phase will be followed by Initial Service Provision (from 2008) the Full Deployment and Operations phase, which covers the manufacture The Development and In-Orbit and launch of the remaining satellites, Validation Phase is mainly co-funded completion of the ground segment by ESA and the EC.The GJU oversees its and routine operations and implementation and prepares for the maintenance of the system for a Deployment Phase. In that phase, a minimum of 20 years. predominant contribution will come

33 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 34

Key Points

The Users at the Centre of the Systen – a network of value-added service customisation and add-on across different regions and states.The Galileo definition has been driven by providers with commercial improvements of services according to Galileo applications will provide cost- user needs.They are reflected in the exploitation agreements with the regional and local needs. effective solutions while satisfying the mission requirements and Concessionaire for a complete target security and safety requirements. implemented with different satellite downstream value chain. GPS,EGNOS and Galileo Together services customised per group of Galileo, GPS and EGNOS are compatible More Business Opportunities users. The System is Continuously Monitored and will not interfere with each other. The Galileo downstream value chain Galileo performance is continuously More importantly from the user point does not stop at the Concessionaire Not Only a Signal from Space monitored and the results made of view is the GPS, EGNOS and Galileo level.There will be many intermediate The Galileo users will not be alone available to users and customers of interoperability.The performance of added-value levels between it and the with their receivers.The users will Galileo-based applications. receivers will be improved thanks to final customer and/or end-user.These benefit from the Galileo framework the use of both constellations.The levels offer important business specifically put in place to support Value for Money combined Galileo-GPS-EGNOS receiver opportunities for non-space industries them: Galileo services will be free to end will be the common solution for the and service providers. users or charged depending on the majority of applications, especially in – the Galileo Supervisory Authority to specific services.The users will be free the mass market. High Demanding Requirements monitor the quality of the provided to decide according to value-for- The Galileo core system is designed to services according to the mission money criteria. Cost-Effective Safety and Security satisfy highly demanding requirements requirements and public interests; Galileo in safety and security-related and standards from the aviation, – the Galileo Concessionaire Global and Local applications will allow the investments maritime and rail sectors, where the interfacing with the different users Galileo provides Global services with on terrestrial infrastructures to be safety-of-life applications are targeted. and value-added service providers homogeneous performances reduced.These infrastructures are Certification against these demanding via specific service centres and worldwide. At the same time, the usually expensive to deploy and requirements will be an additional ad hoc service-level agreements; Galileo Local Component allows maintain, and not always interoperable guarantee for other users.

34 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 35

The Galileo Joint Undertaking

The Galileo Joint Undertaking (GJU) 6FP Galileo related activities: GJU also Further Information

was set up by the EC and ESA to provides technical management for Galileo Joint Undertaking manage the development phase of Galileo-related projects launched Rue du 3 B-1000 Brussels the Galileo programme.The main under the EU’s 6th Framework tasks of the GJU are: Programme for Research and Tel: +32 2 507 80 00 Fax: +32 2 507 80 01 Development (FP6).These projects, Email: [email protected] the Galileo Concession: the GJU is with a combined estimated budget http://www.galileoju.com overseeing the establishment of a of EUR 100 million, will deliver many European Space Agency public private partnership of the key technologies required for Directorate of European Union and Industrial Programmes 8-10 rue Mario Nikis between the public and the the implementation and operation F-75738 CEDEX 15 private sector in order to manage of Galileo.They are another Tel: +33 1 53 69 77 26 the Galileo programme and to opportunity for the private sector to Fax: +33 1 53 69 72 86 Email: [email protected] mobilise the required funds. A participate in the development of http://www.esa.int/navigation/ competitive tendering process is Galileo; European Commission being used to select the private Directorate General for Energy and Transport consortium that will be awarded EGNOS Integration: the GJU is also Unit E.4 Satellite Navigation System (Galileo), Intelligent Transport DM28 1/64 the Galileo Concession; responsible for managing the B-1049 Brussels Belgium integration of EGNOS into Galileo. Tel: +32 2 29 56040 Galileo In-Orbit Validation: the GJU will Fax: +32 2 296 5372 Email: [email protected] launch via ESA a first series of http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/ satellites for the large-scale demonstration of the capabilities and reliability of the Galileo system;

35 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:14 PM Page 36

Acronyms

CS: Commercial Service EC: European Commission EGNOS: European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service ESA: European Space Agency ESTB: EGNOS System Test Bed Eurocontrol: European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation GJU: Galileo Joint Undertaking GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite System GOC: Galileo Operating Company GPS: Global Positioning System GSFF: Galileo System Simulation Facility GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications GSTB: Galileo System Test Bed GSVF: Galileo System Validation Facility ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organisation IGS: International GPS Service IMO: International Maritime Organisation ITU: International Telecommunications Union MSAS: MT Sat-based Augmentation System OS: Open Service PRS: Public Regulated Service RIMS: Ranging and Integrity Monitoring Station RNSS: RadioNavigation Satellite Service SAR: Search and Rescue SoL: Safety-of-Life TAI: Temps Atomique International TC: Telecommand TM: Telemetry TT&C: Tracking,Telemetry & Command UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UN: United Nations UTC: Universal Time Coordinated VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal WAAS: Wide Area Augmentation System WRC: World Radio Conference

36 GalCoverE3.qxd 1/11/05 12:55 PM Page 1

Galileo The European Programme for Global Navigation Services

European Commission