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Decomposing Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Seven West African Cities
DOCUMENT DE TRAVAIL DT/2009-07 Decomposing Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Seven West African Cities Christophe NORDMAN Anne-Sophie ROBILLIARD François ROUBAUD DIAL • 4, rue d’Enghien • 75010 Paris • Téléphone (33) 01 53 24 14 50 • Fax (33) 01 53 24 14 51 E-mail : [email protected] • Site : www.dial.prd.fr DECOMPOSING GENDER AND ETHNIC EARNINGS GAPS IN SEVEN WEST AFRICAN CITIES Christophe Nordman Anne Sophie Robilliard François Roubaud IRD, DIAL, Paris IRD, DIAL, Dakar IRD, DIAL, Hanoï [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Document de travail DIAL Octobre 2009 Abstract In this paper, we analyse the size and determinants of gender and ethnic earnings gaps in seven West African capitals (Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Dakar, Lome, Niamey and Ouagadougou) based on a unique and perfectly comparable dataset coming from the 1-2-3 Surveys conducted in the seven cities from 2001 to 2002. Analysing gender and ethnic earnings gaps in an African context raises a number of important issues that our paper attempts to address, notably by taking into account labour allocation between public, private formal and informal sectors which can be expected to contribute to earnings gaps. Our results show that gender earnings gaps are large in all the cities of our sample and that gender differences in the distribution of characteristics usually explain less than half of the raw gender gap. By contrast, majority ethnic groups do not appear to have a systematic favourable position in the urban labour markets of our sample of countries and observed ethnic gaps are small relative to gender gaps. -
On Adaptation in Military Operations: Tinkering and Bottom–Up Perspectives
AARMS Vol. 13, No. 3 (2014) 389–396. On Adaptation in Military Operations: Tinkering and Bottom–Up Perspectives 1 JOBBÁGY Zoltán A biological perspective has much to offer for a better understanding of military operations. Biological evolution and military operations feature perpetual novelty and conditions far from equilibrium featuring dynamics that demand continuous adaptation. The author suggests that comprehending military operations in an evo- lutionary framework requires a shift from mechanics and engineering to biology and adaptation. Thus the emphasis moves from statics to dynamics, from time–free to time–prone reality, from determinism to probability and chance, and from uni- formity to variation and diversity, with all the consequences. Introduction A biological perspective on human behaviour has much to offer for a better understanding of the relationship between co-operation and conflict. Regardless whether one sees war and military operations through the eyes of Clausewitz, approach it as a complex adaptive sys- tem, or examine it along attributes that display similarities with biological evolution, there are timeless and innate characteristics. It is not difficult to conclude that both biological evolution and military operations are intrinsically complex, and primordial violence is at the heart of both. [1] Military operations indeed can be understood as a complex adaptive system in which the system properties emerge from the interactions of the many components at lower levels. The abundance of dispersed interactions in military operations indicates a mechanism that often lacks global control, but feeds from cross–cutting hierarchical setup. Similar to biolog- ical evolution, military operations also feature perpetual novelty and far from equilibrium dynamics that demand continual adaptation. -
Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
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Sub-Saharian Immigration in France : from Diversity to Integration
Sub-Saharian immigration in France : from diversity to integration. Caroline JUILLARD Université René Descartes-Paris V The great majority of Sub-Saharian African migration comes from West - Africa, more precisely from francophone countries as Senegal, Mali, and into a lesser extent Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania. There are also migrants from other francophone African countries such as : Zaïre (RDC), Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Niger. Migrants consist mostly of workers and students. I shall speak principally of West-African migration for which sociolinguistic sources are not many. My talk will have three main parts. I General characteristics of this migration. A/ Census data First of all, I will discuss census data. The major trend of immigration to France nowadays comes from Sub-Saharian Africa ; it has tripled between 1982 et 1990 and almost doubled according to the last census of 1999 (Cf. Annexes). According to 1999 census, this migrant population counts more or less 400.000 persons. Official data are multiple and differ from one source to the other. Variations are important. Children born in France from immigrant parents do not participate to the immigrant population and, so for, are not included in the migration population recorded by the national census. They are recorded by the national education services. Moreover, there might be more persons without residency permit within the Sub-Saharian migration than within other migrant communities. I 2 mention here well-known case of “les sans-papiers”, people without residency permit, who recently asked for their integration to France. Case of clandestines has to be mentioned too. Data of INSEE1 do not take into account these people. -
Maninka Reference Corpus: a Presentation
Actes de la conférence conjointe JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2016, volume 11 : TALAF Maninka Reference Corpus: A Presentation Valentin Vydrin1, 2, 3, Andrij Rovenchak4, Kirill Maslinsky5 (1) INALCO, Paris, France (2) LLACAN-CNRS (UMR-8135), Villejuif, France (3) St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (4) Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine (5) National research university Higher school of econimic, St. Petersburg, Russia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] RÉSUMÉ Présentation du Corpus Maninka de Référence Un corpus annoté du maninka de Guinée, Corpus Maninka de Référence (CMR), a été publié en avril 2016. Il comporte deux sous-corpus : l'un contient des textes créés originalement en orthographe latine (792 778 mots), l'autre est composé des textes en alphabet N'ko (3 105 879 mots). La recherche peut être effectuée dans les deux sous-corpus en utilisant soit l'orthographe latine, soit le N'ko. L'outillage utilisé pour le CMR est représenté d'abord par le paquet de logiciel Daba (développé initialement pour le Corpus Bambara de Référence). Le logiciel NoSketchEngine est utilisé comme le moteur de recherche; nous avons adapté ce logiciel au script N'ko, qui s'écrit de droite à gauche. Tous les textes en N'ko ont été obtenu sous format électronique qu'il a fallu normaliser (utilisation de polices pré-Unicode). L'annotation morphologique est basée sur le dictionnaire électronique Malidaba qui est actuellement à une stade itermédiaire d'élaboration; il faut encore beaucoup d'efforts pour l'amener à un état acceptable. ABSTRACT An annotated corpus of Guinean Maninka, Corpus Maninka de Référence (CMR), was published in April 2016. -
Lessons in Sango. Volume I, Basic Course in Sango. By- Samarin, William J
REPORT RESUMES 46 ED 018 784 . AL 001 161 LESSONS IN SANGO. VOLUME I, BASIC COURSE IN SANGO. BY- SAMARIN, WILLIAM J. GRACE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND COLLEGE REPORT NUMBER BR -6 -2286 PUB DATE 67 CONTRACT OEC36062286..1662 MS PRICE mr-s1.25 HC- $12.96 322P. DESCRIPTORS- * SANGO, *LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, LANGUAGE GUIDES, STANDARD SPOKEN USAGE,CONNECTED DISCOURSE, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, THE 25 LESSONS IN THIS TEXT ARE DESIGNED TO TEACH SPOKEN SANGO TO SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH. THE AUTHOR FEELS THAT WITH SUFFICIENT APPLICATION "A STUDENT OUGHT TO BE ABLE7.(;) SPEAK THE LANGUAGE IN ABOUT THREE MONTHS" AND HE HAS INCLUDEDHERE WHAT. HE CONSIDERS THE MOST IMPORTANT SANGO GRAMMATICAL MATERIAL AND NON - FRENCH VOCABULARY. GENERALLY THELESSONS CONSIST OF A CONVERSATION, GRADED GRAMMATICAL NOTES, GRAMMATICAL DRILLS, PHONOLOGICAL DRILLS, AND VOCABULARY. ALL THE CONVERSATIONS CONCERN REALISTIC SITUATIONS INCENTRAL AFRICA AND ARE BASED ON SPONTANEOUS RECORDINGS. THESELESSONS ALSO CONTAIN EXTENSIVE SECTIONS OF CONNECTED DISCOURSE TO ENABLE THE STUDENT TO UNDERSTAND AND PRODUCE STRETCHES OF SPEECHLONGER THAN THE SENTENCES FOUND IN THE DIALOGS.ALL SANGO MATERIAL IS WRITTEN IN AN ORTHOGRAPHY ARRIVED AT THROUGH COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS SPELLING SYSTEMS NOW IN USE IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. FOR INFORMATIONCONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY OF THIS AND OTHER SANGO MATERIALS, THE AUTHOR'S ADDRESS IS- -GRACE COLLEGE, P.O. BOX 397, WINONA LAKE, INDIANA 46590. (JD) ,- ?.4. ?ER Ve.' LESSONS IN SANGO U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION -& WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION ;POSITION OR POLICY. -
Travelling Hierarchies: Roads in and out of Slave Status in a Central Malian Fulbe Network Pelckmans, L
Travelling hierarchies: roads in and out of slave status in a Central Malian Fulbe network Pelckmans, L. Citation Pelckmans, L. (2011). Travelling hierarchies: roads in and out of slave status in a Central Malian Fulbe network. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17911 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17911 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Travelling hierarchies African Studies Centre African Studies Collection, Vol. 34 Travelling hierarchies Roads in and out of slave status in a Central Malian Fulɓe network Lotte Pelckmans African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] http://www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photo: Humoristic painting about the difficulties on the road, handpainted by Bamako- based artist L. Kante Photographs: Lotte Pelckmans Maps drawn by Nel de Vink Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISSN: 1876-018X ISBN: 978-90-5448-105-8 © Lotte Pelckmans, 2011 Contents List of maps, photos, images, tables and figures viii Acknowledgments: Some words of thanks and belonging x Notes on transliteration and orthography xv INTRODUCTION 1 Setting the scene 1 Questions and eyebrows raised 3 Emic notions guiding the research problematic 7 The Road: Trajectories in and out of the cultural field of hierarchy 14 Methodological considerations 16 The Rope, the Head and the Road in anthropological debates 18 Zooming in: An overview of the chapters 30 1. PRESENT(-ED) PASTS 33 A disturbing past 33 The formation of hierarchies in the Haayre region 35 Contested histories 49 Conclusions: Presenting the past over time 63 2. -
Number 36, 2011 Boin, M.; Polman, K.; Sommeling, C.M.; Doorn, M.C.A
African Studies Abstracts Online: number 36, 2011 Boin, M.; Polman, K.; Sommeling, C.M.; Doorn, M.C.A. van Citation Boin, M., Polman, K., Sommeling, C. M., & Doorn, M. C. A. van. (2011). African Studies Abstracts Online: number 36, 2011. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17918 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17918 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Number 36, 2011 AFRICAN STUDIES ABSTRACTS ONLINE Number 36, 2011 Contents Editorial policy .............................................................................................................iii Geographical index .....................................................................................................1 Subject index...............................................................................................................3 Author index ................................................................................................................6 Periodicals abstracted in this issue ...........................................................................13 Abstracts ...................................................................................................................16 Abstracts produced by Michèle Boin, Katrien Polman, Tineke Sommeling, Marlene C.A. Van Doorn i ii EDITORIAL POLICY EDITORIAL POLICY African Studies Abstracts Online provides an overview of articles -
International Criminal Court
ICC-01/05-01/08-T-89-Red2-ENG WT 25-03-2011 1/52 NB T ICC-01/05-01/08-T-89-Red-ENG WT 25-03-2011 1/52 NB T Pursuant to Trial Chamber III ‘s Second Order, ICC-01/05-01/08-2223, dated 4 June 2012, and the instructions in the email dated 6 February 2014, the version of the transcript with its redactions becomes Public Trial Hearing (Open Session) ICC-01/05-01/08 Witness: CAR-OTP-PPPP-0222 1 International Criminal Court 2 Trial Chamber III - Courtroom 1 3 Situation: Central African Republic 4 In the case of The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo - ICC-01/05-01/08 5 Presiding Judge Sylvia Steiner, Judge Joyce Aluoch and Judge Kuniko Ozaki 6 Trial Hearing 7 Friday, 25 March 2011 8 (The hearing starts open session at 2.37 p.m.) 9 THE COURT USHER: All rise. The International Criminal Court is now in session. 10 Please be seated. 11 PRESIDING JUDGE STEINER: Good afternoon. Could, please, our court officer 12 call the case. 13 THE COURT OFFICER: Thank you. The case of The Prosecutor versus Mr Bemba. 14 PRESIDING JUDGE STEINER: Court officer, just for the sake of the record, the 15 number of the case, please. 16 THE COURT OFFICER: The number of the case is ICC-01/05-01/08. 17 PRESIDING JUDGE STEINER: Thank you very much. Good afternoon. 18 Welcome the Prosecution team, the legal representatives of victims. Welcome to the 19 Defence team, Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo. -
Decomposing Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Seven West African Cities
Decomposing Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Seven West African Cities Christophe J. Nordman Anne-Sophie Robilliard François Roubaud DIAL, IRD, Paris DIAL, IRD, Dakar DIAL, IRD, Hanoi IZA/World Bank Conference “Employment & Development” 4-5 May 2009, Bonn 1 1. Motivation • Manifest shortcomings of studies on African countries, particularly due to the shortage of available data (Bennell, 1996). • Gender and ethnic inequality likely to be greater when markets do not function efficiently and the states lack resources for introducing corrective policies. • Understanding the roots of inequalities between the sexes and ethnic groups and reducing the gender and ethnic gap => poverty reduction policies in these countries (+MDG3 on gender). • In the case of Africa, not much known about inequalities in labour market outcomes: Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer (2005) : only 3 percent of the studies on gender wage gap stem from African data out of all the empirical literature since the 1960s. 2 • Gender gaps : existing literature indicates that there is a wide consensus on the presence of important inequalities between men and women, both for salaried and self-employed workers. • Lots of attention on the question of the impact of ethnolinguistic fractionalization on development Easterly and Levine (1997) conclude that “Africa’s growth tragedy” is in part related to its high level of ethnic diversity, resulting in poor institutional functioning. • Ethnic wage gap : much scarcer literature In Ghana, Barr and Oduro (2000) find that a significant proportion of earnings differentials between ethnic groups can be explained by standard observed workers’ characteristics. 3 2. Data, Concepts and Methodology Data • Original series of urban household surveys in West Africa, the 1-2-3 Surveys conducted in seven major WAEMU cities (Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Dakar, Lome, Niamey and Ouagadougou) from 2001 to 2002. -
Grammar of Sango.Pdf
A GRAMMAR OF SANGO William J. Samarin, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Linguistics 1963 Hartford Seminary Foundation Hartford, Connecticut The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The Sango language, page i Purpose of the grammar, iii Procedure in analysis, iv French words in Sango, vii Acknowledgements, viii Outline, ix Bibliography, x Statistical description of the corpus, xi Map, xiv PART ONE: PHONOLOGY Chapter Phonemes, page 1 o. Consonants, 1 1.20. Vowels, 5 1.21. Oral vowels 1.22. De-syllabification 1.2 3. Nasalized vowels 1.2 4. Long vowels 1.30. Tones, 10 1.31. Contrasts 1.32. Variations 1.33. Mid-tone 1.34. Frames 1.35. Polysyllabic words Chapter 2; Variations, page 17 2 .1o. External changes, 17 2.20. Internal changes, 19 2.21. C ons onants 2.22. Vowels Chapter 3: Intonation, page 23 3.10. Pauses, 24 3.11. Terminal 3.12. Non-t erminal 3.20. Tone, 26 3.30. Stress, 28 3.4o. French influenced, 2 9 PART TWO: WORD CLASSES Chapter Adjunctives, page 30 4.10. Ante-noun adjunctives, 33 4.20. Post-noun adjunctives, 38 4.21. ni 4.21.10. Restrictive 4.21.20. Pronominal 4.22. Numerals 4.23. sô 4.23.10. Relative constructions 4.23.20. Pronominal 4.23.30. Filler 4.2 3.4o. Mark subordinate clause 4.2 3.50. Clause final 4.24. wa 4.25. y§ 4.26. Others 4.30. Verbal adjunctives, 59 4.4o. -
A Prosodic Perspective on the Assignment of Tonal Melodies to Arabic Loanwords in Bambara*
Mandenkan, No. 56, pp. 29-76 A prosodic perspective on the assignment of tonal melodies to Arabic loanwords in Bambara* Christopher R. Green Syracuse University [email protected] Jennifer Hill Boutz University of Maryland-CASL [email protected] 1. Introduction Islam has a long history in Mali, and thereby, it has had a lasting influence on Bambara (Bamana, Bamanankan; iso:bam). According to a 2005 United States Library of Congress report, upwards of ninety percent of Malians are Muslim, and similarly, nearly eighty percent of Malians speak some variety of Bambara as a first or second language (Lewis et al. 2014). Many Arabic words have been borrowed into Bambara as a result of this longstanding influence of Islam in Mali, with some earlier sources estimating that at least twenty percent of the Bambara lexicon may be borrowed from Arabic (e.g., Delafosse 1929/1955). Some sources appear to indicate a lower percentage (e.g., Bailleul 2007; Dumestre 2011), while analyses by Tamari (2006, and references therein) imply that twenty percent may be an underestimate. Regardless of the exact percentage of Arabic borrowings in Bambara, it is clear that they have become “very well integrated” (Dumestre 1983) into the language’s lexicon. The contact situation between the two languages is such that Arabic entered the Bambara lexicon primarily via “learned orality” through marabouts (West African Islamic religious leaders) and Qur’anic instruction and secondarily via written transmission (Zappa 2009, 2011). Zappa’s works details the ways in which Arabic * We would like to thank Stuart Davis, Valentin Vydrine, and audience members at the CUNY Conference on Weight in Phonology and Phonetics for comments on portions of this work.