Breve Historia De La Ornitología En Los Altos Andes Del Norte Del Perú Y Su

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Breve Historia De La Ornitología En Los Altos Andes Del Norte Del Perú Y Su Breve Historia de la Ornitología en los Altos Andes del Norte del Perú y Su Importancia para la Conservación Brief History of Ornithology in the High Andes of Northern Peru and Its Importance for Conservation C. Steven Sevillano Ríos1,2 ([email protected]) 1Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, Nueva York 14850 2Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, Nueva York 14853 https://doi.org/10.36580/rgem.i2.87-102 Resumen in order to incorporate it as a science more applied to the conservation of biological diversity. The High Andes Conocer el proceso histórico de cómo se desarrolló una (>3500 m) are recognized as an area of high biological de las ciencias naturales con mayor auge en la actualidad, endemism, but also of vulnerability, especially within a como es la ornitología, es clave para comprender y decidir context of climate change. This article briefly discusses qué pasos se deben tomar a fin de incorporarla como una the development of ornithology in a section of the ciencia más aplicada a la conservación de la diversidad high Andes of northern Peru, consisting mainly of the biológica. Los Altos Andes (>3,500 m) son reconocidos cordilleras Blanca, Negra, Huallanca and Huayhash in the como un área de alto endemismo biológico, pero también departments of Ancash, Lima and Huánuco. We will see de vulnerabilidad, especialmente dentro de un contexto de that, from the earliest pre-Incan civilizations, birds were cambio climático. En este artículo, se expone brevemente represented in iconography of the Chavín culture, and that el desarrollo de la ornitología en una sección de los Altos during the first expeditions (1844-1983), discoveries were Andes del norte del Perú, comprendidas principalmente made of new species that are currently endemic to Peru, but por las cordilleras Blanca, Negra, Huallanca y Huayhash en are threatened and have conservation priority. Subsequent los departamentos de Ancash, Lima y Huánuco. Veremos biogeographic studies (1987-2011) and recent ecological que, desde las primeras civilizaciones preincaicas, las aves studies of the bird communities and ecosystems seek their fueron representadas en iconografías de la cultura Chavín application to the management and conservation of several y que durante las primeras expediciones (1844-1983), threatened species. In total, 239 species are reported, with se hicieron los descubrimientos de nuevas especies que 23 endemic to Peru, 12 considered threatened on the IUCN actualmente son endémicas del Perú, pero amenazadas Red List, two introduced and 21 migratory birds that y con prioridad de conservación. Subsiguientes estudios spend their non-breeding season in these areas. It is hoped biogeográficos (1987-2011) y recientes estudios ecológicos that this review will (1) provide an understanding of the de la comunidad de aves y los ecosistemas buscan su development of ornithology in one of the principal centers aplicación al manejo y conservación de varias especies of High Andean ornithological endemism and, ultimately, amenazadas. En total, 239 especies son reportadas, siendo (2) contribute to defining future lines of applied research, 23 endémicas del Perú, 12 consideradas amenazadas especially those that contribute to improving actions en la Lista Roja de la IUCN, 2 introducidas y 21 aves of prevention and mitigation of climate change in the migratorias que pasan su época no reproductiva en estas biological diversity of tropical mountain ecosystems. áreas. Se espera que esta revisión 1) ayude a entender el desarrollo de la ornitología en uno de los principales centros Keywords: History of ornithology, birds, Polylepis, Ancash, de endemismo ornitológico altoandino y, por último, High Andes, conservation, endemic species, climate change 2) contribuya a definir futuras líneas de investigación aplicada, en especial aquellas que contribuyan a mejorar las Introducción acciones de prevención y mitigación del cambio climático en la diversidad biológica de ecosistemas de montañas La ornitología, área de las ciencias naturales que tropicales. estudia a las aves, ha venido incrementando su popularidad a nivel mundial durante los últimos años y el Perú no es Palabras clave: Historia de la ornitología, aves, la excepción (Franke, 2007). Cada vez más personas Polylepis, Ancash, Altos Andes, conservación, especies interesadas en conocer sobre ellas desarrollan tanto endémicas, cambio climático investigaciones como actividades recreacionales basadas en su observación y admiración. En 2015 y 2016, el Perú Abstract se convirtió en el país con mayor número de observaciones de aves durante la competencia de avistamiento de aves Knowing the historical process of how one of the más grande del mundo, Global Big Day (http://ebird.org/ natural sciences, ornithology, has developed is key to ebird/globalbigday), organizado por el Laboratorio de understanding and deciding what steps should be taken Ornitología de la Universidad de Cornell y ampliamente Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña 2 (2017): 87-102 87 C. S. Sevillano promovido en Perú por muchas personas y organizaciones (Valqui et al., 2016). Este mismo año, en Chachapoyas, se desarrolló el X Congreso Nacional de Ornitología con una gran participación de estudiantes, biólogos, forestales, naturalistas, agencias de viajes y público en general. El hecho de que el Perú haya obtenido un bicampeonato y el segundo lugar en un evento ornitológico mundial y la gran participación del público en el congreso habla de la gran popularidad y número de adeptos que viene ganando la ornitología en nuestro país y demuestra que en el Perú existe un gran potencial para fortalecer no solo la ornitología como ciencia, sino que, a través de ella, también se pueden desarrollar las capacidades de muchos investigadores, aficionados y admiradores de la naturaleza. La incorporación de la observación de aves en actividades económicas, como el turismo de naturaleza o aviturismo, posee además el potencial de contribuir al desarrollo de poblaciones locales y en conjunto beneficiar a la conservación de la riqueza biológica peruana (Stronza y Pegas, 2008; Puhakka, Salo y Sääksjärvi, 2011; Fennell, 2014). Sin embargo, para llegar hasta esta etapa ha existido todo un proceso histórico que se remonta a muchos decenios atrás, el cual es interesante e importante conocer a fin de comprender de qué manera evolucionó la ornitología en nuestro país y cuáles deberían ser los siguientes pasos para procurar su adecuada conservación (Franke, 2007). En este artículo se expone el caso del desarrollo de la Figura 1. Mapa de los Altos Andes del Norte del Perú, ornitología en una sección de los Altos Andes del norte principalmente las cordilleras Blanca, Negra, Huallanca y del Perú, comprendidas principalmente por las cordilleras Huayhuash, dentro de los departamentos de Ancash, Lima y Blanca, Negra, Huallanca y Huayhash en los departamentos Huánuco. Solo se muestran los principales lugares donde se de Ancash, Lima y Huánuco (Figura 1). Esta área es colectaron o desarrollaron algunos estudios ornitológicos. reconocida como un centro de endemismo biológico y representa una de las zonas más biodiversas de los Altos El Inicio de la Ornitología en Cordillera Blanca Andes (Fjeldså, 1993). Mientras la Cordillera Huayhuash está considerada como Zona Reservada (INRENA, 2003; Aunque la ornitología en el Perú no se desarrolló Resolución Ministerial Nº 1173-2002-AG), la Cordillera formalmente como una ciencia hasta mediados de los años Blanca se encuentra legalmente protegida por la Reserva 1800 (Franke, 2007), las iconografías prehispánicas dan de Biosfera y el Parque Nacional Huascarán y posee la cuenta de la relevancia que las aves tuvieron en las distintas categoría de Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad por la culturas del antiguo Perú. Los Altos Andes del norte del UNESCO (SERNANP, 2017). Perú, reconocidos como un área de alta importancia para la biodiversidad altoandina (Fjeldså, 2002) -especialmente Comenzando por la representación ornitológica de aves (Angulo, 2009)- y como el centro con mayor a través de las primeras iconografías prehispánicas, concentración de glaciares tropicales en el mundo se abordarán algunos aspectos interesantes sobre las (Georges, 2004; Silverio y Jaquet, 2005), también es primeras expediciones ornitológicas (1844-1983), reconocida como una de las zonas donde surgieron algunas estudios biogeográficos (1987-2011) y finalmente estudios de las culturas prehispánicas más influyentes de los Andes. ecológicos más recientes enfocados en su aplicabilidad en En consecuencia, no es de sorprender que mucha de la la conservación de varias especies amenazadas. Se espera iconografía presente en las principales culturas asentadas que esta revisión 1) ayude a entender el desarrollo de la a través de los Altos Andes del norte del Perú tuviera las ornitología en uno de los principales centros de endemismo aves como protagonistas. Culturas tan importantes como ornitológico altoandino y, por último, 2) contribuya a definir Chavín, cuna de la civilización andina, fue de las primeras futuras líneas de investigación aplicada, en especial aquellas en representar a uno de sus dioses con características que contribuyan a mejorar las acciones de prevención y antropozoomorfas que incluían garras y alas amplias el mitigación del cambio climático en la diversidad biológica cual, de acuerdo con algunos arqueólogos (p. ej., Julio C. de ecosistemas de montañas tropicales. Tello) representaría la conexión entre el cielo y la tierra
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