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A Professional's Guide to Data Communication in a TCP/IP World

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A Professional's Guide to Data Communication in a TCP/IP World TLFeBOOK A Professional’s Guide to Data Communication in a TCP/IP World TLFeBOOK For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library turn to the back of this book. TLFeBOOK A Professional’s Guide to Data Communication in a TCP/IP World E. Bryan Carne Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com TLFeBOOK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carne, E. Bryan, 1928– A professional’s guide to data communication in a TCP/IP world / E. Bryan Carne. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-909-2 (alk. paper) 1. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol). 2. Data transmissions systems. I. Title. TK5105.585.C36 2004 004.6'2—dc22 2004053826 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Carne, E. Bryan (Edward Bryan), 1928– A professional’s guide to data communication in a TCP/IP world.—(Artech House telecommunications library) 1. Computer networks 2. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) I. Title 004.6 ISBN 1-58053-909-2 Cover design by Gary Ragaglia © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa- tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade- mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-909-2 10987654321 TLFeBOOK To Joan, Kevin, Benjamin, and Matthew with thanks for your outstanding support TLFeBOOK . TLFeBOOK Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xv CHAPTER 1 A TCP/IP World? 1 1.1 The Internet 2 1.1.1 TCP/IP Suite 3 1.1.2 Internet Protocol Stack 3 1.2 Some Application Layer Protocols 4 1.2.1 Information Retrieval 5 1.2.2 File Transfer 5 1.2.3 Mail Transfer 5 1.2.4 Using Another Computer 6 1.2.5 Resolving Names and Numbers 6 1.3 User Datagram Protocol 7 1.3.1 UDP Attributes 7 1.3.2 UDP Header 7 1.3.3 Checksum 8 1.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 8 1.4.1 Sequencing 9 1.4.2 Segmentation 9 1.4.3 TCP Header 9 1.4.4 TCP Ports 9 1.4.5 Checksum 10 1.4.6 Urgent Data 10 1.4.7 Cumulative Acknowledgments 10 1.4.8 Selective Acknowledgments 11 1.4.9 Flow Control 11 1.4.10 Retransmission Time-Out 12 1.5 Creating a Connection 12 1.5.1 OPEN Function Calls 13 1.5.2 Flags 14 1.5.3 Connection Denied 14 1.5.4 Connection Termination 15 1.6 Internet Protocol 16 1.6.1 IP Version 4 16 1.6.2 IP Version 6 20 vii TLFeBOOK viii Contents 1.6.3 Other Internet Layer Protocols 22 1.7 Network Interface Layer 25 1.8 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 25 CHAPTER 2 Data Communication 27 2.1 Communication Equipment 27 2.2 Making a Data Call 29 2.3 Open Systems Interconnection Model 31 2.3.1 OSI Model 31 2.3.2 Layer Tasks 33 2.4 Internet Model 37 2.4.1 Application Layer 38 2.4.2 Transport Layer 39 2.4.3 Internet Layer 40 2.4.4 Network Interface Layer 41 CHAPTER 3 Local Area Networks 43 3.1 Ethernet 43 3.1.1 Classic Ethernet 43 3.1.2 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) LAN 45 3.1.3 New Configurations 48 3.2 IEEE 802.5 Token-Ring LAN 52 3.2.1 What Is a Token? 53 3.2.2 Token Ring Frame 54 3.3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 56 3.4 Bit Ordering 57 CHAPTER 4 Wide Area Networks 59 4.1 Point-to-Point Links 60 4.1.1 High-Level Data Link Control Protocol 60 4.1.2 PPP and SLIP 63 4.2 Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Links 64 4.2.1 Packet-Switched Networks 64 4.2.2 Cell Relay 68 4.2.3 Frame Relay 73 4.3 Quality of Service 74 4.3.1 Differentiated Services 76 4.3.2 T-1 Performance Measures 76 4.3.3 ATM Performance Measures 77 4.3.4 Frame Relay Performance Measures 78 4.3.5 QoS 78 CHAPTER 5 Connecting Networks Together 81 TLFeBOOK Contents ix 5.1 More Than One Network 81 5.1.1 Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and Gateways 81 5.1.2 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switches 83 5.2 Bridging 84 5.2.1 Bridging Identical LANs 84 5.2.2 Bridging Dissimilar LANs 87 5.3 Routing 91 5.3.1 Routing over Broadcast Links 92 5.3.2 Routing over Point-to-Point Links 92 5.3.3 Routing over Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Links 92 5.3.4 Router 94 5.3.5 Static Routing 94 5.3.6 Dynamic Routing 94 5.3.7 Border Gateway Routing 95 5.3.8 Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System 96 5.4 Virtual LANs 96 5.4.1 Tags 96 5.4.2 Edge and Core Switches 99 5.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching 101 5.5.1 Label Distribution 101 5.5.2 Label Location 101 5.5.3 MPLS Operation 102 CHAPTER 6 Protecting Enterprise Catenets 105 6.1 Operating Environment 105 6.1.1 Enterprise Catenet 105 6.1.2 Interconnections 107 6.2 Combating Loss of Privacy 109 6.2.1 Network Address Translation 109 6.2.2 Proxies 110 6.2.3 Tunnels 111 6.2.4 Encryption, Decryption, and Authentication 113 6.2.5 IP Security 114 6.2.6 Other Tunneling Protocols 115 6.2.7 Firewalls 116 6.2.8 Functions Performed in Firewall 116 6.3 Virtual Private Networks 118 6.3.1 Types of VPNs 119 6.3.2 Basic Connections 119 CHAPTER 7 Transmission Facilities 121 7.1 Twisted Pairs 121 7.1.1 Cable Pair Impairments 122 4.1.2 Circuit Noise 123 7.1.3 Crosstalk 124 TLFeBOOK x Contents 7.2 Transport Based on Twisted Pairs 126 7.2.1 Transmission System 1 (T-1) 126 7.2.2 ISDN 131 7.3 Optical Fibers 132 7.3.1 Single-Mode Fiber 132 7.3.2 Optical Properties 133 7.3.3 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 133 7.3.4 Optical Amplifiers 133 7.3.5 Short-Distance Facilities 134 7.4 Transport Based on Optical Fibers 134 7.4.1 Synchronous Optical Network 135 7.4.2 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 137 7.5 Radio 139 7.5.1 Frequencies and Modulation 140 7.5.2 IEEE 802.11 Standard 140 CHAPTER 8 The Convergence of Voice and Data 145 8.1 The Last Mile 145 8.1.1 The Local Loop 145 8.1.2 Modems and Digital Subscriber Lines 148 8.1.3 Cable Television 152 8.2 Voice over IP (VoIP) 152 8.2.1 Packet Voice 153 8.2.2 Telephone Signaling 154 8.2.3 Real-Time Transport Protocols 156 8.2.4 Major Signaling Protocols 156 8.3 Final Word 158 APPENDIX A Connections, Codes, Signals, and Error Control 161 A.1 Connections 161 A.1.1 Addresses 162 A.2 Codes, Code Words, and Code Sets 162 A.2.1 Code Word Length 162 A.2.2 Some Popular Codes 163 A.2.3 Parity Bits 164 A.2.4 Bit Order 165 A.2.5 Block Coding 166 A.2.6 Scrambling 167 A.2.7 Hexadecimal Representation 167 A.3 Operating Modes 167 A.3.1 Asynchronous Operation 168 A.3.2 Synchronous Operation 168 A.4 Signals 168 A.4.1 Signal Classification 169 A.4.2 Baseband Signal Formats 170 TLFeBOOK Contents xi A.4.3 Passband Formats 172 A.5 Error Control 178 A.5.1 Error Detection 178 A.5.2 Error Correction 179 APPENDIX B Frames and Headers 181 B.1 Chapter 1: A TCP/IP World? 181 B.1.1 UDP Header 181 B.1.2 TCP Header 181 B.1.3 IPv4 Header 182 B.1.4 IPv6 Header 183 B.1.5 ICMP Frame 183 B.1.6 Echo Request and Reply Messages 184 B.1.7 Destination Unreachable Message 184 B.1.8 ARP Request and Reply Messages 184 B.2 Chapter 3: Local Area Networks 185 B.2.1 Classic Ethernet Frame 185 B.2.2 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame 185 B.2.3 IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Frame 186 B.2.4 FDDI Frame 188 B.3 Chapter 4: Wide Area Networks 189 B.3.1 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Frame 189 B.3.2 X.25 Data Frame 189 B.3.3 ATM Cell Structure 190 B.3.4 AAL5 Frame Containing IP Datagram 190 B.3.5 Frame Relay Frame with 2-Byte Addresses 191 B.4 Chapter 5: Connecting Networks Together 192 B.4.1 Source Routing Added to Token Ring Frame 192 B.4.2 Tag for IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) Frame Encapsulating an IP Datagram 192 B.4.3 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) Frame with Embedded Routing Information 193 B.5 Chapter 6: Protecting Enterprise Catenets 193 B.5.1 Authentication Header Fields in Datagrams in Figure 6.6 193 B.5.2 Encapsulating Security Header and Trailer 194 B.6 Chapter 7: Transmission Facilities 194 B.6.1 IEEE 802.11 Frame Containing IEEE 802.3 Payload 194 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 197 Glossary 205 Selected Bibliography 241 About the Author 243 Index 245 TLFeBOOK .
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