Ancient , Vol. XXII 17

Archaeological Survey of District in the Valley

Qasim Jan Mohammadz.ai & Muhammad Nasim Khan

Aim of the Survey (Ancient name of the Charsadda The main aim of the present study is to focus on district) is strategically located at the confluence the smaller mounds situated around Bala Hisar, of and rivers, previously connecting that have not yet been excavated. There are ancient commercial routes of the east and west. positive signs and clues that could also be taken It was because of its geographical location that help of in understanding the ancient history of Alexander possibly wanted to subdue it and the area. The smaller mounds did not catch establish a Macedonian garrison here. attention of the previous explorers. Because at Charsadda has been under archaeological that time, probably nothing of cultural explorations and excavations for more than a importance was procured from these sites. Bala century and half. General Court was the first to Hisar attracted their attention because of its begin archaeological research in Pushkalavati in great height. Inscriptions, Indo-Greek silver and 1836. For the first time he diverted attention of Kushan gold , as well as Art archaeologists to the high mound of Bala Hisar, sculptures, intaglios, terracotta figurines and which afterwards became the focus of other items of cultural importance were archaeological activities in Charsadda (Marshall constantly coming from those smaller and and Vogel 1902-3: 142). Subsequently, General considered less significant mounds. It seems Alexander Cunningham concluded that it was that other un-excavated mounds too could the site of Pushkalavati, which was the first contribute a lot in reconstructing the ancient ancient capital of Gandhara, when Alexander past of Charsadda, for the reason that attacked this region. (Cunningham 1990: 42). procurement of ancient artifacts has accelerated. Garrick, John Marshall, Wheeler, Dani and Consequently we planned for a more extensive other local and international teams carried out surface survey in quest of finding the missing excavations and surveyed the area, as a result links in the history and archaeology of the the ancient past of Pushkalavati began to be district. unfolding before us. As the author of this work could not carry out The earlier archaeologists had confined their excavation at some new site due to the activities to Bala Hisar, the dominant landmark unavailability of funds, therefore focus was made of Pushkalavathi, and its immediate on surface survey of the archaeological sites in the neighbourhood i.e. Mir Ziyarat, Palatu Dheri, area and to the study of already excavated material Ghaz Dheri, Sar Dheri, Sulai Kamar Dheri and and published reports. It looks that surface Shaikhan Dheri. Other ancient settlements in collection can also sometimes reveal valuable the vicinity were either not considered information that in future could lead to new appropriate for investigation or they had not discoveries. The collected objects if properly understood the true cultural comprehensively analysed with scientific methods significance of these smaller mounds, which in could modify the cultural and historical profile of actuality served as the suburbs of the capital. the district. Previous researches were aimed at We observe that the marginal mounds dotted uncovering only the chronology of some specific around the Bala Hisar are rings of the ancient sites, while other aspects of it's past were historical chain, which if properly analysed will unfortunately not explored duly. In the present significantly help in piecing together the ancient study we will not confine ourselves to the history of Charsadda. chronology of the area only, but will also focus on the study of different artifacts that came to light for Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 18

the first time in the area and its significance in the and situated on these trade routes thrived cultural history of Charsadda. when came under the Achaemenid rule. These places were already existing before the Location extension of Persian power across the , but were not that much in the lime light The ancient Pushkalavati, the present Charsadda as they did later in the Achaemenid times. district is one of the five Districts of Peshawar Valley occupying its northwest portion. Up to the The earliest human habitation in the Charsadda British period the area was also known as district has been traced at the site of Bala Hisar, . It is located at 34.2 and 34.32 degrees located on the junction of Kabul and Swat N and 71.30 and 71.56 degrees E that comprises of rivers. Fertility of the soil, the leveled ground an area of 995 square kilometers. It is surrounded and availability of plenty of water for irrigation by the districts of Peshawar and Nowshera in the were some of the factors that paved the way for south, in the East, and the emergence and development of a site like Agency in the North and West. Due to Bala Hisar (Coningham et al 2007: 11). the presence of various rivers, which go through the area, Charsadda can truly be called the land of It was indeed the strategic location of rivers. Charsadda district comprises of Tehsil Charsadda that a commercial center sprang up , Tehsil Tangi and Tehsil Charsadda. on the very spot. Bala Hisar, the capital of this Geographically, it can be divided into Doaba and area was placed on the spot, which is in the Hashtnagar sectors. Doaba is the area between the center of the wide and teaming plain of rivers while Hashtnagar lies to the northeast of the Gandhara. It is situated at the junction of the nvers. rivers Swat and Kabul, due to which the surrounding lands were under cultivation from Strategic Significance the times immemorial. Moreover from this Charsadda is situated in the central part of the point onwards, the waters of these two rivers Peshawar valley, within the river valley zone of are jointly capable of carrying sizable river­ the Peshawar basin (Gazetteer of the Peshawar craft. But it was the great trade route which this District 1897-98: 14). The vale of Peshawar is spot commanded, that started from Inner-Asia surrounded by the hills of in the west to the Indo-Pakistan cities and coasts. That trade to , the in the north route starting from the ancient east-west axis of leading to , and Swat and on to Asian commerce at in Afghanistan and via the and the Pass in piercing the Hindu Kush, made its way down the south leading to the Kohat basin. These passes the Kabul valley towards the Indus valley and to have been used for trade, movement and invasion the plains of India (Wheeler 1962: 4). throughout history and prehistory. The area seems to have been connected with the regions of east The routes lying in the Mohmand hills to the and west. Evidence of this large distance trade north and northwest of Charsadda were could be indicated by the presence of exotics such connected to the Silk Road. These also led to as cowry Turbine/la pyrum, carnelian and lapis at the northern parts of Iran and along the Old Silk BalaHisar. Road, to Asia Minor and beyond to Europe. The Silk Road again provided access eastwards to After the decline of the Indus Civilization until . Along this main line of communication, the emergence of the Achaemenid kings in the many Chinese travellers made their way to middle of the sixth century BC, Peshawar valley Pakistan (Dani 1967: 7). On one such route was the battlefield of local rulers, jealous of passing from Charsadda via the Mohmand hills each other. The Persian Empire provided an and passing onward to Afghanistan and opportunity of peace and prosperity to this connecting with the Silk Road we have region, thus long-distance communications discovered a large number of rock carvings were secured. Centres like Begram, Charsadda ( 2005: 199). Charsadda town Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 19 has still been home to hundreds of date palm Rivers trees, another indication of its continuation Charsadda has a very unique feature of three main since ancient times. According to the local lot, rivers flowing through its territozy. This is the there were thick groves of date palm trees even reason it used to be very fertile even before the in the near past. These trees in such a large introduction of canal-fed irrigation system by the number are not encountered anywhere in the English, and agriculture thrived before their whole of Peshawar valley. Existence of its arrival. Of the three main rivers, river Kabul forms fertile flood plain provided opportunity for the boundazy between Peshawar and Charsadda. outsiders to settle here and practice agriculture. After entering the Peshawar valley near Warsak, Moreover temporary migrants from the the divides into many branches. One Northern valleys have also contributed to the comes across all these tributaries namely development of the area from the time Budhanai, Shah Alam, Nagoman and then the immemorial. (Young 2003: 6). main river Kabul known as Sar Daryab, while coming from Peshawar to Charsadda by road. Rainfall, 'fllmperature and Climate These rivers and their numerous channels, not only Rainfall is always a source of relief to the provided waters for agricultural purposes during population. Charsadda receives a major portion of the ancient times, but most probably were used for its total rainfall in the winter season. These rains communication as well. Discovery of a terracotta are brought from the clouds rising from the seal impression from Majuki Dherai shows two Mediterranean Sea, known as the western boats with two men sitting in it. It indicates that disturbances. These rains sometimes continue for boats were not only used for transporting days posing danger to the houses and crops. The commercial goods, but were also utelised for area is at the extreme end of the monsoon winds, human transportation as well (Mohammadz.ai these clouds when reach the region, are almost dry 2010: 173). and bring very little rain as compared to India or eastern part of Pakistan. Nevertheless, whenever it The River Kabul rains in summer, it is usually in the forms of quick, Alexander's historian Arrian has called it Kophen in his heavy shower, which inflates the rivers Anabasis (M'Crindle 1992: 59). It originates from immediately. The area being flat plain, results in Cbiantar Glacier situated in the northeast of Khyber the inundation of regions close to the rivers or to Pakhtunkhwa In Baroghal valley of Chitral, 1he river is the dry torrents, which results in loss of lives and called Chiantarogh, meaning the water of Chiantar. It property. The average yearly rainfall is between travels 380 km in the Chi1ral valley before entering into 270-340 millimeters. Afghanistan. In 1he Afghan territory it flows 1hrough the Kunarh province and again enters into Pakistan 1hrough the Khyber hills (Faizi 2010: 6). The river enters the The temperature in Charsadda is severe and Charsadda district at village Mahz.ara, tehsil Shabqadar. extreme on both ends. In summer, it can rise to as About 1hree km below Warsak it divides into two high as 50 degree centigrade; while it can also go branches. The northern hranch, known as the Adezai or below freezing point in winters. Four seasons are Hajiz.ai, now canies 1he main body of the river and divides recognized in the area that are Summer, Autumn, the from Charsadda for twenty six km. Winter and Spring. From May till August is the Wi1h the name of Sardaryab it 1hen passes 1hrough part of the district for twenty km upto (Garetteer of the hottest time of the year and latter part of the period Peshawar District 1897-98: 7). witness the arrival of Monsoon. In Autumn the temperature slowly cools off after the arrival of Annual floods in the river during the Monsoon monsoon. Winter is generally very cold and the period, is a routine phenomenon. One such people enjoy the season as it also distinguishes the flood, which caused many damages in the maturing of the sugarcane crop, which is the major Charsadda area was witnessed on June 16 1841. cash crop of the area. The temperature at times But the recent flood of 2010, which almost goes below freezing point. Spring is usually in the devastated about 70 % of the district's months of March and April, which is the most agriculture and infrastructure, will be pleasant time ofthe year. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 20 remembered for a long time, because of its variety of fish, tortoise and eel or snake fish, destruction on large scale. There is a thriving known as Mar-mahai are also extra specialties picnic spot at Sar Daryab on the bank of this of the river. According to the older Hindu river where hundreds of makeshift shops serve inhabitants of this neighbourhood, so late as the roasted fish caught in its water. commencement of 19th century, this river was generally known as by the Hindu name of Son­ The River Swat Bhadr or Son-Bhadrat. (Garrick 1881-82: 98). The Swat rises in the hills north-east of upper Swat. Its course is at first south-westerly through The Kabul, Swat, and Bara rivers and Budnai the Swat valley; but after being joined by the streams with all the drainage of the north-west, from the north near Chakdara, it west and south-west, unite at Nisatta; and from turns southwards till it enters the Peshawar valley that point to where the combined waters join the above , thence it flows south-east till it Indus, the stream is known as the Landai or joins the Kabul river at Nisatta. The river enters short river, in length only 58 km (Gazetteer of the district just above the head of the canal in the the Peshawar District 1897-98: 12). Abazai village, and almost at once divides into Geology two main branches known as the Jindai and Khialai. These rejoin after a separate course of Charsadda is part of the plain, which is about 41 km near Prang and fall into the Kabul commonly known as Peshawar Valley. This about 3 km lower down. Valley presents the appearance of having been in remote centuries, the bed of a vast lake. Its On this river almost the whole irrigation of the banks ware formed by the surrounding Doaba or triangular tract between the Kabul and mountains and its waters fed by the rivers that Swat rivers depends. The Swat canal draws its are now channeling throughout its former bed. supply from the same source, as do also the Hills encircle it on every side except one, where village canals irrigating the strip of country the Kabul river flows out to join the . below the high bank of the east, which is known This large lake was drained by the deepening of as the Sholgara or rice-growing tract. the Attock gorge either by a sudden change in the geology of the mountains or through gradual It flows in a stony bed, but the silt brought change. The plain itself consists of fine alluvial down during the hot weather is valuable as a deposits, the composition and depth of which fertilizer agent. The main stream is liable to varies in different localities and at different shift between the two branches. During the last distances from the surface. In most part of the land settlement, the greater volume of water plain, the soil is light and porous and contains passed down the Khialai, but this is now almost more or less sand in depth of 1-6 meters. dry in the cold weather, and the Jindai carries Flora most of the water. The Khiali is the most important branch from the point of view of the The trees in Charsadda district are mainly irrigation depending on it. The river is mulberry (Tut), Sissu (Shiwa), Tamarisk (Ghaz}, navigable by boats from down Poplar (Supaidar) and Eucalyptus (Lach1). Trees stream, furthermore the bulk of the produce of are normally grown on the boundaries of the Charsadda, mainly Gur (raw sugar) and Sho/ay fields and on water channels. The trend of (rice) was transported by river to markets in growing trees as cash crops, is growing. Fruit Nowshera, Attock and points further down the gardens are also numerous and the area is Indus, before the development of road transport. known for its fine guava and peaches. The River Jindai Vegetables are also grown due to persistent demands from the cities. The improved means The Jindai river with its steady flow of water of communication has led to more people runs along the eight ancient villages of growing vegetables and they now fetch better Charsadda. Willow trees grown on its banks, is prices. the distinctive feature of this river. Along with Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 21

Fauna The major crops of the area are wheat, barley, tobacco, different kinds of vegetables, sugarcane, Apart from domestic animals there are no rice, maize, clover, melon etc. Previously the considerable wild animals found in the district. As farmers used to grow all the crops necessary for the district is arable since many centuries, the self-sustenance in a village, but now cash crops inhabitants have killed the wild animals long ago. have taken over as the lions share in the total land Wild boar is still however found, as the cultivated under cultivation. Perlraps this is the reason that sugar cane provides them with good cover (Young Charsadda is facing flour crisis for the last few 2003: 18). years. The major cash crop of this land is A number of wild animals ranging from tiger to sugarcane. There is a Sugar Mill in Charsadda, wolf and leopards used to roam around here in the which can absorb almost all the sugar cane of the past Babur has recorded the presence of district. Some of the sugarcane is also transported rhinoceros in the jungles of Peshawar and to Khazana sugars mills Peshawar and Premier Hashtnagar or Charsadda (Beveridge 1979: 490). sugar mills Mardan. But for the last many years Some of the common fauna found in the district is the production of Gur has increased manifolds jackal, mongoose, rat/mouse and porcupines. giving a severe blow to Sugar production. It finds However traces of bones belonging to sheep-goat, a huge market in Afghanistan and Central Asian cattle, pig and deer have been reported from Bala Countries. Once considered as inferior; this Hisar (Young 2003: 58-9). product now fetches better price than sugar Similar is the case of game animals. It is due to (District Records). hawking, use of firearms of all classes and absence of forests that the district has no game animals. The second cash crop of the region is Tobacco. The only worth mentioning game is flocks of Although the chief areas of its cultivation are ducks which travel from Siberia to lakes in Sindh Mardan and Swabi, parts of Charsadda, where they spend their winters. While travelling especially tehsil Tangi also have large tracts of they always find the watercourses flowing from land under tobacco cultivation. Another reason north to south. All the rivers of Charsadda being is the export of tobacco to Central Asian the natural transit points of these birds, the months Republics, which has resulted in over of October, November, March and April find procurement and hence more demands. Apart many hunters roaming on the rivers of Charsadda. from these two main cash crops, vegetables and Fish are found in large quantities in the rivers of fruits are also grown. These are transported to Charsadda. People catch these not only as a hobby Peshawar and other towns and cities. but also as a means of livelihood. In fact this has already become a thriving trade. Among the fish Irrigation Mahasber, Rahu and China are favorites, due to The district has got a very extensive irrigation their taste. system. Majority of the area is canal fed. A Agriculture recent study revealed that 98 % of the total area of land under cultivation in Charsadda is Charsadda is by far one of the most fertile tracts of irrigated (Young 2003: 21). The British the Province. Unlike other parts, where agriculture Government starting in 1880 dug these canals. started after introduction of irrigation system by Three main ones are worth mention. The first the English, this region was in remote antiquity the one is the Doaba Canal, which irrigates the centre of agricultural activities. Similarly, the extreme southwestern portion of the district. presence of rivers has made this land fertile and This canal originates from river Swat near arable since long. As attested at Bala Hisar, rice, Munda head. The second canal is the Sardar wheat, lentil and certain grasses were grown in Garhi canal that irrigates the area between river Charsadda during the ancient times (Young 2003: Khialai and river Kabul. This canal emanates 56). from Doaba canal near its origin. The third canal is the Lower Swat Canal starting from Munda Headwork near Abazai. This canal Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 22 irrigating almost half of the total district is the beauty that attracted the Europeans to turn their main source of irrigation water. It has a total of attention to the area. Moreover the high mound six distributaries irrigating the central and of Bala Hisar and over a dozen others in the eastern parts of Charsadda. vicinity, had a natural appeal to be investigated. Easy access to the area from Peshawar was Lower Swat Canal another factor that lured interested ones in these ancient monuments. It is due to the rich waters of river Swat, which had helped the fertile lands of Charsadda to turn The area was known to the Europeans well into the breadbasket of the Peshawar valley. ?efore 1826 as a place of archaeological Much of Charsadda' s agricultural prosperity rrnportance ~hall & Vogel 1902-03: 142). depends on the waters of river Swat taken from In the late 18 and early 19th centuries the the Lower Swat canal system. The canal takes ~scovery of Greek coins and stone sculptures off from the left bank of the soon m Gandhara provided an opportunity to the after it enters Charsadda district about 5 km Western scholars, who had been interested in its above Abazai, at Munda, in the northwestern Classical history and archaeology (Dani end of the district, right on the border with 1967:17). Small-scale diggings (not proper Mohmand Agency. The regulator is built across excavations) began at some mounds the sole the river a short distance below the take off of aim of which was only to acquire stone the canal and is built on a foundation of rock sculptures. which extends across raising a sufficient head of water to fill the canal. The canal gates are In 1882 the then Government deputed a raised by a heavy iron crane, which moves on company of Sappers and Miners to Charsadda rails. During the recent flood of 2010, almost to carry out excavations at some selected 80% of this facility was washed away, which archaeological mounds headed by Lieutenant was reconstructed in the record period of 21 ~- They made some hurried digs at the days. sites of Bala Hisar and Mir Ziyarat (Marshall & Vogel 1902-03: 142). The company worked From Abazai the canal runs generally in a only for twelve days and soon withdrew so1:1theasterly direction, distributaries taking off l~aving ~eir work incomplete. During thes~ at mtervals from the south bank. This canal was digs Martin found an inscribed pedestal, which opened for irrigation in 1885; the main canal later became known as the Charsadda Pedestal system stretches for 57 km, while there are 448 . . , 1t 1s now housed in the . In a km of distributaries. The cultivated area under letter addressed to the secretary Public Works its command is 143,314 acres, while the Department, Government of the Punjab, he ave_rage area irrigated annually is 159,744 acres; made a brief description of these excavations owmg to the richness of the soil. The whole of (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 143, foot note No. the southeastern part of Charsadda and the 5). What they found was never known, although middle tract of Mardan, receives irrigation from they had sufficient labour force and the this canal. It is designed to discharge 700 cubic necessary tools as well. feet per second (N.W.F.P. Province Gazetteer 1931: 199). In 1881-82 on the directives of Alexander Cunningham, Director Genaral of the Previous Archaeological Activities in Archaeological Survey of India, H.B.W. Charsadda Garri~k was deputed to Charsadda to explore the rumed fortress of Bala Hisar. He gives detail Charsadda or Pushkalavati is positioned in the measurements of Bala Hisar and describes the center of the Peshawar plain, commanding the general shape of the entire mound as an confluence of the Kabul and Swat rivers. It was irregular triangle. There were twelve bastions or from this area that the numerous archaeological towers at its four corners, built of rubble stone mounds showed cultural artifacts of immense Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 23 and bricks (Garrick 1881-82: 101, 106). To him meters. They presumed that an ancient gateway the fort had 3 gates, wide enough for two might have existed at these walls, which has , in a row, to pass through it. He been termed as fortification wall of this high further adds that on this fort was situated the fort. The excavators did not believe Foucher's Raja's palace, the harem, bath-houses, treasury, suggestion that it was the site of Eye-Gift servants or soldiers quarters, a large hall, (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3:150). In order to barracks and stables. confirm existence of any stupa on the site, the same party conducted excavations at Mir He then mentions the neighbouring ruined city Ziyarat. Trenches were laid at different portions of Shahr-e- Napursan. He states that its remains of the site. Shallow trenches were sunk around are extensive and interesting. To him the dig of the base of the mound to strike the outer Sappers at the site was fruitless and felts sorry platforms of the stupa if there was any, but only for their hasty withdrawal from the scene wall foundations were encountered just a few without any progress at this important site of inches below the surface. The excavation ancient history in this area. He also mentions a revealed four distinct settlements. Two of the high-peaked mound north of the Bala Hisar, Buddhist period and two of the Muslim almost parallel to Utmanzai, which at that time (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 156). was called the Gumbaz, or cupola. There were many ruins around that tower. To him it At Palatu Dherai also two mounds were probably represented the monastery that could excavated where a brick wall running towards be 's stupa to the north of the city the north and east was hit upon in the lower (Garrick 1881-82: 104). Garrick made his mound. Another wall of Buddhist period stone excavation on the site of Shahr-e-Napursan by masonry was found running westward for a selecting a spot where according to him its distance of 31 meters. To the northern side of ground sounded very hollow. After a dig of 3 this stonewall a good number of sculptural meters, he encountered a natural cavity where remains were discovered (Marshall & Vogel he did not find any thing notable, except a 1902-3: 161). Four earthenware jars were polygonal copper bead. Sensing archaeological found, three of these had Kharoshthi importance of the site he suggested that in inscriptions of the Kushana period (Marshall & future a thorough exploration will bring to light Vogel 1902-3:164). many interesting objects (Garrick 1881-82: 110). Ghaz Dheri mound was situated about a quarter of a kilometer to the south of Palatu Dheri. Here The Archaeological Survey of India conducted during excavation a stupa base measuring ten excavations at the site of Bala Hisar and its meters square was discovered. But the most immediate vicinity in 1902-3 under the noteworthy find of this excavation was the guidance of John Marshall and J.P. Vogel. They discovery of a relic casket in the center of the followed the then prevailing hypothesis that this stupa base. Sculptures found from this mound high mound was the site of Pushkalavati include nineteen pieces of Buddha and mentioned by the earlier explorers and referred Bodhisattva statues, including eight heads. to also in the classical literature (Marshall & Among the stone fragments is to be specially Vogel 1902-3: 143). Leaving Muslim period mentioned, pedestal of a standing Bodhisattva buildings in the center of the mound previously statue. On the pedestal of this relief is a mentioned by Lieutenant Martin, they sunk trial fragmentary Kharoshthi inscription, which pits on the east, west and northern edges of the reads in "in the district of Pushkala" (Marshall high mound. In the western section a stone built & Vogel 1902-3: 176). wall was encountered at the depth of five feet. It was fashioned in the typical diaper style, Simone Corbiau in 1932 made some random common in the Buddhist period buildings and and hasty excavations at the mound of Sar was standing to a height of three and a half Dheri, about ten kilometers east of Bala Hisar. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 24

It was Major D.H. Gordon mentioned its this region (Wheeler 1962: 13). But the later terracotta figurines in quite detail. Her investigations proved that the city was founded excavation revealed the earlier period grave much earlier (Coningham et al 2007: 94). material such as a vase along with an iron Among the human figurines found were the dagger. Archaic figurines from the earliest well-known female figurines that are found levels were found from here, while numerous throughout Gandhara in general and in Hellenistic fragments were found in the upper Charsadda in particular. Gordon calls them the layers (Corbiau 1937: 3). Close to the village of mother goddess of Gandhara, while wheeler Raj ar was the site of Sulai Dheri. It is now calls them Baroque ladies, because of their extra called Sulai Kamar where there is no trace of decorations of headdress and jewelry (Wheeler the ancient mound today. Here her digs were 1962: 104). not that much disappointing as were in the previous mound. Remains of the same periods During this excavation quite many sherds were as attested in Sar Dheri were also noted here, found, however eight key types of pottery were which showed similar sequence of cultures. The noted, which except one were all new and not Hellenistic period remains were found on the previously known from any site (Wheeler 1962: top and of the archaic period, in the lower levels 37). These include rippled rim ware, soapy red of the mound. (Corbiau 1937: 3) The mound is ware, wavy-line bowls, tulip bowls, lotus bowls no more existing, as the modern houses have and Northern Black Polished ware. Of all these, occupied the site. Some of the Terracotta the lotus bowl has been termed "a present from figurines of Sar Dheri excavation are housed at Pushkalavati (Wheeler 1962: 35). the Peshawar Museum. Taking hint from Wheeler's description of the In 1958 S.M. Wheeler attempted to unveil the buried city of Shaikhan Dheri, Dani of the buried history of Bala Hisar. It was a joint Department of Archaeology University of project of the British Academy, through its Peshawar excavated the site in search of the Stein-Arnold Fund and the Pakistan Department second city of Pushkalavati. Two-season of Archaeology, Ministry of Education. It was excavations were carried out in 1963-1964, that the first vertical digging in the Peshawar valley. revealed three main streets and different strata At the eastern face of the mound a complete of occupation. Thus it was confirmed that the vertical section called Ch. I was cut down from original planning of the city was made during top to bottom, which showed fifty-two layers, Bactrian Greek period. Stratigraphically three labelled from 1 - 50a. main phases of construction were distinguished at Shaikhan Dheri. These include, 1. Kushan 2. A defensive ditch was traced north and south Scytho-Parthian and 3. Greek phases of along the eastern side of Bala Hisar. Traces of a occupation. Over 475 coins were found at timber-lined back door were also discovered, different stratas of occupation, thus the three which was assumed to have existed at the time phases of construction are dated firmly well, on ofHephaistion's siege in 327 BC. the basis of evidence (Dani 1956-66: 21, 23). By taking advantage of its height and commanding position in the middle of the During excavations a number of structures were Peshawar plain, the high mound of Bala Hisar exposed covering all the three main periods was said to have been utilized as a fortress or (Indo-Greek, Scytho-Parthian, Kushan). The police-post during the later Muslim rule of structures were super-imposed one above the and of Sikhs (Wheeler 1962: 36). other (Dani 1956-66: 26). According to the excavator the early layers of Bala Hisar has yielded iron, on the basis of The newly established Provincial Directorate of which he has dated the foundation of Bala Hisar Archaeology and Museums conducted coincide with the arrival of Achaemenian rule in excavations at Shaikhan Dheri for two seasons Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 25 during 1993-94. One of the aims of this A joint project of the Department of excavation was to acquire antiquities for the Archaeology University of Peshawar and the newly established Pushkalavati Archaeological Department of Archaeology and Museums, Museum. A high ground was selected in the Government of Pakistan, headed by Prof. lhsan northwestern portion of the mound, just west of Ali surveyed Charsadda district in 1993. the spot where Dani had earlier conducted excavations in 1963-64. Ten trenches of 5x5 The main aim of the survey was to prepare a meters were laid. The trenches were dug up to gazetteer of existing archaeological sites and get the virgin soil and the area was later turned into information on the size, chronology and surface a single large trench. Stonewalls resting on condition. Surface collection at these sites round river stones were encountered, which showed copper coins, beads and good number seemed to be the walls of ordinary houses. A of potsherds (Ali 1994: 15). large number of cultural material consisting of terracotta animal and human figurines, Bala Hisar was once more under investigation fragmentary schist stone sculptures, as well as by a joint team of the Department of different kinds of household vessels of Archaeology, University of Peshawar and the terracotta were among the numerous other Department of Archaeological Sciences, finds. Several hundred beads of semi-precious University of Bradford (Ali et al 1997-98: 15; stone, mostly of carnelian were recovered. More Cuningham et al 2007). To the east of the than hundred copper coins mostly round in mound, geophysical survey was undertaken shape were recovered, majority of which with the aim to detect subsurface features. The belonged to the Kushan period. Report of the area including Wheeler's sondage trenches excavation is not yet published. (The above note across the ditch (So 3-So 5), the buried riverbed is based on personal observation of the writer, and the foot of the eastern mounds were who was part of the excavation team). selected for study. Earth resistance survey was carried out to identify buried remains that were The Buddhist site of is situated invisible from the surface (Coningham et al about thirteen kilometers north east of 2007: 35).Wheeler's trench Ch. III was Charsadda on the Rajar Takht-Bhai road. The reopened to further study the course of the site occupies the building of a police station as ditch. well as a mosque. The Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar made In order to determine the nature and date of the rescue excavations at the site in 1992. The earliest occupation at the site, 13 samples of treasure hunters had already robbed the main charcoal and bone were utelised to provide an stupa of its antiquities. They had disturbed the absolute framework for the site. Radiocarbon cultural profile of the site by making pits and measurements of these samples suggested that tunnels at various points of the mound. The the earliest occupation of the site has a date excavation exposed portion of the main stupa between 1420 and 1200 BC (Coningham et al base, which was square in shape and coated 2007: 93-97). with lime plaster. Very little artifacts and other archaeological material except some To understand more about the subsistence fragmentary stone sculptures were recovered, strategies and economic organization in the now stored in Sir Sahabzada Abdul Qayum northwest of Pakistan during the 2nd Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, millennium BC, Ruth Young in her Ph.D thesis University of Peshawar. Report of the made reassessment of the published excavation is not yet published, however the archaeological and environmental material. For recovered fragmentary sculptures are this purpose two zones were selected, one was documented here for the first time for benefit of the flat alluvial plain of the Peshawar Valley, the researchers. with its major urban site of Bala Hisar and its immediate surroundings and the other was the Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 26

Northern Hill Valleys of Swat and Dir. The were encountered having resemblance with that chronological period under study was the late of the 1st millennium AD. Architectural Bronze Age and early Iron Age. The study remains of the time included mud brick and revealed that intensity of agriculture was greater mud lump walls, besides a fireplace. in Charsadda than in Swat and Dir, where rainfall is greater than Peshawar plain (Young Objectives of the Survey 2003: 1, 5). • To make surface collection from the The collected animal and plant remains at Bala whole of the district in order to correlate Hisar were subjected to analysis (Young 2003: the new material with each other as well 56). Rice grain and husks in some quantity have as get tentative chronology of the area. been noted from the later context (Young 2003: 50). During the study it was noted that rice in • To study the private collection from the small quantities were available at Charsadda. area.

Rice, lentil, wheat, weed seeds of dock, • To know about the early inhabitants of goosefoot or fat hen and bedstraw were present the area. in small quantities at Bala Hisar. Animal bones were collected from two trenches located at the • To know about the missing links in the base of the mound. In total 57 bones were history of the area. identified, associated to different species, including cattle, sheep/goat, buffalo, pig and • To know about the practice of religions deer. Deer was the only known wild animal, other than . which suggests that hunting was a known activity. Because of the developed agriculture In order to carry out the survey, government and pastoral exploitation of the surrounding land records were consulted to find out exact area, Bala Hisar emerged as a major city of this location of the ancient sites. Moreover region during the Iron Age or Early Historic topographic map sheets of the Survey of Period (Young 2003: 57, 59, 82). Pakistan as well as published report of the earlier archaeological activities in the district In 2006 Bala Hisar was again under were consulted for cross-references. Extensive archaeological excavation by a joint team foot walking was done to reach to the sites constituted of the Department of Archaeology, situated in far-flung areas, some of which are University of Peshawar and the Department of quite away from the road. One hundred and Archaeology, University of Cambridge. forty six sites were visited, some were visited Topographic surface survey was carried out at several times. During the survey a limited the main mound, which revealed that especially number of artifacts were collected from the those parts of the site, where Wheeler had dug surface of various mounds in the district. As his trench Ch.l, are badly affected by erosion. majority of the artifacts discussed in this study Furthermore the surrounding fields have also belong to private individuals therefore the encroached upon the land of this mound, persons possessing such artifacts were particularly on the northern and southern sides. approached who in majority of the cases were quite cooperative because of the author's An un-disturbed section on top of the mound personal connections in the area. They allowed was selected for excavation at the north- eastern the author to study and photograph their side of the mound, in order to know about the artifacts. top layers (late period) of this huge mound. A small trench was laid on the edge of the steep All the material collected and observed with slope to determine position of later occupation private individuals were compared for at the site. A good number of cultural materials correlation with the material from Charsadda Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 27 earlier excavated and with those from Swat, recorded. During our survey we encountered Dir, Chitral, and other localities surroun~g eleven more sites belonging to this period, thus Charsadda. Published reports of Survey of India reaching its total to twenty-five. During the excavation reports in Charsadda, Bala Hisar, period not only the riversides but the non­ Shaikhan Dheri, Sardheri as well as Charsadda irrigated plains, away from the rivers were also archaeological report of 1993 were of course the occupied. However majority of the sites are main sources of reference. noticed in non-irrigated zone, in between the Swat and Kabul rivers. For the first time we see Distribution of the Settlements human activities in the centre and south of the district. This pattern seems to have continued The overall settlement perspective after the during the Scytho-Parthian and Kushan times as survey, indicated that Charsadda area was very well. thinly populated during the period upto the arrival of the Indo-Greeks. During the Gandhara The Scytho-Parthian phase in the history of this Grave Culture phase, we have noted their region falls in the first century BC. Quite a large presence at three localities at the northwest of number of settlements as attested through the the district. It is generally believed that the discovery of their coins have been noted during settled agricultural phase in the Peshawar plain the survey. A total of sixty-four sites were noted begins with this phase. Other sites of this phase belonging to this period. The earlier survey outside Charsadda have also been noted mainly records forty-one sites, while we have in the west of the Peshawar valley, as well as in encountered twenty-three new sites of this the hill zone of Gandhara. Other than the period. During this period also, not o~ly the cemeteries no settlement of this phase has so far central part of the district was occupied but been noted in Charsadda. settlements of this period spread in the north, east and south as well. During the second half of the sixth century BC, Achaemenid presence has been noted at Bala From the first century AD to the third-forth Hisar and Nisatta. During the survey a third site century AD the area of Charsadda was occupied of this period has been noted at Ghurambak by the Kushans. Coins are the widely found also. All the three sites are located in the objects of that time, which bespeak not only the southwest of the district lying close to the economic stability and relative peace, and rivers. prosperity of the time but also maturity of the Gandhara Art. Although the Kushans shifted the From the late forth century BC to the end of the capital of Gandhara from Charsadda to second century BC, the period is generally Peshawar, yet the area was well populated associated with the Mauryan period. Four sites during the Kushan times. The survey indicates of this period have earlier been noted in the that Charsadda was densely populated at this Charsadda area, no new site was encountered time. A total of one hundred and forty one sites during the recent survey. These sites too, like belonging to this period were encountered, the earlier phase, are located in the southwest of which include eighteen new sites. The the district close to the rivers. It seems probable settlement distribution of this period indicates that communication through rivers was that nearly the whole of district was occupied in preferred as compared to the land during the which the northern and eastern portion of the Mauryan and Achaemenian periods. district was equally occupied. The density of sites during the period as usual was With the arrival of the Indo-Greeks after the end of the second century BC, the Charsadda area concentrated round the two major rivers of seems to be gradually increasing in population Kabul and Swat as well as the area in between. as we notice increase in the sites belonging to After the Kushans we see presence of the this period. In the previous survey fourteen sites Kushano Sassanians on the historical canvas of belonging to the Indo-Greek period are the area. The only site of the period was for the Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 28 first time noticed in Charsadda at Majuki Wheeler 1962, Ali 1994: 35, Coningham 2007, Dherai. Two of their coins have been found Mohammadzai 2008 & 2010. from this site. May be in future other sites of this period could also come to light, anyhow at It was because of this huge mound, which the moment we have a single site of this period attracted attention of the European explorers in in the district. the late 18th century.

After the Hun invasion of Gandhara, once again Their interest turned in to enthusiasm when we see a rapid decline in the number of Alexander Cunningham who stated it to be the settlements of the succeeding periods in the site of ancient Pushkalavati. Archaeological district. The dynasty, which was in activities on the mound actually began in 862 constant tussle with the Ghaznavids, has little with the reports of General Court. Later on the opportunities for activities other than saving site was subjected to extensive investigations, their rule. During this dynasty the settlements in which still continues. Much work still is to be the district drastically declined and only eleven done to know about one of the main sites in the of the sites show evidence of the Hindu Shahi Peshawar valley. period, as attested through the discovery of their coins and ceramics. Six new sites of this period Copper and silver coins of the Hindu Shahis are were noted during the recent survey. All these for the first time noted during the recent survey. settlements are strictly located close to the Swat Apart from terracotta animal and human and Kabul rivers. Majuki Dherai seems to have figurines a number of bronze seals, gems of been a major site of this period in the Peshawar semi-precious gemstones used as seals and plain other than Hund. terracotta tokens were noted with the locals. It is also to be noted, that from here was obtained In the beginning of eleventh century AD the a white marble head of Vishnu in 1923, that is Peshawar valley came into the Ghaznavid rule. now on display at the Hindu Gallery of the The Buddhist and Hindus of the area preferred Peshawar Museum (PM. 02881 ). This point, if to shift for their safety and migrate to the taken for research in future, will throw fresh surrounding hilly glens, thus once again we see light on the presence of Hinduism in the a sudden decline in the number of settlements in Peshawar valley. the valley. Only four of the settlements have been noted in Charsadda that shows evidence of 2. Shaikhan Dheri-Marchakai (SHK) the presence of early Islamic rule. All these sites are located close to Bala Hisar, which Period: Kushan-Hindu Shahi served as administrative centre during the Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 289, Survey period. 1902-3, Wheeler 1962, Dani 1965-66, Ali 1994: 35, Mohammadzai 2010. Gazetteer of the Sites Gandhara Art stone pieces were found by the Archaeological sites in local since long, some of which were later purchased by the Peshawar Museum before The following archaeological sites in the whole partition. These include stone panels depicting of the distrct were surveyed. coffin carrying Buddha (PM. 0283 5), stupa worship (PM. 02840) and meditating Buddha 1. Bala Hisar-Hisara Dherai (BLH) (PM. 02823). The site was later on excavated by Period: Pre Achaemenid- Early Islamic Dani in 1964-65, its material is on display at Sir Reference: Court 1836, Cunningham 1871: Sahabzada Abdul Qayum Museum of the 43, Garrick 1881-82: 104, Gopaldas 1874, Peshawar University. Later on the site was Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 274, Survey 1902-3, again excavated in 1993-94. but plundering of antiquities from this vast site still continues. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 29

Quite a large number of artifacts were noted at 7. Mra Dherai (MRA) this site which include beads, bronze objects, Period: Scythian-Kushan, Hindu Shahi Gandhara Art architectural pieces, galiptic seals, Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 287, Survey a large number of terracotta tokens and animal 1902-3, Survey 1918-19, Ali 1994: 18, and human figurines. Mohammadzai 2001, 41, Mohammadzai 2008 &2010 3. Shahr-e-Napursan-Rajaro Dherai, Rajar(SHN) Once an extensive site with mounds of considerable height, only agricultural fields Period: Kushan, Early Islamic, Hindu could be seen on the spot today. Soil of the Shahi entire mound was taken away and used as Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 289, Garrick foundation of the Ml motorway, which passes 1881-82, Survey 1902-3, Ali 1994, close by the site. Besides other cultural material Mohammadzai 2010. of the site, bronze and terracotta seals and tokens were noted during the recent survey. The site was excavated during 1902-3 and its material is housed in the Peshawar Museum. 8. Arbapano-Baretai-HinduDherai (BRT) Besides a number of bronze seals a Hindu Shahi coin was for the first time noted here during our Period: Greek, Scythian survey. Reference: Gopaldas 1874:287, Survey 1918-19, Mohammadzai 2008 & 2010 4. Palatu-Angar Kali Dherai (PL T) Remarks. The entire mound is covered by Period: Kushan Muslim graves. Besides other objects bronze Reference: Survey 1902-3 seals and terracotta tokens were also noted during the survey. Its excavated material is housed in the Peshawar Museum. The site is entirely covered by the 9. Majuki-Akhtar Dherai (MJK) modern houses. Period: Greek-Hindu Shahi 5. Ghaz Dheri-Gitkai-Shaikhabad (GHZ) Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 287, Survey 1902-3, Survey 1918-19, Ali 1994: 19, Period: Kushan Mohammadzai 2003, 79, Mohammadzai 2008 Reference: Survey 1902-3 &2010 Most of the excavated material is in the Remarks. Besides collection of other small Peshawar Museum. This site too is entirely finds a notable feature of this site is the covered by the modern dwellings. presence of large quantity of stamped sherds of over three hundred different designs, not 6. Sulai Kamar (SUL) encountered anywhere else in the region. As Period: Pre Kushan-Kushan compared to the other surrounding mounds, Reference: Corbiau 193 7: 3 here gray ware potsherds are relatively encountered in larger number on its surface. Its excavated material is in Belgium. This site Bronze and terracotta seals as well as terracotta also is covered by the modern houses. Besides tokens were noted with the inhabitants. Coins of terracotta animal and human figurines a bronze Hindu Shahis and signs of Shiva worship found seal was also noted with the locals. at the site. Two Kushano-Sassanian small copper coins are found from here for the first time. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 30

10. Mya KaW Prang/ Kharono/ Daramsal site is the find spot of stone toilet tray, obtained by the Peshawar Museum in 1935. Its four Dherai (PNG) compartments contain four griffins (PM. Period: Kushan 03172). Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 287, Survey 1902-3, Ali 1994: 19, Mohammadzai 2008 & 14. Maho Dherai, Malkadher (MHD 2010 Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874:289, Deva or Shiva temple was reported here by Mohammadzai2010 Xuanzang. Only a small portion of the mound is The site is covered with agricultural fields as intact. Besides copper coins of the Kushans well as irrigation canal, here dressed stone walls some bronze seals were also noted here. with lime plaster are recently exposed. A terracotta token depicting Nike was noted here 11. Kanizaka Dherai (KN) during the survey. Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 274, Survey 15. Sar Dheri-Shaikhano Kale (SRD) 1902-3, Survey 1918-19, Ali 1994: 19 Period: Ancient Graves, Scythian, The mound is entirely covered by modern Kushan dwellings. Reference: Corbiau 1937, Gopaldas 1874: 274, Ali 1994: 20 12. Kula Dher (KLD) The mound has been entirely engulfed by the modern houses Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 274, Survey 16. Mani Khela (MNl) 1902-3, Ali 1994: 19 Period. Kushan Several stone statues and other Buddhist period Reference. Ali 1994: 16 artifacts have been found from this site. Peshawar Museum has two schist stone stupa 17. Qadim Patai-Manikhela(QDP) models inscribed with Kharoshthi characters Period. Kushan (PM. 0328, 03219). These stupa models were Reference. Ali 1994: 17 unearthed from here and were purchased for the Museum in 1935. 18. Dwasare/ Dherai (DSR) 13. Malka Dher (MLD) Period: Kushan Reference.: Ali 1994: 17 Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan-Hindu Shahi 19. Bubak Dherai (BBK) Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 274, Ali 1994: 21,Mohammadzai2008 Period: Kushan Reference: Survey 1918-19, Ali 1994: 17 On top of the mound is a 3.5 meters long Muslim grave, attributed to an un-known saint. 20. Sparli Dherai, Nisatta-Dosehra road People visit it for various wishes to be fulfilled. Encroachments have been made recently from (SPR) the northern side to get space for agricultural Period: Kushan fields and a government primary school has Reference: Ali 1994: 17 been constructed to its southern side, which has greatly reduces its size. During the recent survey besides other finds a number of terracotta token were noted with the locals. This Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 31

21. Dherai (IBR) 29. Muftipur Dherai, Gui Abad (MFT) Period: Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 17 Reference: Ali1994:20

From this Buddhist site was found a well A schist stone piece was obtained from here for preserved schist stone panel (PM. 03012), that the Peshawar Museum in 1909 (PM. 03134). It was purchased for the Peshawar Museum in depicts seated Buddha on a high throne in 915. It represents Hariti and Panchika in seated preaching pose with attendants on either side. position. 30. Khan Mahi (KMH) 22. (DZR) Period. Kushan Period: Kushan Reference. Ali1994:20 Part of the site is occupied by the modern houses, while the rest is disturbed. The site was excavated by Dr. Abdur Rahman who exposed parts of a robbed stupa. Its report 23. Nisatta Dherai (NST) is unpublished. The stupa cum residential site is badly devastated for antiques, however the Period. Achaemenian-Early Islamic portions covered by a mosque and police station Reference. Ali 1994: 18 are still intact. 24. Momin Khan Dherai (MMK) 31. Wardaga Dherai (RDG) Period: Scythian-Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 18 Reference: Ali1994:21 25. Dherai, Firdos Khan 32. Ghani Dherai-Irrigation Rest House Patai(KRK) (GND) Period: Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 18 Reference: Ali1994:21 26. Zndo Dherai, Zarin Abad (ZND On top of the mound is now constructed a Period: Kushan library and Pushkalavati Archaeological Reference: Survey 1918-19, Ali 1994: 18 Museum.

27. Kashmiryan Dherai, Manga (KSH) 33. Qala Koroona, Rajar-Mohammad Nari Period: Kushan road(QLK) Reference: Ali 1994: 19 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali1994:21 28. Sumbarai Dherai, (SMB) Period: Kushan 34. Shahidano Dherai, Utmanzai- Reference: Ali1994:20 Mohammad Nari road (SHD) It was from this site that the Peshawar Museum Period: Kushan acquired in 1926, a schist stone fragment, Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 281, Ali 1994: depicting standing and seated human figures 21 (PM. 01024). Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 32

35. Tambulak Dherai, Bahlola (TMB) site is still intact that is under the mosque and modern houses. Period: Kushan Besides fragmentary pieces of Gandhara Art a Reference: Ali 1994: 22 few copper coins of the Kushan dynasty and a bronze seal was also noted with the locals. The 36. Sarki Msharan Dherai, Utmanzai (SRK) piece obtained from here, that is on display at Period: Kushan the Gandhara Art Gallery of the Peshawar Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 284, Ali 1994: Museum was purchased in 1937. It is a 22 rectangular schist stone panel depicting a multitude of human figures, including an 37. Khkari Baba Dherai, Utmanzai (KRB) enthroned king and Naga Rajas (PM. 02985). Period: Kushan 41. Durmarjan Dherai (DRJ) Reference: Ali 1994: 22, Mohammadzai 2010 Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 281, Ali 1994: The site is covered by trees and Muslim graves. 34 During the survey Kushan period copper coins and a bronze seal was also noted with the locals. This known stupa site is now left very small in Peshawar Museum houses a number of size. Its remaining portion will soon be covered Buddhist period artifacts that had its origin from by agricultural fields. the village of Utmanzai. These include a bearded stucco head (PM. 03392), three schist 42. Nimaorai Baba (NMB) atone round shape relic caskets (PM. 03217, Period: Kushan 03225 and 03227), and a schist stone toilet tray Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 281, Ali 1994: (PM. 0370) showing Queen Maya standing with 34 other attendants. Western art of the mound is covered by modern 38. Jangi Dherai, Turangzai (JNG) Muslim graves, while of its top is the shrine of Bahauddin Nimaorai Baba. Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan 43. Sartor Baba, Nimaorai (SRT) Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 285, Ali 1994: 23 Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 284, Ali 1994: 39. Hindu Kamar, Turangzai (HDK) 34 The site is surrounded by thick woodland. Period: Kushan 44. Parsa Baba (PRB) Reference: Ali 1994: 23 The site is covered by Muslim graves. Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 34 40. Hamid Mya Dherai (HMD) Silver coins of the Mughal period are found Period: Kushan here. The site is surrounded by thick trees. Reference: Ali 1994: 33, Mohammadzai 2010 45. Spinkai Dherai, Sbolgara (SPN) This well-known stupa site is favorite spot of Period: Kushan antique hunters since long. human size stone Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 281, Ali 1994: sculptures are said to have been found from 34 here, the locals inform. Reports of stone sculptures still come up. However part of the Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 33

46. Haji Faqir Patai, Solgara (FQR) 52. Jogyano Dherai, Hameed Mya Kale Period: Kushan (JOG) Reference: Ali 1994: 35 Period. Kushan Reference. Gopaldas 1874: 281, Ali 1994: 47. Dost Muhammad Koroona, Nimaorai 36 (DMK) 53. Pia Dherai (PLD) Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 35 Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 274, Ali 1994: 48. Spera Dherai, Torapana (SPR) 37 Period: Scythian, Kushan The entire mound has been covered by modern Reference: Ali 1994: 36, Mohanunadzai houses. 2010 54. Spinavarai Dherai (SPW) Lion and bull copper coins of Azes II, a bronze seal and terracotta tokens were seen with the Period: Kushan locals. Reference: Survey 1918-19

49. Tora Pana (TRP) Part of the mound has been converted in to agricultural fields while modem dwellings have Period: Kushan covered the rest. Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 289, Survey 1902-3, Ali 1994: 36 55. Pkhana Dherai (PKN) The entire site has been covered by modem Period: Greek, Kushan, Hindu Shahi, dwellings. Islamic Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 274, Ali 1994: 50. Girawar Dherai (GIR) 37, Mohammadzai 2010 Period: Kushan Remarks. Part of the mound is still Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 289, Ali 1994: preserved while the rest is incorporated in to 36, Mohammadzai 2008 agricultural fields. Besides other minor antiquities copper coins of Menander, Azes II, The site was stupa cum residential mound, from of the Kushan kings and early Muslim rulers are where Buddhist stone sculptures and Kushan note. A bronze seal was also noted with the period copper coins were found. Some bronze locals. selas and terracotta tokens were also notes here. Nearly all the mound has now been bulldozed 56. Chathli Dherai, (CHT) and turned in to agricultural fields. Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 284, Ali 1994: 51. Myana Dherai, Tarnab-Kot area (MYN) 37 Period: Kushan, Hindu Shahi Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 281, Ali 1994: 57. Khazana Dherai, Tarnab (KZN) 36 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 37 The site is find spot of several pieces of Gandhara Art that were purchased for the Peshawar Museum in 1930. These include four Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 34

Persipolitan pilasters (PM. 02911, 02952, 02958 66. Momin Abad Dherai, Sherpao (MMN) and 02900), one Indo-Corinthian pilaster (PM. Period: Scythian, Kushan 02957), three schist stone panels depicting Reference: Ali 1994: 25 worship of Buddha's turban (PM. 02843), child seated on a dragon (PM. 02914) and marine bull 67. Aslam Patai, Sherpao (ASL) in a triangular panel (PM. 02907). Period: Kushan 58. Sandasar Dherai, Cheena (SND) Reference: Ali 1994: 25 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 38 68. Mumano Dherai, Sherpao (MUM) Period: Kushan 59. Dagi Ghulam Qadir (DGQ) Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 279, Ali 1994: Period: Kushan 25 Reference: Ali 1994: 38 Remarks. One of the notable pieces of 60. Adamghar Baba, Tarnab (ADM) Gandhara Art collection in the Peshawar Museum ''visit of Indra to the Indra Shala cave" Period: Kushan was obtained in 1928 from this site. Various Reference: Ali 1994: 38 authorities of the Art have discussed this arched shaped schist stone panel. It presents the figure Archaeological Sites in Tangi Tebsil of seated Buddha in meditation pose and various other scenes containing human and 61. Rai Dherai, near Munda Head Works animal figures. At the lower edge is inscribed (RAI) Kharoshthi inscription (PM. 02805). Another notable piece from here was obtained for the Period: Scythian, Kushan Museum in 1931. It is a well-preserved Buddha Reference: Ali 1994: 16 head moulded in stucco (PM. 03417). The site has been turned in to agricultural fields. 69. Sher Muhammad Patai, Sherpao (SHP) 62. Bangle Dherai, Ali Jan Kale (BNG) Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 25 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 24 70. Bachano Kale Dherai, Sherpao (BCH) 63. Malakano Dherai, Ali Jan Kale (MLK) Period: Kushan Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 25 Reference: Ali 1994: 24 71. Jamal Kale Dherai, Tangi (JMK) 64. Jhara Sikander Abad Dherai, Kanewar Period: Kushan (JAR) Reference: Ali 1994: 26 Period. Kushan Reference. Ali 1994: 24 72. Dab Koroona Dherai, Sherpao (DAB) Period: Scythian, Kushan 65. Mir Alam Patai, Sherpao (MAP) Reference: Ali 1994: 26 Period. Kushan Reference. Ali 1994: 24 73. Sokana Dherai, Kanewar (SKN) Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 26 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 35

74. Kanewar Dherai, near Petrol Station 84. Dherai Kale, Station Koroona (DRK) (KNR) Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 28 Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 26 85. Kharono Dherai, Jura road (KRN) 75. Bajaoro Kale Dherai, Tangi (BJR) Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 29 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 26 86. Jura Kale Dherai (JUR) 76. Akhun Baba, Sherpao (AKN) Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 29 Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 284, Ali 1994: 87. Pirano Adira, Jura (PIR) 27 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 29 77. Said Abad Dherai, Gandheri (SDB) Period: Kushan 88. Kas Koroona, Sherpao (KSK) Reference: Ali 1994: 27 Period: Kushan 78. Faqir Khan Patai, Gandheri (FQP) Reference: Ali 1994: 29 Period: Kushan 89. Mirza Dher Adira (MZD) Reference: Ali 1994: 27 Perio: Scythian, Kushan 79. Chehil Ghazi, Gandheri (CHL) Reference: Ali 1994: 30

Period: Kushan 90. Sra Makha Dherai (SRM) Reference: Ali 1994: 27 Period: Kushan 80. Kandase Baba, Buchi Pul (KND) Reference: Ali 1994: 30 Period: Scythian, Kushan The site is associated with the conversion of Reference: Ali 1994: 28 Hariti Jataka, which Foucher has discussed in detail. Coins from the early historic up to the 81. Sre Dherai, Marghuz (SRE) Sikh period are reported from here. There are even reports of bent bar silver punch marked Period: Kushan coins from the site. Reference: Ali 1994: 28 91. Totakai (TTK) 82. Dobandi Kandare, Palai (DBK) Period: Kushan Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 30 Reference: Ali 1994: 28 The site is covered by the modem dwellings. 83. Hamesh Gui Koroona Dherai. Sherpao 82. Ghandaghar-Gotki Dherai, Totakai (HGK) (GGR) Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 28 Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 274, Ali 1994: 30 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 36

93. Spilano-Dherai, Gumbati-Sherpao (SPL) 103. Harl Chand Dairy Farm Dherai (HRI) Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali1994:30 Reference: Ali 1994: 32 94. Mula Dherai, Kochakai (MUL) 104. Qaroon Dherai, Tangi (QRN) Period: Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali1994:30 Reference: Ali1994:33 95. Mughal Dherai, (MGL) 105. Fazle Karim Patai, Hameed Mya Dherai Period: Kushan Reference: Ali1994:31 (FKP) Period: Kushan 96. Momin Khan Dherai, Cbeena (MOM) Reference: Ali1994:33 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali1994:31 106. Pappu Dherai, Hameed Mya Dherai (PPD) 97. Cbalagram Dherai (CHL) Period: Kushan Perio: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali1994:33 Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 284, Ali 1994: 31, Mohammadzai 2008 & 2010 107. Akhun Dheri (AKN) Remarks. Traces of stupa bases and Period: Scythian, Kushan monastic cells are still to be seen. During the Reference: Ali1994:33 survey Gandhara Art pieces in stone and stucco as well as bronze seal and terracotta tokens A number of Buddhist period artifacts were were noted at the site. found from this mound, some of which are exhibited in the Peshawar Museum. These 98. Ghazo Dherai (GHZ) include a schist stone figure of seated Buddha in Dhayana pose (PM. 0145) and four armed Period: Kushan Shiva, standing with his bull, which has put its Reference: Ali1994:31 head on the ground (PM. 03017).

The mound is covered by modern houses. 108. Skaro Dherai, Umarzai (SKR) 99. Dre Khule Thana, (DKT) Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 284, Ali 1994: Period: Kushan 23 Reference: Ali1994:32 100. Baram Khan Dherai, Shakoor (BRM) 109. Sartor Baba (SRT) Period: Scythian, Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali1994:32 Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 284, Ali 1994: 24 101. Karim Jranda (KRJ) Period: Kushan Remarks. There is a Muslim shrine on the Reference: Ali1994:32 top. This site too is sometimes associated with the conversion ofHariti Jataka. 102. Siwano Kale, Shakoor (SWN) Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 32 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 37

110. Lande Rud Cemetery (LND) 119. Goongi Dherai, Haryana (GNG) Period: Gandharan Grave Culture Period: Kushan Reference: Gopaldas 1874: 281, Ali 1994: 9 Remarks Traces of inhumation burials and typical grave material like those of Swat 120. Sandasar Dherai, Daulatpura (SDS) and Timargara are found. Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 9 111. Deo Dherai Cemetery (DEO) Period: Gandharan Grave Culture 121. Tawani Dherai, Jamata (TWN) Reference: Mohammadzai,2007:28 Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 9 Remarks. The cemetery is scattered in to a wider area, where stone built graves could still 122. Daulatpura Dherai (DLP) be seen on the slopes of hillocks west of the village. Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 10 Archaeological sites in Sbabqadar Tebsil 123. Ambadher Dherai (AMB) 112. Kula Dhand Dherai (KDD) Period: Scythian, Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 10 Reference: Ali 1994: 8 124. Tarkha Dherai (TRK) 113. Khar Bandai (KBD) Period: Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 10 Reference: Ali 1994: 8 124. Shibli Dherai, Tarkha (SHB) 114. Khro Sha Dherai (KBR) Period: Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994:10 Reference: Ali 1994: 8 126. Katyala Dherai (KTL) 115. Ghurambak Dherai (GBK) Period: Kushan Period: Achaemenian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 10 Reference: Ali 1994: 8 127. Nima Dherai, Tarkha (NMA) 116. Sikandar Khan Dherai (SKN) Period: Scythian, Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 11 Reference: Ali 1994: 8 117. Dherai (SRN) 128. Gula Jan Dherai, Kangra (GUL) Period: Kushan Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 9 Reference: Ali 1994: 11

118. Saidano Dherai (SDN) 129. Mahboob Khan Dherai (MBB) Period: Kushan Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 9 Reference: Ali 1994: 11 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 38

130. Usmani Dherai (SMN) 141. Kotak Dherai, Tarnab (KTK) Period: Scythian, Kushan Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 11 Reference: Ali 1994: 14

131. Sukkar Dherai (SKR) 142. Kamangar Dherai, Mirzai (KMG) Period: Scythian, Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 11 Reference: Ali 1994: 14 132. Nahqai Dherai (NHQ) 143. Uchawala Dherai (UCH) Period: Greek, Scythian, Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 12 Reference: Ali 1994: 14 133. Spinorai, Kharakai (SNW) 144. Sokhta Dherai, Sokhta (SKT) Period: Scythian, Kushan Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 12 Reference: Ali 1994: 15 134. Datagram Dherai (BTG) 145. Shah Darga (DRG) Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 12 Period: Scythian, Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 15 135. Kandar Adira Dherai (KDR) Period: Kushan 146. Changanro Dherai, Kotak (CHN) Reference: Ali 1994: 12 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 15 136. Yaghiband Adira Dherai (YBN) Period: Kushan 147. Mirzai Dherai (MIR) Reference: Ali 1994: 13 Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 15 137. Gonda Adira Dherai (GND) 148. Spinkai Dherai (SPN) Period: Scythian, Kushan Period: Kushan Reference: Ali 1994: 13 Reference: Ali 1994: 15 138. Marsin Dherai, New Mathra (MRS) 149. Mughal Kas Dherai, Matta Mughal Period: Kushan (MUG) Reference: Ali 1994: 13 Period: Kushan 139. Sreekh Adira Dherai (SRK) Reference: Ali 1994: 16 Period: Kushan 150. Katozai Dherai Koroona (KTZ 1) Reference: Ali 1994: 13 Period: Kushan 140. Mandezai Dherai (MDZ) Reference: Ali 1994: 16 Period: Scythian, Kushan 151. Katozai Adira (KTZ 2) Reference: Ali 1994: 14 Period: Gandharan Grave Culture Reference: Mohammadzai 2001: 122 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 39

Apart from the usual Grave Culture material a No: 2 Five-cup ritual pot is also reported from here. Object: mustrated panel Plate: 1: 2 Stone Objects Material: Greyish-black schist Provenance: Khan Mahi During the survey only a limited number of Length: 23 cm. stone objects were noted, because sculptures Width: 17.3 cm and other stone artifacts bear good market value. Moreover, the owners, if had any stone This fragmentary panel has two standing figures sculpture or other worked stone piece, were wearing the typical Gandharan monastic dress. hesitant to show it, because of the fear of Their heads are broken while the lower bodies confiscation. Stone sculptures recovered during up to the feet are preserved. The figure to the various excavations in the Charsadda area have left may be that of Buddha, because it is not been documented in the relevant excavation only taller than the other one, but its right reports and mostly housed in the . Pes?awar broken arm may have been raised in Abhaya Museum. Excavation at the Buddhist site of mudra. Furthermore the lower garment and Khan Mahi in 1992-93 revealed a limited folds of his dress also resemble with the number of fragmentary stone statues, which Buddha's dress in other Gandhara Art panels. have been housed in Sir Sahabzada Abdul Qayum Khan Museum of Archaeology and No: 3 Ethnology, University of Peshawar. As report of Object: Decorative architectural piece that excavation is still to be published, therefore Plate: 1: 3 preliminary description of its stone sculptures is Material: Black schist presented here for the first time, for the interest Provenance: Khan Mahi of scholars and benefit of the students of Length: 34cm. archaeology. Width: 16cm The following Gandhara Art schist stone pieces were recovered during the excavation. The upper portion of this rect~gul~ architectural piece, consists of a floral design m No: 1 the shape of a laurel leaf, while the lower one Object: mustrated Panel has several square designs in the shape of Plate: 1: 1 chessboard motif. A series of Greek style Material: Greenish black schist crosses is also formed of these squares, which Provenance: Khan Mahi has a hole in the middle. Length: 23.5 cm. Width: 16cm No: 4 Object: Buddha sculpture Stone panel though considerably damaged and Plate: 1: 4 its right portion broken, yet two standing figures Material: Grey schist are seen wearing Gandharan monastic dress, Provenance: Khan Mahi reaching up to the feet, covering their entire Length: 22.5 cm. body. Though their faces are much damaged, Width: 21cm yet their style of standing indicate that they may be devotees as are normally seen in Gandhara Description: Sanding figure probably of Art panels in which Buddha is also depected Buddha in Abhaya mudra. Here too the figure standing or seated, accompanied by other wears Gandharan monastic dress with lower figures. The figure to the right side standing garment. The typical long wavy folds as seen in near the pilaster, has folded hands in namaskara other Buddha figure are also present here. The mudra, the like figures are usually found round head and right shoulder is missing. that of Buddha. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 40

No: 5 A human head probably of a lady. The figure Object: Sculptural piece has beautifully combed hair and is also wearing Plate: 1: 5 an ear ornament. It has fleshy lips while the Material: Black schist nose is slightly broken. To the left of the head is Provenance: Khan Mahi an inverted lotus flower. Length: 28.8 cm. Width: 12cm Apart from the above mentioned stone pieces from Khan Mahi the following stone objects Description: A detached fragmentary piece of were observed during the recent survey. a statue, in which only the bare legs of a human figure are preserved. The figure is shown in No: 9 seated position with the left leg bent while the (Marshall 1951: 703, plate No. 213- No. 18, right leg may be in vertical position. Marshall 1960: 21, plate 21, fig. 25) Object: Figural bracket No: 6 Plate: 2:9 Object: IDustrated Panel Material: Black schist Plate: 1: 6 Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Material: Greenish black schist Length: 22.4 cm. Provenance: Khan Mahi Width: 9.2 cm Length: 21.5 cm. Width: 18cm Schist stone bracket in the form of a winged female figure was noted at Shaikhan Dheri. In Detached stone piece from a panel shows a India and Central Asia the practice of adding kneeling human figure with folded hands in brackets called nagadanta, to the Buddhist Anjali mudra. Its entire body is covered with was prevalent during second and first centuries dress and is shown looking to his left. The head BC. These were set at regular intervals round the is damaged. dome of the stupa and garlands were hung to it as offerings. In Gandhara these were particularly No: 7 added with the figures of winged devas and devis, Object: Buddha head supposed to bring offering to the stupa. Plate: 1: 7 The figure wears a necklace, a bracelet and is Material: Light-black schist holding offering in the shape of flowers in both of Provenance: Khan Mahi her hands close to the chest This seems to be the Length: 10.5 cm. only reported piece from the Charsadda area. A Width: 8 cm similar piece has been reported from Taxila as A skillfully carved stone head of Buddha with well. portion of the neck. The hair are beautifully set, while on top of the head is a well-formed No: 10 Ushnisha. The eyes are half closed. The Urna Object: Pendent on the forehead is also well indicated. Nose as Plate: 2:10 well as the right side of the face is damaged. Material: Greenish black schist Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri No: 8 Length: 5.1 cm. Object: Head Width: 3.4cm Plate: 1: 8 Material: Black schist Description: Black stone pendent of heart Provenance: Khan Mahi shape; both of its sides are highly polished. It has Length: 7.5 cm. three incised rings with a dot in the middle. The Width: 11.2 cm upper portion is decorated with two horizontal lines. A horizontal hole for suspension has been Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 41 made in its upper portion. No such specimen has A blue-green soapstone plate, though broken at the so far been reported earlier from the area. edges, but still well preserved. It is highly incised on the inner side. A well-formed lotus flower is No: 11 incised in the center, while the edges are decorated (Marshall & Vogel: plate XXV; Dani: 1965-66: with net design. This may be the only specimen so 38-46, plates XVII, XX) far reported from the area. Object: Head Plate: 2 11 No: 14 Material: Black schist (Dani 1965-66: 117, figure 9, No. 13) Provenance: Khkari Baba Object: Lid of relic casket Length: 2.4 cm. Plate: 2:14 Width: 2 cm Material: Grey-black schist Provenance: Majuki Dherai Small head of schist stone in fragmentary shape, Length: 9.5 cm. only the nose, one eye and part of the hair or Width: 16 cm headdress is preserved. The head seems to be that of Buddha or Bodhisattva, with half opened eyes Lid of a container, tumed on lithe is decorated with Buddha and Bodhisattva statues in stone are two double incised lines. It also has a flat round widely reported from the Charsadda area. catch in the middle At Shaikhan Dheri one such lid (No. 1189) has been reported from trench B2. No: 12 (Marshall 1951: 506-7, plate 142, Nos. 148- No: 15 149) Object: Relic casket container Object: Jewelry mould Plate: 2:15 Plate: 2:12 Material: Greenish black schist Material: Greenish soap-stone Provenance: Pkhana Dherai Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Length:9.3 cm. Length: 23.5 cm. Width: 1.5 cm Width: 16cm Round schist stone container tumed on lithe. Square tablet of soapstone, which has two circular depressions carved on its surface, with two outlet No: 16 passages. The upper circle is carved in emboss (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 157, figure No. 21) with the figure of a standing lady, wearing a long Object: Relic casket container gown and probably holding a lotus flower stalk in Plate: 2:16 her right lap. The piece may have served as a Material: Greenish black schist mould for casting of metal ornaments. This piece Provenance: Shahr-e-Napursan looks to be the only reported one from the Length: 3 cm. Charsadda area, however a number of such Width: 3.5 cm jewelry casting stones have been found at Taxila. Description: Schist stone round relic casket, its No: 13 outer surface is highly decorated with floral Object: Decorated toilet plate designs. It has been tumed on lithe; its lid portion Plate: 2:13 is missing. Almost identical relic casket was found Material: Light-green schist at the stupa in Ghaz Dheri during 1902-3 Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri excavation. Length: Un-Known No: 17 Width: 6.8cm (Dani 1965-66: 118, figure 9- No. 14) Object: Oil lamp Plate: 2:17 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 42

Material: Grey schist Material: Black schist Provenance: Bala Hisar Provenance: Baretai Dherai Length: 8.2cm. Length: 11.5cm Width: 6.7cm Stone shaft, carved with six small beaded objects, it originally might have been part of This well-preserved stone lamp is heart shaped; its another stone object of considerable size. One outer surface is decorated with incised floral such stone rod with three umbrellas (No. 251) motifs. It has three lugs or catches, two smaller has been found at Shaikhan Dheri. ones at the pointed end and the other a little bigger in semi-circular shape at the broader end. Its rim is Inscribed Sherds also decorated with dental designs. Similar stone Charsadda area is the find spot of a number of lamp (No. 1845) at Shaikhan Dheri was recovered inscriptions, incised mainly on the pedestals of from trench CS (1). stone statues and relic caskets. These reported inscriptions are almost written in Kharoshthi No: 18 characters and the language was Gandhari. Object: Relic casket lid Shakoor has recorded a number of inscriptions Plate: 2:18 from the Charsadda area, which include Umanai Material: Greenish black schist slab inscription, Kula Dher relic casket Provenance: Mya Kali Dherai inscriptions, and Mamane Dheri Inscription Length: Un-known (Shakur: 1946, 34). Marshall & Vogel have also Width: 5.2cm recovered a number of Inscriptions during 1902-3 excavations at Charsadda (Marshall & Vogel Lid of a relic casket having catch, that is round in 1902-3: 176). Likewise at Bala Hisar, inscribed shape. The outer surface has been made extra potsherds have been recorded (Wheeler 1962: 125, smooth and is decorated with incised and floral plate XLV; Coningham et al 2007: 114, plates designs. The upper half is incised with lotus flower 1.2h & 8.12). Dani also recorded thirty-seven leaves. Kharoshthi inscriptions on ceramics and stones at Shaikhan Dheri (Dani 1965-66: 109). No: 19 During the survey were found only a few (Marshall & Vogel 1902-03: 153. figure 24, No. potsherds that have single or a few letters 2·, Dani 1965-66: 116-119, figure 9, V; scratched on its outer surface, which could be the Coningham et al 2007: 169, plate 11.1, Nos. name or initial of the owner. The following 112, 189) potsherds with inscriptions are found at various mounds. Object: Cup Plate: 2:19 No: 1 Material: Grey schist Plate: 13:13 Provenance: Pkhana Dherai Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 9cm. Length: 4.4cm Width: 6.5 cm Width: 3.2cm Description: Cup turned on lithe, has out curved rim and disc Upper broken portion of a supposed closed pot in base. Its outer surface has been made smooth by red ware has a single inscribed Kharoshthi letter burnishing. Fragmentary stone vessels have been ha. Its style is that of the Kushan period. recovered from various localities of Charsadda No: 2 No: 20 Plate: 13:14 (Dani 1965-66: 117, figure 9-No. 5) Provenance: Pkhana Dherai Plate: 2:20 Length: 7.5 cm Object: Worked stone shaft Width: 5cm Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 43

Open mouthed jar in red ware having flat base. On No: 7 its surface is probably inscribed a single Plate: 13: 19 Kharoshthi letter mi. Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 5x3 cm No: 3 Width: 5x3 cm Plate: 13:15 Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Rim piece of a grey ware vessel in fine thin fabric Length: 6.2cm has partly preserved Kharoshthi inscription, in Width: 4.5cm which only the two letters, may be [sa-sa] are preserved. Its style resembles that of the Kushan Rim sherd of a red ware pot has double incised period. lines below the rim. Below the lines is part of a Kharoshthi inscription in fragmentary shape. No: 8 Lower part of the letters are missing, preliminary Plate: 13:20 reading could be cigi [ta]+. Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 7.2cm No: 4 Width: 6cm Plate: 13: 16 Provenance: Majuki Dherai Description: Shoulder piece of potsherd in Length: 7.6cm. grey ware has only portion of a Kharoshthi Width: 6 inscription, in which the middle portion may be read as [dhutadasaa]. Rim piece of a red ware pot has thin sections and shiny surface. It has a fragmentary Kharoshthi Coins inscription which could probably be read as The earliest punched mark coins are dukharahi. Its style seems to be that of the Kushan occasionally being found, however the first period. reported coins from the Charsadda area were No: 5 those obtained during Marshall & Vogel's Plate: 13:17 excavations. They have reported a copper coin Provenance: Majuki Dherai of (Moon-god type) and two Indo­ Length: 5.5 cm Scythian copper coins from the Bala Hisar Width: 5 cm mound. Also obtained from here were fourteen Red ware body sherd having medium fabric has Indo-Scythian, fourteen Muslim period copper fragmentary Kharoshthi inscription in which only coins, including those of Muhammad Ghori and two letters are preserved. That could be [pada]. Its Allauddin ibn Takash ofKhwarizm (Marshall & style probably belongs to that of the Kushan Vogel 1902-3: 152). From the mound of Mir period. Ziyarat, were excavated coins of Hermaeus, Azes, Wima Kadphises, Kanishka and those of No: 6 Indo-Scythian kings (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: Plate: 13: 18 158). Also found at this site was a hoard of 87 Provenance: Shahr-e-Napursan coins, these according to the excavator were of Length: 5cm the Ghaznavid period (Marshall & Vogel 1902- Width: 3.8cm 3: 157). Similarly, from excavation at Palatu Dheri was obtained a hoard of 57 copper coins Rim sherd ofred ware has fragmentary Kharoshthi of late Kushans including those of Wima inscription. The first letters is incomplete, the Kadphises, Kanishka and Indo-Scythian kings following could be [zo- zo]. (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 172). From the site of Ghaz Dheri were retrieved coins of Indo­ Scythian, Muslim and Sikh period. From the debris of its Buddhist stupa was recovered a Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 44 relic casket which besides other relics, also unidentified and a square copper coin of contained a copper coin of the lion and bull type Kanishka are reported (Ali 1994: 92). of Azes (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 152). Besides these we also found a limited number Although the excavators intended to publish a of coins during the survey, while others were list of coins from the Charsadda area, but the noted with people who obtained it from the scheme did not materialize (Marshall & Vogel mounds. Among these are two silver punch 1902-3: 152). marked coins while the rest are either of silver Afterwards, Wheeler, while excavating at Bala or copper. No gold coin was noted, on the other Hisar recovered a single silver coin of hand there are authentic reports of such coins in Menander from the well of an excavated house large number from Shaikhan Dheri. The area of (Wheeler 1962: 30). He also reported about the Charsadda has been under cultivation since the discovery of two coin-hoards from the near-by proto-historic times because of the presence of site of Shaikhan Dheri found earlier, which Kabul and Swat rivers and their numerous contained mostly coins of the Indo-Greeks tributaries, therefore the ratio of salinity in the (Wheeler 1962: 17). soil is all times high. In majority of the cases Shaikhan Dheri is the only site in Charsadda, these coins are highly rusted. However, a few of from where well-stratified coins have been them were in good condition, detail of which is recovered, starting from the punched mark to presented in the following list. the late Kushan period. Thus, it helped great deal in dating all its cultural material as well as Punch Marked Coins its building phases on the basis of numismatic Silver Rectangular Type evidence. All the three periods of the city have No.1 yielded a total number of 4 75 coins, in which (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. 291 coins, after treatment were clearly identifiable. Besides, two Punch-Marked coins 80-89, Dani 1965-66: 38) Plate: 3, No. 1 of debase silver from the lower Indo-Greek Obverse: Various punched symbols levels, 16 other coins of the same dynasty were recovered. Those include coins of Agathocles, Reverse: Un-identified mark AR, X Menander, Apollodotus, Antialkidas, Heliocles, 14.3 14mm Lysias, Telephos and Philoxenus. Apollodotus Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri was represented with the largest number of coins of five (Dani 1965-66: 35). A total At Shaikhan Dheri two punch-marked coins of debase silver were found at the Greek levels. number of 54 coins were obtained from the No detail of these coins is available. Coins of combined Scytho-Parthian levels. These were this type have been assigned to the Mauryan mostly of the lion and bull type coins of Azes period. (Dani 1965-66: 35). However, the bulk of coins were obtained from the Kushan levels, reaching to a total number of 219. It included the gold Ditto coin ofWima Kadphises of the king and Shiva­ No.2 bull type. All the main kings of the greater (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. Kushans, like Kujula, Wima Takto (Soter 80-89) Megas), Wima Kadphises, Kanishka, Huvishka Plate: 3, No. 2 and Vasudeva are well represented by their Obverse: As on the preceeding coin coins. Kanishka is represented with the largest Reverse: As on the preceeding coin number of 77 coins (Dani 1965-66: Chart No. AR, 14x9mm 2). This time also the excavator had intended to Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri publish the full catalogue of Shaikhan Dheri coins, but this scheme, like the earlier one of Punch-marked coins are said to have been Marshall & Vogel too, unfortunately did not issued during the period the 8th---4th century BC materialize. During the survey of 1993 two (Bopearachchi 1995: 24). Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 45

Indo-Greek Period Menander, Round Type Copper Rectangular Autonomous Type No. 6 No.3 (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. 363-369, Dani 1991: pl. III. No. 5) 134-140) Plate: Plate: 3, No. 6 Plate: 3, No. 3 Obverse: Obverse: Diademed bust Obverse: Walking to the right of king to right, wearing a crested helmet. Reverse: Walking lion to the left Greek letters all around. JE, 20x 17mm Reverse: Reverse: Athena standing Provenance: Bala Hisar to left hurling thunderbolt with her right hand There is a dimly visible monogram in front of and holding aegis in the left. Kharoshthi letters the lion. This coin type is attributed to the time all around. of Agathocles. AR, 26.6mm Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Apollodotus I, Square Type No. 4 Remarks Though Menander coins have been reported earlier from Bala Hisar and (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. Shaikhan Dheri, but this piece has been 80-89, Dani 1965-66: 36, LI-4, Dani 1991: 147. observed for the first time in the area. pl. V. No. 1) Plate: 3, No. 4 Ditto: Square Type Obverse: Apollo standing to front, No. 7 holding arrow in his right hand and bow in the left, which rests on the ground. Greek legend to (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. three sides 266-281) Reverse: Tripod and a monogram in the Plate: 3, No. 7 lower right field. Obverse: Diademed bust of king to right, JE, 23 X 2mm, 8.80g wearing a crested helmet and Greek legend to Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri three sides. Reverse: Heavily rusted Coins of this type have also been excavated at JE, 20x20mm Shaikhan Dheri. Provenance: Bala Hisar

Antimachus II, Round Type Ditto: Small Square Type No. 5 No. 8 (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. (Dani 1965-66: 36; Bopearachchi & 218-30, Dani 1991: pl. IV. No. 4) Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. 294-7, Nasim Khan Plate: 3, No. 5 2008: 45, No. 3) Obverse: Nike standing to left holding a Plate: 3, No. 8 palm branch and a fillet. Greek letters around. Obverse: Elephant head to the right Reverse: King on horseback to right. wearing a bell. Monogram is in the lower field, Kharoshthi characters around. and Greek legend to the three sides. AR, 16.8mm Reverse: Club of Heracles. Monogram is Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri in the lower field, Kharoshthi legend to the three sides. This is the only reported coin of Antimachus II JE, 15x 15mm from the area of Charsadda Provenance: Pkhana Dherai This type of Menander coins have been reported earlier from Shaikhan Dheri. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 46

Antialcidas Square Type lndo-Scythian Period No. 9 Azes II, Round Type No.12 (Dani 1965-66: 36, Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. 460-62) (Whitehead 1914: 106, PL XI, 56; Dani 1965- Plate: 3, No. 9 66:37; Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Obverse: Bust of Zeus to the right. Greek Nos. 950-956) legend to the three sides. Plate: 3, No. 12 Reverse: Palms and pilei of the Dioscuri. Obverse: Mounted king to right, long Kharoshthi legend to the three sides and diadem floating behind, holding a whip in his monogram in the lower left field. right hand. JE, 18x 18mm Reverse: Zeus standing to left with long Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri scepter in left hand and Nike on his outstretched right hand. Monogram is in the left field. Two coins of this type are reported from AR, 15.8mm Shaikhan Dheri earlier, this is the third one Provenance: Baretai Dherai from the same spot. Two coins of this type have been found in a Philoxenus Square Type hoard of nine coins of Azes in Shaikhan Dheri. No.10 The other coins were those of the bull and lion (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. type. 481-83, Dani 1965-66: 37. No. 10) Azes II, Round Type Plate: 3, No. 10 No.13 Obverse: Goddess standing to the left holding a cornucopiae in her left hand. She is (Whitehead 1914: 125, PL XII, 263; Dani 1965- making gesture with her right hand. Monogram 66: 37, PL LI, 11, 12, 13 15,16; Bopearachchi & in the lower left field. Greek legend on three Amanurrahman 1995: Nos. 965-72) sides. Plae: 3, No. 13 Reverse: Humped bull standing to the Obverse: Humped bull standing to right right. Kharoshthi legend is on the three sides. on a line. Greek legend all around and There is also a monogram in the lower field monogram above. JE, 19x 19mm Reverse: Walking lion to right with Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Kharoshthi letters all around and monogram above the lion Three coins of this king are found during JE, 10.50mm Shaikhan Dheri excavation, but their exact Provenance: Spera Dherai types are not known. Coins of this type are widely found m the Apollodotus II, Square Type Charsadda area. No.11 Azelises, Square Type (Bopearachchi & Amanurrahman 1995: No. No.14 659, but in round shape) Plate: 3, No. 11 (Dani, 1965-66: Chart No. 2; Whitehead 1914: Obverse: Apollo is standing to right. 139, PL XIV, 358) Greek legend on three sides. Monogram to the Plate: 3, No. 14 right. Obverse: King on horseback to the right Reverse: Tripod lebes with Kharoshthi with Greek letters to all the four sides. letters to the three sides and two monograms to Reverse: Humped bull to the right and its right and left. Kharoshthi letters to all the four sides. JE, 22x2lmm JE, 25x22mm Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 47

Only three coins of this king have been found Kanishka during Shaikhan Dheri excavation. No.18 (Whitehead 1914: 186, Pl. XVII, 53) Early Kushan Period Plate: 3, No. 18 Kujula Kadphises: Round Type Obverse: Standing king to left wearing No.15 long coat and heavy boots, sacrificing over a (Whitehead 1914: 178, 179, Pl. XVII, 1, 8, Dani small altar. He is also holding a long spear in 1965-66: chart No. 2, Rosenfield 1993: 12, pl. I, his left hand. 1-3) reverse: Sun god to left with right hand Plate: 3, No. 15 advanced and left one akimbo. Monogram in Obverse: Diademed bust of king to right the left field. with Greek legend all around. Al, 26.28mm Reverse: Herakles standing in frontal Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri position. He is holding a club in his right hand which rests on the ground, while there is also Ditto lion's skin over his left arm. No. 4.3.19 Al, 23.10 mm (Whitehead 1914: 189, Pl. XVII, 83, Rosenfield Provenance: Majuki Dherai 1993: pl. VIII, 150) Plate: 3, No. 19 Wima Takto: Soter Megas Obverse: Standing king to left wearing No.16 peaked helmet, long heavy coat and trousers. (Whitehead 1914: 160, Pl. XVI, 94, Rosenfield Reverse: Wind-god running to left. 1993: 25, pl. II, 29) Al, 26mm Plate: 3, No.16 Provenance: Chalagram Obverse: Diademed bust of king to right, holding a long scepter. Ditto Reverse: King on horseback to right. He No. 20 is holding ankus in his right hand, ends of (Whitehead 1914: 192, Pl. XVIII, 106, diadem floating in the air and Greek legend Rosenfield 1993: pl. VIII, 15 8) around. Plate: 3, No. 20 Al, 21mm Obverse: Standing king to left, wearing Provenance: Pkhana Dherai peaked helmet, long heavy coat and trousers, sacrificing over a small altar with right hand. Wima Kadphises: Round Type He is holding a long spear in the left hand. No.17 Reverse: Four-armed standing Shiva to (Whitehead 1914: 160, Pl. XVI, 94, Rosenfield the left. He is holding various objects in his four 1993: 18, pl. I, 14-15, Nasim Khan 2008: 52, hands. Monogram is to the lower left No. 36) Al, 26.80 mm Plate: 3, No. 17 Provenance: Sartor Baba Obverse: Standing king to front, head turned to left, wearing log heavy coat. He is Ditto making an offering with his right hand over a No. 21 small altar. (Whitehead 1914: 189, Pl. XVIII, 76) Reverse: Shiva standing front with his Plate: 3, No. 21 bull behind. Obverse: Standing king to left wearing Al, 27.17mm peaked helmet, long heavy coat and trouser. He Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri is sacrificing over a small fire altar with right hand, and holding a scepter in his left. Greek Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 48 legend Mao in the right margin, while a Kushano-Sassanian Period monogram is in the left. Sbapur II (?): Small round Type Reverse: Moon-god standing to left No. 25 which is seen radiate. His right hand is extended (Cribb 1985: fig. 41 (Hoard 450) 4.26, 4.05, and also holding a long scepter in the left. 3.49; fig. 42 (hoard 451) 3.53, 3.52, 4.16, JE, 21.50mm Nasim Khan 2008: 72, No. 134) Provenance: Chalagram Plate: 3, No. 25 Obverse: Bearded bust of king to right. Huvishka, Round Type Reverse: Unclear No. 22 JE, 1.2 X 1cm, 2.32g (Whitehead 1914: 204, Pl. XIX, 194, Rosenfield Provenance: Majuki Dherai 1993: 66, pl. III, 45) Plate: 3, No. 22 The first ever reported coin of the Kushano­ Obverse: King seated cross-legged facing, Sassanian in the area. like in Buddha's meditation pose. Greek legend all around. Ditto Reverse: Moon-god standing to left with No. 26 right arm extended while the left one is akimbo. (Cribb 1985: fig. 41 (Hoard 450) 4.05; fig. 43 JE, 25mm (hoard 451) 3.43, 3.42, 3.39, Nasim Khan 2008: Provenance: Mra Dherai 72, No. 134) Plate: 3, No. 26 Ditto Obverse: Fire altar with floating ribbon. No. 23 Reverse: Defaced (Whitehead 1914: 198, Pl. XVIII, 137) JE, 1.3 X 1.2 cm, 3.20g Plate: 3, No. 23 Provenance: Majuki Dherai Obverse: King riding on elephant to right. Greek legend all around. He is diademed and The second reported coin of the Kushano­ holds spear in his left hand while an elephant Sassanian in the area. goad in the right. Reverse: Sun god standing to left. Hindu Shahi Period JE, 25mm Spalapati Deva (?): Copper Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri No. 27 Plate: 3, No. 27,28 Ditto Obverse: Reclining bull to the left. No. 24 Reverse: Horseman to the right. (Whitehead 1914: 199) JE, 1.9cm Plate: 3, No. 24 Provenance: Mya Kali Dherai Obverse: King riding on elephant to right. Reverse: Goddess Ardoksho standing to Sbri Samanta Deva: Silver left holding a cornucopia. Monogram in the left No. 28 field. (Nasim Khan 2008: 210, No. 705) JE, 25.23 mm Plate: 3, No. 29 Provenance: Girawar Dherai Obverse: Bull to left with Brahmi letters Horseman to right holding a lance in his right hand AR, 1.9cm Provenance: Sartor Baba Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 49

Vaka Deva: Round Type Earlier, these were excavated from Bala Hisar No.29 and Shaikhan Dheri in a few number and reported from the other sites as well (Wheeler (Nasim Khan 2008: 210, No. 704) 1962: 21, plate XL A, Dani 1965-66: 120, plate Plate: 4, 30-53 XLVII, Nasim Khan 2005: 13-23, figs. 10-45). Obverse: Elephant waking to the left At Bala Hisar the two specimens of terracotta Reverse: Lion standing to the right with token or seal impressions have been estimated up curved tail to be of the 3rd-2nd century BC that belong to the JE, 1.8 cm (average) Greek period. Likewise at Shaikhan Dheri these Provenance: Bala Hisar, Pkhana Dherai, have been excavated from the Kushan and Majuki Dherai, Shahr-e-Napursan Scytho-Parthian levels. From Mir Ziyarat (Shahr-e-Napursan) a single chalcedony intaglio Islamic Period was found during 1902-03 excavation (Marshall Small Round Type & Vogel 1902-03: 160). However, no ring-seal No.JO has so far been reported earlier from any site in Plate: 4, No. 54 Charsadda. Obverse: Bull standing to right, uncertain Nagri letters above Ceramics of the area Reverse: Kalma, Abu Alfatah, Sultan, Earlier excavations that were carried out at written in Arabic script various localities of Charsadda have brought to JE, 1.2 cm hand some knowledge about the ceramic Provenance: Shahr-e-Napursan tradition of the area (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3, Wheeler 1962, Dani 1966, Coningham et al Seals and Sealings 2007). Marshall & Vogel have attempted to The most interesting finds during the survey are describe the pottery of Charsadda for the first the one hundred and thirty one seals, sealings time with reasonable detail. They have reported and tokens, made in semi-precious stones, burnt the pre-Islamic period pottery of the area as clay and metal, mostly bronze. Six intagios entirely wheel made, with the exception of carved in stones were noted, while sixty-four some larger storage jars and a few grey ware metallic seals were noted which include forty­ vases that were made by hand. The delicate one ring seals and twenty-three knobbed seals vessels are also applied with smooth reddish­ of various shapes. The rest are made of brown slip (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 181 ). terracotta, which include seals as well as They have classified the pottery on the basis of sealings and tokens. Majority of these are in red functional types as cups, bowls, dishes, goblets, ware except the four, which are in grey ware. A saucers, water pots, storage jars etc. (Marshall good number of it came from the sites of & Vogel 1902-3: 183). The two wares they Shaikhan Dheri, Majuki Dherai, Bala Hisar and illustrated were the red and the grey-black ware. Shahr-e-Napursan. Some of the seals and The former ware was used for larger and sealings contain inscriptions as well in medium fabric vessels, while the latter or Kharoshthi script, which usually bear name or smaller ones are also usually ornamented. This initial of the owner. The general them of these later ware, they compared with the Bucchero­ are the depiction of human figures in seated or nero of ancient Etruria (Marshall & Vogel standing potion, figures of deities, animals 1902-3: 180). including the bull, lion, elephant and birds. The Charsadda vessels are decorated in incised, Floral and geometrical patterns are also relief, applique and stamped designs. The portrayed besides religious symbols like stupa, applique designs are known in early Greek swastika, trident, wheel and lotus flower. period vessels in the shape of eyes, flowers, Sometimes mythical animals are also the foliage, birds and small lamps, set on the rim of favourite theme of the ancient artists (plate 5). pots. Such decoration was also found on early Khotanese pottery (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 50

182). The stamped designs include circles, ware and C.Red or reddish-buff ware. concentric circles, spoked wheels, triskels, The group A pots consisted only a few flowers, leaves, ornamental lozenges and fragments of highly polished bowls, both inside swastikas. Usually water pots, locally called and outside. The ware according to the Mangai are attractively decorated with these excavator seemed to be a local imitation of stamped designs on the shoulder below the neck Northern Black Polish Ware (Dani 1966: 135). (Marshall & Vogel 1902-3: 181). Though This ware was witnessed at all the three periods. specimens of black painted pottery also were The group B ware of grey colour was found in encountered during these excavations, yet its large number in Greek and Scytho-Parthian proportion was to a great deal lesser in amount period, while the Kushan levels had a few as compared to the other types of decoration. fragments only. In the Scytho-Parthian period The general tendency was to the applique, the coarse variety of this ware was found in moulded and particularly to the stamped great number. They consisted of Thali, bowls decoration. and incense burner (Dani 1966: 138, 144). The Some fifty-six years latter, Wheeler in his group C or the red ware was present in all the excavation at Bala Hisar, arranged the pottery three periods of the city, it is further classified on the basis of form and fabric. He divided his in to A. fine fabric and B. medium fabric. The pottery assemblage into eight types (Wheeler fme fabric is similar to Wheeler's soapy red 1962: 37). In its earliest levels he found the ware. The medium fabric consisted of thalis, rippled rim type followed by soapy red ware. bowls, goblets, torches, lids, jars, basins, stands Wavy-lined, incurved sided and carinated and water bottles. The fine fabric class also bowls, tulip and lotus bowls as well as Northern included the stamped and painted ware. Four Black Polished wares were noted in the lotus bowls in complete shape were noted succeeding layers (Wheeler 1962: 41). The during the excavation, which fall in the fine lotus bowl sherds, he adds, are exceptionally fabric red ware group (Dani 1966: 184, 189, associated with Pushkalavati, not traced 218). Kushan tamghas are also found stamped anywhere else. He is also of the view that the on some of the coarse fabric sherds belonging to association of lotus bowls with the lotus city is some vessels. a present from Pushkalavati (Wheeler 1962: 35, The Pak-UK project excavation at Bala Hisar also see our plate No. 13). also recovered a large number of potsherds in Wheeler also discusses pottery of the so-called different wares, potter's marks, inscriptions and Muslim period which he terms though not decorated body sherds (Coningham et al 2007: associated with coinage, however some of the 99). (We have also collected potsherds from the pots from layer 6-4 may belong to a date as surface of Majuki Dherai bearing potter's mark early as eighth century AD. The pottery from see plate 12-A). The pottery assemblage was this category is from buff to reddish buff. It grouped in to fine wares, coarse wares, potter's includes bowls, jars, cooking pots, handled cups marks, inscriptions and decorated body sherds. etc. These pots have typical examples of In the fine wares, beakers, cups, pedestal stamped decoration in palmettes, rosettes, vessels, dishes and bowls were recovered. Some lozenges, triangles and broken oblique lines body sherds of black grey-burnished ware, a (Wheeler 1962: 84). Stamped patterns of this sherd of NBP, lotus bowl and black slipped and allied kinds are characteristic of the early body sherds were also noted in the fme ware centuries AD (Wheeler 1962: 84, 89). category. In the coarse ware were found rims, At the site of Shaikhan Dheri, Dani found a sherds of bowls, troughs, jars as well as bases of good number of pots in complete form and a lot various forms, lids, lugs, handles, spouts and of potsherds at all the three main periods of votive tanks (Coningham et al 2007: 104-114). Indo-Greek, Scytho-Parthian and Kushan. The A limited number of glazed ceramics are also pottery was classified on the basis of form and noted at Bala Hisar, where Wheeler records the ware at each period, that was grouped under discovery of seven of these sherds, which he three heads; A. Black polished ware, B. Grey presumed belong to the Islamic period (Wheeler Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 51

1962: 84, plate xviii). Coningham with his evidence of links to the pottery of Gandhara team, however recovered a total number of 87 Grave Culture (Vogelsang 1988; 1992, sherds of glazed ceramics from mix contexts. Coningham 2007: 116). Latter on the Indian They have been divided in to 12 groups, mostly element became dominant in the shape of based on colour and decoration. The fabric as a carinated bowls and flat tray or Thali forms. whole appears to be a localized production of Still latter the Western or Aegaeic elements got the post medieval period, probably between the prominence in the forms of red burnished and 161h and the 191h/201h century, although some of rippled rim ware (Vogelsang 192: 246). the sherds have stylistic similarities with those The most natable and interesting pot observed found at Iran. According to the excavator there during the survey is the five cup ritual pot, is no local stratified excavations with a reliable originating from the cemetery of Katozai Qasim chronology, that can be used to date such Jan 2001 ). This is the third vessel of its kind so material. Sherds of glazed ceramics have been far noted. The second one was excavated at found on a number of excavated sites in Butkara II in Swat while the third one was Pakistan, UAE and East Africa. In the same found at Marlik in Iran. These vessels seem not way the Williamson collection of glazed to be intended for ordinary use, as their potsherds from Southern Iran and the Gulf coast infrequent occurrence could be taken as a strong as well as Stein Collection of his surveys of clue of their exceptional utility. Furthermore it Southern and Western Iran also contain glazed also strengthens the idea that the early period potsherds (Coningham et al 2007: 231,227). pottery of Charsadda was influenced by the Likewise in our recent survey, apart from the Swat pottery, associated with Gandhara Grave site of Bala Hisar, from where glazed sherds in Culture (Stacul 1970: 99, Vogelsang 1992 : sizable number were picked up from its surface, 246). other mounds were also identified where similar Nearly all type of decoration is applied to the glazed sherds are to be found. These include the vessels of Charsadda. The stratified pottery mounds of Shahr-e-Napursan, Majuki Dherai, from Bala Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri indicates Arbapano Dherai, Pkhana Dherai, Khkari Baba that some of the vessels were highly burnished, Dherai, Bibi Saida Dherai, Sre Makhe Dherai, furthermore red or reddish-brown slip was Rai Dherai and Mughal Kas. usually provided on the outer as well as on the During our survey a good number of selected inner surface of the pot. Some of the vessels sherds were encountered, both in red as well as were also decorated with moulded and applique in grey ware, but it is to be noted that red ware designs. However the most widely used sherds are more in number as compared to the medium was that of stamp decoration which grey ware. Grey ware sherds were found in first appeared in the lndo-Greek period and equal proportion at the sites of Majuki Dherai, continued without break up to the Islamic Pkhana Dherai, Mandezai mounds, Mra Dherai period. Our survey has yielded more than a and Mughal Kas. At Mandezai mounds were thousand stamp decorated potsherds from also picked up sherds of Northern Black different mounds of the area. From Majuki Polished Ware, that are highly polished on both Dherai alone were collected more than six sides. Another notable feature in the pottery of hundred stamped sherds which comprise over Charsadda is the scarcity of spouted vessels. three hundred different designs in floral But it does not mean that spouted vessels were patterns, leaves, circles, concentric circles, not in much use at this area as only the pottery wheel designs, solar symbols, stars, crescents, of Bala Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri has so far tridents, swastikas as well as numerous been systematically documented, while very geometrical designs (plate 14). (The stamped little is known about the hundreds of other sites decorated pottery of Charsadda will be that are yet to be properly examined and its discussed in a subsequent paper). pottery documented. A good number of thin-sectioned sherds were It is generally believed that the initial ceramic collected from various mounds during the tradition in Charsadda started locally with survey. From the mound of Majuki Dherai in Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 52 particular were found sherds of this type that Charsadda that they portrayed this flower belong to bowls of various types, shallow dishes widely on their ceramics. Apart from the lotus and basins (Figure 1, No. 1-21). These are well bowls, pitchers were also decorated on the burnished on the exterior, specially the bowls. shoulder with lotus flower stamps, which are Red slip is also applied to these vessels. Bowls comparatively smaller in size as compared to in particular were noted in large number at the bowl stamps. These have already been Majuki Dherai, which are of various sizes and attested from Shaikban Dheri along with the generally decorated with incised lines on the other body sherds of pitchers with stamped exterior (Figure 3, No. 1-9). The medium fabric lotus flowers that were collected from the vessels with various rim shapes were also noted, mound of Majuki Dherai. Following are few of they include jars of various sizes, pitchers and the pots noted during the survey. bowls in varied shapes and sizes (figure 4, No. 1-21 ). The coarse ware pottery observed, 1. Pedestal cup include deep bowls, long and narrow-necked Plate: 12: 1 vessels, storage jars with open as well as narrow (Dani: 1965-66: 200-202, 211-12, Figures mouths, flat-based saucers and pitchers with 40,41,45, 57) broad sided rims (Figure 6, No. 1-17). Grey Provenance: Shaikban Dheri ware pots were also observed at various mounds Length: 8.5cm. specially, at Majuki Dherai and Mra Dherai. Width: 6.2cm These are of the thin sectioned and medium Description: Red ware pedestal cup in sectioned variety, including open and narrow fragmentary shape, which seems to be the mouthed jars, bowls of various sizes and small product of a mould with embossed geometric cup on stand (Figure 2, No. 1-10 and Figure 5, decoration in the shape of lines, circles and No. 1-12). Painted decoration was observed at dots. Potsherds decorated with moulded designs Majuki Dherai on a pitcher and open-mouthed have earlier been noted at Bala Hisar and bowl (Figure 4, No. 2, 11). Potter marks were Shaikhan Dheri. From the later site was also also observed on some vessels including storage found a water bottle or Wine flagon, decorated jars from Majuki Dherai (Figure 2, No. 4 and with animal and floral designs, associated with Figure 4, No. 20). the Scytho-Parthian period. However other Presence of the lotus bowls is also exclusively sherds having the same decoration were found associated with the Charsadda area. Seven body from the Kushan levels as well. sherds of thin sectioned bowls were collected during the survey from Shaikban Dheri, Bala 2. Pedestal cup Hisar and Majuki Dherai (plate 13). These are as usual stamped on the interior with a lotus Plate: 12: 2 flower design. These are red in ware with Provenance: Shaikban Dheri highly burnished surfaces on the inner and outer Length: 5.6cm. sides. All these seven lotus stamp designs are Width: 5cm different in style from the ones already published and excavated from Bala Hisar and Description: Small terracotta pedestal cup in Shaikhan Dheri. From Shaikhan Dheri were fragmentary shape. Like the previous one it too obtained thirteen, while from Bala Hisar was has embossed decoration in the shape of zigzag got one lotus bowl sherd. Coupled with our lines and dots. survey's seven sherds of the lotus bowls, it 3. Water vessel makes twenty-one lotus stamps of varied Plate: 12: 3 designs, which means that the possibility of (Dani 1965-66: 197, figure 34, No. 1) other lotus flower designs is always there and Provenance: Girawar Dherai more varieties of it could be found in the future. Length: 35 cm. The lotus flowers have so much fascinated the Width: 25 cm imagination of the ancient dwellers of Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 53

Terracotta large size water vessel with flat base Narrow necked bottle with straight base in red and short spout, while rest of the body is closed. ware, red slip is also applied to its exterior. This type of vessel is widely reported from other There are three grooved lines on its body. The sites of Charsadda, specially from Shaikhan Dheri, bottle is thin-sectioned. Its nearest parallel have where it is present in all the three periods. On been found at Shaikhan Dheri, where two some fragments ofthis type, a Kushan Tamgha is fragmentary jars, called by the excavator also stamped below the spout (for Kushan inkpots, were recovered from the Scytho­ Tamghas see plate 12). Parthian levels. The only difference is that the Shaikhan Dheri jars have longer and straight­ 4. Polychrome spouted vessel sided necks. Plate: 12: 4 7. Toilet tray Provenance: Bala Hisar Length: 12.7 cm. Plate: 12:7 Width: 4cm Provenance: Majuki Dherai Width: 2.4cm Small red ware spouted vessel with out curved rim, round bottom and a short spout Its surface is Terracotta toilet tray in broken state was seen at decorated with two incised lines round the body. Majuki Dherai. It has the bust of a lady in high White colour is also used for its decoration. The relief The lady has round fleshy smiling face, broad white colour lines run below the neck while who wears a decorated headdress and has well­ two other white lines run round the body just combed hair. She is also wearing a beaded below the incised lines. Above this are series of necklace round her neck and long earrings hang double seroi-circles in white paint, covering the from the ears. No such piece has earlier been entire body ofthe vessel. This is the only specimen recorded from the area earlier. found from the Charsadda area. 8. Five-cup ritual pot 5. Lugged vessel Plate: 12: 8 Plate: 12: 5 (Antonini 1963: 21, Stacul 1970: 99) (Dani 1965-66: 188, 200, figure 20, No. 2, 3 & Length:26 cm. 3a, figures 40, Nos. 15, 16, 17, figure 41, Nos. la, lb) Description: Multiple cup pot of un-usual Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri shape was observed at the cemetery of Katozai, Length: 6.5 cm. which has five round connected cups at the top. Width: 5.8cm So far two other such pots with multiple cups on a pedestal have been found at the cemetery Disc shaped lugged water vessel in red ware with site of Butkara II in Swat and a mound at broken neck and round base. The lugs with holes Marlik in Iran. may have been used for suspension. The entire body is decorated with floral designs in applique 9. Globular vessel fashion. At Shaikhan Dheri such vessels termed as Plate: 12: 9 water bottles or wine flagons are reported from the (Stacul 1966: 54, fig.74.b) Greek as well as the Scytho-Parthian levels. Provenance: Protohistoric cemetery of Lande Rud 6. Narrow necked bottle Length: 10.5 cm. Plate: 12: 6 Width: 11 cm (Dani 1965-66: 196, figure 31, No. 1&2) Globular vessel with broken handle and spout Provenance: Pkhana Dherai has thin sections, which is made of well­ Length: 7.3 cm. levigated clay. Red slip is also applied on the Width: 5.3 cm highly patenated exterior. A comparable type Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 54 from the Swat proto-historic cemeteries is No. The Terracotta Art Cd/XII, a high vertical necked jug with flat Terracotta animal and human figurines have base. It too is made of red ware with thin sides been noted at the sites of the Pre-Indus and and highly refined clay. Indus Valley Civilization earlier. These are also recovered from the protohistoric graves of 10. Spouted and handled vessel Swat, Dir, Zareef Koroona and other localities. Plate: 12: 10 In the early historic period in the Peshawar Provenance: Khan Mahi valley, these are noted at the sites of Bala Hisar Length: 12.3 cm. and Shaikhan Dheri in Charsadda (Wheeler Width: 16cm 1962: 104,Dani 1965-66: 48). The earliest terracotta figurines of animals and humans in Globular pot of red ware is relatively shorter Pakistan have been noted at Mehrgarh dated than the former. It has a broad but short spout, between 6th-5th millennia BC (Hinkley 2001: handle and flat base, while the portion above its 23). These are also noted at the sites of Indus neck is missing. It too is made of well-levigated Valley Civilization as well as at the cemeteries clay in medium texture with red slip applied to ofGandhara Grave Culture (Khan 1973: 60). the patinated exterior. Human Figurines 11. Beaker on pedestal Human terracotta figurines have been found Plate: 12: 11 extensively from the mounds of Charsadda and (Antonini 1972: 26, fig. 10. j) studied by Coomaraswamy, Gordon, Corbiau Provenance: Katozai protohistoric cemetery and Wheeler (Hinkley 2001: 23). Gordon's Length: 13.2 cm. 'archaic figurines' or 'Sari-Dheri type' which Width: 9cm later became Wheeler's 'Baroque Ladies' are the well-known terracotta figurines widely Small beaker in red ware, its body is thin found from the mounds of Charsadda (Wheeler textured with concave sides. The beaker is 1962: 104-108, Dani 1965-66: 48-56, provided with low stem and low pedestal. Red Coningham 2007: 188). This type of figurines slip is also applied to the exterior. The outer are found at Shaikhan Dheri as late as Kushan surface has been made smooth by burnishing. times, but their concentration is mainly in the Similar specimen has been found at the Greek period. It is believed that these figurines cemetery ofLoebanr. are representative of the mother goddess cult, associated with fertility and creativeness 12. Pedestal drinking glass (Hinkley 2001: 23). We have also found and observed a number of Plate: 65: 12 terracotta human and animal figurines during (Antonini 1972: 26, fig. 10. k) our survey, their detail is as follow; Provenance: Katozai protohistoric cemetery Length: 13 cm. No. 1 Female figurine Width: 7.4 cm Plate: 6: I (Khan 1973: 59) Small hour-glass shaped beaker has thin textured Provenance: Deo Dherai protohistoric body. The pot is provided with low stem and low cemetery conical pedestal. The pedestal is hollow from the Length: 12.2cm inside. Like the previous one, this pot too is applied Width: 5.2cm with red slip on the exterior, and its outer body has been made well burnished. A similar beaker has been Female terracotta figurines are reported from fomd at Butkara II. Terracotta Figi.nines. other protohistoric cemeteries as well. Its nearly identical parallel has been noted at the cemetery Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 55 of Zareef Koroona period III, dated 9th-6th This Baroque Lady head has well-set hair; the century BC. typical rosette is set to the right side. The lady is also shown with a well-executed pair of No. 2 Baroque Lady figurine earrings. The two applied eyes and lips are well Plate: 6: 2 intact. The nearest parallels are found at Bala (Corbiau 1937: 3; Wheeler 1962: 104, plates Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII-XXV; Dani 1965-66: No. 5. Baroque Lady bust 48, plates XXIV-XXVII) Provenance: Majuki Dherai Plate: 6: 5 Length: 9.5 cm (Dani 1965-66: plate XXVI, No. 1) Width: 6.2 cm Provenance: Baretai Dherai Length: 5.8 cm The figurine has the typical headdress with a Width: 2.2 cm broken rosette to the right, while the neckband Description: Both arms and the headdress are consists of two sets. Two small pellets are missing, while portion below the neck is applied as breasts. The typical hip girdle is mutilated. The lady is wearing a neckband with indicated as a horizontal line across the body. vertical as well as horizontal incisions. At The name Baroque Lady was first applied to Shaikhan Dheri a similar lady wears the same this special type of figurine by Wheeler, when type of neckband. he found these widely at Bala Hisar and also reported from other parts of the Peshawar No. 6. Painted Head ofa Lady Valley. Earlier Carbiau had also found the same Plate: 6: 6 type of figurines at Sar Dheri and Sulai Kamar, Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri which she called then archaic figurines. Later Length: 4.7 cm the same type of figurines were obtained from Width: 4cm Shaikhan Dheri in large number. Head of a Hellenistic lady made in double No. 3. Bust of a Baroque Lady mould (hollow from within). The head is crowned with a wreath. Its execution is very Plate: 6: 3 naturalistic. The head is unusually painted with (Wheeler 1962: plate XXV, No. 1; Dani 1965- appropriate colours. The wreath is painted 66: plate XXV, No. 2) green, the hair and eyebrows light brown, the Provenance: Majuki Dherai face pink, the lips red and the eyes light green. Length: 7.9 cm This is the only piece from Charsadda, which Width: 7.2 cm has been applied with paint. It is on display at Lahore Museum. Its right arm is missing and has well set hair No. 8. Baroque Lady bust covering both the ears. The neckband consists of two strips incised vertically. The third strip is Plate: 6: 7 hanging between the breasts, of which the right Provenance: Majuki Dherai one is missing. Its nearest parallel could be Length:5.2 cm found at Bala Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri. Width: 4.5 cm

No. 4. Baroque Lady bead Its right extending arm is intact while the left one is completely missing. The hair is decorated Plate: 6:4 with two sets of applied rosettes. The neckband (Wheeler 1962: plate XXIII, Nos. 3,8; Dani is also worn having stamped circles. There is 1965-66: plate XXV, Nos. 1,4,6,11, plate also an applied garland having incised oblique XXVI, Nos. 1--4, 11) lines and stamped circles. Provenance: Mra Dherai Length: 4.5 cm Width: 4.2 cm Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 56

No. 10. Baroque Lady bust No. 15. Baroque Lady: Head Plate: 6:8 Plate: 6: 12 Provenance: Spera Dherai (Wheeler 1962: 104,; Dani 1965-66: 48) Length: 4.5 cm Provenance: Majuki Dherai Width: 4cm Length: 5.2 cm Width: 4.5 cm It has the typical neckband, with three rows. The lady has thin elongated braids indicated at This well preserved head has neatly combed hair, the back with thin vertical incised lines. decorated with the application of small rosettes all round the head. Another special feature of this No. 12. Baroque Lady bust figurine is the presence of a round depression on Plate: 6:9 its forehead, which may have been intended for Provenance: Durmarjan Dherai placing a jewel in it, like the third eye of Buddha. Length: 6.7cm This is another characteristic feature of the Width: 4cm Baroque Lady figurine, not reported earlier. The head of this well-preserved Baroque lady bust is highly bejeweled and decorated with two No. 16. Baroque Lady: Torso rosettes. It has also two earrings, while the Plate: 6: 13 neckband is decorated with incised vertical and Provenance: Shahr-e-Napursan horizontal lines, and a garland with applied pellet Length: 4.5 cm. is also seen. There are round pellets attached to its Width: 4cm lower portion, these are five in number, which are decorated with incised horizontal lines. Another The head-less torso has a neckband, decorated round pellet is placed below the chest with a single with incised dots and round pellets. vertical line. No. 17. Baroque Lady: Lower body No. 13. Baroque Lady bust Plate: 6: 14 Plate: 6: 10 Provenance: Majuki Dherai Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 9.5 cm Length: 7.5 cm Width: 3.5 cm Width: 6.5 cm A well-preserved lower broken body of a Baroque The lady has two thick braids touching her ears Lady figurine. The incised hip line and legs and reaching up to the shoulders, decorated with separating line are well indicated. There are also incised dots and short lines. A muffler is rounded eight horizontal incised lines at the end of the legs twice round her neck; its one end hangs between on the face side. her breasts. No. 14. Baroque Lady head No. 18. Female figurines Plate: 6: 11 Plate: 7: 15 Provenance: MughalKas Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 9.4cm. Length: 75-6 cm Width: 8cm The three un-backed female figurines have highly The head has well-decorated headdress, topped by decorated headdress and joined legs. Their arms two prominent rosettes. There are also two round are broken and have thin waists, prominent breast pellets indicating ears. The broad necklace is and hips. Heads and other body pieces of such un­ decorated with horiz.ontal incised lines. backed female figurines were also found with the same figurines. Probably these were making ready Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 57 for backing. These seem to be the product of a Such moulded terracotta figurines are reported single mould as their backs are flat. from Greek levels of Shaikhan Dheri.

No. 19. Female Torso No. 23. Female head Plate: 7: 16 Plate: 7:20 Provenance: Majuki Dherai Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 4.5cm Length: 4.3 cm Width: 3.6cm Width: 3.5cm

The torso is light red in ware, with prominent The lady has rowid face with prominent cheeks and broad chin. There are signs of two braids breasts. Its front is smooth while the back is flat. hanging from either side of the fuce, while two The figurine was produced through moulding rosettes also decorate the hair. process. No. 24. Head of human figurine No. 20. Female Torso Plate: 7: 21 Plate: 7: 17 Provenance: MraDherai (Dani 1965-66: 62-64, type V, plate XXX, No. 8) Length: 4.3 cm Provenance: Mra Dherai Width: 3.5cm Length: 5 cm Width: 7.18 cm The figurine has applied eyes like those of Baroque ladies and wearing a kind of headdress Both the arms, head and half of the body of this with horizontal folds. The nose is flat and chin torso is missing. Its nearest parallel has been fowid rowid, its execution is rough. at Shaikhan Dheri. No. 25. Head of female figurine No. 22. Female Torso Plate: 7: 22 Plate: 7: 18 (Dani 965-66: 57-64, plates XXVIII, XXIX, Provenance: MalkaDher XXX) Length: 6.5cm Provenance: MalkaDher Width: 5.5cm Length: 23.5 cm Width: 16cm Torso of this lady has busty body and thin waist. Two thick braids of hair hang up to her shoulders. The figure has rowid head with tightly set hair. It too is the product of a mould with flat back. The like moulded terracotta figurines are found at Shaikhan Dheri. No. 22. Torso ofa male figurine No. 26. Human figurine Plate: 7: 19 (Dani 1965-66: 57, type III, plates I, XXIII- No. Plate: 7: 23 2) Provenance: RaiDherai Provenance: Jura graveyard Length: 23.5 cm. Length: 5cm Width: 16cm Width: 2.8cm The figure has fan-shaped head dress with right The right arm of this torso is un-covered while the leg and arm missing. It has wide-open leg, as if left one is draped with a piece of cloth. This made to be placed on some terracotta toy fragmentary figurine is the product of a mould. animal, from which it has detached. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 58

No. 27. Violen shaped human figurine nose and neckbands, like these of the Baroque Ladies. It has well-

Plate: 7: 27 Broken legs of a terracotta figurine in pink Provenance: Pkhana Dherai ware. Length: 8.6 cm Width: 7 cm Animal Description: Fragmentary figurine, probably of a lady has open arms with broken ends. Part of the Animal terracotta figurines are widely found right leg is preserved while the left one is from all the mounds of Charsadda. These have completely missing. It has partly preserved eyes, been found during various excavations, carried Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 59 out earlier in the area. Moreover, occasional Length: 9.2cm digs at the mounds for earth also reveal animal Width: 16cm figures. During the survey we have found a number of terracotta animal figurines in broken A small hand made styliz.ed bull. It has a short form as well as seen and observed with the neck and also short legs, while its forelegs are locals. Following are a selected number of bent animal figurines from the area of Charsadda. No. 5 Bull No.1 Bull Plate: 8:36 Plate: 8: 32 Provenance: Majuki Dherai (Wheeler 1962: 113, plate XXXI, Nos. I, 2; Length: 5cm Dani 1965-66: 71-84, plate XXXVI, a; Width: 3cm Coningham et al 2007: 190, plate 12.5, figure 12.8) A terracotta bull figurine having broken legs. It has Provenance: Majuki Dherai a large hump, larger even than its head. Length: 9.5 cm Width: 7cm No. 6 Head of a long necked animal Plate: 8:37 Fragmentary body of a terracotta bull with Provenance: Majuki Dherai intact hump, its legs, horns and part of the head Length: 7.4cm are broken. There is also a hole in the hump. Width: 4.6cm Terracotta bull figurines are quite common in all the ancient sites of Charsadda. Head of a long necked animal with two applied eyes and inverted V shaped ears. The long neck No.2 Bull indicates prohably a giraffe. If its producer had Plate: 8:33 really a giraffe in his mind, he must have seen the Provenance: Pkhana Dherai animal. But the animal is not found in this part of Length: 13.5 cm the world Width: 8.6cm No. 7 Horse Head and front legs of this bull are missing. The Plate: 8: 38 rear legs have a hole for attaching it with a (Wheeler 1962: 111,112, plates XXIX, XXX; terracotta wheel. Dani 1965-66: plate XXVI, BC) Provenance: Khkari Baba Dherai No. 3 Bull Length: 9.4 cm Plate: 8: 34 Width: 8.9 cm Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 8cm Its rear legs and tail are broken but is well saddled Width: 6.2cm and harnessed. Terracotta horses are found at Bala Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri too. Description: Body of a bull with missing legs and head has a prominent hump. Above the No.8 Horse forelegs is a broad portion, decorated with series of Plate: 8:39 IIlClSlOilS. Provenance: Kanewar Length: 10.2cm No. 4 Small bull Width: 8cm Plate: 8: 35 Provenance: Khan Mahi Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 60

A terracotta horse with broken legs, arched neck anda hole in thesnout Thiswell-built ram has outwardcurved horns and incised eyes. The horns first curve inwards then No. 9 Head of a horse curveround to the front. Plate: 8:40 Proven ance: MajukiDherai No.15 Camel's head Length: 5.4cm Plate: 8:45 Width: 2cm Provenance: MalkaDher Head of thisterracotta horse figurine is decorated Length: 4.9cm withincised dots in a verticallin e. Anotherdotted Width: 3.8cm incised line nms over the forehead. A hole is passed throughthe snout Thiscamel figurine withonly its headintact, has a hole inthe snout. It hasalso two impressedcircles No.10 Owl's head (?) on its forehead and an incised dottedline over the Plate: 8:41 sn out. Provenance: HameedMya Dherai Length: 5.3cm No.16 Camel's body Width: 3.6cm Plate: 8:46 Proven ance: Pkhan aDherai Head of an owl or probably a monkey figurin e, Length: 8cm withlarge applied eyes. Width: 7.3cm No.12 Elephant's head Entire body of this head-less terracottacamel is Plate: 8:41 decoratedwith incised marks. Proven ance: Chalagram Length: 11 cm No.17 Monkey's head Width: 9cm Plate: 8:47 Provenance: BaretaiDherai Broken head of a terracotta elephant with signs of broken tusks. Length: 8cm Width: 7.3cm No.13 Tiger's head Headof a terracottamonkey having pinched nose, Plate: 8:43 applied eyesand round ears. Marshall 1951: plate 131, Nos. 252, 53, 54; Dani1965 -66: 102, plate xxxix,No. 8 No.18 Seated monkey Provenance: MajukiDherai Length: 5 cm Plate: 8:48 Width: 4.5 cm (Wheeler1962:111, plate XXVIII;Dan i 1965-55: 94-99, plateXXXVIII; Coningham et al Description: This tiger head has round applied 2007:192, plate 12.7, figure12.11) eyes and incised horizontal lin es, indicating its Provenance: MajukiDherai mouth as well as its moustaches. The head seems Length: 6.7 cm. to have been attachedto some pot. Width: 3.8 cm

No.14 Ram Bodyof a seatedmonkey with mi ssinghead, arms and legs. Such sitting terracottamonk eys arefound Plate: 8:44 at Bala Hisar andShaikhan Dheri as well. Provenance: SartorBaba Length: 10.2cm Width: 8.3cm Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 61

No.19 Monkey's head No.23 Toy bird Plate: 9:49 Plate: 9:53 Provenance: KhanMahi Provenance: GirawarDherai Length: 4.5 cm Length: 15 cm Width: 3.4cm Width: 1.3 cm

Headof a monkeywith round incised eyes. Terracotta bird with pointed tail, it has a hole pierced throughits body for attaching terracotta No.20 Bull wheels through an Axle. The tail has horizontal incised lines. There is also a hole passing Plate: 9:50 through its beak. Similar bird figurines have Provenance: ShahDargah been foundat Shaikhan Dheri. Length: 7cm Width: 6.5 cm No.24 Bird Broken figurine of an animal, probably of a bull, Plate: 9:54 as a hump is also indicated behind the neck. The Provenance: HinduKamar horns as well as the body below the neck is Length: 5.3 cm missing. There are series of incisions all around Width: 16 cm theneck. Body of a terracotta bird with missing head. No.21 Animal The body as well as the tail is decorated with incised lines, representing feathers. Plate: 9:51 Provenance: MajukiDherai No.25 Toy hen Length: 14cm Width: 9cm Plate: 9:55 Provenance: SartorBaba Brokenterracotta animal, round the neck, it has an Length: 5cm appliedstrip with a bellhanging. There is also sign Width: 3.6 cm of a rider. Terracotta red ware hen figurine, with broken No.22 Bird beak has an upward spreading tail and a very smooth body. A hole is made across the head Plate: 9: 52 for attaching a string. Another hole has been (Wheeler 1962: 114, plate XXXV, Nos. 1-4, 8; passedthrough its body for attaching wheels. Dani 1965-66: 103-106, plate XL; Coningham et al 2007: plate 12.8, sf894) No.26 Flying Falcon (?) Provenance: MajukiDherai Length: 9.2 cm Plate: 9:56 Width: 2.8 cm Provenance: PkhanaDherai Length: 5.7cm A schematic bird incomplete shape has a tri-cone Width: 3.3 cm tail and head resembling an animal. It has a hole across its sides, probably for attaching wheels. Broken piece of probably a flying falcon in red Another hole is alsomade across itsmouth, which ware. Thisflat piece has a smoothsurface on both seems to have been used for attaching a string. sides. Only the spreading tail and open wings are Terracotta birds arereported from Bala Hisarand preserved, but the upper body is missing. Its Shaikhan Dheri as well. Similar birds are found at parallelhas not beenrecorded previously fromthe -Taxila, dated tothe Mauryan times, Charsaddaarea approximatelythird century BC. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 62

No.27 Animal's head Shaikhan Dheri such terracotta toy cart frames have been noted. Plate: 9:57 Provenance: Nisatta graveyard No. 3 Toy cart wheels Length: 8cm Width: 6.5 cm Plate: 9: 61 (Wheeler 1962: 114, plate XXXV, Nos. 5,6,7; Head of an un-identified terracotta animal with Dani 1965-66; 106, plate XLI-b, 3,7,9; long snout and broad ears. A vertical incised line Coningham et al: 2007: 195, figure 12.15, 646, pass from the neck up to the head. It has oblique 1013) incisions on its either sides, representing hair. Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 23.5 cm No.28 Animal's head Width: 16cm Plate: 9:58 Two terracotta toy-cart wheels, having curved Provenance: Majuki Dherai ends and a hole in the middle. These were also Length: 2.9cm supposed to be used with terracotta animals having Width: 2.4cm a hole in their sides. Such terracotta wheels are widely found from the mounds ofCharsadda. Head of an un-identified animal. It has a hole running through its snout while the forehead is No. 4 Pyramidal weight decorated with incised dots. Plate: 9: 62 Miscellaneous Artifacts (Marshall & Vogel 1902-03: 153; Wheeler 1962: No. 1 Tile brick 114, plate XXXVI, A-2, 3, 4; Dani 1965-66: 116, plate XLII, B, 1-8) Plate: 9: 59 Provenance: Majuki Dherai (Marshall 1951: plate 119) Length: 4.7 cm Provenance: Majuki Dherai Width: 2.5 cm Length: 13 cm Width: 11.5 cm This pyramidal weight also has a whole in the top portion. On its flat bottom is incised a swastika Broken piece of a terracotta patterned tile with sign. Pyramidal weights are widely found at the front showing floral design, while the back is flat. Charsadda area, these have been reported from No other specimen of its kind has so far been Bala Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri. reported from any site in the vicinity. In the Bhamala stupa at Taxila, such patterned tiles are No. 5 Pyramidal weight found in large number at the pavement in front of the western steps ofmain stupa. Plate: 9:63 Provenance: Majuki Dherai No. 2 Cart frame Length: 7.8cm Width: 3.2cm Plate: 9: 60 (Wheeler 1962: 114, plate XXXVI, A; Dani Terracotta pyramidal weight with a hole at the top. 1965-66: 108-9, plate XLI, a) Its exterior has been made smooth by burnishing. Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 10cm No.6 Pyramidal weight Width: 6.8 cm Plate: 9:64 Animal cart frame of terracotta having several Provenance: Khan Mahi holes, intended for the attachment of wheels. At Length: 23.5 cm Width: 16cm Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 63

It too has a hole in the upper part and has smooth Metal Objects exterior. Discovery of metal objects made for ordinanry use is a routine occurrence in the settlement sites. No. 7 Rosette Metal objects that are mainly made of bronz.e and Plate: 9:65 iron were also collected or seen during the survey. Provenance: Pkhana Dherai It includes jewelry items, household objects, Width: 3.4cm weapons etc.

Such rosettes were attached to the head of Baroque No.1 Finger ring Ladies. As these rosettes were separately made and Plate: 10: 1 then attached to the figurines, so were more its Material: Gold chances of detachment Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Diameter: 1cm No. 8 Rosette Plate: 9:66 Small finger-ring made of gold; its top is decorated Provenance: Majuki Dherai with geometrical designs. Width: 2cm No. 2. Jewelry piece The rosette seems to have been detached from the Plate: 10:2 head of a Baroque Lady figurine. Material: Gold Provenance: Majuki Dherai No. 9 Sherd stamped with lotus Length: 01 cm flower Weight: 01 gr Plate: 9:67 A tiny piece of gold jewelry, which has a holed Provenance: Chalagram catch and zigzag end where a gem seems to have Width: 5cm been fixed in it Worked terracotta sherd, decorated with No. 3. Antimony rod Pushkalavati stamp. Plate: 10: 3 No.10 Stamped flower (Marshall & Vogel 1902-03: 153; Dani 1965- 66: 133) Plate: 9:68 Material: Copper Provenance: Adamghar Baba Provenance: Sandasar Dherai Width: 6cm Length: 7.5 cm A rowid terracotta stamped flower, detached from Copper antimony rod, tip of its pointed end is some other vessel. broken. On the top is a disc, which is decorated on both sides with a stylized swi design. Copper No.11 Beads antimony rods are fowid at Bala Hisar and Plate: 9:69 Shaikhan Dheri as well. At the later site fourteen Provenance: Majuki Dherai copper antimony rods were recovered.

Five terracotta beads of different shapes and sizes. No.4 Antimony rod Plate: 10:4 Material: Copper Provenance: Kotak Dherai Length: 6.2cm Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 64

Copper antimony rod, its top portion is decorated Small bull made of bronze has prominent hump with incised horizental lines. and horns. This is probably the only reported bronze bull from the Charsadda area No. S Antimony rod No.10 Key Plate: 10: 5 (Marshall 1945: 586, plate 173, No. 224) Plate: 10: 10 Material: Copper (Marshall 1951: 599, plate 164-Nos. 48, 49, 50, Provenance: Gandaghar Dherai plate 176-Nos. 353-55) Length: 6.7 cm Material: Bronze Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Both ends of this copper antimony rod are Length: 3 cm clubbed. Its nearest parallel is reported from Width: 2 cm Taxila Bronze key, having three teeth and a handle with No. 6. Antimony rod hole. It seems that this is perhaps the only Plate: 10:6 specimen so far reported from the area At Taxila Material: Copper such keys are reported in sufficient number. Provenance: Majuki Dherai Length: 4.2cm No.11 Arrowhead Copper antimony rod with broken tip, its top Plate: 10: 11 shows a female standing figure with joined hands Material: Iron at the waist. The back also indicates a long braid. Provenance: Bala Hisar Length: 5.3 cm No. 7. Antimony rod A three-pronged iron arrowhead, it has short end. Plate: 10: 7 Material: Copper No.12 Disc Provenance: Mra Dherai Length: 4.5 cm Plate: 10: 12 Material: Bronze Top of a copper antimony rod, having a rooster Provenance: Majuki Dherai with broad curved tail and a crown on the head. Diameter: 1.9 cm Only a small part of its rod portion is intact. A round disc incised with a walking stag to the No. 8 Antimony rod right. It seems to have served as the top of a finger ring from which it has detached. Plate: 10: 8 Material: Copper No.13 Bell Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Length: 6.4 cm Plate: 10: 13 Copper antimony rod having a short pin, top of Material: Bronze which is decorated with floral design. It seems that Provenance: Pkhana Dherai no such specimen has so far been reported from Length: 5 cm the Charsadda area Bronze bell with a holed catch on the top. No. 9 Bull No.14 Leaf Plate: 10: 9 Material: Bronze Plate: 10: 14 Provenance: Majuki Dherai (Marshall 1951: 603, plate No. 185,j) Length: 3.6cm Material: Bronze Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 65

Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Dagger made of iron with long built in handle. Length: 6.2cm Width: 4cm No.18 Arrowheads

A well-preserved copper leaf with a small ring for Plate: 10: 18 suspension. Both of its sides are representing the (Wheeler 962: 19; Antonini 1972: 38, Stacul same scene. It seems to be the product of a double 1969: 95) mould, in which the supposed veins are clearly Material: Iron visible. Probably no specimen of its kind is so far Provenance: Deo Dherai protohistoric reported from Charsadda, however at Taxila a cemetery bronze sheet of copper, embossed with vine-leaf Length: 6.5-9.6 cm design was found. Five arrowheads of iron with tangs. 1. Length 6.5 cm Three sided blade No.15 Dragon's head ring Plate: 10: 15 2. Length 7 cm Four sided blade Material: Bronze 3. Length 8.9 cm Four sided blade Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri 4. Length 9.6 cm Three sided blade Length: 6.5 cm 5. Length 8.4 cm Three sided blade Width: 5cm Iron arrowheads have been found at the Swat and A ring with dragon head made of bronze, which Chitral proto-historic cemeteries. Tanged iron could be seen from both sides. It looks that no such arrowheads have been found at Bala Hisar as well. specimen is reported from the area earlier. No. 19 Modern Bullets Plate: 10: 19 No.16 Spearhead Material: Lead Plate: 10: 16 Provenance: Various ancient mounds (Antonini 1972: 38, figure. 22 a, c, e; Dani 1963: 84; Wheeler 1962: 119) Twenty-Four modern bullets of lead collected Material: Iron from the surface of various mounds. Provenance: Lande Rud protohistoric cemetery Minor Objects Length: 12.3 cm In the minor group the following objects were Width: 16cm noted. A three-sided spearhead of iron, was seen at the protohistoric cemetery of Lande Rud. It has three No.1 Shells blades and a short-socketed tang. Spearheads have Plate: 11: 1 been noted at the protohistoric cemeteries of (Marshall 1951: 667, plate 202, No. 7) Katelai and Loebanr in Swat. At the cemetery of Provenance: Pkhana Dherai Timargara too a spearhead has been excavated, associated with fraction burial. At Bala Hisar was Three small shells with a hole at the shorter end also excavated an iron spearhead from layer 29 of which may have been used in ornaments. Such 111 rd Ch. I dated to 4 -3 century BC. shells (Parreysia favidens) are found at Taxila as well. No.17 Dagger Plate: 10: 17 No. 2 Shell Material: Iron Plate: 11: 2 Provenance: Lande Rud proto historic (Marshall 1951: 667, plate 202, No. 7) cemetery Provenance: Gandaghar Length: 8.4cm Length: 6.5 cm Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 66

Spoon shaped shell is off-white in colour and has No. 7 Beads parallel lines on its outer face. Such shells Plate: 11: 7cm (Pinctada margaritifera) are also reported from Material: Semi precious stones Taxila. Provenance: Girawar Dherai No. 3 Shell Beads and gems of glass and semi-precious stones Plate: 11: 3 observed at Girawar Dherai. To the right is a (Marshall 1951: 667, plate 202, No. 5) carnelian decorated tablet bead measuring 1.5 cm. Provenance: Hameed Mya Dherai It is perhaps the only reported piece from the Length: 5.2 cm Charsadda area. Width: 16 cm No. 8 Beads Shell with round shape has red-brown patches on Plate: 11: 8cm its white surface. At Taxila such shells (Xancus Material: Semi precious stones pyrum) are reported. Provenance: Majuki Dherai Semi-precious stone beads in various shapes and No. 4 Shell sizes. Plate: 11: 4 Provenance: Majuki Dherai No. 9 Beads Length: 2.5 cm Plate: 11: 9cm Description: Cream colour shell of the Xancus Material: Semi precious stones pyrumtype. Provenance: MalkaDher No. 5 Bangle Nine beads of semi-precious stones in barrel and Plate: 11: 5 cylindrical shape. (Coningham et al 2007: 236) Material: Shell bone No.10 Bangle pieces Provenance: Spera Dherai Plate: 11: 11 Length: 5.8cm (Coningham 2007: 162) Material: Glass Piece of a shell bangle has a very smooth surface. Provenance: Majuki Dherai Pieces of shell bangles are reported from Bala Diameter: 5.5, 5.4cm Hisar and numerous other sites at Charsadda. Broken pieces oftwo glass bangles. The upper one No. 6 Playing ball measures 5.5cm and is blue in colour. The lower Plate: 11: 6 one measures 5.4 cm. It is of black glass and (Marshall 1951: 506, plate 147-h,ij,k,1,m,o,p) painted white. At Bala Hisar pieces of 97 glass Material: Glass bangles were recovered mostly from mixed Provenance: Shahr-e-Napursan contexts of periods V and Vl. Diameter: 2 cm No.11 Pieces of glass plates Glass ball of blue colour with white patches. Plate: 11: 12 Probably no such parallel is previously reported (Coningham 2007: 161) from the Charsadda area, however such stones Material: Greenish glass with inlay, incrustation are found at Taxila, Provenance: Pkhana Dherai belonging to 1st century AD. Glass pieces ofvessels in green colour that seem to be rim pieces belonging to different dishes. From Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 67

1he excavation at Bala Hisar numerous pieces of cemeteries of Swat, Timargara and Zareef glass vessels came to light. B ut Wheeler and Koroona. Other beads of semi precious stones in Dani have not reported glass vessels from Bala different shapes and siz.es have been reported from Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri. Bala Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri.

No.12 Tiger's bead No.16 Decorated beads Plate: 611: 13 Plate: 11: 18 Material: Carnelian Material: Carnelian Provenance: Shahr-e-Napursan Provenance: Deo Dherai protohistoric Leng1h: 1.2cm cemetery

Head piece of a small broken tiger figurine made Carnelian beads decorated wi1h white alkaline of red agate. It has minute details of 1he animal's substance were noted at 1he cemetery of Deo facial features. Dherai.

No.13 Frog Conclusion Plate: 11: 14 The ancient mounds of Charsadda are being Material: Pale glass plundered of its archaeological asset since long. Provenance: Shaikhan Dheri Treasure seekers and dealers not only purchase Leng1h: 2.2 cm chance finds but also arrange for digging A small frog of glass in yellow colour having full operations on prospective mounds. State of 1he details. art metal detectors are used in 1hese operations. Gold objects and stone statues are of course No.14 Human finger 1heir sole aim. Ceramics, terracottas, stucco as well as o1her delicate cultural objects are often Plate: 11: 15 crushed in 1he operation. The found objects Material: Stucco rapidly vanish in to private collections, only 1he Provenance: Chalagrarn less valuable objects are kept for some time and Leng1h: 10cm that too are eventually sold away. Wid1h: 6cm We are of 1he view that 1he rich cultural heritage Stucco broken human finger wi1h nail was noted at of the area has not been properly highlighted 1he Buddhist stupa site of Chalagram. and projected in 1he past. Wi1h 1his aim in view, archaeological sites of Charsadda district were No.15 Beads explored to find out more clues of ancient past. Plate: 11: 16 During surface exploration 1he following new (Dani 1965-66: 122-128, Coningharn 2007: information was collected, related to 1he 170, Antonini 1972: 43, Stacul 1969: 99, Dani cultural history of 1he area. 1967: 192, plate XLIX, Khan 1973. 56) Material: Carnelian 1. Previous excavators, who pushed back Provenance: Lande Rud protohistoric 1he history of Pushkalavati to 14th century BC cemetery have assigned 1he earlier level pottery of Bala Leng1h: 23.5 cm Hisar to people who had cultural contacts wi1h Wid1h: 16cm 1he people of Swat and Dir (Coningharn & Ali. 2007: 97). The said pottery has close similarity Carnelian beads, mostly in red colour include wi1h 1hose of 1he . barrel, cylindrical, spherical and disc shaped. Though cultural material of 1he oldest time was Some have white colour incised decoration as available in 1he early layers of Bala Hisar but its well. Such beads have been reported from 1he au1hor was un-known in Charsadda. Historical Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 68 canvas related to that specific period was misty coins are clear enough to be identified with and we were unable to guess which specific some ease. These were found at the sites of Bala group of people were the early inhabitants of Hisar, Shaikhan Dheri, Majuki Dherai, Shahr-e­ Pushkalavati. During the survey we observed a Napursan, Pkhana Dherai and Spera Dherai. number of graveyards that had graves, similar to the ones found earlier in Swat and Dir, assigned The most notable feature of the coins to the Indo-Aryans, who are said to have lived encountered during the survey is the discovery th th here around 15 - 14 century BC. These of two Kushano-Sassanian and observation of graveyards are encountered at three different twenty-seven Hindu Shahi coins. Coin currency localities of Charsadda. Pottery and related of these two dynasties was not reported from grave assemblage reported from these graves, the area of Charsadda earlier. It is difficult to have striking resemblance with those of the tell at the moment which specific ruler of the Swat, Timargara and Zareef Koroona Aryan Kushano-Sassanian dynasty, these coins belong period graves. Earlier excavations at some to. One coin shows the bust of king, but the selected sites in Charsadda and the later crown portion is broken, while the reverse side archaeological surveys did not stumble on any is un-clear. The other coin shows only the fire sign of the presence of peoples of particular altar, its obverse is un-recognizable. Of the origin before the Achaemenian period in this Hindu Shahi coins, twenty-four were examined area. Our survey showed up clear signs of the during the survey. These include one silver coin proto-historic period graves and the of Shri Samanta deva at Bala Hisar, four accompanying grave material, that have coppers of the bull and horseman type, also at resemblance with the so-called Aryan period Bala Hisar, fifteen coppers of Vaka Deva of graves and their material excavated in the hill elephant and lion type at Majuki Dherai and zone around Charsadda. With the availability of four at Shahr-e-Napursan. The other three coins graves at three different localities of Charsadda found of this dynasty were from Majuki Dherai, and resemblance of its cultural material, placed Pkhana Dherai and Shahr-e-Napursan with the dead body, like those of the Gandhara respectively. These are of the elephant and lion Grave Culture, indicates the presence of lndo­ type coins of Shri Vaka deva. Aryans in this area. Earlier cultural material was available, but its user was un-known. At the These are the first ever Kushano-Sassanian present, availability of the same type of material coins noted in the Charsadda area. Coins in in the same type of graves, it could safely be between the later Kushans up to the early hinted, that the same people, like those of Swat, Muslim period were nussmg from the Timargara and Zareef Koroona also lived here chronological profile of Charsadda. Presence of in the Charsadda area. Thus on the basis of the the Kushano-Sassanian rule in the Charsadda presence of these ancient cemeteries and other area could be proved for the first time through associated cultural material, we can presume the discovery of their coins. If the search is that the earlier levels of Bala Hisar could be further carried on in future, other coins of this assigned to the Indo-Aryans. dynasty will perhaps come to light that may help extend the historical profile of the region, 2. During the survey a limited number of which will be indeed a significant contribution. coins were encountered. Some were collected from the surface of the mounds, but in majority Presence of the Hindu Shahi rule in the area of of the cases these were noted with the people Charsadda was tallied earlier with the presence residing near the sites. We found a total of of some potsherds at a few sites that were twenty-one coins all made of copper; almost believed to be similar to the Hindu Shahi period half of these were highly rusted. As the area of pottery earlier excavated at Damkot and Hund Charsadda is under intensive agricultural ((Rahman 1968-68: 144, Ali 2003: 93). Other activities since long, therefore ratio of salinity than potsherds our survey has for the first time in the soil is all time high. Only eleven of the proved existence of the Hindu Shahi coins in Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 69

Pushkalavati as well. Though coins of the decorated pottery could be found. It is depended Hindu Shahi period were noted at some selected on future research on this topic to take this points in the Peshawar valley. Thus we are now question to its logical conclusion. Future in a saffer position to presume that Charsadda explorations if carried out at Majuki Dherai will too was under the Hindu Shahi rule. unquestionably unveil the factual picture.

3. Potsherds with stamp decoration have 4. New cultural material was also noted for been noted at the site of Majuki Dherai along the first time during our survey, such artifacts with the Hindu Shahi coins. Pottery of this were not previously found at any of the dynasty is noted for its stamped decoration excavated site in Charsadda. In the terracotta excavated earlier at Damkot and Hund (Rahman group these include a flying falcon, a terracotta 1968-68: 144). Our variety of stamped designs toilet tray with a female figurine, piece of a found on Majuki Dherai potsherds outnumber decorated tile and a pyramidal weight with those found on the Hindu Shahi pottery incised swastika sign. Several pottery stamps in excavated at Hund, which was itself their negative together with a lotus bowl seal were capital in the Peshawar Valley. Presence of the also noted for the first time. Among other minor stamped decorated pottery in Majuki Dherai objects, a blue glass ball, a carnelian tablet along with the presence of Hindu Shahi coins decorated with white colour paste and a key, a could lead to the idea that Majuki Dherai too decorated leaf and a dragon's head, all made of may have been another major centre second to bronze were also noted. In addition to the stone Hund during the Hindu Shahi rule in the objects a bracket with a winged goddess Peshawar plain. figurine, a decorated pendent and a jewelry mould were also seen for the first time. In the presence of Hund as a Hindu Shahi capital of Gandhara some fifty kilometers east Another noteworthy object seen was a broken and Kashmir Smast, another Shivite religious piece of human finger with nail, made of stucco. center, also about fifty kilometers north east of It was found at the Buddhist religious Charsadda, how could the Hindu Shahi rulers establishment of Chalagram. This finger piece overlook importance of the area in between the is 10.6 cm long, which indicates that the statue Kabul and Swat rivers. Its strategic location, it originally belonged to, might not be of less from where access to the passes, situated in the than human size. Larger than life size stone west and north of Charsadda, as well as its statues are also reported from the same site. We thriving agriculture, due to its fertility of soil, could presume that in the Charsadda area too, could have been the reasons the Hindu Shahis there were Buddhist religious centres like the wanted to have firm control over Charsadda. site of Chalagram, where full-size statues of stone and stucco were there. As we know the only site in Pakistan where stamped decorated pottery in such a large 5. The bronze square seal from Shahr-e­ quantity is excavated is Tulamba (Mughal 1967: Napursan has a flying eagle, such seals have 56). Its period III dated to 8-12 century AD has been found also at Bactria and Margiana. The produced up to 200 different varieties of sites from where these seals were found are stamped designs on potsherds (Mughal 1967: associated with the movement of the Aryans 27, 27). We have collected more than 300 (Parpola 1988: 284, Fig. 8). Thus it seems to be different varieties of stamped sherds from another indication of the presence of Indo­ Majuki Dherai. If surface collection can Aryan people in the Charsadda area. If the area produce stamped sherds in such a large number, is properly excavated, other items of the Aryan how much more could be procured if the site is age might also come to light, that will certainly subjected to proper scientific excavation. The help in understanding the movement of the said site could certainly become the only site in Indo-Aryans in this part of Pakistan. Pakistan where the largest variety of stamped Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 70

6. Beads from the newly explored indicates that Shiva sect was most probably cemeteries of Lande Rud and Deo Dherai are of existing and Shiva veneration was practiced in special interest. These are of various shapes the area. He also informs that this temple had a ranging from spherical, disc and barrel to miracle making icon of the Deva = Shiva cylindrical. Majority is made of the semi­ (Watters 1975: 24). precious stone of carnelian, having various Moreover Mukherjee is of the view that the decorations made with a white paste. goddess, shown on the gold coin earlier found Cylindrical beads of the type have mostly round from the Pushkalavati area, is the consort of white bands, while some of them have zigzag Shiva. He further adds that the inscription on lines of the same white substance. This is itthat reads Ampa could be Amva or Amba, believed to be a very strong, probably alkaline which means a mother goddess as well as white colour material, still intact after the lapse Durga, the wife of Shiva. He gives further food of more than thousand years. Presence of this to this thought by saying that on the other side type of decorated beads, known as etched beads of the coin is depicted a bull, and also the bull has been attested from the time of the Indus in written form, in Greek and Kharoshthi letters. Valley Civilization down to the historic period. As bull is the mount of Shiva, so is the goddess Such beads are also collected from levels of his consort (Mukherjee 1969: 13). We are of the Bhir mound, Taxila. Decorated cylindrical view that if bull, the mount of Shiva and ampa­ beads from Deo Dherai and Lande Rud Amva-Uma or Durga, the wife of Shiva are cemeteries have lines and zigzag lines, such placed in such a position of esteem, then it beads have been found at sites in southern India might be possible that it was actually Shiva, that date from the I st-2nd century AD (Stacul who was meant to be given that much honour. It 1969: 99). Similarly from our recently explored seems probable that at the time of the issue of cemeteries, we have the same etched type disc this particular coin, Shiva cult was thriving at or tablet shaped beads that have cross or square Charsadda. designs filled with the same white substance. It also hints at the presence of a well-developed A bronze seal from Majuki Dherai (plate 21, art of bead making in the area of Charsadda. No. 46) shows a human figure with a staff in his During the proto-historic times the lapidary art right hand. We know that staff is also the was possibly passing through its developed attribute of Shiva; therefore it might be possible phase. Moreover the occurrence of these that the figure on seal could be that of Shiva carnelian beads in the area, also indicate the itself. Moreover a bronze ring seal from existence of long-distance trade during the Shaikhan Dheri (plate 22, No. 47) shows a proto-historic times, because the raw material human standing figure holding a long rod or was of course imported from the areas outside scepter in his hand. If scepter is also the Pushkalavati. attribute of Shiva, consequently the figure in question may also be that of Shiva. 7. During the survey, signs of the presence of Shiva Cult in Charsadda were also noted for Terracotta tokens found from Bala Hisar and the first time. The special sign found on the Shaikhan Dheri also show well-executed bulls, stamped pottery at Majuki Dherai is the trident, the mount of Shiva. Similarly on a bronze seal attribute of lord Shiva. From this mound we from Shahr-e-Napursan we see a standing bull have found five different varieties of this to right with prominent hump (plate 5). symbol on potsherds. Two are the simple Presence of the bull on seal and tokens hints at tridents, with wide space between each blade, the presence of Shiva cult in the area. Another while three others, have a horizontal bar also in terracotta token depicting a stylized trident was the middle. Its connection with the Shiva found at Shaikhan Dheri (Mohammadzai 2008: worship as well as the statement of Xuanzang, 67). Trident is another attribute of Shiva; that a Deva (Shiva) temple existed out side the therefore the Charsadda area seems to have western gate of the city (Pushkalavati), been associated with the cult since long. Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 71

Presence of the Shiva temple in Charsadda, as Acknowledgements Xuanzang has noted in the seventh century, It is the scholarly direction of a teacher in every association of lotus goddess coin with Shiva academic project that keeps the labours of a and presence of trident symbols on stamped researcher on the right tract. The highly pottery at Majuki Dherai as well as presence of valuable and scholarly direction of Professor bull and Shiva on seals and tokens points to the Dr. Nasim Khan, Director Institute of presence of Shiva cult in Charsadda for a Archaeology and Social Anthropology, was considerable longer period of time. It was always my persistent source of suggestion and believed before that only Buddhism was the encouragement. Regardless of his numerous practical religious conviction of the people of administrative engagements and other research Gandhara, but clear signs of Shiva veneration at activities, he helpd me out at every moment of Kashmir Smast (Nasim Khan 2008) and now in my research. He was always ready to rectify my the Charsadda area hints that Shiva worship was raw approach about various aspects of this also practiced side by side with Buddhism in the study. This project would never have seen light Peshawar valley. without his tireless supervision. I thank him On the basis of information collected through from the core of my heart. this work, a fresh chronological table for Charsadda is thus developed. I am also greatly indebted to Professors, Farid Khan and Dr. Abdurrahman, my teachers, who th th I. lndo-Aryan Period 15 - 14 century had several seasons of excavation experience at BC (3 New Grave sites) Bala Hisar and Shaikhan Dheri. Both of them 2. Achaemenian rule very kindly allowed me to get their field reports 6th-4th century BC consulted and were always prompt in satisfying (Ceramics) my querries. Let me acknowledge the mature 3. Alexander's Attack intellectual guidance of Professor Fidaullah c327 BC (Defensive ditch) Sihrai, who was kind enough to share with me 4. Mauryan Rule 4th-2nd century BC his views about Shaikhan Dheri pottery; which I (NBP sherds & backed bricks) found very helpful for my background 5. Indo-Greek Rule information. He also was kind enough to inform 2nd -1 't century AD (Coins) me about various decorative features on the 6. lndo-Scythian Rule ceramics of the area. I st century BC (Ditto) 7. Indo-Parthian Rule My profound thanks are also due to my other I st century AD (Ditto) kind teachers, Professors Dr. Ihsan Ali, Dr. 8. Early Kushan Rule Farooq Swati and Dr. Taj Ali, for their valuable 50-230 AD (Ditto) advice and motivation at various stages of the 9. Later Kushan Rule project. Similarly, I would offer my thanks to 3rd-4th century AD (Ditto) the teaching staff of this institute; particularly 10. Kushano-Sassanian Rule Dr. Mukhtar Ali Durrani, Dr. Gui Rahim Khan, 4th century AD (Ditto) Dr. Zakir Ullah Jan, Professor Muhammad 11. Hindu Shahi Rule Naeem Qazi and Mr. Nidaullah Sihrai, for their 750-1026 AD (Ditto) help at various stages of this research. My 12. Early Muslim Rule gratitude is also due to Messrs Asad Ali, the 11 th century AD (Ditto) photographer; Asim Amin, the computer 13. Late Muslim period operator and Muhammad Naeem, the 1747-1818 AD (Monuments in draughtsman, of the Institute, for providing me Charsadda graveyard) professional and technical assistance and 14. Sikh Rule support in their respective fields. 1826-1848 AD (Coins) Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 72

I am also obliged to Dr. Huhammad Ashraf useful for me while I was in the field for survey Khan, director Archaeology and Museums, in the Tangi area. Mr. Mohammad Irfan of Government of Pakistan, for his sincere Utmanzai, who served me as a guide in thefar­ response to all my queries. He was indeed of flung areas of the tehsil, deserves my heartfelt great help and discussed with me in detail, gratitude. Similarly, in Shabqadar tehsil Mr. about the terracottaart in ancientPushkalavati. Misbahullah, Principal Government High Dr. Sardar Badshah, professor Allama Iqbal School , was of great help, Open University Islamabad, was kind enough who verykindly arrangedguides for me to visit for arranging several rare references, which I to the areas lying on the border withMohmand consulted during my research. Similarly I am Agency. I also extend my sincere thanks to also thankful to Mrs Humaira Alam of the Messers Shabeer Raza, Midrarullah, Mukhtar Lahore Museum for arranging for me to Ali and Mr. Tahir Jan, for providing every photograph the only painted terracotta figurine facility, while collecting data at the historic from Shaikhan Dheri. At the same time Mr. cemetery of Charsadda and the mound of Zafar Hayat Khan, lecturer Institute of MajukiDherai. Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Peshawar, was also of great help for consulting I had to go on exhausting visits to the field for therelevant data throughthe internet. exploration during my survey and was helped by many individual in their respective I am especially indebted to Mr. Shakil Ahmad, capacities. I shall be failing in my duty if do not Tahsildar Charsadda, for helping me to consult mention their names. I am highly thankful to the lands records of the respective tehsils. His Messrs Mohammad Nasir, Mushtaq Zargar, assistance proved extremely useful for Tufail Ahmad, Shaharyar and Mohammad determining the exact location of sites, Fayaz Khan of Rajar, for their help during the especially those that fall on the boundary survey around Majuki Dherai, Mra Dherai, between Charsadda district and Mohmand Baretai Dherai and Shaikhan Dheri. Lastly I Agency. I take this opportunity to express my would thank all those numerous individuals thankfulnes to Professor Dr. Himayatullah, who very kindly allowed me to photograph the Principal Government Collage Tangi, whose culturalasset of the areain their ownership. active support and guidance proved greatly Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 73

References

Ali, I. (1993). Settlement History of Charsadda Husain, J. (1988). Shaikhan Dheri Pottery: New District, Ancient Paldstan, Vol. IX, 2. insights on the question of pottery as an Peshawar indicator of cultural change, in A.N. Khan Ali, I. (1994). A Glance at the Archaeology of (Ed.) Proceedings of the third South Asian Charsadda District, PUTAJ, Vol. I, 17. Archaeological Congress. 207-15, Karachi Peshawar Husain, J. 1992 Pottery Classification System- A Ali, I. (2003) Early Settlements, irrigation and Proposed model for Shaikhan Dheri Pottery, trade-routes in Peshawar Plain, Pakistan, Paldstan Archaeology, No. 25, Karachi Frontier Archaeology 1: 1-324. Peshawar Husain, J. (1993). Evolution Of Pottery Types At Antonini, C.S. & Stacul, G. (1972). The Proto-Historic Shaikhan Dheri, Journal of Pakistan Graveyards ofSwat (Paksiatn), IsMEO, Rome Archaeologists Forum, Vol. 2, 176-240. Baden-Powell, B.H. (1872). Handbook of the Karachi Manufactures and Arts of the Punjab. Khan, M.A. (1973). Excavations at ZarifKoroona, Handbook of the Economic Products of the Pakistan, Paldstan Archaeology No. 9, 1-94, Punjab. Vol. II, Lahore Karachi Bopearachchi, 0 & Amanurrahman (1975). Pre­ Marshall, J. & Vogel, J.P. (1902-3). Excavations at Kushana Coins in Paldstan, Karachi Charsada in the Frontier Province. Buck, W. (1978). Ramayana, translated by Ramesh C Archaeological Survey ofIndia Annual report, Duth, Mentor Book, New York 141-184 Coningham, R & Ali I. (2007). Charsadda, The British­ Marshall, J. (1951). Taxi/a, (3 vols.) Cambridge Pakistan Excavations at the Bala Hisar, BAR McCrindle, J.W.(1992). The Invasion ofIndia by International Series 1709, 1-286. , New Edition, New Delhi Corbiau, M.S. (1937). New Finds in the Indus Valley, Macdowal, D.W. (1971). The Azes Hoard from Iraq, Vol. N, Part.I, London Shaikhan Dheri: Fresh evidence for the Cribb, J. (1985). Some Further Hoards ofKushano­ context of Jihonika, South Asian Archaeology, Sasanian and Late Kushan Coppers, Coin 215-230, Naples Hoards, Vol. VII, Royal Numismatic Society, Mughal, M.R. 1967 Excavations at Tulamba, London West Pakistan. Pakistan Archaeology Vol. 4, Dani, A.H. (1966). Shaikhan Dheri Excavations, 1963- Karachi 64Ancient Pakistan, Vol. II, 17-214. Muhamadzai, Q.J. (2003). Majuki Dherai: Charsadda, Dani, A.H. (1967). A Short History ofPaldstan, Book (Description of the Recent One. Karachi Finds) Journal of Asian Civilizations, Vol. District Charsadda Official Records, DCO Office, XXVI No.2, December 2003, 79-96, Charsadda Islamabad Faizi, A.U (2010). Dad Bedad, Daily Mashriq, Feb. 24, Muharnmadzai, Q.J. (2005). Discovery of Rock 2010, 6. Peshawar Carvings at Chingai Banda and Shaikh Garrick, H.W.B.1882 Report on a Tour Through Shanda. Ancient Paldstan Vol XVI, 199-214, Behar, Central India, Peshawar and , Peshawar Archaeological Survey of,India Report Vol. Muhmmadzai, Q.J. (2008). Note on Recently XIX, 94-110 Discovered Seals & Sealings From Charsadda, Gazetteer (1897-98). Gazetteer ofthe Peshawar Ancient Gandhara. Gandharan Studies, Vol. District (1887-98) Sang-e-Meel Publications 2, 61-70, Peshawar 1989, Lahore Muharnmadzai, Q.J. (2010). Seals and Sealings from Gazetteer (1931). Pruvince Gazetteers NWFP, Charsadda (2) Gandharan Studies, Vol. 4, (Peshawar District) Vol. A, Reprinted by the 141-192, Peshawar Directorate of Achieves, 1987, Government of Mukherjee, B.N. (1969). Nana on Lion, The Asiatic NWFP Society, Calcutta Hinkley, M. (2001). Some Terracotta Figurines Mughal, M.R. (1967). Excavations at Tulamba, from the Peshawar Plain, Ancient Paldstan West Pakistan, Pakistan Archaeology 4: 11- Vol. XIV, Peshawar 152 Husain, J. (1980). Shaikhan Dheri Pottery- A Nasim Khan, Errington, E., Cribb, J. (2008). Coins Methodogica/ and Interpretative Approach, From Kashmir Smast, New Numismatic Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Evidence, Peshawar Cambridge, Cambridge Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 74

Qasim, M. (2001 ). Evidence of a Protohistoric Culture Vogelsang, W. (1992). The Rise and Organization of in Katozai, Distt. Charsadda Journalof Asian the AchaemenidEmpire: TheEastern Iranian Civilizations. Vol. XXIV, 2, Islamabad Evidence,E.J. Brill, Leiden Rahman, A. (1968-69). Excavation at Damkot.Ancient Young, R (2003). Agriculture andPastoralism in the PakistanVol. IV. Peshawar late Bronze and Iron Age, North West frontier Rosenfield, J.M. (1993). The Dynastic Art of the Province, Pakistan. BAR International Series Kushans, New Delhi,(Indian Editio n) 1124,2003 Shakur, M.A. (1954). A Hand Book to the Inscription Waters, T. (1975). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India Galleryin the Peshawar Museum, Peshawar 629-645 AD. Reprinted by Chinese Materials Stacul, G. (1966). Preliminary Report on the Pre- Center, INC. San Francisco Buddhist Necropolises in Swat West Wheeler, RE.M (1962) Charsadda - a Metropolis of Pakistan), East& West. Vol. XVI theNorth West Frontier,Oxford Stacul, G. (1969). Discovery of Protohistoric Whitehead, RB. (1914).Catalogue of Coins in the Cemeteries in the Chitral Valley Panjab Museum, Lahore, Vol. 1, lndo-Greek West Pakistan)East & West, Vol. XIV Coins, Oxford www.dur.ac.uk/arch.mojects/charsadda/Dating.html P41iltan,Vol. XXII 7S

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