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Ethno-Medico-Botanical Knowledge of Tiptur Taluk in Tumkur District of Karnataka, India

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Ethno-Medico-Botanical Knowledge of Tiptur Taluk in Tumkur District of Karnataka, India Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 1 (1), January 2015, pp. 147-154 Ethno-medico-botanical knowledge of Tiptur taluk in Tumkur district of Karnataka, India Somashekhara Achar KG, Vijaya Boosanur & MB Shivanna* Department of PG Studies and Research in Applied Botany, School of Biosciences, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta- 577 451, Shimoga, Karnataka, India *E-mail: [email protected] Received 25 October 2013, revised 08 May 2014 Medicinal plants play an important role in the primary healthcare in rural India, since they are available locally, inexpensive and are said to have less side-effects. Herbal medicinal knowledge is an invaluable treasure that requires scientific documentation. The phyto-ethno-medicinal knowledge of Tiptur taluk of Karnataka state, India, has not been documented in the literature. Traditional plant medicinal knowledge available with folk people of the taluk was collected by interview-based semi-structured questionnaire and data was subjected to Informant consensus factor (ICF). The study revealed the use of 127 plant species of 118 genera and 52 families to treat 79 diseases and disorders affecting humans in the study area. The study also documented 60 new claims of medicinal use of plants, of which 22 reveals were on individual, and 38 on more than two plant formulations. The ICF analysis revealed that respiratory (0.54) and dermatological disorders (0.52) were highly prevalent in the area, for which 28 and 62 medicinal herbs, respectively, were prescribed by the herbal healers. The present study indicated that the herbal healers have a fair knowledge and a considerable number of their formulations are new records. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Herbal medicine, ICF, Infectious diseases, Non-infectious diseases IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K 36/00, A01D 20/00 The traditional folk healers and medicine men are is unexplored. This prompted authors to take up a following the practice of treating humans and field survey during 2007 and 2008 and document the veterinary animals for their diseases and disorders traditional medicinal knowledge of resident with the locally available plants and resources. This communities of Tiptur taluk. practice is deep-rooted in India and the herbal medicine knowledge has been acquired through long Materials and methods tradition and experience. The source of herbal drugs The study area Tiptur taluk is situated (13° 26 N include forests, cultivated farm lands, gardens and lat, and 76°48E long, altitude 862 m above msl, area near forests or other sources including crude annual rainfall 453.5-717.7 mm - more than 55% herbal vendors1,2. Tiptur taluk of Tumkur district in received during the Kharif season) in the south Karnataka, situated in the central dry zone of interior part of Karnataka state, India. Soils are Karnataka state, consists of sparse scrubby to open mainly red sandy-loam and deep-black in certain area. type of forests. The resident local communities in the The principal crops grown are ragi, sorghum, pulses taluk utilize locally available plants for their primary and oilseeds. The population (53,043 individuals) healthcare needs (Boosanur, personal observation). consisted of 51% males and 49% females. The The traditional medicinal knowledge could be lost if literacy rate (74%) in male and female is 79 and 69%, left undocumented. Plenty of reports are available on respectively10. The taluk has one of state’s highest the documentation of traditional herbal medicinal economical potential with well-managed agricultural knowledge in India, in general3,4 and Karnataka, in produce market committee. 5-9 particular . However, the hidden treasure of The phyto-ethno-medical information of Tiptur traditional medicinal plant knowledge in Tiptur region taluk was collected by frequent field visits based on a 11 —————— semi-structured questionnaire during December *Corresponding author 2007-December 2008. The questionnaire was 148 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 1, NO.1, JANUARY 2015 designed to collect data of the social status, treat various human diseases and disorders. Fabaceae educational qualification, occupation and financial topped the list with 19 plant species followed by position, their expertise to cure disease, plant products Solanaceae and Euphorbiaceae (7 and 6 species, recommended as medicine, adjuvant in a recipe, mode respectively). The medicinal plants used by herbal of application, dosage and duration, precaution and healers were grouped into infectious and non- the local names of plants from healers of the region11. infectious diseases and certain new claims were The people of all age groups were interviewed for detailed in Tables 1 & 2. In each table, information on their knowledge of medicinal plant. The information disease, scientific as well as the local and common regarding the prevalence of diseases and disorders names, family, plant part used, and method of affecting the local people and their animals were preparation of medicine, dosage, duration, and collected. A number of visits were made to the study ingredients are given. However, for determining the area and consistent reveals were documented. The ICF, all plant species that were used for formulating information was also recorded in an audio tape after herbal drugs were considered. The most frequently their consent. The people of the resident and adjoining utilized plant part was leaf (36.10%) and seed area who received herbal medicine treatments for (20.12%) in the preparation of herbal medicine, in their disease(s) were also interviewed and information addition to other parts like rhizome (13.27%), fruit documented. The medicine men were persuaded to (6.54%), root (6.19%), latex (2.83%), stem (2.65%), reveal the local or vernacular names of medicinal flower (2.30%), and gum (0.35%). The most used plants and their habitat, as described previously11. herbal formulation in Tiptur region was the paste Following the confirmation of identity, plants were (34.93%) and juice (28.76%), followed by raw collected for the herbarium preparation and specimens materials (10.27%), decoction (9.58%), powder were allotted voucher numbers and deposited in the (8.12%), oil (3.76%), tablets (2.39%), steam (1.3%) departmental herbaria centre. and ash (0.68%). The present report also claims 22 new reports for Data analysis individual plants and 38 new reports for combination Informant consensus originally described by of plants to treat various infectious and non infectious 12 Trotter and Logan and later adopted by Heinrich et diseases and disorders. The herbal healers in Tiptur 13 al. was used to identify the potentially effective taluk prescribed more of the single to polyherbal medicinal plants of the study area. The informant formulations. Out of 207 formulations, 110 were consensus factor (ICF) was calculated for each single plant preparations and 49 and 48 were biherbal category of ailments to identify the agreements of and polyherbal formulations, respectively. Allium informant(s) on the reported cures for the group of sativum was invariably used in 31 formulations for ailments. It was calculated as: the treatment of 79 diseases and disorders, which is followed by Piper nigrum (29), Citrus medica (18), ICF= nur-nt/(nur-1). Curcuma longa (14), Tinospora cordifolia (13), Leucas aspera and Tylophora indica (10). where nur is the number of use reports of informants for particular illness usage, where a use report is a In the present study, ICF ranged from 0.05 to 0.54 single record for use of a plant mentioned by an per illness category. Respiratory disorders (0.54) and individual and Nt refers to the number of species used dermatological disorders (0.52) attracted high ICF for a particular illness category for all informants. The values (Table 3). This might indicate the prevalence factor provides a range of 0 to 1, where a high value of high incidence of respiratory and skin ailments in acts as a good indicator for high rate of informant the region. consensus. ICF values were indexed into low (ranges from 0.0-0.3), moderate (ranges from 0.31-0.60) and Discussion high values (ranges from 0.61 to 1.0). The herbal healers of the study area used medicinal plants either individually or in combination(s) for Results treating various diseases and disorders. The The present study indicated that that herbal healers dependence of the rural folk on herbal medicines and knowledgeable elders of Tiptur taluk used could be partly due to their poor economic situation 127 species of plants of 118 genera and 52 families to coupled with non-availability of modern healthcare SOMASHEKHARA ACHAR et al.: ETHNO-MEDICO-BOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE OF TIPTUR IN KARNATAKA 149 Table 1—New claims of medicinal plants used in the treatment of infectious human diseases by the resident healers of Tiptur taluk Sl. no. Ailment Botanical name/family Local name/ common name/ Mode of uses voucher number 1 Itching Volkameria inermis L. Vishamadhari/ Glory Bower Leaves of V. inermis and S. [syn. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.] KU/SG/NS 070 auriculata and pure camphor ground Verbenaceae Thangadi/ tanner's cassia with coconut oil and paste applied Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. KU/SD/SR 410 over the itching part. (syn. Cassia auriculata L.) Thengu/coconut Fabaceae KU/SG/JS 266 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae 2 Skin Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey Mahalingana balli/ lollipop Leaves of D. palmatus, V. inermis, diseases (syn. Bryonopsis laciniosa auct.) climber and T. cordifolia turmeric powder Cucurbitaceae KU/TT/HN 337 and sulphur macerated in M. pinnata Volkameria inermis L. Vishamadhari/ Glory Bower oil and paste applied over the skin. [syn. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) KU/SG/NS 070 Gaertn.]Verbenaceae Amruthaballi/ Indian Tinospora Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & KU/SG/JS 157 Thomson Menispermaceae Arishina/ turmeric Curcuma longa L. KU/BS/SM 52 Zingiberaceae Honge/Indian pongamia Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi KU/SD/BT 344 [syn. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre] Fabaceae Allium sativum L. Bellulli/ garlic Leaves of D.
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