Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 2011, volume 29, pages 605 ^ 621 doi:10.1068/c10177b View metadata,A survey citation ofand taxsimilar compliance papers at core.ac.uk costs of Flemish SMEs: brought to you by CORE magnitude and determinants provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography Bilitis Schoonjans, Philippe Van Cauwenbergeô, Catherine Reekmans, Gudrun Simoens Department of Accountancy and Corporate Finance, Ghent University, Kuiperskaai 55/E, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; e-mail:
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[email protected] Received 18 October 2010; in revised form 3 February 2011 Abstract. This study presents survey evidence on the magnitude and determinants of tax compliance costs in Flemish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Data were obtained from an Internet question- naire among members of a professional network of Flemish entrepreneurs, called VOKA. Analyzing a sample of 151 Flemish SMEs, we find that the tax compliance costsöexceeding over 7% of gross added valueöare relatively high. Value-added tax, labor taxes, and corporate taxes are the main components of tax compliance costs. In addition, our evidence confirms the regressivity hypothesis, according to which smaller companies face relatively higher compliance costs. Furthermore, industry, age, and the proportion of blue-collar workers prove to be determining factors of relative compliance costs. Our study concludes by formulating a number of policy recommendations that might contribute to lower compliance costs. 1 Introduction Researchers and practitioners interested in the tax burdens of companies almost exclusively focus on direct tax costs (eg, Slemrod, 2004; Vandenbussche et al, 2005).