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The Intensity of Kelp Harvesting Shapes the Population Structure Of Aberystwyth University The intensity of kelp harvesting shapes the population structure of the foundation species Lessonia trabeculata along the Chilean coastline Gouraguine, Adam; Moore, Pippa; Burrows, Michael T.; Velasco, Eliana; Ariz, Luis; Figueroa-Fábrega,, Luis ; Muñoz-Cordovez, Rodrigo; Fernandez-Cisternas, Italo; Smale, Dan; Pérez-Matus, Alejandro Published in: Marine Biology DOI: 10.1007/s00227-021-03870-7 Publication date: 2021 Citation for published version (APA): Gouraguine, A., Moore, P., Burrows, M. T., Velasco, E., Ariz, L., Figueroa-Fábrega, L., Muñoz-Cordovez, R., Fernandez-Cisternas, I., Smale, D., & Pérez-Matus, A. (2021). The intensity of kelp harvesting shapes the population structure of the foundation species Lessonia trabeculata along the Chilean coastline. Marine Biology, 168(5), [66]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03870-7 Document License CC BY General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 Marine Biology (2021) 168:66 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03870-7 ORIGINAL PAPER The intensity of kelp harvesting shapes the population structure of the foundation species Lessonia trabeculata along the Chilean coastline Adam Gouraguine1,2 · Pippa Moore1,2 · Michael T. Burrows3 · Eliana Velasco4,5 · Luis Ariz4 · Luis Figueroa‑Fábrega6 · Rodrigo Muñoz‑Cordovez7 · Italo Fernandez‑Cisternas7 · Dan Smale8 · Alejandro Pérez‑Matus7 Received: 2 October 2020 / Accepted: 18 March 2021 / Published online: 11 April 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Kelp are foundation species that support high levels of biodiversity and, either directly or indirectly provide a wide range of ecological goods and services to human society. In recent decades, due to the high demand for kelp-derived products such as alginate, commercial wild harvesting has increased, leading to declines of kelp biomass in some regions. Chile accounts for 40% of the global kelp harvest, with the subtidal kelp, Lessonia trabeculata being one of the main target species. Currently, however, there is a lack of information on how diferent degrees of harvesting intensity, governed by distinct management regimes and their enforcement infuences L. trabeculata populations. Here we examined the efect diferent management regimes, characterised by distinct levels of exploitation of kelp and kelp-associated fauna, have on L. trabeculata density and morphology along ~ 1600 km of the Chilean coastline. The fndings demonstrated that harvesting intensity likely infuences both L. trabeculata density and morphology. Juvenile density of L. trabeculata was fve times higher in the most harvesting- afected areas, while kelp morphology values, including holdfast diameter, number of stipes and total length, were always higher in the less-intensively harvested areas. Our study suggests that diferent degrees of protection can infuence density and morphology of subtidal L. trabeculata populations, which in turn has important implications for the conservation of the kelp forest ecosystems and management of this important fshery. Introduction Kelp forests characterise subtidal rocky reefs in temperate and cold seas to a depth of up to ca. 40 m (Dayton et al. 1985; Harrold and Pearse 1987; Vásquez 1997; Graham Responsible Editor: F. Bulleri. et al. 2007) and are distributed along ca. 25% of the global Reviewers: undisclosedexperts. * Alejandro Pérez-Matus 5 Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Oceanográfcas, [email protected] Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia Adam Gouraguine 6 Laboratorio de Estudios Ecosistémicos, Escuela de Ingeniería [email protected] y Negocios, Universidad Viña del Mar, Diego Portales 90, Viña del Mar, Chile 1 Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, 7 Subtidal Ecology Laboratory, Estación Costera de Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK Investigaciones Marinas, Pontifcia Universidad Católica de 2 School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK 8 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 3 Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK 4 Departamento de Oceanografía y Medio Ambiente, Sección AMERB, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Valparaíso, Chile Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 66 Page 2 of 9 Marine Biology (2021) 168:66 coastline (Krumhansl et al. 2016; Wernberg and Filbee-Dex- hand-spike/pry bar tool, locally known as “barreta”, which ter 2019). They form three-dimensional biogenic structures is modifed for detachment of holdfasts of individual plants which ofer habitat, shelter and food to a wide diversity of from the substrate. The detached plants are grouped and tied associated species, including species of commercial impor- together underwater by a rope, which is subsequently used tance (Teagle et al. 2017; Lotze et al. 2019). As such, kelp to haul the harvest onto the boat (personal observations). species serve as foundation organisms that support high The harvested kelp is processed locally and then mainly levels of biodiversity and provide a wide range of ecologi- exported to international markets as raw and dried material, cal goods (e.g. fsheries) and services (e.g. nutrient cycling, where alginates are extracted for use in diverse manufactur- coastal protection) to human society (Dayton 1985; Teagle ing processes and industries (Vásquez 2016). Currently, the et al. 2017; Miller et al. 2018). These goods and services can Chilean kelp fshery accounts for ∼10% of the global supply be particularly important for artisanal coastal communities of alginates (Vásquez 2008). who often strongly rely on kelp forests for economic support In Chile, there is evidence to suggest that intertidal popu- via direct harvesting and trade of kelp or kelp-associated fsh lations of L. nigrescens are somewhat resilient to harvesting, and shellfsh (Vásquez et al. 2014; Wernberg and Filbee- despite increased landings, with no signifcant changes in Dexter 2019). density, biomass and reproductive condition between areas Intense or prolonged harvesting can alter the structure and of high harvesting pressure and areas of no or low harvest- functioning of entire ecosystems (Pauly et al. 1998; Cole- ing pressure (Vásquez et al. 2012). Some fndings, however, man and Williams 2002), including kelp forests (Vasquez suggest that harvesting of L. nigrescens can have an efect and Santelices 1990; O’Connor and Anderson 2010; Geange on recruitment and morphology of the kelp (Oróstica et al. 2014). For example, kelp harvesting can cause changes 2014). In contrast, there is paucity of information on the in population dynamics and loss of standing biomass at impact of increased harvesting on subtidal populations of L. regional scales (Geange 2014), afect predator–prey interac- trabeculata (but see Gelcich et al. (2012), Pérez-Matus et al. tions (Lorentsen et al. 2010), as well as impact kelp-associ- (2017)). Recent evidence, however, points to the expansion ated species, including fsh (O’Connor and Anderson 2010) of deforested ”barrens” in certain areas where L. trabeculata and macroalgae (Vasquez and Santelices 1990). Impacts was once dominant and a subsequent lack of recovery from of harvesting at the population, community and ecosystem harvesting following fallow periods of 7 years (Pérez-Matus level can consequently impinge on the provision of eco- personal observations). logical goods and services, with the magnitude of impacts Along the coast of Chile, diferent management regimes dependent on harvesting methods, target species, and the operate; marine protected areas with no-take zones (MPAs), scale, duration and frequency of harvesting (Waage-Nielsen open access areas (OAs) with no protection and exclusive et al. 2003; Steen et al. 2016; Lotze et al. 2019). access areas of territorial user rights for fsheries (TURFs). In recent decades, due to the high demand for kelp- Through the TURF policy, the Undersecretary of Fisheries derived products such as alginates, commercial kelp har- assigns management of inshore benthic species to consorti- vesting has increased, leading to declines in kelp biomass ums of local fshermen who manage the TURF via a com- and abundance in some regions (Wernberg et al. 2018). Cur- mittee (San Martín et al. 2010). First established in 1997 rently, Chile accounts for approximately 40% of wild kelp (San Martín et al. 2010), TURFs operate by granting ten- harvesting globally (Lotze et al. 2019), where this fshery is ure over a specifc marine area to its local fshing organi- one of the most important benthic fsheries in the country, sation (Meltzof et al. 2002). This system is distinguished
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