Matte Painting Übersicht Über Die Entwicklung Und Den Aktuellen Stand Der Technik Mit Praktischem Beispiel

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Matte Painting Übersicht Über Die Entwicklung Und Den Aktuellen Stand Der Technik Mit Praktischem Beispiel Bachelorarbeit im Studiengang Audiovisuelle Medien Matte Painting Übersicht über die Entwicklung und den aktuellen Stand der Technik mit praktischem Beispiel vorgelegt von Fiona Edler Matr.-Nr.: 26457 an der Hochschule der Medien am 25.07.2016 Erstprüfer: Prof. Katja Schmid Zweitprüfer: Peter Ruhrmann Eidesstattliche Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich, Fiona Edler, an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Bache- lorarbeit mit dem Titel: „Matte Painting - Übersicht über die Entwicklung und den aktuellen Stand der Technik mit praktischem Beispiel“ selbständig und ohne frem- de Hilfe verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Die Stellen der Arbeit, die dem Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach anderen Werken ent- nommen wurden, sind in jedem Fall unter Angabe der Quelle kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit ist noch nicht veröffentlicht oder in anderer Form als Prüfungsleistung vorgelegt worden. Ich habe die Bedeutung der eidesstattlichen Versicherung und die prüfungsrechtli- chen Folgen (§26 Abs. 2 Bachelor-SPO (6 Semester), § 23 Abs. 2 Bachelor-SPO (7 Semester) bzw. § 19 Abs. 2 Master-SPO der HdM) sowie die strafrechtlichen Folgen (gem. § 156 StGB) einer unrichtigen oder unvollständigen eidesstattlichen Versicherung zur Kenntnis genommen. Ort, Datum Unterschrift II Kurzfassung Nahezu jeder Film enthält Szenen, in denen mit Hilfe von Matte Paintings Hinter- gründe oder Umgebungen erzeugt oder erweitert wurden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Entwicklung dieser Technik, die seit ihrer Einführung im Jahr 1907 stattgefun- den hat, darzulegen. Die Möglichkeiten, die die Digitalisierung mit sich gebracht hat, werden erläutert. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt dabei ist die Kombination mit Techniken der Computergra- fik. Hierdurch sind nun an Stelle von festen Kamerapositionen auch Kamerabewe- gungen möglich. Außerdem können hiermit nicht nur statische, sondern auch dy- namische Bewegtbilder eingesetzt werden. Beide Faktoren, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit auch anhand einer praktischen Anwendung untersucht werden, ermöglichen einen deutlich höheren Grad an Realismus. Dennoch sind auch Grenzen vorhanden, bei denen aufwändigere Techniken für die Erzeugung von Umgebungen, zum Beispiel direkte 3D-Modellierung, vorzuziehen sind. Diese Grenzen werden kurz aufgezeigt und es wird diskutiert, wann der Ein- satz von Matte Paintings sinnvoll ist. Abstract Almost every movie includes scenes with backgrounds or environments which have been created or extended using matte painting techniques. This thesis is aimed to show the development of this technique since its first use in 1907 and to outline the options the digitization has contributed. Combining matte paintings with techniques of computer graphics represents a sub- stantial aspect. Instead of being confined to fixed camera positions, the use of ca- mera movements is possible. Additionally, not only static but also dynamic moving images can be integrated. Both these factors, which have also been evaluated on the basis of a practical implementation, clearly provide a higher level of realism. Nevertheless there are limitations to matte paintings, where more complex techni- ques to create environments, such as the use of CG-elements, are preferable. These limits are shown briefly and the conditions for the appropriate use of matte paintings are discussed. III Inhaltsverzeichnis Eidesstattliche ErklärungII Kurzfassung III Abstract III 1 Einleitung1 2 Theorie2 2.1 Begriffserklärung..............................2 2.2 Analoge Techniken.............................3 2.2.1 Glass Shots.............................3 2.2.2 Original Negative Matte Painting.................4 2.2.3 Bipack Printing Matte Shot....................5 2.2.4 Rear / Front Projection Matte Shot................6 2.2.5 Optical Printing...........................8 2.3 Digital Matte Painting............................9 2.3.1 Vergleich zu analogen Techniken.................9 2.3.2 Camera Projection......................... 11 2.4 Umsetzung................................. 13 2.4.1 Komposition............................ 15 2.4.2 Lichtsituation............................ 15 2.4.2.1 Allgemeine Eigenschaften von Licht.......... 16 2.4.2.2 Atmosphärische Perspektive.............. 17 2.4.3 Lineare Perspektive........................ 18 3 Eigenes Matte Painting 20 3.1 Konzeption................................. 20 3.1.1 Komposition............................ 21 3.1.2 Farben............................... 21 3.1.3 Licht................................. 22 3.1.4 Texturen............................... 22 3.1.5 Finaler Look............................ 23 3.1.6 Kamerabewegung......................... 23 3.1.7 Blicklenkung............................ 24 3.2 Programme................................. 25 3.2.1 Photoshop............................. 25 3.2.2 Maya................................ 27 3.2.3 Nuke................................. 27 3.3 Matte Painting Erstellung......................... 28 3.3.1 Bildmaterial sammeln....................... 28 3.3.2 2D Matte Painting......................... 28 3.3.2.1 Extrahieren von Bildelementen............. 29 3.3.2.2 Eingliederung in das Gesamtbild............ 30 3.3.2.3 Re-Lighting........................ 30 3.3.2.4 Atmosphärische Perspektive.............. 31 3.3.2.5 Details.......................... 33 3.3.3 Camera Projection......................... 33 3.3.4 3D Elemente............................ 37 3.3.5 Bewegtelemente.......................... 39 3.3.5.1 Wellen.......................... 39 3.3.5.2 Wasserfälle........................ 39 4 Zusammenfassung 42 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 44 Abbildungsverzeichnis 45 Inhalte der DVD 46 1 EINLEITUNG 1 Einleitung Mit Entwicklung der Computer und der darauffolgenden Digitalisierung von Film ver- änderte sich, wie auch in anderen Bereichen der Visual Effects (VFX), die Vorge- hensweise beim Anfertigen von Matte Paintings. Früher handelte es sich noch um eine eigenständige Technik, die verwendet wurde um den real gedrehten Film mit einer neuen Umgebung zu erweitern. Heutzutage können diese Hintergründe auf unterschiedlichste Weisen erstellt werden, die auch nicht mehr ganz klar voneinan- der differenzierbar sind. Aus diesem Grund existieren verschiedene Vorstellungen, was der Begriff Matte Painting genau bedeutet. In dieser Arbeit schildere ich deshalb die allgemeinen Gründe für die Verwendung und Einsatzgebiete von Matte Paintings und erkläre, was man sich darunter vorstel- len kann. Um die Veränderung aufzuzeigen, die sich beim Anfertigen von Matte Paintings bis zum heutigen Stand ereignet hat, beschreibe ich zunächst, wie sich die dafür ver- wendeten Techniken entwickelt haben. Die Methoden dieser Techniken vergleiche ich anschließend mit den neuen Möglichkeiten, die das Digital Matte Painting mit sich bringt. Außerdem beschreibe ich, wie diese sich einerseits auf den Prozess der Herstellung und andererseits auf das Ergebnis auswirken. Ein wichtiger Punkt ist die Camera Projection, die Bewegung in Matte Shots ermöglicht; deshalb gehe ich genauer darauf ein. Soll ein realistisches und visuell ansprechendes Matte Painting erstellt werden, müs- sen während der Herstellung einige Schritte berücksichtigt werden. Diese erörtere ich und erkläre außerdem, wie, unter Einhaltung verschiedener Aspekte von Per- spektive und Lichtverhalten, Realismus erzeugt werden kann. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit schildere ich meine Vorgehensweise bei der Erstellung eines eigenen Matte Paintings. Ich beschreibe dafür den gesamten Arbeitsprozess im Detail. Um alle Schritte aufzuführen, die für ein gelungenes Matte Painting er- forderlich sind, erläutere ich zunächst die Entwicklung meines Layouts und erkläre die Entscheidungen, die ich getroffen habe. Das Matte Painting, das ich aufbauend auf dieses Layout anfertige, ist in verschiedene Aufgabenbereiche aufgeteilt. Die Er- zeugung des 2D-Bilds, die Anwendung einer Bewegung auf dieses Bildes, mit Hilfe der Camera Projection und die Generierung und Einbindung von 3D- sowie beweg- ten Elementen. Die Schritte dieser Aufgabenbereiche lege ich dar und demonstriere ihre Bedeutung für den Gesamteindruck des Bildes. 1 2 THEORIE 2 Theorie 2.1 Begriffserklärung Beim Matte Painting handelt es sich um eine der ältesten VFX-Techniken. Sie be- schrieb ursprünglich die Kunst, ein gemaltes Bild mit real gedrehtem Filmmaterial zu kombinieren, sodass der Eindruck eines zusammen gehörenden Bildes geschaffen wird (Okun und Zwerman, 2014, S. 696). Der Begriff Matte Painting leitet sich vom englischen Begriff „matte“1 ab, da zu analo- gen Zeiten die Teile, die gemalt werden sollten, im eigentlichen Film zunächst mas- kiert werden mussten. Heutzutage werden Matte Paintings größtenteils nicht mehr per Hand gemalt, sondern digital hergestellt und oft aus vielen verschiedenen Fotos zusammen gesetzt. Obwohl auch das Maskieren des Originalmaterials beim Dreh nicht mehr notwendig ist, wird auch heute noch der Begriff (Digital) Matte Painting verwendet. Auch wenn sich die Technik mit der Zeit sehr verändert hat, sind die Gründe, warum Matte Paintings verwendet werden, größtenteils die Gleichen geblieben. Beim Film geht es darum Geschichten zu erzählen. Auch die Umgebungen, an denen die Ge- schichten spielen, müssen visuell erzählt werden. Existiert der Ort real, kann dort auch direkt gedreht werden. Oft aber spielen Geschichten an Orten, wo es unmög- lich wäre zu drehen. Dies kann beispielsweise technische, logistische oder auch finanzielle Gründe haben. Matte Paintings bildeten schon lange einen wichtigen Bestandteil davon, die Visio- nen eines Filmemachers
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