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Conenose Bugs CONENOSE BUGS Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home Conenose bugs (Figures 1 and 2) are however, would suggest the possibility members of the family Reduviidae, that the disease might become a prob- commonly called assassin bugs, be- lem in the United States as the global cause most members of this family are climate changes. Chagas disease is predators of other insects. Conenose already a serious problem among dogs bugs or kissing bugs (genus Triatoma) in some areas of south Texas. are an exception to the family rule and are bloodsucking parasites that feed Another common assassin bug that on a wide variety of domestic and wild is attracted to lights around homes, the western corsair Rasahus thoracicus, Figure 1. Adult western bloodsucking animals, plus humans. In California conenose bug, Triatoma protracta. these bugs are most prevalent in the looks somewhat similar in shape to foothill areas surrounding the Central conenose bugs but has an orange and Valley and in the foothills and desert black body with an orange spot on each areas of Southern California. wing (Figure 3). The western corsair feeds primarily on other insects and The most important species in Califor- doesn’t seek warm-blooded animals or nia is T. protracta, the western blood- require a blood meal in order to repro- sucking conenose, with T. rubida also duce. In contrast to kissing bugs, if you present and important. Both species pick up a corsair, it can inflict a most live in the nests of wood rats or pack painful bite. rats (Neotoma species) and other wild- Figure 2. The conenose bug, Triatoma IDENTIFICATION AND rubida. Note the orange border areas on life, but they also fly into homes and the abdomen. may feed on people. Although the bit- LIFE CYCLE ing process is painless, people often The adult western bloodsucking experience an intense itch or tender- conenose is 1/2 to 3/4 inch long, black ness at the bite site, which can become to dark brown, and has a lateral ab- swollen and reddish to purple. Worse, dominal margin that is sometimes tan in sensitive individuals bites from (Figure 1). The wings are held flat over conenose bugs can produce allergic the back at rest. The head has four- reactions that are potentially danger- segmented antennae, conspicuous eyes, ous and life-threatening. and a three-segmented straight beak that extends backward below the body. Figure 3. The western corsair, Rasahus In Latin America, these insects are Nymphs are similar in appearance to thoracicus, can bite people, but, unlike important because they transmit the adults except they are smaller and lack conenose bugs, doesn’t seek out warm- protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which wings. Wing pads become apparent in blooded hosts. causes Chagas disease in humans. This the last instar. T. rubida is larger than debilitating and often lethal disease, for T. protracta, measures 3/4 to 1 inch long, which treatment is difficult, is rare in and is easily distinguished by the red- the United States, despite the fact that dish or brownish-red lateral markings a significant number of bugs carry T. on the abdomen seen just outside the cruzi in their gut. Researchers attribute folded wings (Figure 2). Conenose bugs the low incidence of Chagas disease in are easily distinguished from another humans in the US to poor efficacy of bloodsucking true bug group, bed bugs disease transmission by the bugs, in- (Figure 4, Pest Notes: Bed Bugs listed in frequent human contact, and inability References), by their larger size, darker Figure 4. Bed bugs are smaller, rounder, of the bugs to permanently colonize color (bed bugs are brown to orange), are more reddish than conenose bugs homes. High rates of insect infection, presence of wings in the adult stage, and lack wings and black coloring. PEST NOTES Publication 7455 Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program July 2013 July 2013 Conenose Bugs and a more oblong shape with pointy where conenose bugs are common have windows and vent openings, making (conenose) head. the potential for developing serious im- sure dog and cat entrances are insect- mediate-sensitivity reactions, including proof. Since white lights attract the Conenose bugs have a yearly life cycle anaphylactic shock, to the bite of this insects at night, move inside lights with eggs laid in summer and autumn. insect. If treated in time, anaphylactic away from doors and windows and, The eggs hatch in three to five weeks, shock can be reversed by the effects of especially during late spring and sum- giving rise to the first of five nymphal epinephrine (adrenaline) injected into mer, change outdoor and porch lights stages, each requiring a blood meal the body. Individuals who are aware to yellow bulbs, reduce the wattage, before molting to the next stage. Blood that they are allergic to bites can obtain or both. Remove rodent nests that are is taken rapidly with feeding lasting epinephrine in an auto-injector form located within 300 feet of the house. 10 to 30 minutes. Fully engorged bugs (Epi-Pen) by prescription. Antihista- Eliminate harborages including piles can take one to five times their weight mines may have value in easing itching of lumber, firewood, and debris. Check in blood, and bugs will feed about ev- and swelling reactions that are not life- beds at night, and shake out the bed- ery one to two weeks when hosts are threatening but should be used accord- ding before getting into bed. Keep beds available and temperatures are warm. ing to a physician’s instructions. at least 1 foot from walls, don’t allow Adults live into mid- to late autumn. bedding to touch the floor, and place Conenose bugs overwinter as develop- Trypansoma cruzi, the Chagas disease- double-sided sticky tape on the legs. In ing nymphs and molt into adults in causing protozoan some conenose bugs extreme cases, a tent of mosquito net- spring. carry, is transmitted via their feces. ting over the bed that is tucked in all Unlike most fly- and tick-transmitted around the mattress will provide maxi- Adults can fly and are drawn to outside diseases, the bug bite itself doesn’t mum protection. If the above measures lights at night. Feeding occurs mainly transmit the organism or disease. don’t manage the problem, contact your at night, with the bugs hiding in cracks Rather it is transmitted when conenose local vector control agency or pest con- and other dark, tight places during the bug feces are scratched into a wound, trol company. day. After feeding they generally tend ingested, or rubbed into moist tissues to move away from the victim, though around the eyes, nose, and mouth. To REFERENCES engorged bugs are sometimes found prevent infection, wash the wound Klotz, J. H., P. L. Dorn, J. L. Logan, L. among bedding in the morning. Out- areas with soap and water; launder Stevens, J. L. Pinnas, J. O. Schmidt, side they can often be found in animal soiled clothing or bedding; and never and S. A. Klotz. 2010. “Kissing bugs:” nests and nesting material, including scratch (especially to bleeding) the Potential disease vectors and cause of bedding in doghouses and chicken itchy wound, put fingers into your anaphylaxis. Clin. Inf. Dis. 80:1629–1634. coops. mouth or nose, or rub your eyes. Im- mediate or acute symptoms of this Marshall, N., M. Liebhaber, Z. Dyer, DAMAGE disease include swelling of the face, and A. Saxon. 1986. The prevalence Conenose bug bites usually occur at especially of one eye (Romaña’s sign), of allergic sensitization to Triatoma night, and are grouped as several bites high or moderate fever that develops protracta (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in a on the face, neck, arms, legs, and some- about two weeks after the victim is bit- Southern California, USA, community. times on the chest or other body parts. ten, swelling of other body areas, and J. Med. Entomol. 23(2):117–124. Bites are initially painless but might disturbance of the heart rhythm. If the soon itch, swell, and cause a substantial patient isn’t treated in the early stages O’Connor-Marer, P. 2006. Residential, welt that can last for several days. More of the disease, prolonged chronic in- Industrial, and Institutional Pest Control, severe reactions range from huge, pain- fection becomes established and may 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. ful welts to allergic reactions, includ- result in cardiac damage, other serious Nat. Res. Publ. 3334. ing difficulty in breathing, low blood disorders, or death. pressure, and rapid heart rates due to Olkowski, W., H. Olkowski, and S. anaphylaxis. Bites from conenose bugs MANAGEMENT Darr. 1991. Common Sense Pest Control. may be confused with spider or other Various measures can be taken to pre- Newton, CT: Taunton Press. arthropod bites. Conenose bug bites vent problems with conenose bugs. usually occur in the late spring to early These include removing likely harbor- Schmidt, J. O., L. Stevens, P. Dorn, M. summer and not at other times. ages such as rodent nests (especially Mosbacher, J. Klotz, and S. A Klotz. wood rat nests), sealing entry points, 2011. Kissing bugs of the United States. If you suspect that you or a family fixing structural problems in build- Kansas School Natural. 57(2):1–15. Also member might be allergic to conenose ings that permit the bug’s entry, and available online, http://www.emporia. bug bites, see a physician or allergist modifying lighting. Use weather strip- edu/ksn/v57n2-spring2011/index.html. for treatment options. Research shows ping, caulk, or silicone seal to eliminate that about 7% of people tested in areas small cracks and crevices.
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