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Civilization, Industrial Society, and Love

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Civilization, Industrial Society, and Love CIVILIZATION, INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, AND LOVE JOHN NEF HIS IS ONE OF A SERIES of Occasional Papers about significant -T issues involved in the maintenance of a free society. These Occasional Papers and related materials are published by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions at Santa Barbara, California. The Center is now the main activity of the Fund for the Republic, Inc. The studies of the Center are devoted to clarifying basic ques- _ tions of freedom and justice, especially those constitutional questions raised by the emergence of twentieth century institutions. Among the areas being studied are the political process, law, communications, the American character, war as an institution, the economic order. John Nef is chairman of the Committee on Social Thought of the University of Chicago. He is the author of several distinguished books, including "Cultural Foundations of Industrial Civilization." The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions is a non­ profit educational enterprise established by the Fund for the Republic to promote the principles of individual liberty expressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Contributors to publications issued under the auspices of the Center are responsible for their statements of fact and expressions of opinions. The Center is responsible only for determining that the material should be presented as a contribution to the qiscussion of the Free Society. ' Copyright© 1961 by the Fund for the Republic, Inc. There are no restrictions on the use of this material. Single copy free; prices for additional copies available on request. CIVILIZATION, INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, AND LOVE HEN we use the word "civilization," it is ordi­ tively tender human relations, and of restraints on total W narily understood to mean something very dif­ war which the Europeans supposed had raised them and ferent from what its originators intended. When did their kinsmen overseas, both as individuals and as mem­ people begin to write of "civilization," and what did the bers of societies and countries, to a higher level of tempo­ term signify to them? ral purpose and of conduct than had been reached before It is now supposed that the word first appeared in on this planet. For them there were not, as with Gobi­ print in a work of the Marquis de Mirabeau published neau, Spengler, Toynbee: civilizations. There was civili­ in 1757, L'Ami des Hommes ou traite de Ia population. 1 zation. It was something in the making, and the Euro­ It is also found in the title of another of his works, which peans were making it. They felt that they were united, never got into print, but where I find it particularly ap­ as Burke expressed it, in a single "great republic," above propriate, L'Amy des Femmes ou Traite de Ia Civilisa­ the rest of mankind in elevation and achievement. tion.2 What gave them this confidence? The text, which I read some years ago in manuscript, As men of learning, they derived it partly from the bears out the impression conveyed by this title - that progress of technology and the advance of science that Mirabeau associated civilization especially with women ~ had already taken place in Europe before the period at And although the Marquis was, by reputation, a bad hus­ which we were taught to suppose the industrial revolu­ band, although the spinster archivist who helped me find tion began-which is to say the period that started in this volume told me he treated women terribly, the text the mid-eighteenth century, in 1760 when George III shows that he was impressed by their civilizing role in became king of England. Long before that, seeds of in­ European society. It is worth inquiring, therefore, dustrialism were being sown in human beings, who are, whether it may not be women, and a new concept of after all, the makers of history. (For if they don't make their role in history, that have civilized us. history, who does?) These seeds were varied and of Whether or not Mirabeau invented the word, "civili­ numerous strains. Among them some have been revealed zation" was clearly intended in his time, and for some­ by economic historians. These specialists were obsessed thing like two generations afterwards, to describe a for a long time, partly under the influence of Marx, with condition of humane laws, customs, and manners, of rela- the notion that the amassing of large capitals, and all 1. Lucien Febvre, Civilisation, le mot et /'idee (Publications du stimuli which led persons to employ them productively, Centre International de Synthese), Paris, 1930, pp. 8ff; E. were the fundamental sources of the astounding growth Benveniste, "Civilisation: Contribution a l'histoire du mot," of output and of the multiplication of our species that in Eventail de l'histoire vivante (hommage a Lucien Febvre), Paris, 1953, p. 48. have taken place during the last 17 5 years. This study 2. Archives Nationales (Paris), M. 780, No. 3. of economic history has been followed by the study of 3 the history of science and the history of technology, and used in brewing. The need here was urgent because beer in each study important sources of industrialism have was then the great national drink, to the point of being been discovered. almost a food, and coal-dried malt was so nauseous that I propose to begin by discussing certain aspects of the beer brewed from it was undrinkable. At the beginning technological origins of the industrial revolution, and of the eighteenth century, in 1709, Abraham Derby tried then to consider the limitations of technology (and also coke successfully at his blast furnace in Shropshire. This of science and economic history) as means of accounting was another important step on the road to cheaper iron. for the extraordinary world in which we live. But the problem of converting pig iron to bar iron en­ tirely with coal fuel remained to be solved. Meanwhile, The Coming of Modern Technology with the substitution of coal for wood fuel in a number of other industries, the timber shortage in England had At the juncture of the sixteenth and seventeenth cen­ been considerably eased. As much charcoal was still turies new demands in Great Britain for fuel, for wood required as fuel in ironmaking, the ironmasters found it as building material, and for iron ore raised at least three easy to follow the line of least resistance and set up their technological difficulties which had never before any­ blast furnaces near to the forests, which they needed in where in Europe been anything like as pressing: any case to provide fuel for the fineries and chafferies. First, how could iron ore be converted into cast and Similar partial and piecemeal results were obtained in bar iron with coal fuel, which abounded in Great Britain, Great Britain during the same period, lasting from the in place of wood or charcoal, which were growing scarce? late sixteenth to the late eighteenth century, about 1580 Secondly, how could the power contained in a jet of to about 1780, in the use of steam power and in trans­ steam be used to drive machinery for draining coal mines, port over railed ways. the intensive development of which was leading the A few persons had perhaps known in classical times miners to depths below the earth's surface where floods of the possibility of generating power with steam. But it were a continually increasing handicap to their opera­ was in Great Britain, at about the beginning of the seven­ tions and even a menace to their lives? teenth century, that the need for such power first seems Thirdly, how could a raw material like coal, so heavy to have become acute enough to have busied a good many and bulky in proportion to its value (and which ulti­ with solving the problem. Many models of steam engines mately went up in smoke), be carried cheaply over land were constructed by a number of "inventors" during the and sea, now that it was needed at ever-increasing dis­ next hundred years, among them one by a Frenchman, tances from the mines? Dennis Papin. Early in the eighteenth century the dif­ During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I, many ficulties of draining great quantities of water from the mechanics, like David Ramsey clockmaker, and many mines were partly met. Then Newcomen constructed a amateur inventors, like Dud Dudley (who came of an steam engine that actually worked. One of his engines aristocratic Staffordshire family) and the Marquis of was draining a coal mine in Staffordshire at least as early Worcester, set to work to solve one or another of these as 1711. So steam engines entered into history well before problems. In each case the roads to satisfactory solutions the industrial revolution. They were very crude; they turned out to be long and difficult. lacked rotary motion and consumed lots of coal, but they Success in the production of cheap iron resulted from were operated with some success at an increasing number a persistent series of attempts to introduce coal or coke of collieries in England and Scotland. By the mid­ in the English blast furnaces and in fineries and chaf­ eighteenth century many such engines were pumping up feries at which pig iron was converted to bar iron. Dud water in Great Britain and their use had spread to the Dudley claimed in 1665 that the problem had been Continent. There were hundreds in Europe before the solved, and some recent researchers have been at pains Marquis of Mirabeau introduced the word civilization. to show what a liar he was-for research more often takes A nice cozy economy of steam-pumping engines and of the form of finding what isn't so than what is.
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