THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THREE Max Planck Commentaries on World Trade Law

VOLUME 3 THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

THREE

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This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. list of abbreviations

a. Periodicals AI = Annales Islamologiques AIUON = Annali dell’ Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli AKM = Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgen­landes AMEL = and Middle Eastern Literatures AO = Acta Orientalia AO Hung. = Acta Orientalia (Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae) ArO = Archiv Orientální AS = Asiatische Studien ASJ = Arab Studies Journal ASP = Arabic Sciences and Philosophy ASQ = Arab Studies Quarterly BASOR = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BEA = Bulletin des Études Arabes BEFEO = Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient BEO = Bulletin d’Études Orientales de l’Institut Français de Damas BIE = Bulletin de l’Institut d’Égypte BIFAO = Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale du Caire BKI = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde BMGS = Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies BO = Bibliotheca Orientalis BrisMES = British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies BSOAS = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BZ = Byzantinische Zeitschrift CAJ = Central Asiatic Journal DOP = Dumbarton Oaks Papers EW = East and West IBLA = Revue de l’Institut des Belles Lettres Arabes, Tunis IC = Islamic Culture IHQ = Indian Historical Quarterly IJAHS = International Journal of African Historical Studies IJMES = International Journal of Studies ILS = Islamic Law and Society IOS = Israel Oriental Studies IQ = The Islamic Quarterly vi list of abbreviations

JA = Journal Asiatique JAIS = Journal of Arabic and JAL = Journal of Arabic Literature JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society JARCE = Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JAS = Journal of Asian Studies JESHO = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JIS = Journal of Islamic Studies JMBRAS = Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JNES = Journal of Near Eastern Studies JOS = Journal of Ottoman Studies JQR = Jewish Quarterly Review JRAS = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society JSAI = Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam JSEAH = Journal of Southeast Asian History JSS = Journal of Semitic Studies MEA = Middle Eastern Affairs MEJ = Middle East Journal MEL = Middle Eastern Literatures MES = Middle East Studies MFOB = Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale de l’Université St. Joseph de Beyrouth MIDEO = Mélanges de l’Institut Dominicain d’Études Orientales du Caire MME = Manuscripts of the Middle East MMIA = Majallat al-Majma al-Ilmi al-Arabi, Damascus MO = Le Monde Oriental MOG = Mitteilungen zur Osmanischen Geschichte MSR = Studies Review MW = The OC = Oriens Christianus OLZ = Orientalistische Literaturzeitung OM = Oriente Moderno QSA = Quaderni di Studi Arabi REI = Revue des Études Islamiques REJ = Revue des Études Juives REMMM = Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée RHR = Revue de l’Histoire des Religions RIMA = Revue de l’Institut des Manuscrits Arabes RMM = Revue du Monde Musulman RO = Rocznik Orientalistyczny ROC = Revue de l’Orient Chrétien RSO = Rivista degli Studi Orientali SI = Studia Islamica (France) SIk = Studia Islamika (Indonesia) SIr = Studia Iranica TBG = Tijdschrift van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen VKI = Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land en Volkenkunde WI = Die Welt des WO = Welt des Orients WZKM = Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ZAL = Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft list of abbreviations vii

ZGAIW = Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften ZS = Zeitschrift für Semitistik b. Other ANRW = Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt BGA = Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum BNF = Bibliothèque nationale de France CERMOC = Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur le Moyen-Orient Contemporain CHAL = Cambridge History of Arabic Literature CHE = Cambridge History of Egypt CHIn = Cambridge History of India CHIr = Cambridge History of Dozy = R. Dozy, Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes, Leiden 1881 (repr. Leiden and Paris 1927) EAL= of Arabic Literature EI1 = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed., Leiden 1913–38 EI2 = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Leiden 1954–2004 EI3 = Encyclopaedia of Islam Three, Leiden 2007– EIr = Encyclopaedia Iranica EJ1= Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., Jerusalem [New York 1971–92] EQ = Encyclopaedia of the Qurn ERE = Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics GAL = C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed., Leiden 1943–49 GALS = C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, Supplementbände I–III, Leiden 1937–42 GAP = Grundriss der Arabischen Philologie, Wies­baden 1982– GAS = F. Sezgin, Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums, Leiden 1967– GMS = Gibb Memorial Series GOW = F. Babinger, Die Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke, Leipzig 1927 HO = Handbuch der Orientalistik IA = Islâm Ansiklopedisi IFAO = Institut Français d’Archeologie Orientale­ JE = Jewish Encyclopaedia Lane = E. W. Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon RCEA = Répertoire Chronologique d’Épigraphie Arabe TAVO = Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients TDVIA=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islâm Ansiklopedisi UEAI = Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants van Ess, TG = J. van Ess, Theologie und Gesellschaft­ WKAS = Wörterbuch der Klassischen Arabischen Sprache, Wiesbaden 1957–

118 iskandar beg munsh al-ilhiyya (Istanbul, Ragip Pasha Library, world-adorning history of Abbs”) deals MS 1463), and, in upholding al-Isfizr’s with afavid history and the reign of Shh authorship, one may thus argue that the Abbs I (r. 995–1038/1587–1629). Its copyist copied two treatises by the same sequel (dhayl) chronicles the first five years author. Further research is needed, how- of the reign of his grandson and successor, ever, to clarify these matters. Shh af (r. 1038–52/1629–42).

Bibliography 1. Life Iskandar Beg came from the Turkmen Sources clan of the Qizilbsh (the Qizilbsh, lit. al-Bazdaw, Ul al-dn, ed. Hans-Peter Linss, red head, were militant Sh groups who Cairo 1963. rose to prominence in , Ana- Studies tolia, and Kurdistan in the late ninth/ Daniel Gimaret, Un traité théologique du phi- fifteenth century, some of them playing losophe musulman Ab mid al-Isfizr a decisive role in the formation of the (IVe/Xe s.), in Louis Pouzet (ed.), Mélanges in memoriam Michel Allard, S. J. (1924–1976), afavid empire). From an anonymous Paul Nwyia, S. J. (1925–1980) (Beirut 1984), treatise on the Qizilbsh dating from the 207–52 (contains an edition of the Arabic opening years of the eleventh/seventeenth text of the “Twenty-eight questions”); Dan- century, we know that the clan and its iel Gimaret, Sur un passage énigmatique du “Tabyn” d’Ibn Askir, SI 47 (1978), 143– various branches claimed descent from 63; David C. Reisman, An obscure Neopla- blood relatives, in-laws, and family allies tonist of the fourth/tenth century and the of the Qar Quynl (Kara Koyunlu, putative Philoponus source, in Peter Adam- r. 752–874/1351–1469) and q Qynl son (ed.), In the age of al-Frb. Arabic philoso- phy in the fourth/tenth century (London 2008), (Akkoyunlu, r. 798–914/1396–1508), rul- 239–64 (contains an English trans. of ques- ers of Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia tions 8, 9, 11, 21); David C. Reisman, Pla- (Anon., Trkh-i Qizilbshn, 29–40). Iskan- to’s Republic in Arabic. A newly discovered dar Beg’s year of birth was 969/1561–2, passage, ASP 14 (2004), 263–300; Elvira Wakelnig, Al-Ank’s use of the lost Arabic given his own statement that early in version of Philoponus’ Contra Proclum, ASP 23 995/1587, the year in the summer of (2013), 291–317; Elvira Wakelnig, Die Phi- which Shh Abbs ascended to the throne, losophen in der Tradition Kinds. Al-mir, he was twenty-six. Furthermore, he states al-Isfizr, Miskawayh, as-Siistn und at-Tawd, in Heidrun Eichner, Matthias elsewhere that in 1038/1629, the year in Perkams, and Christian Schäfer (eds.), Isla- the middle of which Shh Abbs died, he mische Philosophie im Mittelalter. Ein Handbuch was already seventy years old (Iskandar (Darmstadt 2013), 233–52. Beg, lam-r, 336, 1095, trans., 472–3; Elvira Wakelnig Iskandar Beg, Dhayl, 5; Storey and Bregel, 2:873). This is corroborated by a marginal note in a afavid chronicle dating from Iskandar Beg Munsh the early 1040s/1630s, in which Iskandar Beg is praised for “devoting his whole Iskandar Beg Munsh (b. 969/1561– life of seventy-four years” to chronicling 2, d. c.1043/1633 or 1634) was a Per- the reign of Shh Abbs, implying that sian court scribe (munsh) and chronicler he died in about 1043/1633–4 (Khzn whose Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs (“The Ifahn, 302 n. 2). Despite their Qizilbsh iskandar beg munsh 119 background and family ties to military Khzn Ifahn, 301 n. 10; Narbd, elites of the afavid regime, Iskandar Beg 702; af, 5/3:1743). and his older brother, Faraj (Farrukh?) By Iskandar Beg’s own testimony, we Beg, both pursued bureaucratic careers. know that he spent much of his youth- Faraj Beg ended up working as a “bearer ful years learning advanced letter-writing of ink” (davtdr) with Mrz Aallh skills and siyq script before acquiring a Khzn Ifahn (fl. 985/1577), who scribal job in the royal chancery. It was for several years under Shh ahmsp in his position as a kha (“crown sector”) (930–84/1524–76) held office as vizier scribe that Iskandar Beg developed a keen of Azerbaijan and Sharvn (Khzn interest in Persian court chronicles (Iskan- Ifahn, 301 n. 10; Iskandar Beg, lam- dar Beg, lam-r, 1–2, trans., 3). He had r, 165, trans., 259). Under Shh af, studied for a time under the prominent Faraj Beg’s son Muammad li Beg afavid-era Sh jurist Muammad Bqir (fl. 1054/1644–5), a well-known poet and Astarbd (d. 1040/1630–1) also known scribe expert in composing chronograms, as Mr-Dmd (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, was made provincial vizier in Lhijn 1052, trans., 1274). Under Muammad and remained in the same post for about Khudbanda (r. 985–95/1578–87), Iskan- a decade (Vla Qazvn, 258; Narbd, dar Beg attended the afavid court in Qaz- 110–1; Sstn, 165b; Iskandar Beg, lam- vin, and, in the months leading to Shh r, 837, 968, 1013). Abbs’s rise to the throne, he took part in the inter-tribal wars (between almost 2. Work all major tribes and clans) that During the closing decades of the broke out at the court (Iskandar Beg, reign of Shh ahmsp, Iskandar Beg lam-r, 336, trans., 472–3). During the worked as an apprentice scribe under opening years of the reign of Shh Abbs, Mrz Aallh Khzn Ifahn he worked as a scribal assistant in the (Khzn Ifahn, 301 n. 10). According office of the grand vizier (itimd al-dawla), to the early eleventh/seventeenth-century Mrz Lufallh Shrz (fl. 1000/1592, in bureaucrat and historian Amad usayn Qazvn) (Sstn, 165r; Khzn Ifahn, Qum (fl. 1015/1606), Iskandar Beg, who 394). In the winter of 1001/1593, Shh had already mastered calligraphy in the Abbs promoted Iskandar Beg to court talq cursive style, had spent about two scribe, a post that allowed him entry years working under him in the office into the entourage of the afavid ruler of grand vizier (daftarkhna-yi humyn) in (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 455, trans., 628; Qazvin, updating the registers of religious Sstn, 165a). In his capacity as a court deeds (daftar-i shariyyt) and improving scribe, Iskandar Beg is reported to have his skills in the art of courtly letter writ- worked with the non-kha chancellor ing (insh). Iskandar Beg then worked in (munsh al-mamlik) Mrz Abd al-usayn Qazvin with Muammad Amn Munsh b. Adham Beg s Urdubd (Khzn Qazvn at the royal chancery (dr Ifahn, 579). Iskandar was also close to al-insh) as a scribe, talq calligrapher, and Mrz Abd al-usayn’s elder brother, expert in the siyq script used by accoun- tim Beg Urdbd (d. 1019/1610), tants (usayn Qum, 54–5, trans., 97–8; who held office as grand vizier under 120 iskandar beg munsh

Shh Abbs (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, tle, captured the “rebel” ruler of Bardst, 755, trans., 948). After tim Beg’s death, Amr Khn the Lame (chulq) alive, and Iskandar Beg joined his son and succes- put him, along with his family and rela- sor Ab lib Beg (later lib Khan; d. tives, to the sword (Iskandar Beg, lam- 1044/1634). In 1026/1617, Iskandar Beg r, 808). In the autumn of 1032/1622 spent four months in Tabriz discharging Iskandar Beg joined the afavid army various scribal duties under the supervi- on its way from Isfahan to Baghdad on sion of Ab lib Beg (Iskandar Beg, the eve of Shh Abbs’ invasion of Arab lam-r, 924–5, trans., 1142). Iraq, during which the afavids besieged Baghdad successfully in Rab II 1032/ 3. Military activities February 1623 and eventually brought it From 1004/1595–6 onwards, Iskandar under their undisputed control, together Beg had the privilege of accompanying with Mosul and Kirkuk by the end of Shh Abbs during almost all major mili- the winter of the same year (Iskandar tary campaigns. He was with the afavid Beg, lam-r, 996, 1002–7, trans., 1218, ruler in 1004/1595–6 on the occasion 1225–9). Three years later, in 1035/ of his invasion of Khursn and stayed 1625–6, Iskandar Beg was once again in briefly in the city of Sabzivr, which had Arab Iraq in the company of Shh Abbs recently been plundered by the Uzbeks and his troops, who were occupied with (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 511, trans., repelling the Ottoman counterattacks 687). Iskandar Beg also took part in Shh against the shrine cities of Najaf and Abbs’s invasion of Azerbaijan in the Karbal, as well as Baghdad (Iskandar autumn of 1013/1604, during which the Beg, lam-r, 1051, 1053, trans., 1272, afavid forces imposed a crushing defeat 1274). on the Ottomans and captured Tabriz (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 698, 701, trans., 4. Trkh-i lam-r-yi 890, 893). In 1017/1608, Iskandar Beg Abbs accompanied grand vizier tim Beg During his years in the service of Urdbd during his official trip to Tabriz the royal chancery, Iskandar Beg pre- to oversee the incorporation into the pared an early draft (musavvada) of afavid army of several contingents of the Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs, shaping it Jall (Celali) rebels who had recently fled into a prologue (dbcha), an introductory to Iran from central and eastern Anatolia chapter (muqaddima)—consisting of twelve (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 774, trans., 969) discourses (maqla) outlining Shh Abbs’ (the Jall rebellions of the tenth-eleventh/ kingly attributes and antecedents from sixteenth-seventeenth centuries were led Shaykh af al-Dn Isq Ardabl (d. 735/ against Ottoman imperial rule by irregu- 1334) until the reign of Muammad lar troops initially, in 925/1519, under Khudbanda as well as his military and the leadership of Jall/Celal, an Alav/ administrative merits—and two parts Alevi preacher). In 1018/1609, Iskandar (afas) on the reign of Shh Abbs Beg participated in the afavid assault on (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 1, trans., 2). Dumdum Castle in the mountains some Completed in 1025/1616, the first of twelve miles southwest of Urmia, during these two parts spans the period between which Shh Abbs’s troops seized the cas- the birth of Shh Abbs, in 978/1571, iskandar beg munsh 121 and 1025/1616, in which fell the thirtieth been deemed a major weakness, making anniversary (qarn) of his coronation, while Iskandar Beg’s narrative not only “very the second part chronicles the remain- dull and arduous reading to anyone not der of his reign (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, especially interested in military matters” 3–4, 6, 541, 545, 916, trans., 4–7, 721, but also “vitiated by overwhelming masses 724). Later on, Iskandar Beg described of trivial details and the absence of any his history as a three-volume chronicle, breadth of view or clearness of outline” of which the first two volumes deal with (Browne, 4:107). This impetuous assessment the pre-dynastic and early dynastic phases of the historical value of Iskandar Beg’s of afavid history, while the last volume chronicle was later sharply questioned chronicles the reign of Shh Abbs in modern scholarship. Iskandar Beg is (Iskandar Beg, Dhayl, 2–3). Well aware of credited duly for “judicious accuracy,” the value of his chronicle, Iskandar Beg “psychological perceptiveness,” and “the placed it on a par with the works of two broad interest” his chronicle “manifests in prominent Tmrid-era chroniclers, Abd the ramifications of the events it traces” al-Razzq Samarqand (d. 887/1482) and (Hodgson, 3:42). Elsewhere, it is argued Sharaf al-Dn Al Yazd (d. 858/1454) that the mass of “trivial” information found (Iskandar Beg, lam-r, 373, trans., 514). in Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs “is not only That Samarqand and Yazd were the enormously important in itself, but brings two greatest influences on Iskandar Beg’s to life the bare bones of historical fact” intellectual formation as a historian is also (Savory, 22). The strength of Iskandar attested in the writings of a contemporary Beg’s chronicle lies in its detailed coverage tadhkira (biography) writer and fellow his- of the life and career of successive genera- torian who knew him personally (Sstn, tions of afavid bureaucrats, military offi- 165b). cers, and religious scholars. Iskandar Beg’s Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs is in annal- chronicle is particularly detailed in its istic format, arranged by an ambiguous coverage of historical geography, bringing combination of the hijr, regnal, solar (fis- into clearer focus the topography of many cal), and Turkish animal-calendar years. urban centres, rural towns, and military This juxtaposition of four calendric fortifications in afavid Iran and abroad. systems is criticised in the writings of one His narrative is replete also with invalu- of Iskandar Beg’s contemporary fellow able information about bureaucratic prac- historians, Muammad Mam Ifahn tices and procedures, military terms and (fl. 1057/1647), who wrote a chronicle expressions, titles and emoluments, tribes of the reign of Shh af (Ifahn, 29). and clans, and land relations in early Iskandar Beg’s chronological errors have modern Iran. been flagged and corrected in the second- ary literature (McChesney). Concerning 5. The sequel the reign of Shh Abbs, Iskandar Beg Published in Tehran in 1938 in a single focuses primarily on military campaigns, volume together with parts of Muammad political upheavals in the provinces, and Ysuf Qazvn’s (d. 1105/1693–4) Khuld-i appointments and promotions at the barn (“Delightful paradise”), the sequel to afavid court. The “enormous prepon- Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs, opens with an derance of the military element” had long account of Shh af’s coronation in the 122 iskandar beg munsh winter of 1038/1629 and closes abruptly dam (MS Acad. 213; de Jong, 213–4; with a section on lib Khn Urddbd’s Witkam, 70). The letters reproduced in murder at the hands of the afavid ruler on the Munshat were used primarily as exer- 2 afar 1044/28 July 1634 (Iskandar Beg, cise templates for pre-modern students of Dhayl, 141–6; Vla Qazvn, 199–203). Persian prose. In his prologue, Iskandar Beg tells us that it was Shh af who shortly after Bibliography his ascent to the throne commissioned him to compose a chronicle of his reign Sources Anon., Trkh-i Qizilbshn, ed. Hshim as the “epilogue” (khtima) of his account Muaddith (Tehran 1361sh/1982), 29–40; of the reign of Shh Abbs (Iskandar Muammad Mam Ifahn, Khulat al- Beg, Dhayl, 4–6). Aside from the section siyar, ed. raj Afshr (Tehran 1366sh/1989), on Shh af’s coronation on 4 Jumd 29; Iskandar Beg Munsh, Dhayl-i Trkh-i lamr-yi Abbs, ed. Amad Suhayl II 1038/29 January 1629 in Isfahan, the Khvnsr, Tehran 1317sh/1938; Iskandar remainder of Iskandar Beg’s account of the Beg Munsh, Trkh-i lam-r-yi Abbs, ed. first five years of the reign of Sh h afi is raj Afshr, Tehran 1956, trans. Roger M. arranged in an annalistic format. Annual Savory, History of Shah Abbs the Great, 3 vols., Boulder 1978; Fal Beg Khzn Ifahn, chapters are arranged in topical sections A chronicle of the reign of Shah Abbas, ed. and sub-sections called “incidents” (sing., Kioumars Ghereghlou (Cambridge 2015), snia), each dealing with military events 301–2; Muammad hir Narbd, Tadh- in the provinces. Large parts of Iskandar kira-yi Narbd, ed. Musin Nj Narbd (Tehran 1378sh/1999), 702; Muammad Beg’s account of the reign of Shh af hir Vad Qazvn, Trkh-i jahnr-yi are borrowed by Vla Qazvn, who com- Abbs, ed. Sad Mr Muammad diq, posed his chronicle in 1078/1667–8 in the Tehran 1383sh/2004; Muammad Ysuf name of Shh Sulaymn (r. 1077–1105/ Vla Qazvn, Khuld-i barn, adqa-yi shishum va haftum az rawa-yi hashtum, ed. Muammad 1666–94), and by his brother Muammad Ri Nar, Tehran 1379sh/2001; Amad hir Vad Qazvn (d. 1112/1700–1), usayn Qum, Gulistn-i hunar, ed. Amad whose Trkh-i jahn-r-yi Abbs (“The Suhayl Khvnsr (Tehran 1352sh/1973), world-adorning history of Abbs”) chron- 54–5, trans. Vladimir Minorsky, Calligra- phers and painters. A treatise by Q Amad, son icles the dynastic phase of afavid history of Mr-Munsh (circa A.H. 1015/A.D. 1606) (up to 1074/1663–4) and is dedicated to (Washington DC 1959), 97–8; Shh-usayn Shh Abbs II (r. 1052–77/1642–66). Sstn, Iy al-mulk, ed. Manchihr Sutda, Tehran 1965; Shh-usayn Sstn, Tadhkira-yi khayr al-bayn, Tehran, Majlis 6. Correspondence Library, MS 923. Transcripts of several pieces of offi- cial correspondence written by Iskandar Studies Beg during his tenure as a court scribe Edgar Granville Browne, A literary history of Per- sia, vol. 4, A history of Persian literature in mod- under Shh Abbs were posthumously ern times. A.D. 1500–1924 (Cambridge 1930, assembled and published as an indepen- repr. 1959), 107–10; Franz von Erdmann, dent volume titled Munshat-i Iskandar Beg Iskender Munschi und sein Werk, ZDMG 15 (“Epistles of Iskandar Beg”). A copy of (1861), 457–501; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The venture of Islam. Conscience and history in a this volume is in the Royal Netherlands world civilization (Chicago 1974), 3:42; Pieter Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amster- de Jong, Catalogus codicum Orientalium Biblio- iskandar beg munsh 123

thecae Regiae Scientiarum, Leiden 1862; Robert Islamicus 3 (1980), 19–37; Charles Ambrose D. McChesney, A note on Iskandar Beg’s Storey, Persidskaia literatura. Bio-bibliograficheskiıç chronology, JNES 39/1 (1980), 53–63; obzor, trans. Yuri E. Bregel (Moscow 1972), Dhaballh af, Trkh-i adabiyyt dar rn 2:873; Jan Just Witkam, Inventory of the oriental (Tehran 1369sh/1990), 5/3:1742–5; Roger manuscripts of the Royal Netherlands Academy of M. Savory, “Very dull and arduous reading.” Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, Leiden 2006. A reappraisal of the history of Shah Abbs the Great by Iskandar Beg Munsh, Hamdard Kioumars Ghereghlou