DOCSLIB.ORG

“Unspoken Conspiracy”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Unspoken Conspiracy” “Unspoken Conspiracy” Living within the Resonance of the Doctrine of Discovery May-Lisbeth Brew M.A. Thesis (60 Credits), History of Religions REL 4990 Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Fall 2014 “Unspoken Conspiracy” Living within the Resonance of the Doctrine of Discovery May-Lisbeth Brew M.A Thesis (60 Credit), History of Religions REL 4990 Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Fall 2014 © May-Lisbeth Brew 2014 “Unspoken Conspiracy”: Living within the Resonance of the Doctrine of Discovery May-Lisbeth Brew http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo # # Abstract This thesis analyze the perceptions of the Doctrine of Discovery, a religious principle incorporated into law during the “Age of Discovery” among people within religious organizations and traditional indigenous peoples in, what is today known, as the United States of America. The Doctrine of Discovery originated from 15th century papal bulls, and the directive from the Vatican in the papal bull Dum Diversas was that the Christian duty of explorers (sent out by their Christian Monarchs) was to “invade, search out, capture, vanquish and subdue” all non-Christians wherever placed. While the Doctrine of Discovery´s presence in courts has been documented by research there has not been much investigation on what the perceptions of the effects of this doctrine is in todays world. The thesis begins with a summary of the worldview behind and the principles set forth in the papal bulls known as Dum Diversas (18 June, 1452), Romanus Pontifex (January 8, 1454) and Inter Caetera (May 4, 1493) as well as the historic background for these papal bulls. It thereafter continues to investigate how the doctrine is perceived among people working with the theme within religious organizations and among traditional indigenous peoples in, what is today known as, the United States. The different perceptions of the effects of the doctrine rests in different worldviews, especially the different ways traditional indigenous and peoples within religious organizations conceive of land. The effect is that people within religious organizations tends to view the Doctrine of Discovery as a doctrine diminishing indigenous peoples human rights, and rights of sovereignty and self determination while the effects seen by traditional indigenous peoples also see the doctrine as diminishing the rights of the environment itself, which is perceived as a living entity with intrinsic value. This difference in perception of the consequences of the Doctrine of Discovery therefore highlights the way religious worldviews have confronted each other in the meeting between “the old world” and “the new world”, and how these differences is still present today. # Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been written if it were not for all the people who took time from their schedules to meet and to talk with me while I was conducting interviews. I am forever grateful for the time and your willingness to share your knowledge and thoughts with me – without you; there would have been no thesis. Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor Koen Wellens for agreeing to supervise this thesis and for your valuable perspectives and input. I would like to express my deep gratitude towards Philip Arnold, my co-supervisor, without your dedication, feedback, assistance and careful readings; this thesis would be less than it is today. I would also like to thank Sandra Bigtree, for opening your home, giving refuge to a tired Norwegian student in a foreign land and showing me a good time. Thank you. I would like to give a special thanks to Steven Newcomb, for taking the time to provide me with documents and input, and Lars Kirkhusmo Pharo, who was the one to initially sparked my interest in the theme of the Doctrine of Discovery and has been a great resource while I have been working on this thesis. I am forever grateful of the insightful conversations we have had. I want to thank Robert Michael Ruehl for proof-reading my thesis and getting rid of many of my grammatical mistakes, anyone still standing is of course due to my own limitations. I would like to thank Harald Bergland and Eva Larsen for their continued support and for giving me valuable feedback, together with Ann Jordal and John Brew for watching the dog while I was away on my field research. Mari, Christine and Idun: thank you for putting up with me the last year and contributing to the thesis in your different ways. I would also like to thank Mary Gilbert for shipping my forgotten shirts all the way back to Norway. Last, but not least Aksel, I do not know how to express my gratitude; I would not have managed without you, and you know it. I cannot wait to have a tea. Earl Grey. Hot. With you. # # Table of Contents cc FDG)FGD1A2F41!41E5Ecccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ! " # $ cc A9B'D'F5H1$AD80H51IEccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc $4'F'D1F41)4'D')F1D5EF5)E'@01221)FEA2'$AD80H51Igccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc $4'F5E##'@0F41%D'91IAD7A2#A95@'F5A@gcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc 4AE1@1AB81`'@521EF#1EF5@Q'@0,91D5)'@-P)1BF5A@'85E9ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc %"# " cc D1H5AGE1E1'D)4'@0 1)A@0'DQ AGD)1Ecccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc D59'DQ AGD)1Eccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc 181)F5A@ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc !41'F4A85)4GD)4`!41-B5E)AB'84GD)4`'@0!4118535AGE A)51FQA2%D51@0Ec cc !413'G01@AGE'G@11A@2101D')Q'@0@A@0'3''F5A@ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc %5@05@3)A@F')FEccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc 1F4A0A8A35)'8'@0-F45)'85EEG1Eccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc !411E1'D)41DEDA81'@0AGF8AA7cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc ,@A@Q95R'F5A@gcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc A@0G)F5@35@F1DH51IEcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc @2AD9'@FEcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc & ! ' " " ( cc E5F1H1D85)5FFA5@H'018'@0EI45)4'D14180ADAI@10(Qp5@25018Eqgccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc p@25018Eq`(GF@AF'F4D1'Fcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc & ) "* + & cc 8D0B&0D0B&'@0F41@1IE(DAG34F(QA8G9(GEcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc -@38'@06A5@EF41H1@FGD1cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc -8191@FEA2##2AG@05@F41'B'8<G88Ecccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc & & " " , ' $& c c ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c c '@0cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c c 81@'DQAI1Dccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c c 19'5@EA2'18535AGE$AD80H51I5@"c c)AGDFEcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc $ - ' $( $ " $( cc 1FF1D2DA9F411D9'@1@F(E1DH1D5EE5A@A2F413A8Q 11FAF41"@5F10'F5A@E FA%'5F4711B1DD1@QA@E`ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc 'F4A85)3DAGBE)'885@3A@F41BAB1FAD1BG05'F1##ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc $ + " .& cc 'EFAD'81FF1D2DA9D1E505@3<5E4AB'F4'D5@11221DFE )4AD5ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc $ & " # - ./ c c 'F1D5'8A@##(Q %cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc $ $ # .0 $ . " 1 # # / . " # /& % . 2 '3 /& cc 1')F5A@E'@0AF5H'F5A@Ecccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc !41,@'8A3QFA 8'H1DQ'@0rAD,B'DF4150cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc . " , /4 cc '@521EF#1EF5@Q'@0,91D5)'@-P)1BF5A@'85E9ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc #A95@5A@'@0I@1DE45Bcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cc 4AE1@1AB81`DA95E10'@0'@0##cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc . & " " # 5 )%6 7 #3* 4& c c !41'F4A85)4GD)4cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Arrival of European Christians in India During the 16Th Century
    The arrival of European Christians in India during the 16th century Alan Guenther The arrival of European Christians in India in the 16th century was part of the Portuguese political and economic expansion. In competition with the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragón and with the Italian city states such as Genoa and Venice, Portugal sought to establish itself as a maritime power in the latter half of the 15th century. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Balkans and its capture of Constantinople in 1453 had resulted in the Ottoman dominance of trade routes east of the Mediterranean Sea. That expansion, coupled with the continuing monopoly of other trade in the Mediterranean region by the Genoese and the Venetians, prompted Portuguese searches for alternative routes from Europe to Asia. The successful navigation around the Cape of Good Hope and eventual arrival in India by the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, in 1498 was one such effort. The 16th century ended with a series of Jesuit missions to the court of the Mughal Emperor Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar in northern India. The Portuguese explorers who traversed the Indian Ocean in 1498, how- ever, encountered a milieu not yet controlled by the three major Muslim empires of the Mughals, Safavids and Ottomans that rose to dominance in the Muslim regions in south and western Asia. In 1498, Akbar’s grand- father, Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, had not yet begun his advance into the Indian subcontinent; his capture of Kabul, from where he launched his military campaigns into the Punjab, did not take place until 1504.
    [Show full text]
  • The “Doctrine of Discovery” and Terra Nullius: a Catholic Response
    1 The “Doctrine of Discovery” and Terra Nullius: A Catholic Response The following text considers and repudiates illegitimate concepts and principles used by Europeans to justify the seizure of land previously held by Indigenous Peoples and often identified by the terms Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius. An appendix provides an historical overview of the development of these concepts vis-a-vis Catholic teaching and of their repudiation. The presuppositions behind these concepts also undergirded the deeply regrettable policy of the removal of Indigenous children from their families and cultures in order to place them in residential schools. The text includes commitments which are recommended as a better way of walking together with Indigenous Peoples. Preamble The Truth and Reconciliation process of recent years has helped us to recognize anew the historical abuses perpetrated against Indigenous peoples in our land. We have also listened to and been humbled by courageous testimonies detailing abuse, inhuman treatment, and cultural denigration committed through the residential school system. In this brief note, which is an expression of our determination to collaborate with First Nations, Inuit and Métis in moving forward, and also in part a response to the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, we would like to reflect in particular on how land was often seized from its Indigenous inhabitants without their consent or any legal justification. The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB), the Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council and other Catholic organizations have been reflecting on the concepts of the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius for some time (a more detailed historical analysis is included in the attached Appendix).
    [Show full text]
  • From Papal Bull to Racial Rule: Indians of the Americas, Race, and the Foundations of International Law
    Vera: From Papal Bull to Racial Rule: Indians of the Americas, Race, an FROM PAPAL BULL TO RACIAL RULE: INDIANS OF THE AMERICAS, RACE, AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW KIM BENITA VERA* The "discovery" and conquest of the "New World" marked the inauguration of international law,' and constituted a watershed moment in the emergence of race in European thought.2 What might the coterminous rise of formative. moments in race thinking and international law suggest? In my provisional reflections on this question that follow, I trace juridical and religio-racial conceptions of indigenous peoples of the Americas as a central thread in the evolution of international law. I will begin with a discussion of the fifteenth-century papal bulls issued in regard to the Portugal-Spain disputes over lands in Africa and the Americas. I will then proceed to follow some strands of racial and juridical thought in the accounts of Francisco de Vitoria and Hugo Grotius, two founding figures in international law. I suggest that Vitoria's treatise, On the Indians Lately Discovered,3 evinces the beginnings of the shift Carl Schmitt identifies from the papal authority of the respublica Christiana to modern international law.4 Vitoria's account, moreover, is both proto-secular and proto-racial. * Assistant Professor, Legal Studies Department, University of Illinois at Springfield, J.D./Ph.D., Arizona State University, 2006. 1. See, e.g., CARL ScHMrT, THE NOMOS OF THE EARTH IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE Jus PUBLICUM EUROPAEUM 49 (G. L. Ulmen trans., 2003). 2. DAVID THEO GOLDBERG, RACIST CULTURE: PHILOSOPHY AND THE POLITICS OF MEANING 62 (1993).
    [Show full text]
  • The Christian Doctrine of Discovery
    The Christian Doctrine of Discovery By Dan Whittemore, Denver, Colorado, USA For centuries, indigenous peoples around the world have suffered the disastrous impact of European colonization. As a Christian, descended from Europeans, I am remorseful and repentant because I am complicit in this problem. Undoubtedly some of my ancestors helped create the situation that has resulted in discrimination and prejudicial and derogatory concepts of the original inhabitants. Broken contracts, ignorance of native culture and spirituality, and illegitimate appropriation of lands have contributed to poverty and psychological damage that persist. We are challenged to examine the root causes and make corrections. The centuries-old Christian Doctrine of Discovery, if repudiated, could initiate justice for all indigenous people. The Doctrine of Discovery is the premise that European Christian explorers who “discovered” other lands had the authority to claim those lands and subdue, even enslave, peoples simply because they were not Christian. This concept has become embedded in the legal policies of countries throughout the world. This is an issue of greed, oppression, colonialism, and racism. The doctrine’s origins can be traced to Pope Nicholas V, who issued the papal bull1 Romanus Pontifex in 1455 CE. The bull allowed Portugal to claim and conquer lands in West Africa. After Christopher Columbus began conquering newly “found” lands in the Americas, Pope Alexander VI granted to Spain the right to claim these lands with the papal bull, Inter caetera, issued in 1493. The Treaty of Tordesillas settled competition between Spain and Portugal. It established two principles: 1) that only non-Christian lands could be taken, and 2) that potential discoveries would be allocated between Portugal and Spain by drawing a line of demarcation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Prelude: Friars from Spain Preaching Justice
    PREACHERS FROM ABROAD 1786 - 1815 CHAPTER 1 A PRELUDE: FRIARS FROM SPAIN PREACHING JUSTICE With the Spanish invaders of the Americas in the 1500's came Dominican friars from Spain, sent to teach, heal and preach. Their mission reached from the islands of the Caribbean to Florida and Mexico, through Central and South America, and across the Pacific to the Philippines. In those places members of the Order of Preachers dedicated their lives to fighting oppression by teaching the truth of salvation; of human nature saved by Jesus Christ. Among those early friars only a few arrived in the land that is now the United States, but one of them was Antonio de Montesinos who raised the first cry for liberty in the western hemisphere. Map of the Americas (16th century): route of the Dominicans from Salamanca to Sto. Domingo, 1510 Only two years after the death of Columbus did the saga of the Spanish Dominicans on mission in the Americas begin. On October 3, 1508, the Master of the Order of Preachers, Thomas de Vio, or Cajetan, had requested that fifteen friars be sent from the University of Salamanca to La Espanola, the island in the Caribbean which today includes Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[1] The first four men arrived in September, 1510 at the Spanish stronghold of Santo Domingo, and made it their mission base. They were Pedro de Cordoba, the prior; Antonio de Montesinos; Bernardo de Santo Domingo; and Pedro de Estrada.[2] These friars would leave an indelible mark on the early struggle for human rights for indigenous peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • A Prophetic Challenge to the Church
    15-10-13 A Prophetic Challenge to the Church A Prophetic Challenge to the Church: The Last Word of Bartolomé de las Casas Luis N. Rivera-Pagán We were always loyal to lost causes . Success is for us the death of the intellect and of the imagination. Ulysses (1922) James Joyce Perhaps there is a dignity in defeat that hardly belongs to victory. This Craft of Verse (1967) Jorge Luis Borges To see the possibility, the certainty, of ruin, even at the moment of creation; it was my temperament. The Enigma of Arrival (1987) V. S. Naipaul To the memory of Richard Shaull (1919-2002), first Henry Winters Luce Professor in Ecumenics When things fall apart In 1566, after more than five decades of immense and exhausting endeavors to influence and shape the policy of the Spanish state and church regarding the Americas, years of drafting countless historical texts, theological treatises, colonization projects, prophetic homilies, juridical complaints, political utopias, and even apocalyptic visions, Bartolomé de las Casas knows very well that the end is at hand: the end of his life and the end of his illusions of crafting a just and Christian empire in the New World. It is a moment of searching for the precise closure, the right culmination and consummation of a human existence that since 1502 had been intimately linked, as no other person of his time, to the drama of the conquest and Christianization of Latin America, a continent, as has been so aptly asserted, “born in blood and fire.” He painfully knows that there will be no time to finish his opus magnum, the History of the Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Restoration of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy in England 1850: a Catholic Position
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1958 The restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England 1850: A Catholic position. Eddi Chittaro University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Chittaro, Eddi, "The restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England 1850: A Catholic position." (1958). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6283. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6283 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE RESTORATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN ENGLAND ^ 1850 1 A CATHOLIC POSITION Submitted to the Department of History of Assumption University of Windsor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. by Eddi Chittaro, B.A* Faculty of Graduate Studies 1 9 5 8 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctrine of Discovery: Questions and Answers
    Doctrine of Discovery: Questions and Answers Q. What is the Doctrine of Discovery? The Doctrine of Discovery is a principle of international law dating from the late 15th century. It has its roots in a papal decree issued by Pope Nicholas V in 1452 that specifically sanctioned and promoted the conquest, colonization, and exploitation of non-Christian territories and peoples. Hundreds of years of decisions and laws continuing right up to our own time can ultimately be traced back to the Doctrine of Discovery—laws that invalidate or ignore the rights, sovereignty, and humanity of indigenous peoples in the United States and around the world. Q. Why does the Doctrine of Discovery still matter when it is over 500 years old? It is still in effect and is written into settled US law since 1823 about a land dispute between two individuals (Under Chief Justice John Marshall). It forms the basis for “Manifest Destiny,” the expansion into Indian lands. It is used to justify legal and forcible takeover of indigenous lands, without just compensation. The Discovery Doctrine is a concept of public international law expounded by the United States Supreme Court in a series of decisions, most notably Johnson v. McIntosh in 1823. In this Supreme Court case, Chief Justice John Marshall's opinion in the unanimous decision held "that the principle of discovery gave European nations an absolute right to New World lands." In essence, American Indians had only a right of occupancy, which could be abolished.” (Source: www.redlakenationnews.com/story/2017/06/15/news/doctrine- of-discovery-repudiated/61672.html) It is used to interpret Indian Treaties in a way that has undermined treaty rights.
    [Show full text]
  • 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
    Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Casas, Alonso De Sandoval and the Defence of Black Slavery
    Topoi vol.2 no.se Rio de Janeiro 2006 Las Casas, Alonso de Sandoval and the defence of black slavery Juliana Beatriz Almeida de Souza ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyse the contributions made by the Dominican Bartolomé da Las casas, in the XVI century, and the Jesuit Alonso de Sandoval, in the XVII century, to legitimaze and regularize discourses about the slave trade and black slavery in the Spanish Americas. Key-words: Colonization of the Hispanic America; Evangelize of blacks; Black slavery. David Brion Davis in the 1960s warned that many historians were exaggerating the antithesis between slavery and Catholic doctrine. The purpose of this article is to move away from a value-laden analysis of the actions of the Catholic Church both in defence of black slavery and in defence of the blacks.1 Rather, I seek to revise the work of two missionaries who worked in Spanish America and who played an important role in the construction of a discourse that at the same time legitimated and regulated the black slave trade. I refer to the Dominican Bartolomé de Las Casas in the sixteenth century and the Jesuit Alonso de Sandoval in the seventeenth. Las Casas and the blindness of Christians 1 Preliminary and partial versions of this article were presented at the XXII National Symposium of History of ANPUH (2003), the II National Symposium of Cultural History (2004) and the XXIII National Symposium of History of ANPUH (2005). I would also like to acknowledge the help of my student Wallace R. S. de Farias in part of the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Pius Ix and the Change in Papal Authority in the Nineteenth Century
    ABSTRACT ONE MAN’S STRUGGLE: PIUS IX AND THE CHANGE IN PAPAL AUTHORITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Andrew Paul Dinovo This thesis examines papal authority in the nineteenth century in three sections. The first examines papal issues within the world at large, specifically those that focus on the role of the Church within the political state. The second section concentrates on the authority of Pius IX on the Italian peninsula in the mid-nineteenth century. The third and final section of the thesis focuses on the inevitable loss of the Papal States within the context of the Vatican Council of 1869-1870. Select papal encyclicals from 1859 to 1871 and the official documents of the Vatican Council of 1869-1870 are examined in light of their relevance to the change in the nature of papal authority. Supplementing these changes is a variety of seminal secondary sources from noted papal scholars. Ultimately, this thesis reveals that this change in papal authority became a point of contention within the Church in the twentieth century. ONE MAN’S STRUGGLE: PIUS IX AND THE CHANGE IN PAPAL AUTHORITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Andrew Paul Dinovo Miami University Oxford, OH 2004 Advisor____________________________________________ Dr. Sheldon Anderson Reader_____________________________________________ Dr. Wietse de Boer Reader_____________________________________________ Dr. George Vascik Contents Section I: Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1 Section II: Primary Sources……………………………………………………………….5 Section III: Historiography……...………………………………………………………...8 Section IV: Issues of Church and State: Boniface VIII and Unam Sanctam...…………..13 Section V: The Pope in Italy: Political Papal Encyclicals….……………………………20 Section IV: The Loss of the Papal States: The Vatican Council………………...………41 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..55 ii I.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartolomé De Las Casas, Soldiers of Fortune, And
    HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Dissertation Submitted To The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Theology By Damian Matthew Costello UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August 2013 HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew APPROVED BY: ____________________________ Dr. William L. Portier, Ph.D. Committee Chair ____________________________ Dr. Sandra Yocum, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Kelly S. Johnson, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Anthony B. Smith, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ Dr. Roberto S. Goizueta, Ph.D. Committee Member ii ABSTRACT HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. William L. Portier This dissertation - a postcolonial re-examination of Bartolomé de las Casas, the 16th century Spanish priest often called “The Protector of the Indians” - is a conversation between three primary components: a biography of Las Casas, an interdisciplinary history of the conquest of the Americas and early Latin America, and an analysis of the Spanish debate over the morality of Spanish colonialism. The work adds two new theses to the scholarship of Las Casas: a reassessment of the process of Spanish expansion and the nature of Las Casas’s opposition to it. The first thesis challenges the dominant paradigm of 16th century Spanish colonialism, which tends to explain conquest as the result of perceived religious and racial difference; that is, Spanish conquistadors turned to military force as a means of imposing Spanish civilization and Christianity on heathen Indians.
    [Show full text]