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The European Programme for Global Navigation Services GalCoverE3.qxd 1/11/05 12:55 PM Page 1 Galileo The European Programme for Global Navigation Services European Commission GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 1 Galileo The European Programme for Global Navigation Services 1 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 2 BR-186 (2nd edition; English) January 2005 ISBN 92-9092-738-0 ISSN 0250-1589 Coordinator: Muriel Simon, Galileo Joint Undertaking Editor: Andrew Wilson, ESA Publications Division Design & layout: Carel Haakman & Andrew Wilson, ESA Publications Division Published by: ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk,The Netherlands © 2005 European Space Agency Price: EUR 10 Printed in The Netherlands 2 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 3 Contents Galileo: a Technical, Economic and Political Challenge 5 Getting the Most from Satellite Navigation 7 Applications: Opening New Horizons 15 Services: Bringing Space to the User 21 Infrastructure: From Space to Ground 25 Excelling in Technology Development 29 Implementation and Management 33 3 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 4 Galileo Galileo, the first satellite positioning and navigation system specifically designed for civil purposes, will offer state-of-the-art services with outstanding performance in accuracy, continuity and availability. It will be more advanced, more efficient and more reliable than the current US GPS monopoly. ©ESA-J. Huart 4 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 5 Galileo will provide the first satellite Galileo: positioning and navigation system specifically for civil purposes. Its a Technical, profitable applications will spread into many areas of all our lives – starting Economic and with safe and efficient transport. Using only small receivers, we will all be able to determine our locations to within a few Political metres. Challenge Galileo is vital for the future of Europe’s high-technology industries. It will generate new, large markets and provide the critical advance in technology for Europe and its partners. It is crucial for Europe to have a choice independent of the current US Global Positioning System (GPS). In addition, the scale of future navigation needs and the requirement for global coverage cannot be satisfied by a single system alone. The Galileo programme has been launched.The cost of deploying the A recent agreement with the US will system is some EUR 3.4 billion.The ensure interoperability of Galileo with system will create more than 100 000 GPS. Galileo is thus becoming the new jobs and a market for equipment de facto world standard for open signals and services worth some EUR 200 billion in the GNSS mass market. per annum by 2013. 5 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 6 Galileo 6 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 7 Satellite Navigation and Timing international time standards.The time – a varying position accuracy Getting the Satellite navigation pinpoints a location measurement is improved by including (sometimes to only several dozen by measuring the distances to at least the signal from a fourth satellite, so metres), depending on place and Most from three known locations – the Galileo special care is being taken in selecting time; satellites.The distance to one satellite the numbers of satellites and their orbits. – the reliability leaves something to Satellite defines a sphere of possible solutions. be desired. Regions at high Combining three spheres defines a The Advent of Galileo latitudes, crossed by many aviation single, common area containing the Galileo comprises a constellation of 30 routes, do not have dependable Navigation unknown position.The accuracy of the satellites divided between three circular coverage. Signal penetration in distance measurements determines orbits at an altitude of around dense areas and town centres is how small the common area is and 23 000 km to cover the Earth’s entire unreliable. Furthermore, the thus the accuracy of the final location. surface.They are supported by a predominantly military character of In practice, a receiver captures time worldwide network of ground stations. GPS means there is always a risk of signals from the satellites and converts At present, there are two radio civil users being cut off in the event them into the respective distances. navigation satellite networks: the US of a crisis. GPS and the Russian Glonass systems, The position accuracy depends on the both designed during the Cold War for Whether intentional or otherwise, accuracy of the time measurement. military purposes, although the Russian signal interruptions of existing Only atomic clocks provide the system is not yet fully deployed. Galileo navigation systems can have required accuracy, of the order of circumvents the vulnerabilities of a disastrous consequences, especially as nanoseconds (10–9 s), and the necessary single infrastructure (GPS), and offers there is no warning and no immediate stability, of the order of 10 nanoseconds the possibility of making satellite information about errors to users. For per day for Rubidium Atomic frequency navigation services more robust, more example, a Canadian research body standard and 1 nanosecond per day for reliable and safer. highlighted the case of an aircraft hydrogen-maser atomic clocks. Such affected by an unannounced signal clocks are a major technology element GPS is used to a large extent for civil interruption of more than 80 minutes, aboard the Galileo satellites and purposes but it does have several major aggravated by an initial positioning contribute to the definition of shortcomings: error of 200 km when contact was 7 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 8 reestablished.The Icelandic aviation the criteria for accuracy, reliability and Galileo will provide the very high level authorities reported several security. of continuity required by today’s transatlantic flights in their control business, particularly for satisfying zone similarly disturbed. Civil aircraft Galileo offers superior and constant contractual responsibility. suffered 20-minute signal interruptions accuracy thanks in particular to the in three mid-US states, and airline structure of its satellite constellation Applications Markets captains have reported the same and ground control system. Satellite transmission is now a fact of phenomenon over the Mediterranean. Guaranteed accuracy to better than life in telephony, television, computer 1 metre is necessary for certain networks, aviation and shipping and In August 2001, the report of the Volpe applications such as entering a seaport many other areas.The range of National Transportation Centre or guiding a vehicle into a parking applications open to the Galileo system commissioned by the US Government space. is extremely varied and the number of clearly stressed a number of such potential spin-offs immense. shortcomings. Even the advent of the Galileo offers superior reliability improved GPS III, which the US is because it includes an integrity The benefits to future driving systems considering, would not resolve all of message that immediately informs are of vital importance. At present, road them.There is a total absence of service users of possible errors, and because it accidents (including 40 000 fatal ones) guarantee and accountability – as covers difficult areas such as northern generate social and economic costs these are incompatible with the Europe. corresponding to 1.5-2.5% of the gross system’s military objectives – with all national product (GNP) of the the implications that can be envisaged Recognising the importance of Galileo, European Union. Road congestion in the event of an aviation accident or an agreement has been reached entails additional estimated costs of an oil tanker wreck. between Europe and the United States around 2% of the European GNP. on the interoperability and A significant reduction in these figures The European Union (EU) therefore compatibility of the two systems, as a result of Galileo will therefore have decided, in close cooperation with the leading to Galileo to become the world enormous socio-economic benefits, European Space Agency (ESA), to standard for satellite navigation quite apart from the number of lives develop a system of its own that meets services. saved. 8 GalileoE3.qxd 1/11/05 1:13 PM Page 9 The number of inland transport also clearly be a valuable tool for the The applications prospects are applications is expanding. Motor emergency services (fire brigade, enormous. As with the microcomputer vehicle makers now offer their police, paramedics, sea and mountain 20 years ago or the Internet 10 years customers navigation units that rescue), who will respond more rapidly ago, it is highly likely that at the combine satellite location and road to those in danger. Galileo can guide moment we can only see the tip of data to avoid traffic jams and reduce the blind, monitor Alzheimer’s sufferers the iceberg. travel time, fuel consumption and with memory loss, and guide explorers, therefore pollution. Road and rail hikers and sailing enthusiasts. To meet all these demands, Galileo will transport operators will be able to offer several levels of service: monitor the movements of their lorries, Many other sectors will also benefit wagons and containers more from Galileo. It will be used as a – a basic level free of direct charge efficiently, and combat theft and fraud surveying tool for urban development for the final user, emphasising more effectively.Taxi companies now and large public works, for consumer applications and use these systems to offer a faster and geographical information systems, for general-interest services. GPS is also more reliable service to their managing agricultural land more free for these applications but customers. Road tolling based on efficiently, and helping to protect the Galileo offers better quality and Galileo will be a reality. environment. It will be a means reliability; towards developing third-generation – restricted-access service levels for The aviation market will also benefit mobile phones with Internet-linked commercial and professional largely from the safe services offered by applications.
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