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Annual Report 2018/2019 1 2 Agricultural Research Council ABOUT THE ARC

VISION Excellence in Agricultural Research and Development.

MISSION

dŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝůŝƐĂƉƌĞŵŝĞƌƐĐŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ǁŝƚŚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂŶĚĨŽƐƚĞƌƐŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞ agricultural sector.

THE ORGANISATIONAL VALUES OF THE ARC Truth:

Incorporates honesty and integrity. The ARC shall conduct its business in a transparent and ethical way towards its employees, stakeholders and shareholders; Accountability: Incorporates responsibility. The ARC shall accept responsibility and accountability with re- ƐƉĞĐƚƚŽĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇ;K,^Ϳ͕ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƐƵƐ- tainability and agriculture; Respect: Includes equity, diversity and dignity. The ARC shall conduct its business with respect for our colleagues, clients and stakeholders; Growth: /ŶĐůƵĚĞƐĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ƌĞǁĂƌĚƐĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ͘ The ARC shall ensure equity in terms of race, gender, creed, fair treatment, training and development to all its employees, stakeholders and shareholders; Excellence: /ŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͘ The ARC strives to conduct research and de- ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;ZΘͿŝŶĂŶĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ͕ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ͕ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďůĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͖ĂŶĚ Trust: Includes ethics and transparency. The ARC shall ensure and foster trust among its employees, stakeholders and shareholders. Annual Report 2018/2019 3 THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUN-

L AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL RESEARCH FACILITIES ______

dŚĞZĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐŝƚƐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝƚƐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞŽĸĐĞ͕ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůŽ- ĐĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ;ĞƚŚůĞŚĞŵ͕EĞůƐƉƌƵŝƚ͕WŽƚĐŚĞĨƐƚƌŽŽŵ͕WƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͕ZƵƐƚĞŶďƵƌŐĂŶĚ^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚͿĂŶĚ ĂƚĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕ŽĸĐĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨĂƌŵƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘DŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞZĂƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚĂŐƌŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǌŽŶĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĞŶĂďůĞƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĨŽĐƵƐŽŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƟĞƐ͘

Northern Cape

4 Agricultural Research Council CIL

TABLE OF CONTENT ______

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ZWZ&KZDEϮϬϭϴͬϭϵͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϭϴϲ

Annual Report 2018/2019 5 THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LEADERSHIP ______

he Agricultural Research Council is led at the top by a T ŽƵŶĐŝů;ŽĂƌĚͿŽĨϭϲĐĂƉĂďůĞ and competent members who oversee governance and performance of the ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƚŝŽŶ͘hŶĚĞƌƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůŝƐƚŚĞ ǆĞĐƵƚŝǀĞ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ůĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ŚŝĞĨ ǆĞĐƵƚŝǀĞ KĨĨŝĐĞƌ͘ dŚĞ ǆĞĐƵƚŝǀĞ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ overall operations and management of the Agricultural Research Council including but not limited, and in consul- tation with the ARC Council, to crafting the strategic direction to deliver on the mandate of the organisation as derived from the Agricultural Research Act, ϭϵϵϬ;ĐƚEŽ͘ϴϲŽĨϭϵϵϬ͕ĂƐĂŵĞŶĚĞĚ ďǇĐƚϮϳŽĨϮϬϬϭͿ͘

6 Agricultural Research Council ARC 2018/2019 BOARD MEMBERS ______

Annual Report 2018/2019 7

ORGANOGRAM ______

Group Executive: Group Executive: Group Executive: Impact and Partnerships Research and Innovation Systems ICT and Infrastructure Dr T Mkhabela Dr Mohammed Jeenah Dr T Sethibe

8 Agricultural Research Council

CHAIRPERSON’S OVERVIEW 2018/19 ______

ŽƵƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůƚŽƚŚĞ ZĂŶĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĐŝĞŶĐĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘

dŚĞZŚĂƐŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚǇĞĂƌƐďĞĞŶĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇĚǁŝŶĚůŝŶŐ funding to perform its core research mandate. Also, the dif- ĮĐƵůƚǇŽĨƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ&ŝƐŚ- ĞƌŝĞƐ;&&ͿƚŽƉĂǇƚŚĞĚĞďƚŽǁĞĚƚŽƚŚĞZŵƵƐƚŶĞǀĞƌ ďĞƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐĚŝĚŶŽƚĚŝƐĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƚŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝŶƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŽŝƚƐŽƉƟŵĂůďĞƐƚ͘ZĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨ ƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĨĂĐĞĚďǇƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞZ has worked well with our stakeholders and commodity in- ĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞǆĞŵƉůŝĮĞĚďǇƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐĚĞ- ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨŶĞǁĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ͕ which have made the ARC a premium and global player as a ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘

dŚĞ Z ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƌƵƌĂů ĚĞ- velopment and agrarian reform as priority programmes of ƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ&&ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ZƵƌĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ >ĂŶĚ ZĞĨŽƌŵ ;Z>ZͿ͘ dŚĞ Z ŵĂĚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĨĂĐŝŶŐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ƚŚĞ ĚĞďĂƚĞƐĂƌŽƵŶĚůĂŶĚĞǆƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ͘ The emphasis by the ARC was on bringing about equity in ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶďǇĂůů^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌĞǀĞŶ- Prof. Sibusiso Vil-Nkomo ƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝǀĂƟƐŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůŐŽŽĚƐ͕ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ Chairperson of the ARC Council ƐŽƚŚĂƚĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽďĞŶĞĮƚ͕ĞƚĐ͘

ƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ǁĞůů ĮŶĂŶĐĞĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ dŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ϰƚŚ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ focuses on agricultural research is bound to contribute to ;ϰ/ZͿǁĞƌĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞZ͘KĨƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞZŚĂƐ ƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌƐ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ technologies that could provide targeted producer support ƐĞůĨͲƌĞůŝĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶ͘^ƵĐŚĂŶ ƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨĂŐƌĂƌŝĂŶƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǀŝďƌĂŶƚ͕ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂƩƌĂĐƚƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚŵŝŶĚƐ͕ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝƚƐ ĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƌƵƌĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘^ƵĐŚƚĞĐŚŶŽů- human capital and places an emphasis on a conducive envi- ŽŐŝĞƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĂĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞZĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƌŝƚƐƐƚĂīƚŽďĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĞĚŶĂƟŽŶ- ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐŵĂƌŬĞƚĞĐŽŶŽ- ĂůůǇĂŶĚŐůŽďĂůůǇ͘dŚĞƐĞŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŐ- ŵŝĞƐ͘/ŶďƌŝĞĨ͕ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞϰ/ZĚĞŵĂŶĚƐŝŶǀĞŶ- ƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝů;ZͿŝŶƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƵŶĚĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘ ƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶƐďǇƚŚĞZ͘ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĂĐŽŵŵĂŶĚŝŶŐŚĞŝŐŚƚĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛Ɛ existence. A strong agricultural sector plays a crucial role in The following are general but important other developments ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ă ƐƚĂďůĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůů ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ Z͘ &ŝƌƐƚůǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ĞŶƚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ũŽď ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ Ăůů ^ŽƵƚŚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨWƌŽĂĐƟǀĞ>ĂŶĚĐƋƵŝƐŝ- ĨƌŝĐĂŶƐ͘tŚŝůĞƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵǇĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽƐƚƌƵŐ- ƟŽŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ;W>^ͿĨĂƌŵƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĂƚ gle, the ARC must play its important strategic role by con- the farms should be rehabilitated for sustainable agricul- sistently providing research that enables the country to be ƚƵƌĞ͘^ĞĐŽŶĚůǇ͕ƚŚĞZƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĞǁǀĂĐĐŝŶĞ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚĂŶĚƵůƟŵĂƚĞůǇƐƚĂďůĞ͘ ĨŽƌŚĞĂƌƚǁĂƚĞƌ͘dŚŝƐǀĂĐĐŝŶĞŝƐƵŶŝƋƵĞĂƐŝƚĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ƵƐĞŽĨĂŶƟďŝŽƟĐƐƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƚŽĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ƐŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶŽĨƚŚĞZ͕ůĞƚŵĞĞŵƉŚĂƐŝǌĞƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŶŝŵĂůĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƚƌŝĂůƐ͘dŚŝƌĚůǇ͕ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ŚĂƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂƚƚŚĞŶŝŵĂůWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŵƉƵƐƵƐĞĚǁŚŽůĞ ďĞĞŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐ͘ƐĂŽƵŶĐŝů͕ǁĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƚŽĚƌŝǀĞƚŚĞ ŐĞŶŽŵĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ;t'^ͿĨŽƌĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐŽĨƐĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĂŶŝ- ZƚŽďĞĂŶĞǆĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ĨƌĞĞĨƌŽŵĐŽƌƌƵƉƟŽŶ ŵĂůƐĨƌŽŵƚŚƌĞĞŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĐĂƩůĞďƌĞĞĚƐ;ĨƌŝŬĂŶĞƌ͕ƌĂŬ- and usage of its best brainpower to be a leader in the agri- ĞŶƐďĞƌŐĞƌĂŶĚEŐƵŶŝͿƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐǁŽƌůĚ͘/ŶϮϬϭϴͲϮϬϭϵǁĞŵĂĚĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚ Annual Report 2018/2019 9 ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͘&ŽƵƌƚŚůǇ͕ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞZ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŽƌĂŶĚĂĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽ is to grow and develop the agricultural sector that creates ƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘dŚŝƐŝƐůŽŶŐ ŶĞǁŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƉŽƐ- ŽǀĞƌĚƵĞĂŶĚǁĂƐĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚŝŶŽƵƌĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂůůƚŚĞ ŝƟǀĞůǇĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐEĂƟŽŶĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂů organs of state. WůĂŶ͘&ŝŶĂůůǇ͕ƚŚĞZƉůĂǇƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ƚŽ /ŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůĂŶĚŽƵŶĐŝů household food security and must be strengthened in order ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐŵĞƚĂƐƉĞƌƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝů ƚŽƉůĂǇŝƚƐŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůƌŽůĞŽŶĂĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐďĂƐŝƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞ Charter does provide the terms of reference in terms of how ƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƐŽĐŝĞƚǇƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƐĞŝǌĞĚ ƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůĂŶĚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝƚƐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ with and we hope the media world will help to expose such DǇ ƚŚĂŶŬƐ ŐŽ ƚŽ Ăůů ŽƵŶĐŝů ĂŶĚ ƵĚŝƚ Θ ZŝƐŬ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ achievements by the ARC. ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ǆĞĐƵƟǀĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞZĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĚĞĚ- ŝĐĂƟŽŶŝŶĨƵůĮůůŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĮĚƵĐŝĂƌǇĚƵƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ During the year under review the ARC has developed a ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞZƐƚĂīĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐƚŽƐƵƐ- ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ dƵƌŶĂƌŽƵŶĚ WůĂŶ ;^dWͿ ĂŶĚ sŝƐŝŽŶ ϮϬϱϬ ;sϱϬͿ ƚĂŝŶĂĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůǇƐƚƌƵŐŐůŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŵĂŬĞƚŚŝƐŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶŵŽƌĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚĞĸ- ĐŝĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĂůůƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƚŚĞŝŵƉĞĚŝŵĞŶƚƐƚŽ >Ğƚ ŵĞ ƚŚĂŶŬ ŽƵƌ ĨŽƌŵĞƌ ,ŽŶŽƵƌĂďůĞ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌ ^ĞŶǌĞŶŝ ŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƚŽďĞĂŵĂũŽƌƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͘dŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ŽŬǁĂŶĂĨŽƌƚƌǇŝŶŐƚŽƐƚĞĞƌƚŚĞZŝŶƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƉŽƐĞĂŵĂũŽƌƌŝƐŬƚŽ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ ĚƵƌŝŶŐŽƵƌŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐƚƵƌďƵůĞŶƚƟŵĞƐ͘tĞǁĞůĐŽŵĞŽƵƌŶĞǁ ŵĞĞƟŶŐůŽĐĂůĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇŽĨƐĂĨĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŶƵ- ,ŽŶŽƵƌĂďůĞDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŶŐĞůĂdŚŽŬŽǌŝůĞŝĚŝǌĂĂŶĚŚĞƌĚĞƉ- ƚƌŝƟŽƵƐĨŽŽĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƵƟĞƐ͕,ŽŶŽƵƌĂďůĞ^ĚƵŵŽůĂŵŝŶŝĂŶĚ,ŽŶŽƵƌĂďůĞDĐĞďŝƐŝ ŐŽŽĚƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ǇĞĂƌ ƵŶĚĞƌ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĂůƐŽ ĂƉ- ^ŬǁĂƚƐŚĂŽĨƚŚĞŶŽǁĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ƉƌŽǀĞĚĂ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ&ƵŶĚŝŶŐWůĂŶ;^&WͿǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůƚƵƌŶƚŚĞ >ĂŶĚ ZĞĨŽƌŵ ĂŶĚ ZƵƌĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶǀŝŶĐĞĚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶĂƌŽƵŶĚ͘dŚĞ^dW͕sϱϬĂŶĚ^&WǁĞƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŶĞǁĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞŝƐĂƐƚĞƉŝŶƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚ and debated in order to take the ARC out of its current dif- ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ͘ƐĂŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁĞĂƌĞ ĮĐƵůƟĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞZƚĂŬĞƐŚŽƌƚͲƚĞƌŵ͕ŵĞ- convinced that the Department is in solid leadership and ĚŝƵŵͲƚĞƌŵĂŶĚůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵǀŝĞǁƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƚŚŝƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂ this will help the ARC to become a magnet of excellence in ƉƌĞŵŝƵŵĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ the science of agriculture.

dŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶďǇ /ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ĂƐĂŽƵŶĐŝůǁĞĐŽŶŐƌĂƚƵůĂƚĞ,ŝƐǆĐĞůůĞŶĐǇ͕ ĂůůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘dŚĞŝƐ- WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚDĂƚĂŵĞůĂǇƌŝůZĂŵĂƉŚŽƐĂŽŶƚŚĞĂƐĐĞŶĚĂŶĐǇƚŽ ƐƵĞŽĨƵŶŝŽŶƐƚƌŝŬĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĞĚĚůŝŶŐŽĨŵŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚŽ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ŽĸĐĞ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ŚĂƉƉǇ ĂďŽƵƚ ŚŝƐ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĞǆŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŇŽƵƌŝƐŚŝŶŐZ͘dŚĞƐĞ ͞tĂƌŽŶĐŽƌƌƵƉƟŽŶĂŶĚĐƌŝŵĞ͟ŝŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚ- challenges were observed via print media, social media and ĞĚĞŶƟƟĞƐ͘dŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůƚĂŬĞƐŶŽƚĞŽĨƚŚĞŐĂǌĞƩĞĚWƌŽĐůĂŵĂ- ƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ͘ /ŶŶŽĐĞŶƚ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ƟŽŶEŽZϯϲŽĨϮϬϭϵ^ƉĞĐŝĂů/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐhŶŝƚƐĂŶĚ^ƉĞĐŝĂů ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŽĨ,ĂƞŝĞůĚĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐ͕ŽƚŚĞƌZ dƌŝďƵŶĂůƐĐƚEŽ͘ϳϰŽĨϭϵϵϲ;ZĞĨĞƌƌĂůŽĨDĂƩĞƌƐƚŽǆŝƐƟŶŐ ĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐĞƚĐ͘ǁĞƌĞƚĞƌƌŝĮĞĚďǇƚŚĞƐƚƌŝŬĞ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ^ƉĞĐŝĂů/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐhŶŝƚͿŝŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĞƌ&&ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ^W^ŵƵƐƚďĞĂƉƉůĂƵĚĞĚďǇƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůǇŝƚƐĞŶƟƟĞƐ͘tĞǁŝƐŚƚŚĞWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ͕ĂďŝŶĞƚĂŶĚŐŽǀ- ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘tŚĂƚŚĂƐŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚƚŽƚŚĞůďĞƌƚ ĞƌŶŵĞŶƚǁĞůůŝŶŵĂŬŝŶŐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂǁĞůůŐŽǀĞƌŶĞĚĂŶĚĂ >ƵƚŚƵůŝ͕ĞƐŵŽŶĚdƵƚƵ͕EĞůƐŽŶDĂŶĚĞůĂĂŶĚ&tĞ<ůĞƌŬ respected country. ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐŽůǀŝŶŐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉĞĂĐĞĨƵů ĂŶĚ ĨƌƵŝƞƵů ŶĞŐŽƟĂƟŽŶƐͬĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ͍ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ Ă ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů Žƌ- ŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶůŝŬĞƚŚĞZ;ŝŶĂŇĞĚŐůŝŶŐĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ calmness, focus and obtaining as well as using measurable ĨĂĐƚƵĂůĚĂƚĂͬŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ Prof Sibusiso Vil-Nkomo Chairperson of the ARC Council ĞĨŽƌĞ/ĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŵǇŐƌĂƟƚƵĚĞ͕ůĞƚŵĞĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞŵǇŽďƐĞƌ- ǀĂƟŽŶƐŽŶŵĂƩĞƌƐŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ŐŽŝŶŐďĞǇŽŶĚƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌ͘ tŝƚŚƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵĞůƚĚŽǁŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƌƚĞĚĞīŽƌƚƚŽ ĞǆƉŽƐĞĐŽƌƌƵƉƟŽŶŝŶƐƚĂƚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ;ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞǇĐŽůůĂďŽ- ƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐͿƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌ ǁĞŵĂƌŬĞĚĂĐĂůůĨŽƌĂŶĞǁďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƚŽƌĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŐƌŝĐƵů- ƚƵƌĞ ĂƐ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ͘ ,ĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ Z dƵƌŶĂƌŽƵŶĚ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ĂŶĚ sŝƐŝŽŶϮϬϱϬ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ŝƚŝƐŝŶĐƵŵďĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞDŝŶŝƐƚƌǇ͕Ğ- ƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚŚĞWŽƌƞŽůŝŽŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŝŶWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚƚŽďĞ driven by one common purpose; that is agricultural success,

10 Agricultural Research Council

ARC 2018/2019 EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT ______

Dr Shadrack Moephuli Ms Makgomo Umlaw Ms Maureen Manyama Dr Andrew Magadlela President and CEO Group Executive: Human Resources Chief Financial Officer Group Executive: and Legal Services (CFO) Animal Sciences

Dr Nthabiscng Motctc Dr Thulasizwe Mkhabela Dr Tcbogo Scthibc Dr Mohammed Jttn.ih Group Executive: Group Executive: Impact & Group Executive: Group Executive: Crop Sciences Partnerships Information 5ynems Research & Innovation 5y,tems

Annual Report 2018/2019 11

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT AND CEO OF ARC ______

ĂƵĚŝƚĞĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌĞŶĚŝŶŐϯϭDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϵ͘

KŶďĞŚĂůĨŽĨĂůůŽĨƵƐ͕ƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐŽĨƚŚĞZƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚŽƵŶĐŝůǁĞŚĞƌĞďǇƐƵďŵŝƚƚŚŝƐŶŶƵĂůZĞƉŽƌƚƚŽ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͛Ɛ WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ǆĞĐƵƟǀĞ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ͕ ƚŚĞ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ͗,ŽŶŽƵƌĂďůĞ DƐ͘dŚŽŬŽŝĚŝǌĂ͘

The outputs in this Annual Report were in accordance with ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ǇĞĂƌ ϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ ĂƐ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚ ďǇ ŽƵŶĐŝů͕ĂŶĚƚĂďůĞĚŝŶWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚďǇƚŚĞ,ŽŶŽƵƌĂďůĞDŝŶ- ŝƐƚĞƌŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ͗Dƌ͘^ĞŶǌĞŶŝŽŬ- ǁĂŶĂ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐŶŶƵĂůZĞƉŽƌƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂůƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚǇĞĂƌŽĨƚŚĞĮǀĞ ;ϱͿǇĞĂƌ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐWůĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚϮϬϭϱͬϭϲƚŽϮϬϭϵͬϮϬ͘

KŶďĞŚĂůĨŽĨĂůůĂƚƚŚĞZ͕ǁĞŚĞƌĞďǇĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŽƵƌŐƌĂƟƚƵĚĞ for good governance, oversight, strategic advice provided ďǇŽƵŶĐŝů;ŽĂƌĚͿ͕ƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƚŚĞ ƵĚŝƚĂŶĚZŝƐŬŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͘

dŚĞZŚĞƌĞďǇĞǆƉƌĞƐƐĞƐĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ,ŽŶŽƵƌĂďůĞ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌ͗ Dƌ͘^ĞŶǌĞŶŝ ŽŬǁĂŶĂ Dr Shadrack Moephuli ĂŶĚĞƉƵƚǇDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌ͗Dƌ͘^ŝĮƐŽƵƚŚĞůĞǌŝ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞĂĚ- ARC President and CEO ŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕&Žƌ- ĞƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ͘ dŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌǇŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝů are to conduct research and development, technology de- ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ǇĞĂƌ ƚŚĞ Z ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ ƉŽůŝĐǇ ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ͗ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ • WƌŽŵŽƚĞƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ;^dͿĂŶĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůǇ͕ƚŚĞZŚĞƌĞďǇĞǆƉƌĞƐƐ- ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͖ ĞƐĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞ^dĨŽƌŝƚƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĮŶĂŶ- • WƌŽŵŽƚĞƚŚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐƌŽǁƚŚ cial year. of the agricultural sector; • &ĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ As contained in this Annual Report, our analysis indicates management; ƚŚĂƚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͕ƚŚĞZƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇ • &ĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĂŶĚĞŶƐƵƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͖ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚŽŶŝƚƐƉƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚŽƵƚƉƵƚƐĂƐƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ and, ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘dŚĞZ͛ƐƉƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ • ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽĂďĞƩĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨůŝĨĞ͘ ŐŽĂůƐ͕ŽƵƚƉƵƚƐĂŶĚƚĂƌŐĞƚƐǁĞƌĞĚƵůǇŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƵƐŝ-

ŶĞƐƐWůĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĂŝĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘/ŶŵĂŶǇŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕ƚŚĞZŵĂŶĚĂƚĞŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶ- ARC generally exceeded the set targets for the strategic ĂďůĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͖ƚŚĂƚŝŶƚƵƌŶ͕ĞŶĂďůĞƐĨŽŽĚĂŶĚ goals. ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ ĨŽƌ Ă ŚĞĂůƚŚǇ͕ ƉĞĂĐĞĨƵů͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂů society that contributes to economic growth and good gov- ƌŝĞŇǇ͕ƚŚĞZĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚŐŽŽĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĂƐƉĞƌƐƚƌĂƚĞ- ernance. ŐŝĐŐŽĂůƐǁŝƚŚůŝŵŝƚĞĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƉĞŽƉůĞ;ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂŶĚĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇͿ͕ĂŐĞŝŶŐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ;ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽ- /ŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞ- ƌŝĞƐͿ͕ĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞīĞĐƟǀĞƵƟůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĂƌĐŚĐƚ͕ϭϵϵϬ;ĐƚEŽ͘ϴϲŽĨϭϵϵϬĂƐĂŵĞŶĚĞĚďǇĐƚŶŽ͘ ŽĨƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐĂŶĚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐĂŶĚ ϮϳŽĨϮϬϬϭͿĂŶĚƚŚĞWƵďůŝĐ&ŝŶĂŶĐĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĐƚ͕ϭϵϵϵ ĞƐĐĂůĂƟŶŐĐŽƐƚƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŚĞZ͛ƐĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽĞŶƟƌĞůǇ ;ĐƚŶŽ͘ϭŽĨϭϵϵϵĂƐĂŵĞŶĚĞĚďǇĐƚϮϵŽĨϭϵϵϵͿ;W&DͿ ĨƵůĮůŝƚƐŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ͘ we hereby present the annual report of the ARC containing 12 Agricultural Research Council ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞZƚŽ 1. To generate knowledge and technologies that will en- ƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͛ƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶĐƌŽƉďĂƐĞĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͖ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ 2. To generate knowledge and technologies that will en- ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐĂƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞDĞĚŝƵŵ ŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ͕ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞĂŶĚĂƋƵĂ- dĞƌŵ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ;Dd^&Ϳ͗ culture based agriculture; • KƵƚĐŽŵĞ ϰ͗ ĞĐĞŶƚ ĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ϯ͘ To generate knowledge and technologies for conser- economic growth; ǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƟůŝǌĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ • KƵƚĐŽŵĞϳ͗sŝďƌĂŶƚ͕ĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƌƵƌĂůĐŽŵ- ϰ͘ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĨŽŽĚ ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ ĨŽƌ Ăůů͖ ĨŽƌĨŽŽĚƐĂĨĞƚǇ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶ and, the agriculture value chain; • KƵƚĐŽŵĞϭϬ͗WƌŽƚĞĐƚĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŽƵƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ϱ͘ To generate and disseminate knowledge and technol- assets and natural resources. ŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ agricultural sector; and, dŚĞƐĞǁĞƌĞĂůŝŐŶĞĚƚŽƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĞ- ϲ͘ ƉƉůǇďĞƐƚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂ ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ'ŽĂůƐ;^'ͿŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŵĂŶŶĞƌ͗ ŚŝŐŚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚǀŝƐŝďůĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ 1. ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ĂƩĂŝŶŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ǇŝĞůĚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƉƌŽ- ĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚďŝŽƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͖ RESEARCH AND INNOVATION: CONTRIBUTING SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS FOR 2. Enabling the country to respond and adapt to climate A DEVELOPMENTAL ECONOMY ĐŚĂŶŐĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ;ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ůĂŶĚ͕ĞŶĞƌŐǇ͕ďŝŽƟĐĂŶĚĂďŝ- ŽƟĐ ƐƚƌĞƐƐĞƐͿ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů /ŶƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƵŶĚĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁ͕ƚŚĞZĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝƚƐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͖ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞďĂƐĞŽĨŽƵƌĞĐŽŶ- ϯ͘ ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƉĂƌ- ŽŵǇ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉĞĞƌͲƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĞŵĂŶĂƟŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͖ research and development. The ARC has excelled in scien- ϰ͘ ŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĂŶĚũŽďĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĨƵůůĂŐƌŝĐƵů- ƟĮĐŽƵƚƉƵƚĂƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞ tural and agro-processing value chain; and, ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞĞƌͲƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞƚĞŶ ϱ͘ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐŬŝůůƐĚĞǀĞů- ǇĞĂƌ;ϭϬͿƉĞƌŝŽĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮϬϬϴͬϬϵĂŶĚϮϬϭϳͬϭϴƚŚĞŶƵŵ- ŽƉŵĞŶƚĨŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘ ďĞƌ ŽĨ ƉĞĞƌ ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĨƌŽŵϭϱϱƚŽϰϵϵ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ Accordingly, the following strategic goals enabled the ARC ϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ ƚŚĞ Z͛Ɛ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚ ďǇ ϭϭ to conduct research and development as well as dissem- ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƚŽϰϰϮ͘ ŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƚŽ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌŶĞĞĚƐ͗

Scientific Publications

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- Journal Art"c:les - Conference Pro c:eedings. - Total Arti:les

Annual Report 2018/2019 13 &ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨƐƚƌĂ- ƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵĞƌƐǁŚĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůƟůůĂŐĞ͘ ƚĞŐŝĐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŚĂƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĞĚ͕ ĂƐ ĚĞŵŽŶ- ƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ WůĂŶƚƉĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐŚĂǀĞŝŶŵĂŶǇŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶ journals with external authors that exceeded targets. ƉŽŽƌĐƌŽƉǇŝĞůĚƐ͕ǁŝƚŚĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚƌĞĂƚƐƚŽŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇĨŽƌŐƌĂŝŶĐƌŽƉƐ͘/Ŷ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞϱͲǇĞĂƌ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐWůĂŶ light of this threat, the ARC conducts research and devel- ƉĞƌŝŽĚ;ϮϬϭϱͬϭϲƚŽϮϬϭϵͬϮϬͿŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ ŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐƌŽƉ ƉĞĞƌ ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ ũŽƵƌŶĂů ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ďǇ ϯϯ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƉĞƐƚĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝŶĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐŝŶĐůƵĚ- ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚϮϬϭϱͬϭϲƚŽϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ/^/ƌĂƟŶŐ;ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƉĞƐƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚ ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ĨĂĐƚŽƌͿŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶϮ͘ϬƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŶŐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨƐĐŝ- Meloidogyne javanicaͿŝŶŵĂŝǌĞ͕ZƵƐƐŝĂŶǁŚĞĂƚĂƉŚŝĚƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ence and knowledge generated. Diuraphis noxiaͿ͕ďĂŶĂŶĂďƵŶĐŚǇƚŽƉǀŝƌƵƐ͕ĨƌƵŝƚŇŝĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ Bactrocera dorsalisͿĂŶĚďůƵĞďĞƌƌǇďƵĚŵŝƚĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘Acalitus dŚĞƐĞ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁů- vacciniaͿƚŽŵĞŶƟŽŶĂĨĞǁ͘ ĞĚŐĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂƌĞŝŶƚƵƌŶ͕ĚŝƐ- seminated to users who are predominantly in the agricultur- >ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐŽŵ- al sector. Although not necessarily linear, learnings arising ƉŽŶĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ĂŐƌŝͲĨŽŽĚ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ĂƐ ĨƌŽŵƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĞŶĂďůĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐƚŽƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞŝŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ ĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘&ŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ ^ƵĐŚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚůĞĂĚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨŶĞǁƚĞĐŚ- ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞZĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƉƉůŝ- ŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƚŽŽůƐ͕ĚŝŐŝƚĂůƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͕ ĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŐĞŶŽŵŝĐƚŽŽůƐ͕ǁŚŽůĞŐĞŶŽŵĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐƚŽŽď- vaccines, to name a few. ƚĂŝŶĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌŝƟĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĐĂƩůĞďƌĞĞĚƐ ůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝƐĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐƚŚƌĞĂƚƚŽ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ƐƵĐŚĂƐEŐƵŶŝ͕ĨƌŝŬĂŶĞƌĂŶĚƌĂŬĞŶƐďĞƌŐĞƌ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŽĨĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐ- ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚƐƚŽĚĂƚĞƐƵŐŐĞƐƚŝŶƐŝŐŚƞƵůŝŶĨŽƌ- ƟŽŶ͕ƌƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘/ƚŝƐŝŵƉĞƌĂ- ŵĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ŐĞŶĞƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƉŚĞŶŽƚǇƉĞƐ͕ ĨĞƌƟůŝƚǇ ƟǀĞĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƚŽďĞƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚƚŽĂĚǀĞƌƐĞ ĂŶĚƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚǇƚŽĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͘'ĞŶĞƟĐŵĂƌŬĞƌƐƐƉĞ- ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͛ƐƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŝĮĐƚŽĞĂĐŚďƌĞĞĚǁĞƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶŶŽ- ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŶŝŵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĂŶĂů- ǀĂƟŽŶ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůǇ͕ƚŚĞZŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶĂƌĂŶŐĞ ysis could elicit understanding of growth performance and ŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚ ŵĞĂƚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƩůĞďƌĞĞĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐƵŶĚĞƌ enabling resilience of agriculture to adverse impacts of cli- ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘ mate change. WƵďůŝĐ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ă ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ- ƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚƐĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵ- clude, among others, development of drought-tolerant ŝĐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ &ŽŽĚ ƐĂĨĞƚǇ ŝƐ Ă ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŵĂŝǌĞǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŐĞŶĞĨŽƌƚ;DKEϴϵϬϯϰͿ ensuring good public health. The ARC conducted research ĂŶĚĂƌĞĂůƐŽƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽŝŶĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶďǇƚŚĞ&ĂůůĂƌŵǇǁŽƌŵ͘ ƚŽ ƉƌŽĮůĞ͕ ƋƵĂŶƟĨǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂů ĨŽŽĚďŽƌŶĞ ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨƌĞ- pathogens isolated from local and imported meat and meat ƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƌĞŵĂŝŶƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞZ͘&ŝĞůĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘ DŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϮϬϬϬ ƐĂŵƉůĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŵĂŝǌĞŚǇďƌŝĚƐĞŶĂ- tested for various pathogens, including for Listeria species. ďůĞƐƚŚĞĂƩĂŝŶŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚǇŝĞůĚƐĨŽƌĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͘ ZĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚϭϱйŽĨƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵĚŽŵĞƐƟĐŵĂƌ- ŬĞƚƐƚĞƐƚĞĚĂŶĚϭϮ͘ϰйŽĨƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵƉŽƌƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌǇĐŽŶ- Agriculture is also vulnerable to climate variability as it pre- tained L. monocytogenes. The metadata and isolates were ƐĞŶƚƐƌŝƐŬƐĨŽƌĂƩĂŝŶŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚǇŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘dŽ ƐŚĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞŝƐĞĂƐ- ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ƚŚĞZĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐ ĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƚŚĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ research and development to generate knowledge and sci- ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĐĞŶƚŽƵƚďƌĞĂŬŽĨůŝƐƚĞƌŝŽƐŝƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘'ĞŶĞƟĐĐŚĂƌĂĐ- ĞŶƟĮĐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚĂƐƐŝƐƚĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ ƚĞƌŝǌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĂŵƉůĞƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ͘ ŵĂŬŝŶŐĨŽƌĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞ- ƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚƚŚĞZĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŽŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐŵĂƌƚ The outbreak of animal diseases in many cases have result- ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌ- ĞĚŝŶŵĂũŽƌůŽƐƐĞƐƚŽůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ǁŝƚŚƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ ǀĂƟŽŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐŝƚĞƐŝŶ>ŝŵƉŽƉŽ͕DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ͕ ĚĞǀĂƐƚĂƟŶŐ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĨŽƌ &ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞĂŶĚEŽƌƚŚtĞƐƚƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐ͘ZĞƐƵůƚƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ farmers; and, in some instances disease spread has posed ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐŵĂƌƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŐƌŝĐƵů- risks to public health. Research and development for use of ƚƵƌĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ƐŽǇďĞĂŶ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞďĞƐƚďŝŽƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ

14 Agricultural Research Council ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĂŶŝŵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůǇ͕ƚŚĞZŚĂƐĐŽŶ- and distributed to more than 1000 farmers, as well as made ƟŶƵĞĚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŶĞǁƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŵĞĚŝĂ ;ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͕ ƐƚƵĚǇ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ ǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶŝŵĂů ĞǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͛ĚĂǇƐĞƚĐͿ͘ health management. DISSEMINATING SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS FOR &ŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƵŶ- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŝŵŵƵŶĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶƟďŽĚǇ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ- /ŶĐŽŵĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŵŽŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ ŝƐ ŝŵ- ŵĞŶƚ͕ ŚĂǀĞ ĞŶĂďůĞĚ ƚŚĞ Z ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐ ƚŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĨŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ various important animal diseases causing viruses such as ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚũŽďĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘Đ- ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ,ŽƌƐĞ ^ŝĐŬŶĞƐƐ ;,^Ϳ͕ ďůƵĞƚŽŶŐƵĞ ;dͿ͕ tĞƐƐĞůƐ- cordingly, the ARC conducts research on plant improvement ďƌŽŶ͕&ŽŽƚͲĂŶĚͲDŽƵƚŚŝƐĞĂƐĞ;&DͿ͕ďŽǀŝŶĞƚƵďĞƌĐƵůŽƐŝƐ through various breeding programmes aimed at enhancing and the horse parasite Babesia͘dŚĞƐĞĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƚŽŽůƐŚĂǀĞ ŐĞŶĞƟĐ ƚƌĂŝƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ǇŝĞůĚ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ƐŝŶĐĞďĞĞŶƚƌĂĚĞŵĂƌŬĞĚĂƐEŬƵŬƵΠĂŶĚ/ŶƐŚŝΠĂŶƟďŽĚǇůŝ- ƚŽƐƚƌĞƐƐ;ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͕ƉĞƐƚƐ͕ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͕ƐĂůŝŶŝƚǇ͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ braries. ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͕ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐƚͲŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ ĂŵŽŶŐ others. dŚĞZĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂĚǀŝĐĞ͕ĚĂƚĂĂŶĚŝŶ- ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůƵůƟǀĂƌǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕ /ŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚƚĞŶǇĞĂƌƐ͕ƚŚĞZ͛ƐĞīŽƌƚƐĂƚĐƌŽƉŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ a partnership with all stakeholders in the grain industry ŚĂǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭϴϬĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ;ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͕ƐĞĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ͕ŵŝůůĞƌƐ͕ĂŐƌŽͲƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐ͕ƌƐĞĂƌĐŚ- ŽĨĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞĮŐƵƌĞ ĞƌƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇ ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐͿ ƚŚĂƚ ďĞůŽǁƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďǇƚŚĞZ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĐƌŽƉ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ĨŽƌ ǁŝƚŚWůĂŶƚƌĞĞĚĞƌƐ͛ZŝŐŚƚƐ͘/ƚ͛ƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŐƌŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǌŽŶĞŝŶŐƌĂŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ƐĂƉƵď- ŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐǁŝƚŚ ůŝĐĞŶƟƚǇǁŝƚŚŐŽŽĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ WůĂŶƚƌĞĞĚĞƌƐZŝŐŚƚƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚϯǇĞĂƌƐ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌŝ- ;ůĂŶĚ͕ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐĞƚĐͿ͕ƚŚĞZŝƐĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐĂůů ŵĂƌŝůǇĚƵĞƚŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵŐŽǀĞƌŶ- ĚĂƚĂĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐŝŶŐƌĂŝŶ ŵĞŶƚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞDd&ƉĞƌŝŽĚϮϬϭϲͬϭϳƚŽϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͘ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘

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Annual Report 2018/2019 15 ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ͖ƚŚĂƚŝŶƚƵƌŶƐƟŵƵ- ŝŐŝƚĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂƚĞƐŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ͘ well as enabling producers to access markets. During the ƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƉůĂŶƚ ďƌĞĞĚĞƌƐ͛ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗ ĂƉƉůĞƐ͕ ĂƉƌŝ- ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞZ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨ- ĐŽƚ͕ďĂŶĂŶĂ͕ĐŝƚƌƵƐ͕ĐŽƩŽŶ͕ĚƌǇďĞĂŶ͕ŇŽǁĞƌďƵůďƐ͕ŐƌĂƉĞ͕ ƌŝĐĂŶtĞĂƚŚĞƌ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;^t^ͿĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŶŽŶͲ ŐƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚƐ͕ůŝƚĐŚŝ͕ŵĂŝǌĞ͕ŵĂŶŐŽ͕ŶĞĐƚĂƌŝŶĞƐ͕ŽĂƚƐ͕ƉĞĂĐŚĞƐ͕ ƉƌŽĮƚŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚ pears, plums, potato, sweet potato and wheat among oth- ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĚŝŐŝƚĂůƐŵĂƌƚƚŽŽůƐ͕͞ZĂŝŶϰĨƌŝĐĂ͟ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ;Zϰ ers. ĂƉƉͿ͕ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĐĞůůƉŚŽŶĞƐ͘dŚĞZϰĂƉƉ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞƌƐ͕ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͕ ƚŽ ŽďƚĂŝŶ ƌĞĂůͲƟŵĞ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŶ ƉůĂŶƚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͕ƉůĂŶƟŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞ at the ARC has been constrained by various factors, such ƵƐĞŽŶĨĂƌŵĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘dŚŝƐZϰĂƉƉǁĂƐĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ĂƐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ;ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ ĂŶĚ Đůŝ- ƚŽ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϲϬϬϬ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĸĐĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ mate change. Resource constraints on the ARC have limited expected to enable improvements in crop yields, water use ƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŶŶĞǁĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇĂŶĚŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞŐĂƐĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞƚŚĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶĐƵůƟǀĂƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĞĨ- DELIVERING OUR PEOPLE, THE MOST IMPORTANT fects of resource constraints have become evident during ASSET FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY ƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌƐϮϬϭϲͬϭϳƚŽϮϬϭϴͬϭϵĂƐƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞĨĞǁĞƌ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĨŽƌƉůĂŶƚďƌĞĞĚĞƌƐ͛ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͘ƵĚŐĞƚĐƵƚƐŝŶ ,ƵŵĂŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ;ƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐͿ ƚŚĞDd&ƉĞƌŝŽĚϮϬϭϲͬϭϳƚŽϮϬϭϴͬϭϵĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŚĞZ͛Ɛ ĂƌĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐƌŝƟĐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌZ͛ƐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶ- ĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚĚĂƚĂĨŽƌĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁĐƵůƟ- ĂďůĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌƚŽĨƵůĮůŝƚƐŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ͘ ǀĂƌƐ͕ŚĞŶĐĞĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ &ŽƌƚŚŝƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ͕ƚŚĞZĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůǇĞŶŐĂŐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚWůĂŶƚƌĞĞĚĞƌƐ͛ZŝŐŚƚƐǁĞƌĞƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŝĚƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ ĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐĂŶĚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ĨŽƌ skills development and careers in the sector. dŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ĨĞǁĞƌ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ǁŝůů ůŝŬĞůǇ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ǇŝĞůĚƐ͕ůĞƐƐĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨ- dŚĞZŚĂƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŐŽŽĚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďĞ- rican agriculture enterprises - further impacts could be in- tween management and employees, with turnover below ĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĨŽŽĚƉƌŝĐĞƐĚƵĞƚŽůŽǁĞƌǇŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘ ϱƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘/ŶĚĞĞĚ͕ƚŚĞZ͛ƐĞŵ- ƉůŽǇĞĞƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌƐŝŶĐĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌϮϬϬϳͬϬϴƚŽϮϬϭϴͬϭϵŚĂƐ /ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĞŶĂďůĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇƚŚĞZ ďĞĞŶďĞůŽǁϭϬƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ͘>ŽǁƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌŝƐĂŶŝŵ- ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŶŽ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ϭϱϬϬ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨŵƵůƟͲǇĞĂƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϯϬĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ͘^ƵĐŚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŝƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂƐŝƚĞŶĂďůĞƐƚŚĞĂƩĂŝŶŵĞŶƚŽĨ ƐŬŝůůƐŽĨĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͕ƚŚƵƐŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘ŽƵƌƐĞƐƌĂŶŐĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŽƵƚƉƵƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂŶĚǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐ͘ ĨƌŽŵŐƌĂŝŶĐƌŽƉƐ͕ƚŽǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞĂŶĚǁŝŶĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŵĞĂƚ and dairy processing, sustainable water use, poultry and pig Although employee turnover remains low within the ARC, ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶŝŵĂů ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ;ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů ŝŶƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶͿ ƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇůĂĐŬƐĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůŵĂƐƐŽĨŚŝŐŚůǇƐŬŝůůĞĚƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ͕ and animal health care. ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ĂŶǇ ƌĞƐŝŐŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚůǇ ƐŬŝůůĞĚ ƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞůǇ ĂīĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚǇ dŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚĂĐĐĞƐƐĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚ of research projects, which in turn, delays the delivery of provide assurance for food safety, the ARC provides labo- ŽƵƚƉƵƚƐ͘/ƚ͛ƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞĨŽƌƚŚĞZƚŽĞǆƉůŽƌĞĂ ƌĂƚŽƌǇ ĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůǇƟĐĂů ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŽŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĂŐƌŝ- variety of mechanisms to improve on talent management, ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚƚŚĞZĐŽŶ- ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĐƌƵŝƚŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐŬŝůůƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ĚƵĐƚĞĚĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐĂŶĚĂŶĂůǇƟĐĂůƚĞƐƚƐŽŶŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭϱϬϬϬ ƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͘ŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐǁĞƌĞĨŽƌĐĂƵƐĂƟǀĞĂŐĞŶƚƐŽĨǀĂƌ- ARC developing skills for sustainable agriculture research ious diseases such as bovine gallsickness, bovine redwater, ĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ĞƐŶŽŝƟŽƐŝƐ͕ ĐĂŶŝŶĞ ƉŝƌŽƉůĂƐŵŽƐŝƐ͕ ĞƋƵŝŶĞ ƉŝƌŽƉůĂƐŵŽƐŝƐ͕ Corridor disease, heartwater, trypanosomosis and nem- dŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞůĂĐŬŽĨĐƌŝƟĐĂůŵĂƐƐŽĨƐŬŝůůƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ atodes, while laboratory analyses were conducted as part ƚŚĞZĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƚƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůǇŝŶƚŚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŝĚƵĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘dŽĐŽŶĚƵĐƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐ͘^ƵĐŚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƐƵĐŚĂŶĂůǇƟĐĂůƚĞƐƚƐ͕ŝƚǁĂƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇĨŽƌƚŚĞZƚŽĚĞǀĞů- ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĨŽƌŵĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂƚŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚ ŽƉĂŶĚǀĂůŝĚĂƚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƚĞƐƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĨŽƌĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĨƵŶĚƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůZĞ- wide range of chemical substances such as beta agonists, ƐĞĂƌĐŚ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĨŽƌ,ƵŵĂŶZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ/ŶĚƵƐ- ĐŚůŽƌĂŵƉŚĞŶŝĐŽů͕ƐƟůďĞŶĞĂŶĚƉĞƌŇƵŽƌŽĂůŬǇů͕ƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚďĞ ƚƌǇWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;d,Z/WͿ͕ŐƌŝͲ^dĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ ĨŽƵŶĚŝŶĂŶŝŵĂůƟƐƐƵĞƐĂŶĚĚĂŝƌǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘

16 Agricultural Research Council ƌŝĞĨ ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ;^dͿĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞůĂƐƚ ƚĞŶ ǇĞĂƌƐ ĨŽƌ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƟŽŶĂůŐĞŶĞďĂŶŬƐ;EĂƟŽŶĂůWƵďůŝĐ'ŽŽĚƐ- WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;WWͿĂŶĚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞ ƐĞƚƐͿ͕ďĞŝŶŐƌĞĚƵĐĞĚďǇZϲϬŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŚĂǀĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ďƵĚŐĞƚĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐƐĞǀĞƌĞůǇŝŵƉĂĐƚĞĚƵƉŽŶƚŚĞZ͛ƐĂďŝůŝƚǇ ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞZ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ƚŚĞWWŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ to generate external income from co-funding arrangements ĨƌŽŵůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϱϬƉŽƐƚŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶϮϬϬϳͬϬϴƚŽŵŽƌĞ ǁŝƚŚĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĚĞƌƐ͘ than 190 in 2018/19. ZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ďƵĚŐĞƚ ĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ďǇ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐĞ- ^ŝŵŝůĂƌĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐĞŶƌŽůůĞĚĨŽƌƉŽƐƚ- ǀĞƌĞůǇ ŝŵƉĂĐƚĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Z ƚŽ ĨƵůĮů ŝƚƐ graduate degrees beyond bachelor of honours has increased ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ ĨƌŽŵůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϲϬƚŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϱϬŝŶϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞĮ- ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐĞĐƚŽƌĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞ ŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚϱϰƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚDĂƐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚDd&ƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨϮϬϭϲͬϭϳƚŽϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͘ŽŶ- ŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞĂŶŽƚŚĞƌϮϰŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚŽĐƚŽƌĂůĚĞ- sequently, this will likely reduce agriculture yields, produc- ŐƌĞĞƐ͖ĂůůƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďǇZ ƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ƚŚĂƚŝŶƚƵƌŶĐŽƵůĚ ƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ͘dŚĞĞīĞĐƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚŚĂƚZŚĂƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽ result in threats to food security and higher food prices. ĂƩĂŝŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭϬϬD^ĐĂŶĚWŚĚĞŐƌĞĞƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚ during the same period. These achievements represent sig- &ƵƌƚŚĞƌĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚϮϬϭϮƚŽϮϬϭϱ ŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞZƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƐŬŝůůƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĞǆĐĞĞĚĞĚ ĞǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ͖ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƐŝŶĐĞ ϮϬϭϱ͕ ƚŚŝƐ especially as more than 80 percent of the graduates were ƚƌĞŶĚŚĂƐƌĞǀĞƌƐĞĚĂŶĚƉƌŽũĞĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŝƚǁŝůůƌĞŵĂŝŶĂƐƐƵĐŚ ďůĂĐŬ;ƉĞƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶĚĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶͿĨƌŝĐĂŶ͕ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ĞǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞĞǆĐĞĞĚŝŶŐŝŶĐŽŵĞƵƉƚŽϮϬϭϵͿ͘dŚŝƐƐĐĞ- ĂŶĚŶŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϲϬƉĞƌĐĞŶƚǁĞƌĞĨĞŵĂůĞ͘ nario has a direct impact on the cash reserves of the ARC, ŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶďǇĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͘ MANAGING OUR FINANCES FOR EFFECTIVE AND ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĐĂƉŝƚĂůŽĨƚŚĞZƐŚŽǁĞĚĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS ƌĂƟŽ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϲ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞďǇ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĂƐƐĞƚƐ ĞǆĐĞĞĚĞĚ ůŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞǁĂƐƚƌƵĞŝŶϮϬϭϳͬϭϴĂŶĚϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͕ǁŚĞŶĐƵƌ- dŚĞZŚĂƐďĞĞŶŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐĨƵŶĚŝŶŐůĞǀĞůƐ ƌĞŶƚůŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĞǆĐĞĞĚĞĚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂƐƐĞƚƐ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐůŝƋƵŝĚŝƚǇ in both the amount and level of funding it receives from the challenges. WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ'ƌĂŶƚĂŶĚŝƚƐĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶ- come which in turn has had the following consequences to Although the ARC reduced expenditure through various cost ƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ĚŝĸĐƵůƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƐƵůƚ- • dŚĞZĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůǇĮŶĚƐŝƚƐĞůĨŝŶĂĚĞĮĐŝƚĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵ ĞĚŝŶĂĚĞĮĐŝƚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐůĂƌŐĞůǇ the need to deliver world class research services in ac- ĚƵĞƚŽƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĮǆĞĚĐŽƐƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇ͕ cordance with its mandate, whilst receiving increasing ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚůǇ ůĞƐƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĚũƵƐƟŶŐƚŽŝŶŇĂƟŽŶĂƌǇŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ͘ ĐƵƌƚĂŝůĞĚƟŵĞŽƵƐůǇ͘ • The cash reserves have been on a consistent decline ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞϮϬϭϰͬϭϱĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌĂŶĚŝƐĨĂĐŝŶŐƐŚŽƌƚƚĞƌŵ The recoverability of long outstanding debtors with signif- liquidity crisis. icant amounts, mainly government departments, in turn ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĚŝĸĐƵůƚǇĨŽƌƚŚĞZĂƐƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŚĂĚŶŽƚ The current economic downturn and increasing expecta- ŵĂĚĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽƌƐƵĐŚƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƉŽŽƌĞĐŽŶŽŵ- ƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞZƚŽĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŝƚƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞĞīĞĐ- ŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚĚƌŽƵŐŚƚŝŶƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶ ƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨŝƚƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂǀĞĞǆĂĐĞƌďĂƚĞĚƚŚĞ Cape and in other parts of the country limited the ability of ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĨĂĐĞĚďǇƚŚĞZƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶ- ƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ;ĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞͿ ability over the long term. for key projects at the ARC.

ƐĂŬĞǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƉĞƐƚƐ KŶ ďĞŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚŚĞ Z ĐŽŶĐƵƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ Žď- ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƵĚŝƚĂŶĚZŝƐŬŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƌĞůĂƟŶŐƚŽƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ Ă ŶŽŶͲĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů Z ǁŽƵůĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ŐŽŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ threat to food security, agriculture and economic growth, ŶŶƵĂů &ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ /ƚ͛Ɛ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ Z peace and sustainable development. Consequences of a ĞŶŐĂŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ^ŚĂƌĞŚŽůĚĞƌ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌĨŽƌŐƌŝ- ĚǇƐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŽƌůŝƋƵŝĚĂƚĞĚZǁŽƵůĚďĞƚŽŽŐŚĂƐƚůǇƚŽĐŽŶ- ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚƌǇĂŶĚ&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ƚĞŵƉůĂƚĞĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂŐŽŝŶŐĐŽŶ- cern. ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Dd& ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĞŶĚŝŶŐ ϯϭ DĂƌĐŚ ϮϬϭϴ͕ ƚŚĞ Z WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ 'ƌĂŶƚ ǁĂƐ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ďǇ ZϮϰϲ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ͖ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂŶƚĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ

Annual Report 2018/2019 17 /ƚŝƐĐůĞĂƌƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂŶĚĨƵƚƵƌĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞ A special message of thanks for support, advice and com- ARC depends on appropriate, consistent and sustainable re- mitment for the success of the ARC is extended to the gov- ƐŽƵƌĐĞĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͘^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶŝƐ ĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ŵĂŝŶůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚ ĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƚŽĞŶĂďůĞƚŚĞZƚŽĨƵůĮůŝƚƐŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ͖ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ĂŶĚ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌǇ ĂŶĚ which in turn, would support, inform and enable sustainable &ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶŬƐĂŶĚĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĞǆƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽ agriculture. ŽƵƌƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽĚŝ- ƚǇŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞĐŽŶƟŶ- DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝƐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚ- ƵĞĚƚŽƉůĂĐĞƚƌƵƐƚŝŶƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨZƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƚĞƌŶĂů ĂƵĚŝƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƵĚŝƚŽƌ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů ŽĨ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͖ ĂŶĚ͕ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ũŽŝŶƚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ- ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂŶĚƌĞƐŽůǀĞĚƚŽŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŵĞĂƐ- ƐŚŝƉƐŝŶĞǆĞĐƵƟŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ ƵƌĞƐƚŽĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĂĚǀĞƌƐĞĂƵĚŝƚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐĨŽƌϮϬϭϵ͘dŚŝƐŝŶ- ĐůƵĚĞƐ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗ KŶďĞŚĂůĨŽĨƚŚĞZŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŚĞƌĞďǇƚŚĂŶŬƐĂůůŵĞŵ- ŝͿ ŶƵĚŝƚ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚĂƚĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŶŐ ďĞƌƐŽĨŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĚĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞŽǀĞƌ- ƌŽŽƚ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ ŽĨ ĂĚǀĞƌƐĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ƐŝŐŚƚŽĨZŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞZƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŚĞƵĚŝƚ management; ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĨŽƌĞǆĞƌĐŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĮĚƵĐŝĂƌǇĚƵƟĞƐǁŝƚŚƵƚŵŽƐƚ ŝŝͿ ZĞǀŝĞǁ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ĐĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĞǆĐĞůůĞŶĐĞ͘ /Ŷ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĚĞůĞŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ͖ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĞīŽƌƚǇŽƵŚĂǀĞĂůů ŝŝŝͿ ZĞǀŝĞǁĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂ- devoted to the ARC. ƟŽŶdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ;/dͿƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͖ ŝǀͿ ZĞǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ƐŬŝůůƐ ;ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ Re a leboha, le ka moso ƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚƐͿ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĂŵŽŶŐ Ăůů ƌĞůĞ- Re a leboga, le kamoso vant personnel; and, Re a leboga, le gosasa ǀͿ ĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ^ŝǇĂďƵůĞůĂ͕ŶĂŶŐĂŵƐŽ ƚƵƌŶĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƉůĂŶ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚ ďǇ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĨŽƌ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ǇĞĂƌ ^ŝǇĂďŽŶŐĂ͕ŶĂŬƐĂƐĂ 2019/20 and beyond. ^ŝǇĂƚŚŽŬŽǌĂ͕ŶĂŶŐĂŵŽƐŽ ,ĂŬŚĞŶƐĂ͕ĂƐǁŝǀĞƚĂŶŽŶĂŵƵĚǌƵŬƵ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐŽĨZŚĞƌĞďǇĞǆƉƌĞƐƐĂƉƉƌĞ- ZŝĂůŝǀŚƵǁĂ͕ŬŚĂǌǁŝƌĂůŽŶĂŵĂƚƐŚĞůŽ ĐŝĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌƐŝŐŚƚĂŶĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨŽƵŶĐŝůĂŶĚƚŚĞ ĂŝĞĚĂŶŬŝĞ ƐƚĞǁĂƌĚƐŚŝƉŽĨƚŚĞƵĚŝƚĂŶĚZŝƐŬŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇ Thank you /ŶƚĞƌŶĂů ƵĚŝƚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ĂŝŵĞĚ Ăƚ ŝŵ- proving internal controls.

dŚĞZŚĞƌĞďǇƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŚĞƵĚŝƚŽƌ'ĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂŶ external audit service of good quality in a professional man- ŶĞƌ͘ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƟŵĞŽƵƐŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƵĚŝƚ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶ͘ Dr Shadrack Ralekeno Moephuli President and CEO TO OUR CLIENTS AND STAKEHOLDERS

dŽŽƵƌŵŽƐƚǀĂůƵĞĚĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ͕ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ͕ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐ͕ƐƵƉ- pliers and stakeholders, we the people at ARC hereby extend ŽƵƌƵƚŵŽƐƚŐƌĂƟƚƵĚĞĨŽƌǇŽƵƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞůĂƐƚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘tĞƚƌƵƐƚĂŶĚŚŽƉĞǇŽƵǁŝůůĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ to partner and work with us in various ways to ensure that ǁĞŵĞĞƚƚŚĞĞǆƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůŶĞĞĚƐŽĨƚŚĞ ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘

18 Agricultural Research Council Annual Report 2018/2019 19

EXECUTIVE REPORT ______

ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůŵĂǇĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĨƌŽŵƟŵĞ STATUTORY BASIS ƚŽƟŵĞ͖ dŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝůŝƐĂƉƵďůŝĐĞŶƟƚǇĞƐƚĂď- • ŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƐƚĂƚĞ͕ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ ůŝƐŚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĐƚ͕ϭϵϵϬ;ĐƚEŽ͘ ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶĂŶĚ ϴϲŽĨϭϵϵϬ͕ĂƐĂŵĞŶĚĞĚͿ͘/ƚŝƐĂƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞϯƉƵďůŝĐĞŶƟƚǇ conduct of research, technology development and ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞWƵďůŝĐ&ŝŶĂŶĐĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĐƚ͕ϭϵϵϵ;Đƚ technology transfer; EŽ͘ϭŽĨϭϵϵϵ͕ĂƐĂŵĞŶĚĞĚďǇĐƚEŽ͘ϮϵŽĨϭϵϵϵͿ͘ • WƌŽŵŽƚĞƚŚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚǁŽƌŬĞƌƐďǇŵĞĂŶƐ of bursaries or grants-in-aid for research, technology development and technology transfer, and contrib- PRIMARY MANDATE ƵƚĞ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůǇ ƚŽ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚ- ŶŽůŽŐǇƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͖ /ŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĐƚ͕ƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨ • ,ŝƌĞŽƌůĞƚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͖ĂŶĚ͕ the ARC are to conduct research, drive research and devel- • ŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĚƌŝǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ;ĚŝƐ- ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐ Žƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ƚĞĐŚ- ƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶͿ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ͗ nology development and technology transfer in ag- • WƌŽŵŽƚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉĂƌ- riculture. ƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͖ • WƌŽŵŽƚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶƌĞ- lated industries; AGENCY MANDATES • &ĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ dŚĞ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ&&ĂŶĚƚŚĞ management; ^d͕ŚĂƐŵĂŶĚĂƚĞĚƚŚĞZƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶEĂ- • &ĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞŽƌĞŶƐƵƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͖ ƟŽŶĂůWƵďůŝĐ'ŽŽĚƐƐƐĞƚƐ͘dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůWƵďůŝĐ'ŽŽĚƐƐ- • WƌŽŵŽƚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͖ĂŶĚ͕ ƐĞƚƐ;EW'ͿĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐŽĨŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐ;ŐĞŶĞďĂŶŬƐͿ • ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽďĞƩĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨůŝĨĞ͘ of animals, bacteria, animal databases, range and forage ŐĞŶĞďĂŶŬƐ͕ĨƵŶŐŝ͕ŐĞŶĞƟĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͕ƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ǇĞĂƐƚƐ MAIN FUNCTIONS ĂŶĚǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ͕ƚŽŵĞŶƟŽŶĂĨĞǁ͘

dŚĞZ͛ƐŵĂŝŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĨŽƌŝŶƚŚĞĐƚ͕ĂƌĞƚŽ͗ dŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ŐĞŶĞƟĐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĨŽƌ • hŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĚĞǀĞů- ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ;ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ opment and technology transfer; ĨŽƌƉĞƐƚƌŝƐŬĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚͿ͕ĨƵƚƵƌĞƵƐĞ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂ- • hƟůŝƐĞƚŚĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞŝŶŝƚƐƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ ƐƚŽĐŬ ĨŽƌ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌǇ and make it generally available; ĨƌŽŵŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƐ͘dŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐƐĞƌǀĞĂƐĂďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌ • WƵďůŝƐŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ the ARC research, technology development and technology ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽĂďĞƩĞƌůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂůůĂŶĚƚŚĞ ĂŶĚĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘dŚĞZŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƐĂŶĚ research and development; ŵĂŶĂŐĞƐĂĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂůŝŐŶŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚ • WƵďůŝƐŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͖ its mandate as indicated below. • ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚƐ ŽĨ ƌĞ- search, technology development and technology

20 Agricultural Research Council ŶŝŵĂůWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ,ĞĂůƚŚ

dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞĨƵůůǀĂůƵĞĐŚĂŝŶŽĨĂŶŝŵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĂŶŝŵĂůŚĞĂůƚŚ͘

EĂƚĂďĂŶŬĨŽƌ^ƚŽĐŬ/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ŶĂƟŽŶĂů E dŚŝƐĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŝƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĚŝĂŐŶŽƐŝƐŽĨ&ŽŽƚĂŶĚ DŽƵƚŚ ŝƐĞĂƐĞ ;&DͿ ĂŶĚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ^ǁŝŶĞ &ĞǀĞƌ ;^&Ϳ ĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƵƟůŝƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ E ĮŶŐĞƌƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ͕ ďŝŽ- ĂŶĚƚŚĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞŽĨ&DǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐĂŝŽƐĂĨĞƚǇ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŐĞŶĞƟĐƚǇƉŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ >ĞǀĞůϯŚŝŐŚͲĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇƚŚĂƚŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶŝŵĂů ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ƋƵĂƌĂŶƟŶĞ ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇͲĚĞ- ŽĨƐƚŽĐŬƚŚĞŌ͕ĨŽƌĞŶƐŝĐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂŶĚ ƐŝŐŶĞĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͘/ƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĂƐĂŶŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽŶŝƚƐ ŽǁŶ͘&&ĂŶĚWƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ ƚĂŬĞĨƵůůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨ&DĂŶĚ^& in the country. ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĚĂƉƚĞĚ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ>ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬƌĞĞĚƐ dŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶ- Rabies Laboratory, Onderstepoort This laboratory is responsible for diagnosing rabies in ĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĂŶĚĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶĐĂƩůĞ͕ƐŵĂůůƐƚŽĐŬ͕ ĂŶŝŵĂů ďƌĂŝŶ ƟƐƐƵĞ ƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ͘ && ĂŶĚ ƉŽƵůƚƌǇĂŶĚƉŝŐďƌĞĞĚƐ͘dŚŝƐĂĐƟǀŝƚǇŝƐŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ WƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƚĂŬĞĨƵůůƌĞƐƉŽŶ- 'ƌĞĞŶWĂƉĞƌŽŶƚŚĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞhƐĞ ƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƌĂďŝĞƐ ŝŶ ĂŶŝŵĂůƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘/ƚŝƐĂǌŽŽŶŽƐŝƐ;ĂŶĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽŚƵŵĂŶƐͿ͕ĂŶĚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƚŽ public health. ŶŝŵĂůZĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ&ĂĐŝůŝƚǇ dŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨĂĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂŶŝŵĂůŐĞŶĞƟĐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐ- ůŽŽĚsĂĐĐŝŶĞƐWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶhŶŝƚ ĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞŐĂƌĚ- This unit produces blood that contains the parasites for use as vaccines against redwater, heartwater and ing indigenous breeds so that it is easily accessible. gall sickness. All these diseases severely limit produc- ƟŽŶ͘ EĂƟŽŶĂů&ŽƌĂŐĞ'ĞŶĞĂŶŬ dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů&ŽƌĂŐĞ'ĞŶĞďĂŶŬǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƌ- EĂƟŽŶĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐ ůǇϭϵϴϬƐĂŶĚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĂďůĞEĂƟŽŶĂů&ŽƌĂŐĞ • EĂƟŽŶĂůŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝŵĂů,ĞůŵŝŶƚŚƐ;ƉĂƌĂ- ƐŝƟĐǁŽƌŵƐͿ͘ ŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵZŝĞƚŽŶĚĂůĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂůƌĞĂĚǇŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚ- • EĂƟŽŶĂů dŝĐŬ ŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ;'ĞƌƚƌƵĚ dŚĞŝůĞƌ dŝĐŬ ĞĚƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵWƌŝŶƐŚŽĨ͕^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚĂŶĚ DƵƐĞƵŵͿ͘ ĞĚĂƌĂĚĂƟŶŐďĂĐŬƚŽϭϵϬϬ͘ • /ŶƐĞĐƚĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ;sĞĐƚŽƌƐŽĨĂŶŝŵĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐͿ͘ • WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ EĂƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐ&ĂĐŝůŝƚǇ͘ EĂƟŽŶĂůƵůƚƵƌĞŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞĮĐŝĂů'ĂƐƚƌŽŝŶƚĞƐ-

ƟŶĂůĂŶĚ&ŽŽĚ&ĞƌŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶKƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ ŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶ • ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ZŝŌ sĂůůĞǇ &ĞǀĞƌ͕ and development of the bacterial culture col- ůƵĞƚŽŶŐƵĞ͕ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ,ŽƌƐĞ ^ŝĐŬŶĞƐƐ͕ &ŽŽƚ ĂŶĚ DŽƵƚŚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕>ƵŵƉǇ^ŬŝŶŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚĨƌŝĐĂŶ ůĞĐƟŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ^ǁŝŶĞ&ĞǀĞƌ͘ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ŝŶ ĨƌŝĐĂ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƐ ĞǆŝƐƚĞĚ ƐŝŶĐĞ ϭϵϱϬ͘ • ^ĞƌƵŵ ďĂŶŬ ;^ƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶŝŵĂů ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐͿ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 21 EĂƚƵƌĂůZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕DĞĐŚĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ

ĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĨŽĐƵƐŽŶďŝŽƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƉĞƐƚĂŶĚǁĞĞĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ soil, climate and water, as well as engineering.

ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ Soil, Climate and Water WůĂŶƚWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ • Agricultural equipment and main- • Agro-meteorological network, da- • EĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͘ tenance of test facility. ƚĂďĂŶŬƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘ • EĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂƌĂĐŚŶŝĚƐ͘ • ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞĞŶĞƌŐǇĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ • >ĂŶĚƚǇƉĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƵƌǀĞǇƐǁŝƚŚ • EĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ͘ centre. associated databases and sample • EĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĨƵŶŐŝ͘ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ • ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ƉůĂŶƚ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶŝĐ ĂŶĚ • EĂƟŽŶĂůKĐĞĂŶŝĐĂŶĚƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌ- ƉůĂŶƚƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ŝĐĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ;EKͿƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞ • ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ƉůĂŶƚ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶƟƐĞƌĂ image database for natural re- ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͘ source and disaster management. • Rhizobium ĐƵůƚƵƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͘ • /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƉĞƐƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ- ment. • ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞĂůŝĞŶƉůĂŶƚƐ͘

WůĂŶƚsŽƵĐŚĞƌ^ƉĞĐŝŵĞŶŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚsĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶĂƚĂďĂƐĞ

dŚŝƐŝƐĂŶ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶĂůsĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ͘dŚĞĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇďĞŝŶŐƵƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞsĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶĐŽůŽŐǇ ^ĞĐƟŽŶĂƌĞ͗ • WŚǇƚŽƚĂď͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƐŝƚĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁŝƚŚĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐŽĨĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞ͘ • The Roodeplaat herbarium specimen database. • EĂƟŽŶĂůǁĞĞĚƐůŝƐƚ͘ • Ecology literature index. • ƵƚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐŵŝƐĐĞůůĂŶĞŽƵƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ • ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝůͬ/E&KĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐŵĂƉĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĐŽĐŬƐ͛ƐĂŵƉůŝŶŐƐŝƚĞůŽĐĂůŝƟĞƐ͘dŚĞ ĐŽĐŬƐŵĂƉƐĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽ^Ͳ/'/^ĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƚŚĞƌŇŽƌŝƐƟĐĚĂƚĂƐĞƚƐ͘

ƌŽƉWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ

This includes work on citrus and subtropical crops, deciduous fruits and grapes, as well as vegetable, medicinal and ornamental plants, summer grains and oil and protein crops, small grains, and industrial crops

'ĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ dŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŚĂƐĂůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŝŶďƌĞĚůŝŶĞƐĂŶĚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐǁĞůůͲĂĚĂƉƚĞĚƚŽůŽĐĂůĂŶĚƐƵďͲ^ĂŚĂƌĂŶďŝŽƟĐĂŶĚĂďŝŽƟĐƐƚƌĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘^ŽŵĞŐĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚĨŽƌŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϱϬǇĞĂƌƐ͘/ĨƚŚŝƐĂƐƐĞƚŝƐůŽƐƚŽƌŶŽƚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚƉƌŽƉ- ĞƌůǇ͕ĂůůďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŽĨŵĂŶĚĂƚĞĚĐƌŽƉƐǁŝůůƐƵīĞƌĂŶĚďĞĐŽŵĞĞŶƟƌĞůǇĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶĨŽƌĞŝŐŶ͕ŽŌĞŶŶŽŶͲĂĚĂƉƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝ- al. Deciduous Fruits, Vines and Wine Tropical and Subtropical Crops sĞŐĞƚĂďůĞĂŶĚKƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂůWůĂŶƚƐ 'ƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞ͕ĚĞĐŝĚƵŽƵƐĨƌƵŝƚ͕ǇĞĂƐƚĂŶĚ Tropical crops genebanks, indigenous /ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƉůĂŶƚƐĂŶĚǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞĐƌŽƉƐŐĞŶĞďĂŶŬ͘ plants and vegetable genebanks. genebanks.

Grain Crops Small Grain Industrial Crops ĂŵďĂƌĂŐƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚ͕ĐŽǁƉĞĂ͕ĚƌǇďĞĂŶ͕ ĂƌůĞǇ͕ŽĂƚƐ͕ƌǇĞ͕ƚƌŝƟĐĂůĞ͕ĚƵƌƵŵĂŶĚ dŽďĂĐĐŽ͕ĐŽƩŽŶĂŶĚĮďƌĞĐƌŽƉƐ ŐƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚ͕ŵĂŝǌĞ͕ƉĞĂƌůŵŝůůĞƚ͕ƐŽƌŐŚƵŵ͕ tropical crops genebanks. genebanks. ƐŽǇďĞĂŶĂŶĚƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌŐĞŶĞďĂŶŬƐ͘

22 Agricultural Research Council ƵƐƚŽĚŝĂŶƐŚŝƉŽĨƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůƐƐĞƚƐ /ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉƵďůŝĐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƚŽŵĂŝŶ- • Emergency systems. ƚĂŝŶ Ă ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͞ƉƵďůŝĐŐŽŽĚ͟ŝƐĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐ͞ƚŚĂƚŐŽŽĚ͕ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚ;ŝŶĐůƵĚ- 'ĞŶĞďĂŶŬƐ ƐĞƌǀĞ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐƵƐĐŝƚĂƟŶŐ ĂŐƌŝ- ŝŶŐĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůͿŽĨǁŚŝĐŚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚĞŶƟƌĞůǇĂĐĐƌƵĞƚŽĂŶŝŶĚŝ- ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ vidual or group, but to the public at large and where the are important for biodiversity and food security. ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂĐƚƐŽŶďĞŚĂůĨŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘͟ ͻKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ&ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ /ƚ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞůĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞ- ůŝǀĞƌǇ ŽĨ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞǇ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă මdŚĞZĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐŝƚƐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐ͕ ǁŝĚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ĂŵŽŶŐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ͗ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝƚƐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞŽĸĐĞ͕ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ;ĞƚŚůĞŚĞŵ͕ EĞůƐƉƌƵŝƚ͕ ͻdŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƉƵďůŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽďůŝŐĂ- WŽƚĐŚĞĨƐƚƌŽŽŵ͕WƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͕ZƵƐƚĞŶďƵƌŐĂŶĚ^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚͿ ƟŽŶƐƵŶĚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ĂŶĚĂƚĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕ŽĸĐĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨĂƌŵƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘ DĂŶǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞZĂƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚ- ම /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ ĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚĂŐƌŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǌŽŶĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĞŶĂďůĞƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ;Ϳ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů WůĂŶƚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ Z͛Ɛ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ;/WWͿ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŵƉĞůƐ ŝƚ ƚŽ ŬĞĞƉ ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚǇŝƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ Ăůů ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐƉĞĐŝŵĞŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ respect to the import and export of agricultural produce; • ƌŽƉWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐŽĨŝƚƌƵƐĂŶĚ^Ƶď- ƚƌŽƉŝĐĂů ƌŽƉƐ͕ ĞĐŝĚƵŽƵƐ &ƌƵŝƚƐ ĂŶĚ 'ƌĂƉĞƐ͖ මWƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĐƌŝƟĐĂůĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŽƚŚĞŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ sĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĂů ĂŶĚ KƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂů WůĂŶƚƐ͕ phytosanitary services; ^ƵŵŵĞƌ'ƌĂŝŶĂŶĚKŝůĂŶĚWƌŽƚĞŝŶƌŽƉƐ͕^ŵĂůů 'ƌĂŝŶĂŶĚ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌŽƉƐ͖ ම^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐĂŶĚĂŶŝ- • ŶŝŵĂůWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐŽĨŶŝŵĂůWƌŽĚƵĐ- mal disease control capacity; and ƟŽŶ͕ŶŝŵĂů,ĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƋƵĂĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͖ • EĂƚƵƌĂů ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐ ŽĨ ම^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐĂŶĚƉůĂŶƚ ^Žŝů͕ůŝŵĂƚĞĂŶĚtĂƚĞƌ͖ŝŽƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐƐĂŶĚ/Ŷ- disease control capacity. ƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚWĞƐƚĂŶĚtĞĞĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͖ • DĞĐŚĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐ ŽĨ • Research. Engineering; • ŐƌŽͲƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ &ŽŽĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ĂŶĚ ^ĂĨĞƚǇ͖ මEĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƐŽŝů͕ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ and, ĂŶĚǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂďĂŶŬƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐǁĞĂƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ • ŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĚĂƚĂ͖ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇ͕ ƚŚĞ Z ŚĂƐ ĂŶ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ ම ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ and Capacity Development division that focuses on in the genebanks forms the basis for further re- transferring research output to stakeholders such as ƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ;ƉůĂŶƚ ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ͕ ĐƵůƟ- farmers, both smallholder and commercial, as well as ǀĂƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ŶĞǁ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͖ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĐŽƌĞ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ZŚĂƐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ŶĂŵĞůǇŚƵŵĂŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ මWƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĨŽƌƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͖ĂŶĚ ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͖ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ͖ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͖ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ- මdŚĞǇŵĂŬĞĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƐƚƵĚ- ment; risk management; and internal audit, and all of ies, biodiversity replenishment, sustainable development ƚŚĞƐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵŝƚƐŵĂŝŶŽĸĐĞŝŶWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͘ ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇĂŶĚƉĞƐƚŝŶǀĂĚĞƌŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂ- ƟŽŶ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 23 Chief Financial Officer’s Review ______

FINANCIAL RESULTS OVERVIEW

dŚĞZ͕ŚĂƐƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚĂĚĞĮĐŝƚŽĨZϮϮŵŝůůŝŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌƵŶĚĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐ ƐůŝŐŚƚůǇďĞƩĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞĚĞĮĐŝƚƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞϮϬϭϳͬϭϴĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶŚĂƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚǁŝƚŚŝƚƐĐŽƐƚƐĂǀŝŶŐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŚĂƐĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶ- ĐŽŵĞǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐŵĂŝŶůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇĂŶƵŶĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘

Ms Maureen Manyama ŚŝĞĨ&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůKĸĐĞƌ

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW

Amounts in Rand thousand 2019 2018 % Variance Revenue ϭϯϭϰϯϬϱ ϭϯϬϴϮϮϬ Ϭ͕ϰϳй Expenditure ϭϯϯϲϵϮϴ ϭϯϰϰϮϴϳ Ϭ͕ϱϱй KƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĞĮĐŝƚ ͲϮϮϲϮϮ ͲϯϲϬϲϲ Ͳϯϳ͕Ϯϴй ĞĮĐŝƚĨŽƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌ ͲϮϮϬϲϯ ͲϯϴϬϲϲ ͲϰϮ͕Ϭϰй

^ŽƵƌĐĞƐŽĨ&ƵŶĚŝŶŐ͗ dŚĞZ͛ƐƌĞǀĞŶƵĞƐƚƌĞĂŵƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŽĨWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ'ƌĂŶƚƐ;ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƐͿĂŶĚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞ͘WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ 'ƌĂŶƚƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨďĂƐĞůŝŶĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚĐĂƉŝƚĂůŐƌĂŶƚƐǁŚŝůƐƚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞƌĞůĂƚĞƐƚŽƌĞǀĞŶƵĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚƐĨŽƌ services rendered and produce sold.

Parliamentary Grants: dŚĞWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ'ƌĂŶƚƐƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚƵŶĚĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁŚĂƐƐŚŽǁŶĂϰйǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͗ZϵϮϵŵŝůůŝŽŶ ;ϮϬϭϴͬϭϵͿǀƐZϴϵϱ͘ϱŵŝůůŝŽŶ;ϮϬϭϳͬϭϴͿ͖ĂŶĚŝƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵ&&ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ^d͘

The ring fenced projects includes, inter alia͕ƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗ůŝŵĂƚĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͖^ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͖EĂƟŽŶĂůƉƵďůŝĐŐŽŽĚĂƐƐĞƚƐ͖ /ŶƚĞƌŐŝƐ͖ƌŽƉĨŽƌĞĐĂƐƟŶŐ͖ŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚ^d͘

PairH.am,entary Grants 1000 000 80 0 B 60 . o D oc it lJO 0 20 000

Op Rin -~ nc9d---- Projects ra:1:1n · g1- -Cap--ital ■ 20 1 9 ■ .1018

External Income: dŚĞZŚĂƐĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĂϳйǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽŶĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚƵŶĚĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘dŚĞĞǆƚĞƌŶĂů ŝŶĐŽŵĞƌĞĂůŝǌĞĚŽƌĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚǁĂƐZϯϴϱŵŝůůŝŽŶĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞZϰϭϯŵŝůůŝŽŶƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚĨŽƌϮϬϭϳͬϭϴĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘dŚĞ ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞĨƌŽŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƚŽďĞƚŚĞŵĂŝŶĚƌŝǀĞƌŽĨĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ĂŶĚĂƐƐƵĐŚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐϳϮ͘Ϯй͘

24 Agricultural Research Council External Income

100%

80%

40% 20%

2019

■ Sal'e of ,goods ■ Rend,eriing of se1Vioes

■ Roy rnty In oom e Ren ta] : f aciliiti:es & E~,u Ipment

■ Other lnc,orne ■ rn tere-st & rnvide-n cl s r,oceiv,ed dŚĞϳйƵŶĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶůĂƌŐĞůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞǀĞŶƵĞƐƚƌĞĂŵƐǁŚŝĐŚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚĂƚůĞǀĞůƐůŽǁĞƌ ƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͗^ĂůĞŽĨŐŽŽĚƐ;ͲϮϴйͿ͖ZĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐŽĨ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ͲϭϯйͿ͖KƚŚĞƌ/ŶĐŽŵĞ;ͲϮйͿ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞǀĞŶƵĞƐƚƌĞĂŵƐǁŚŝĐŚƐŚŽǁŶĂǇĞĂƌŽŶǇĞĂƌŐƌŽǁƚŚ͗ZŽǇĂůƚǇ/ŶĐŽŵĞ;ϭϬϭйͿ͖ZĞŶƚĂůŽĨ&ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ;ϭϰйͿĂŶĚ/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƚΘŝǀŝĚĞŶĚƐ;ϴϲйͿ͘

Expenditure: dŚĞKƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞŚĂƐůĂƌŐĞůǇƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚŇĂƚǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌǁŝƚŚZϭ͕ϯϯϳŵŝůůŝŽŶŝŶĐƵƌƌĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚƵŶĚĞƌ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘dŚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐĐŽƐƚƐƌĞŵĂŝŶƚŚĞůĞĂĚŝŶŐĐŽƐƚĚƌŝǀĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞZ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐϲϭйƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůĞǆ- ƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ͖ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇKƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĂŶĚĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞĞǆƉĞŶƐĞƐ;ϮϴйͿĂŶĚEŽŶͲĐĂƐŚĞǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ;ϲйͿǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨ ĞƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵŽƌƟǌĂƟŽŶĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ/ŵƉĂŝƌŵĞŶƚůŽƐƐͬZĞǀĞƌƐĂůŽĨ/ŵƉĂŝƌŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚŚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽƌŝŵƉĂŝƌŵĞŶƚůŽƐƐŽŶŝƚƐĐĐŽƵŶƚƐZĞĐĞŝǀĂďůĞƐďŽŽŬďǇZϰϬ͘ϵŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚŝƚƐĂŐĞŝŶŐǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇ long-outstanding accounts. dŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĞǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞŝƐĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗

Operating Expenditure 16 00 000 1400 000 1200 000 1000 000 0 0 Q 800 000 c:: 600 000 400 000 200 000

24>1 I!

■ Employee re!lated c,osts ■ N oo~ Cash expend'ilu re

■ Lffise rentals Operalin~& atl'rmrnstrative ,expenses

■ R,epairs anal l\ll.aintenance

Annual Report 2018/2019 25 dŚĞǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞůǇďǇƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐŽƐƚƐĚƌŝǀĞƌƐ͗ŵƉůŽǇĞĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĐŽƐƚƐ;ͲϮйͿ͖EŽŶͲĐĂƐŚĞǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ;ͲϮϯйͿĂŶĚ>ĞĂƐĞƌĞŶƚĂůƐ;ͲϭϬйͿ͘dŚĞƌĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚǇĞĂƌͲ ŽŶͲǇĞĂƌŽĨϭϭйĂŶĚϴйŽŶƚŚĞKƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĂŶĚĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞǆƉĞŶƐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚZĞƉĂŝƌƐĂŶĚDĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇ͘

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

Amounts in Rand thousand 2019 2018 % Variance Current Assets ϮϲϰϰϬϱ Ϯϴϳϵϳϰ Ͳϴ͕ϭϴй

EŽŶͲƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƐĞƚƐ ϭϬϴϱϴϬϭ ϭϬϲϰϭϲϰ Ϯ͕Ϭϯй

ƵƌƌĞŶƚ>ŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ϰϬϯϭϱϲ ϯϴϭϬϱϭ Ͳϱ͕ϰϴй EŽŶͲƵƌƌĞŶƚ>ŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ϭϯϵϲϰϱ ϭϰϮϭϰϮ ϭ͕ϳϵй

Net Assets 807 405 828 945 -2,60%

Current Assets: dŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂƐƐĞƚƐŚĂǀĞĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌďǇϴйǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶůĂƌŐĞůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚZĞĐĞŝǀĂďůĞƐ ĨƌŽŵĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐ͗ Ž dŚĞ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐďĂůĂŶĐĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶ>ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌǁŚŝůƐƚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐĂƚĞŐŽ- ƌŝĞƐŚĂǀĞĂůůĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌ͗&ŝŶŝƐŚĞĚŐŽŽĚƐ͕&ŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐƚŽƌĞƐ͘ Ž dŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽŶƚŚĞŶĞƚƚƌĂĚĞƌĞĐĞŝǀĂďůĞƐͬ;ĚĞďƚŽƌƐͿƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚŽĨZϭϰϰŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ǁĞƌĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚůĂƌŐĞůǇďǇƚŚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐƌĞĂůŝǌĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚƵŶĚĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽŶĚŽƵďƞƵůĚĞďƚ;ZϰϬ͘ϵŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶŚĂƐƉƌƵĚĞŶƚůǇƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞĚ͘dŚĞƚŽƚĂůďĂůĂŶĐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞWƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨ/ŵƉĂŝƌŵĞŶƚŽĨƚƌĂĚĞĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŝǀ- ĂďůĞƐĂƚǇĞĂƌͲĞŶĚǁĂƐZϳϱŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘KƵƚŽĨƚŚĞZϭϱϳŵŝůůŝŽŶdƌĂĚĞĞďƚŽƌƐ͛ďĂůĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞϭϱϬнĚĂǇƐ͖ϳϲйŽĨƚŚĞ ďĂůĂŶĐĞŝƐůĂƌŐĞůǇĚƌŝǀĞŶďǇƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞŵĂũŽƌĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐǁŚŽĂƌĞŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶŚĂĚZϱ͘ϯ ŵŝůůŝŽŶǁƌŝƩĞŶŽīĂƐƵŶĐŽůůĞĐƟďůĞ͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚƵŶĚĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘ Ž dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĞǇĞĂƌǁŝƚŚĐĂƐŚĂŶĚĐĂƐŚĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐŽĨZϳϲŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƐůŝŐŚƚůǇĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞZϲϴŵŝůůŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ&zϮϬϭϳͬϭϴ͘

Non-Current Assets: dŚĞŶŽŶͲĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂƐƐĞƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌŽǁŶƚŽZϭ͕ϬϴϱŵŝůůŝŽŶĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞZϭ͕ϬϲϰŵŝůůŝŽŶ;&zϮϬϭϳͬϭϴͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇƚŚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐŽŶWƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ͕WůĂŶƚĂŶĚƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ;WWͿƚŽƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨZϲϱŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘

ƵƌƌĞŶƚ>ŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͗ dŚĞůŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŐƌĞǁďǇϱйƚŽZϰϬϯŵŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶůĂƌŐĞůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐ ŶĂŵĞůǇ͗WĂǇŵĞŶƚƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚŝŶĂĚǀĂŶĐĞͲĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŝŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͖KƚŚĞƌWĂǇĂďůĞƐĂŶĚĐĐƌƵĞĚ>ĞĂǀĞ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ďĞĞŶ ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞdƌĂĚĞWĂǇĂďůĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚďǇZϳŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽZϱϯ͘ϴŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐƉůĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨ ƚŚĞƚƌĂĚĞƉĂǇĂďůĞƐǁĞƌĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƵƉƚŽϲϬĚĂǇƐ͛ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͘

EŽŶͲƵƌƌĞŶƚ>ŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͗ dŚĞŶŽŶͲĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůŝĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŚĂƐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚŇĂƚǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌ͕ǁŝƚŚĂĐůŽƐŝŶŐďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨZϭϮϲŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘dŚĞ&ŽŽƚĂŶĚDŽƵƚŚ ŝƐĞĂƐĞ;&DͿǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐĨŽƌũƵƐƚŽǀĞƌϵϱйŽĨƚŚĞZϭϮϲ͘ϭŵŝůůŝŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞĨŽƌhŶƐƉĞŶƚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƌĂŶƚƐĂŶĚ receipts.

CASH FLOW STATEMENT OVERVIEW

Amounts in Rand thousand 2019 2018 EĞƚĂƐŚŇŽǁƐĨƌŽŵŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ϳϮϮϳϴ ϰϰϰϭϰ EĞƚĐĂƐŚŇŽǁƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŶŐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ͲϲϰϮϮϰ Ͳϳϯϰϴϰ EĞƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞͬ;ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞͿŝŶĐĂƐŚĂŶĚĐĂƐŚĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐ ϴϬϰϱ ͲϮϵϬϲϵ Cash and Cash equivalents at the end of the year ϳϲϯϰϴ ϲϴϯϬϯ

26 Agricultural Research Council /ƚŝƐƉůĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŽƌĞƉŽƌƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞZŚĂĚĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĞEĞƚĐĂƐŚŇŽǁĨƌŽŵKƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨZϳϮŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐŝŵ- ƉƌŽǀĞĚďǇϲϯйĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƉƌŝŽƌǇĞĂƌ͘dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŚĂƐŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚZϲϱŵŝůůŝŽŶŝŶWy͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞWƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽĨ WƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ͕WůĂŶƚĂŶĚƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐĂƐŚĂŶĚĐĂƐŚĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚǇĞĂƌͲŽŶͲǇĞĂƌďǇϭϮй͘

OUTLOOK dŚĞZŚĂƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƚŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĂĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞĚďǇ͗ĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͖ ƐůƵŐŐŝƐŚŐƌŽǁƚŚŽŶĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞ͖ůŝƋƵŝĚŝƚǇĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐͬĐĂƐŚĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐĂŶĚŚŝŐŚĮǆĞĚĐŽƐƚƐ͘ƐƚŚƵƐ͕Ă&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇdƵƌŶĂƌŽƵŶĚWůĂŶŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͕ĂŶĚǁŝůůďĞĞǆĞĐƵƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞDd&ƉĞƌŝŽĚ&zϮϬϭϵͬϮϬƚŽ&z 2021/22. dŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽĨĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƌĞŵĂŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗

ARC Funding over MTEF (2019/20 to 2021/.22) 1 200 000

1 000 000

800 000

D D D 600 000 l'.l:'. 400 000

200 000 I l l Ill Baseline Funding Provision of Maintenance--- of External other Income National Services National Assets (Contract) Income --·

■ FY2019J20 ■ FY2020J21 ■ FY2021 /22 dŚĞďĂƐĞůŝŶĞƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇŐƌĂŶƚƐĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞϳϬйƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇǆƚĞƌŶĂů;ĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚͿŝŶ- ĐŽŵĞĂƚϮϱй͘dŚĞZŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ&ŽŽƚĂŶĚDŽƵƚŚŝƐĞĂƐĞ;&DͿǀĂĐĐŝŶĞ facility.

The costs structure:

Total Expenditure 2 000 dŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĐŽƐƚƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽďĞĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůĐŽƐƚĚƌŝǀĞƌŽĨƚŚĞZ͕ĂŶĚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƐŽǀĞƌϵϬйŽĨƚŚĞKƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ'ƌĂŶƚ͘dŚĞKƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽƚŚ1 500 ĞĐŽƌĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞZ͕ĂŶĚŝƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂ- OI ƟŽŶ͛ƐĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŝŶĐŽŵĞ͘OI OI 1 000 0:: 500

FY2019/20 FY.20.20 /21 FY.20.21 /22

■ Total Exp,emfiture ■ Personnel Costs ■ Operating· Expenditure dŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůĐŽƐƚƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽďĞĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůĐŽƐƚĚƌŝǀĞƌŽĨƚŚĞZ͕ĂŶĚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƐŽǀĞƌϵϬйŽĨƚŚĞKƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ'ƌĂŶƚ͘dŚĞKƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽƚŚĞĐŽƌĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞZ͕ĂŶĚŝƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂ- ƟŽŶ͛ƐĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŝŶĐŽŵĞ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 27 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL-TEN YEAR REVIEW 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2 019 R'm R'm R' m R'm R'm R'm R'm R'm R'm R'm STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE Total Income 831 871 978 1104 1364 1358 1249 1203 1308 1314 Parliamentary Grant 533 590 666 747 866 919 787 759 895 929 Baseline Operational - DAFF 434 439 464 585 647 653 623 626 772 806 Baseline Operational - DST 42 44 47 49 52 52 39 26 26 26 Ring-fenced Projects - 43 92 135 43 20 6 1 Baseli ne Capital - DAFF 57 106 155 71 75 79 83 87 91 96 External In come 293 266 294 325 466 407 435 412 365 332 Other Income 6 14 18 31 32 32 27 32 47 52 ! Total Expenditure 773 811 854 1015 1 227 1 344 1 317 1 287 1 346 1336 Personnel Costs 490 511 518 612 685 779 768 755 806 820 Operating Costs 265 282 312 350 491 517 509 489 496 472 Depreciation & Amortisation 18 19 23 54 51 48 40 44 45 44 I Net Surplus\(Deflclt) 58 59 124 89 137 14 (68) 184} _ (~ ) _ (.U)

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION Property , plant and equipment 649 666 729 784 880 944 1006 1037 1 059 1 081 lnvestm ents 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 Cu rrent assets (exc lu ding cash) ,_ 93 76 84 87 141 134 281 216 220 188 Cash re sources (net of bank overdraft) 73 - 163 457 497 480 -508 302 - 97 68 76 Total As sets 818 908 1273 1372 1506 1592 1594 1356 1352 1350 Ca pital and Reserves 559 618 742 832 968 985 966 867 829 807 Non Cu rrent Liab il ities 71 72 115 213 209 213 155 148 142 140 Liab ili ties 188 217 416 327 329 394 473 341 381 403 uity and Li abilities 818 908 ---1273 1372 1506 1592 1594 1356-- 1352 1350 CASH FLOWS Net cash flow fro m operating activit ies 56 129 384 150 130 138 (104) (105) 44 72 Net cash fl ow fro m investing activities (17) (39) (91) (110) (147) (110) (102) (100) {73) (64) Cash and cash equi valents at beginning of year 35 73 163 457 497 480 508 302 97 68 ICash and cash equivalents at end of year 73 163 457 497 480 508 302 97 68 76 RATIO ANALYS IS Profitability and asset management Asset Tu rnover 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,3 Return on net assets (%) 9,3% 8,6% 31,0% 16,2% 19,7% 2,0% (8,3%) (9,2%) (4,3%) (2,5%) Current Ratio 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,8 1,9 1,6 1,2 0,9 0,8 0,7 Operating margin (%) 7, 1% 6,9% 12,9% 8,3% 10,3% 1,1% (5,6%) (7,2%) {3,0%) (1,8%)

• . Personnel Costs as a % of Total PG 92% 87% 78% 82% 79% 85% 98% 99% 90% 88% Personnel Costs as a % of PG (Exe Capex} 103% 106% 101% 90% 87% 93% 109% 112% 100% 98% Personnel Costs as a percentage of total expenditure % 63% 63% 61% 60% 56% 58% 58% 59% 60% 61% External revenue as a% o f total income 35% 31% 30% 29% 34% 30% 35% 34% 28% 25% Ratio definitions Asset turnover Revenue devided by net assets including cash resources Return on net assets Net profit as a percentage of net assets excluding cash resources Current ratio Current assets (excluding cash resources) to current liabilities Operating margin % Net surplus\( deficit) as a percentage of turnover

28 Agricultural Research Council

STRATEGIC GOALS AND ORGANISATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS ______

ith the mandate and statutory basis in mind, 1. To generate knowledge and technologies that will enhance tƐŝǆ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ŐŽĂůƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĐƌĂŌĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶĐƌŽƉďĂƐĞĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͖ ĞŶĂďůĞ ƚŚĞ Z ƚŽ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞ ŝƚƐ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ 2. To generate knowledge and technologies that will enhance in delivering on its mandate. The strategic goals are framed as ƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ͕ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞĂŶĚĂƋƵĂĐƵůƚƵƌĞďĂƐĞĚ statements that describe the outcome expected in the agricul- agriculture; ƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚŚĞZŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ͘dŚĞǇĂůŝŐŶĨƵůůǇ ϯ͘ To generate knowledge and technologies for the conserva- ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůKƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽĂůŝŐŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ sectoral policy and strategy frameworks. The six strategic goals ϰ͘ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐƌĂŌĞĚŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĞŶĂďůĞƚŚĞZƚŽĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇĨŽ- ĨŽŽĚƐĂĨĞƚǇ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝ- ĐƵƐĂŶĚƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞŝƚƐŽƉƟŽŶƐŝŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŽŶŝƚƐŵĂŶĚĂƚĞĂŶĚƐŽ culture value chain; ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ͖ĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ ϱ͘ To generate and disseminate knowledge and technologies ĨŽƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů sector; and ϲ͘ ƉƉůǇďĞƐƚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŚŝŐŚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚǀŝƐŝďůĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘

dŚĞƐĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŐŽĂůƐƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞZ͛ƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽ- ĐƵƐ͕ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ĚĂƚĂ͘ dŚĞ Z was also structured in a way that would support these strate- ŐŝĐ ŐŽĂůƐ ďǇ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƌŽƉ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ Ŷŝ- ŵĂů ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ /ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ^ǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ īĂŝƌƐ͘ dŚĞZĂůƐŽŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŶŝŶĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƐĞ ŐŽĂůƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƌŽƉ WƌŽĚƵĐ- ƟŽŶ͕/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͖ŶŝŵĂů,ĞĂůƚŚ͕WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͖ EĂƚƵƌĂů ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͖ DĞĐŚĂ- ŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͖ ŐƌŽͲƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ &ŽŽĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ĂŶĚ^ĂĨĞƚǇ͖^ŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͖ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͖dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŶĚǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͖ĂŶĚ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞīĂŝƌƐ͘

dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐĞĐƟŽŶƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞƚŚĞŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁĂŶĚŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐŽĨ each division as achieved under the various programmes in the &ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůzĞĂƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 29 OVERVIEW AND HIGHLIGHTS OF CROP SCIENCES

ŚĞƌŽƉ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞZƉƌŝŵĂƌŝ- TůǇƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐĨŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͛ƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ŐŽĂůƐ͗

• ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ'ŽĂůϭ͗dŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶ- cies in crop based agriculture; • ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ'ŽĂůϯ͗dŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƟůŝ- ƐĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ • ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ 'ŽĂů ϰ͗ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƐĂĨĞƚǇ͕ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝ- culture value chain; and • ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ 'ŽĂů ϱ͗ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƐĞŵŝ- nate knowledge and technologies for deci- ƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŐƌŝ- cultural sector.

Research is carried out on citrus and subtropical crops, deciduous fruits and grapes, as well as vegetables, medicinal and ornamental plants, summer grains, oil and protein crops, small grain and industrial crops.

dŚĞ ƌŽƉ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚ͕ZƵƐƚĞŶďƵƌŐ͕WŽƚĐŚĞĨƐƚƌŽŽŵ͕ĞƚŚ- ůĞŚĞŵ͕ EĞůƐƉƌƵŝƚ ĂŶĚ WƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ ;ZŽŽĚĞƉůĂĂƚͿ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĂůƐŽŚĂƐƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞƐƚĂƟŽŶƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůǇƉŽ- ƐŝƟŽŶĞĚŝŶĂůŵŽƐƚĂůůŽĨƚŚĞŶŝŶĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘ĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƩĂŝŶĞĚďǇƚŚŝƐĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƵŶ- ĚĞƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐZƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞϮϬϭϴͬϭϵĮŶĂŶ- cial year are highlighted below.

dŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ'ŽĂůϭĐĂŶďĞ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝǌĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ͕ ŶĂŵĞůǇ ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ͕ ĐƌŽƉ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌŽƉ ƉƌŽ- ƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘

30 Agricultural Research Council

STRATEGIC GOAL 1

RESEARCH FOCUSING ON BREEDING (CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT) ______

GERMPLASM DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH dŚĞ'ĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚdĞĂŵŝŶǀŝƚĞĚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚ- ĞƌƐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬĞƌƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŚĞĂƚŝŶĚƵƐ- ƚƌǇ͕ƚŽĂŶŽƉĞŶĚĂǇŚĞůĚŝŶĞƚŚůĞŚĞŵ͕ƚŽƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞƚŚĞĂŶŶƵĂů pre-breeding trials. dŚŝƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ 'ĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ;ƉƌĞͲďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐͿ ŽƉĞŶ day, displayed the excellent germplasm developed to date with ƚŚĞĂŝŵƚŽĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇďĞŶĞĮƚĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŚĞĂƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇŝŶ ƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘dŚŝƐĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁĂƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůůǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ďǇďƌŝŶŐ- ing all industry stakeholders together, to view ARC germplasm, ƚŽďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŐĂƉƐ͕ƚŽĐůĞĂƌƵƉĂŶǇ ŵŝƐƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŶĞĞĚƐŽĨďŽƚŚĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚ sĂƌŝŽƵƐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐƚŚĂƚĂƩĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĞKƉĞŶĂǇ industry partners. showing their interest in our trials and discussing them with the researchers. dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůǇŝĞůĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƚƌŝĂů͕ƚŚĞ&ƵƐĂƌŝƵŵ,ĞĂĚůŝŐŚƚ ;&,Ϳ ƉŚĞŶŽƚǇƉŝŶŐ ƚƌŝĂů͕ ƚŚĞ &, ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŶƵƌƐĞƌǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƐƚ EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF resistance trials, the Russian wheat aphid resistance nursery, COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SUNFLOWER CULTIVARS ϮϬŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŶƵƌƐĞƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů^ŵĂůů'ƌĂŝŶŽůůĞĐ- ƟŽŶƌĞũƵǀĞŶĂƟŽŶďůŽĐŬǁĞƌĞƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞĚ͘dŚĞ&,ƉŚĞŶŽƚǇƉŝŶŐ dŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌƚƌŝĂůƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚƐŝŶĐĞ ƚƌŝĂů ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ Ϯ ϬϬϬ ĞŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇϭϵϳϬƐ͕ĂŝŵƚŽĞŶĂďůĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐƚŽŽƉƟŵŝƐĞƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌ ƐĐƌĞĞŶĞĚ ĂŶŶƵĂůůǇ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ &, ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƐŽƵŶĚ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ͘ dŽ ĚŽ ƚŚŝƐ͕ ŵƵů- ĞĂĐŚĞŶƚƌǇ͘ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇ͕ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚůŝŶĞƐĂƌĞƐĐƌĞĞŶĞĚǁŝƚŚŵŽ- ƟͲĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƚƌŝĂůƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƌŬĞƌƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ&,͕ďĞĨŽƌĞďĞŝŶŐ ĂŶĚĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĞŶƚĞƌĞĚďǇĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐĞĞĚ incorporated in the pre-breeding programme. ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ƚĂŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶǇŝĞůĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƐƚĂ- ďŝůŝƚǇ͘^ƵĐŚƚƌŝĂůƐŽŌĞŶƐŚŽǁŐĞŶŽƚǇƉĞǆĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ;'Ϳ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŐĞŶŽƚǇƉĞƐ with superior performance across diverse environments. The in- ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƚƌŝĂůƐŚĞůƉƐƚŚĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚŽƚŚ- ĞƌƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵŝůĂƌŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĂŶĚ ƐĞůĞĐƚ ŚŝŐŚͲǇŝĞůĚŝŶŐ ƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ Žƌ ďƌŽĂĚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ are evaluated in order to predict their future yield performances ĂŶĚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞŝƌƐĞĞĚĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ;ŽŝůĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŶƚͿ͘

dŚĞŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨ&,ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚƌŝĂůƐ͘ dŚĞŽƉĞŶĚĂǇǁĂƐĂŚƵŐĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶǇƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĐŽŵŵĞŶƚƐ and compliments received. This event will now become an an- ŶƵĂů ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŽƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ tŝŶƚĞƌ ĞƌĞĂů dƌƵƐƚ ;tdͿ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ďĞ Ă ĐŽŵƉƵůƐŽƌǇ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĂůůtdƚƌƵƐƚĞĞƐ͘ WĂƌƟĂůǀŝĞǁŽĨƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌĐƵůƟǀĂƌĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĮĞůĚ͕ Potchefstroom. Annual Report 2018/2019 31 ZĞƐƵůƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂŶ NEMATODE RESISTANT SWEET POTATOES ǇŝĞůĚŽĨƚŚĞĮǀĞďĞƐƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐǁĂƐϬ͘ϮƚͬŚĂŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůůŵĞĂŶǇŝĞůĚŽĨĂůůĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͘dŚŝƐƌĞůĂƚĞƐƚŽZϴϬϬƉĞƌ DĂŶǇƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞĂƩĂĐŬĞĚďǇƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵ- ŚĞĐƚĂƌĞĂƚĂŐƌĂŝŶƉƌŝĐĞŽĨZϰϬϬϬƉĞƌƚŽŶŶĞ͘/ĨŽŶůǇϭϬйŽĨ atodes, especially Meloidogyne incognita ƌĂĐĞƐϮĂŶĚϰĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐƌŽƉŽĨϱϮϱϬϬϬŚĂĐŽƵůĚĐŽŵĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĮǀĞ M. javanica͕ĂŶĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĐƌŽƉůŽƐƐĞƐĚƵĞƚŽƌŽŽƚͲ ďĞƐƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƐŽƉƉŽƐĞĚƚŽĂƌĂŶĚŽŵƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ ŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚĂƚϲй͘^ĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƚƌŝ- ƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚǇŝĞůĚǁŝůůĞĂƌŶZϰϮϬϬϬϬϬϬƉĞƌĂŶŶƵŵ͘hƉ ĂůƐƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚŽŶůǇƚǁŽŽƵƚŽĨϭϮƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ƚŽϯϬйŽĨĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůǇ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĂŶĞǁ ƚĞƐƚĞĚ͕ŶĂŵĞůǇ͚DǀŚƵǀŚĞůŽ͛ĂŶĚ͚ŽƐďŽŬ͕͛ǁĞƌĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ͕ǁŝƚŚĂŶĞǆƚƌĞŵĞŐƌĂŝŶǇŝĞůĚĂŶĚͬŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝƐŝŶƚƌŽ- these MeloidogyneƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ͘EĞŝƚŚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ĚƵĐĞĚ͕ŝƚǁŝůůďĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ ĂƌĞŽƌĂŶŐĞͲŇĞƐŚĞĚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŝŶĚĞŵĂŶĚůŽĐĂůůǇ ĂŶĚŐůŽďĂůůǇƚŽŚĞůƉĮŐŚƚŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇǀŝƚĂŵŝŶ DNA FINGERPRINTING ENSURES ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐǇ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚ͚DǀŚƵǀŚĞůŽ͛ TRUE-TO-TYPE VEGETABLE CULTIVARS ĂŶĚ͚ŽƐďŽŬ͛ŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƚǇƉĞŽĨƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĂƚ can be used in a breeding programme to transfer root-knot dŚĞZEĮŶŐĞƌƉƌŝŶƟŶŐůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽƌĂŶŐĞͲŇĞƐŚĞĚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĐĂŶ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘ DŽůĞĐƵůĂƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƌ ĮŶ- ĂůƐŽďĞƵƐĞĚŝŶĂĐƌŽƉƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽƌŝŶƚĞƌĐƌŽƉƉŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵďǇ gerprints have been developed for all the important po- ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐƚŽƐƵƉƉƌĞƐƐŚŝŐŚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂ- ƚĂƚŽĂŶĚƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĞŶĂďůĞƐƚŚĞZƚŽ ƚŽĚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƐŽŝů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůůǇ ƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇǀĞƌŝĨǇƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇĂŶĚƚƌƵĞŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲƚǇƉĞŽĨƐƚŽĐŬ ŐƌŽǁŶĐƵůƟǀĂƌ͚ůĞƐďŽŬ͛ǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚƚŽďĞĂƚŽůĞƌĂŶƚŚŽƐƚƚŽ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ŽĨ ǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ Z ŐĞŶĞďĂŶŬ͘ dŚŝƐ M. incognita ƌĂĐĞƐϮĂŶĚϰ͘dŽůĞƌĂŶƚƉůĂŶƚƐĚŽŶŽƚƐƵīĞƌ material is used in the ARC breeding programmes and by yield losses, but they allow nematodes to reproduce, which private breeders. The laboratory also tests other vegeta- ƚŚĞŶĂƩĂĐŬƚŚĞŶĞǆƚĐƌŽƉƉůĂŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐŽŝů͘dŚĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ďůĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐĂƵůŝŇŽǁĞƌĂŶĚďƌŽĐĐŽůŝĨŽƌƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĐůŝĞŶƚƐ͘Ŷ ͚ůĞƐďŽŬ͛ĐĂŶ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĐƌŽƉ ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶ ƐǇƐ- important part of the service is to detect when plants of ƚĞŵƐŝŶƌĞŐŝŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨM. incognita races ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐǁĞƌĞůĂďĞůůĞĚŝŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůǇ͘ĂƌůǇĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶ ϮĂŶĚϰƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ͘ of such mistakes helps our clients to prevent unnecessary losses.

ONION BREEDING

DĂůĞƐƚĞƌŝůŝƚǇŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƐĞůĨͲƉŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶ- ŝŽŶŇŽǁĞƌƐĂŶĚůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞŽŶŝŽŶŚǇďƌŝĚŐĞŶŽƚǇƉĞƐŝŶƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽŶŝŽŶƐĞĞĚ͘ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞZ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶŽƚǇƉŝŶŐ ĂƐƐĂǇƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƚŚĞƟŵĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƚŚĞĐŽƌ- rect genotype of male sterility and maintainer lines in on- ŝŽŶƉĂƌĞŶƚůŝŶĞƐ͘/ƚĂůƐŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞŐĞŶŽƚǇƉŝĐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌůĂƌŐĞƐĐĂůĞƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ͘dŚĞƐĞ ŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƌŬĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐǁŝůůĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ Sweet potato ‘Blesbok’ with galls caused by nematodes. ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ƐĞĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŽŶŝŽŶ ůŝŶĞƐ ǁŽƌůĚ- wide. MANGO CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS SHOW ENORMOUS POTENTIAL FOR FRUIT NECTAR DEVELOPMENT

The export of fresh mangoes has dropped in recent years, however, value-adding through processing of a variety of ŵĂŶŐŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ;ĐĂŶŶĞĚ ŵĂŶŐŽ͕ ďůĞŶĚĞĚ ũƵŝĐĞƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ- ŝŶŐ ŵĂŶŐŽ ƉƵůƉ͕ ĚƌŝĞĚ ŵĂŶŐŽ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĐŚĂƌͿ ŚĂƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚͲǀĂůƵĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁŽƵůĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƌĞĚƵĐĞǁĂƐƚĂŐĞǁŚĞŶƉƌŽĚƵĐ- ƟŽŶ ǀŽůƵŵĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŚŝŐŚ ƐŝŶĐĞ ĨƌĞƐŚ ŵĂŶŐŽ ŝƐ Ă ŚŝŐŚůǇ ƉĞƌ- ŝƐŚĂďůĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ ƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŵĂŶŐŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŽīƐĞĂƐŽŶ͘ &ĞƌƟůĞŵĂůĞ;ƉŽůůĞŶͲƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐͿĂŶĚƐƚĞƌŝůĞŵĂůĞ ;ŶŽƉŽůůĞŶͿŽŶŝŽŶŇŽǁĞƌƐ͘ &ƌƵŝƚŶĞĐƚĂƌƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƌŽŵƐĞǀĞƌĂůŽĨƚŚĞZĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ 32 Agricultural Research Council ĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐŶĞǁƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐǁĞƌĞĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĨŽƌƐŚĞůĨͲůŝĨĞ͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐĂŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚǇĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǀŝƚĂŵŝŶƐ͕ ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ minerals, as well as healthy mono-unsaturated fats which ŽŶƚĂƐƚĞ͕ĐŽůŽƵƌ͕ƚĞǆƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘^ŚĞůĨͲůŝĨĞ ƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŽůĞƐƚĞƌŽů͘ was evaluated over a six month period and parameters ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŽƚĂůƐŽůƵďůĞƐŽůŝĚƐ͕ƟƚƌĂƚĂďůĞĂĐŝĚƐ͕Ɖ,͕sŝƚĂŵŝŶ͕ ĐĂƌŽƚĞŶŽŝĚ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͕ Ϯ͘Ϯ ŝƉŚĞŶǇůͲϭͲƉŝĐƌǇůŚǇĚƌĂǌǇů ;WW,Ϳ ĂĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁĞƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ͘&ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐĞŶƐŽƌǇ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ ͚ƌŝŵƐŽŶ WƌŝĚĞ͛ ŵĞƚ Ğǆ- ƚƌĞŵĞůǇǁĞůůǁŝƚŚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌĂƉƉƌŽǀĂů͘dŚĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌĂůƐŽŚĂĚ ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƉƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŶĞĐƚĂƌƉƌŽ- ĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚsŝƚĂŵŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚƐƚĂďůĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ ĂƚƌŽŽŵƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐĂůŽŶŐƐŚĞůĨͲůŝĨĞ͚͘ƌŝŵƐŽŶ WƌŝĚĞ͛ǁĂƐĂůƐŽĞǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇŚŝŐŚŝŶsŝƚĂŵŝŶ͘ĂŶĚ͚:ŽĂ͕͛ĂůƐŽ ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞZĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ǁĂƐĞǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇŚŝŐŚŝŶĂŶƟŽǆŝĚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͕ĞǀĞŶĂŌĞƌĂƐƚŽƌĂŐĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨƐŝǆŵŽŶƚŚƐ͘EĞĐ- ƚĂƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĞǁƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞZďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ dŚĞŶĞǁŵĂĐĂĚĂŵŝĂĐƵůƟǀĂƌŚĂƐĞǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕͚Ϯϲ͕͛ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚĐŽůŽƵƌĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůĚĂŶĚƌŽŽŵ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞǀĂƌŝĞŐĂƚĞĚĨŽůŝĂŐĞ͘ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͘ KǀĞƌĂůů͕ ͚ƌŝŵƐŽŶ WƌŝĚĞ͛ ǁĂƐ ŚŝŐŚůǇ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ŶĞĐƚĂƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌ ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘ tŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ Z ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚ ŵĂŶŐŽ ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕ ŶĞǁ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŚŝŐŚůǇ ƉƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐĂŐƌŽͲƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĐŽƵůĚďĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶ the future.

ǀĞŶƚŚĞŚƵƐŬƐŽĨƚŚĞŶĞǁŵĂĐĂĚĂŵŝĂĐƵůƟǀĂƌ are variegated.

SCREENING FOR FLAVONOID CONTENT AS A PRE-BREEDING TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞZ͛ƐĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕͚ƌŝŵƐŽŶWƌŝĚĞ͕͛ IMPROVED GRAPEFRUIT CULTIVARS is high in Vitamins A and C. The citrus industry forms a major part of the agronom- ŝĐĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĞĐƚŽƌŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚŚĞ VARIEGATED MACADAMIA PROTECTED BY ůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚƐ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ ϭ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ĨƌŝĐĂŶƐ͘ PLANT BREEDERS’ RIGHTS dŚĞĐŝƚƌƵƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇŚĂƐĂůŽŶŐŚŝƐƚŽƌǇŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂǁŝƚŚ sĂƌŝĞŐĂƚĞĚ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶ ŚŝŐŚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͕ ƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĞǆƉŽƌƚƐŽĨĨƌƵŝƚĚĂƟŶŐďĂĐŬƚŽϭϵϬϳ͘WƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŵĂŶǇ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ ŽĨ ϭϮϬ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĐŝƚƌƵƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞǀĂƌŝĞŐĂƚĞĚŵƵƚĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƵŶƐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƚƚŽ ǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŐƌĂƉĞĨƌƵŝƚĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐĨŽƌϭϭйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂů Ă ŶŽƌŵĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽůŽƵƌ͘ ƐƚĂďůĞ͕ ǀĂƌŝĞŐĂƚĞĚ ͚ĞĂƵŵŽŶƚ͛ ĐŝƚƌƵƐŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐƉůĂŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞϮϬϭϱͬϭϲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĞĂƐŽŶ͘ ƐĞĞĚůŝŶŐǁĂƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĨŽƌŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŶƚŚĞŽƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂů 'ƌĂƉĞĨƌƵŝƚĂƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇƌŝĐŚŝŶŇĂǀŽŶŽŝĚƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŶĂƌŝŶŐŝŶĂƐ ŵĂƌŬĞƚǁŚĞƌĞŝƚĂīŽƌĚƐƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚŚŽŵĞŐĂƌĚĞŶĞƌƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŇĂǀŽŶŽŝĚ͕ďĞƐƚŬŶŽǁŶĨŽƌŝƚƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚďŝƩĞƌŶĞƐƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽƉůĂŶƚĂĚĞĐŽƌĂƟǀĞĨƌƵŝƚƚƌĞĞŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ĂŶĚĂŶƟͲŽǆŝĚĂŶƚ͕ĂŶƟͲĐĂƌĐŝŶŽŐĞŶŝĐĂŶĚĐŚŽůĞƐƚĞƌŽůͲůŽǁĞƌ- ĂŶĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚůǇ ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽƵƐ ŝŶŐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘dŽŬĞĞƉƵƉǁŝƚŚŐůŽďĂůĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ;ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ŶƵƚƐ͘DĂĐĂĚĂŵŝĂŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŶƵƚƌŝƟŽƵƐŶƵƚƚǇƉĞƐ ǇŝĞůĚƐ͕ ƉĞƐƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂů

Annual Report 2018/2019 33 ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͕ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĨŽƌŶĞǁ LI TCHI CUL TIVAR - TAI SO SUPREME ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ĂŶĚ ǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĐŝƚƌƵƐ ĨƌƵŝƚ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ŝƐ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ďǇ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŐĞŶĞƟĐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶ- tal factors and therefore a high performance liquid chro- ŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ;,W>ͿƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƐŽ that grapefruit germplasm accessions could be screened for naringin content.

sĂƌŝĞƚĂů͕ƐĞĂƐŽŶĂůĂŶĚĐĂŶŽƉǇƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞ ĨƌƵŝƚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŇĂǀŽŶŽŝĚĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶǁĞƌĞĞǀĂů- ARIL: 77% ƵĂƚĞĚĂŶĚŝƚǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ :;;;;;;:::::;;;;;;;:::::;;;;;;=:;;;;;;:== :=:::::==:==:=::=SEEO: 10% ƉŚǇƐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ŽǀĞƌ 1cm ■ ■■ two seasons, with genotype and climate playing the largest sĞƌǇĨĞǁĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚŵĂƚĐŚ ƌŽůĞƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƚƌĞĞ͘ ƚŚĞƐŝǌĞŽĨƚŚŝƐŶĞǁůǇƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ͘

This study demonstrated that the sampling of fruit for de- termining naringin/naringenin content in grapefruit can be ƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚƚŚĞƌĞďǇĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐŽĨĂůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵ- ber of accessions for use as possible parents in the breeding programme.

dŚŝƐŶĞǁůŝƚĐŚŝĐƵůƟǀĂƌŚĂƐĞǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇůĂƌŐĞ͕ A biochemical method was developed for screening good quality fruit. ŶĂƌŝŶŐŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌĂƉĞĨƌƵŝƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͘

NEW RED PLUM CULTIVAR NEW LITCHI CULTIVAR YIELDS VERY LARGE FRUIT OF HIGH QUALITY WůĂŶƚ ƌĞĞĚĞƌ͛Ɛ ZŝŐŚƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇ ŐƌĂŶƚĞĚ ƚŽ ͚&ůĂǀŽƵƌ ^ƚĂƌ͕͛Ă:ĂƉĂŶĞƐĞƉůƵŵĐƵůƟǀĂƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďǇƚŚĞZ͘/ƚŝƐ dŚĞ Z >ŝƚĐŚŝ ƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ǁĂƐ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂǀĞƌǇĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞƌĞĚƉůƵŵǁŝƚŚĐƌŝŵƐŽŶŇĞƐŚĂŶĚĞǆĐĞůůĞŶƚ ĞĂƌůǇϭϵϵϬƐ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŶ͕ŽǀĞƌϯϬƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ƐǁĞĞƚ͕ ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ ƚĂƐƚĞ͘ /ƚ ĂůƐŽ ŽīĞƌƐ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ƚƌĞĞĂŶĚĨƌƵŝƚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͘KŶĞŽĨ ability, which is crucial for export. ƚŚĞƐĞ͕ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ďƌĂŶĐŚ ŵƵƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁĂƐ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇ ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚ WůĂŶƚƌĞĞĚĞƌƐ͛ZŝŐŚƚƐ͘

tŚŝůĞƚŚĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶďĞĂƌƐĨƌƵŝƚĂƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞĂƐƚŚĞĐƵƌ- ƌĞŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͕͚DĂƵƌŝƟƵƐ͕͛ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐŽǀĂůͲƐŚĂƉĞĚ͕ ƌĞĚĚŝƐŚͲďƌŽǁŶĨƌƵŝƚ͕ƚŚĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ͛ƐĨƌƵŝƚĂƌĞŵƵĐŚůĂƌŐĞƌ͕ more heart-shaped and bright red in colour.

sĞƌǇĨĞǁĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚŵĂƚĐŚƚŚĞƐŝǌĞ ŽĨƚŚŝƐŶĞǁƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŚĂƐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞĂŵƵĐŚďĞƩĞƌƌĞƚƵƌŶŽŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŐƌŽǁĞƌ since larger fruit fetch a premium price. &ůĂǀŽƵƌ^ƚĂƌ͘ 34 Agricultural Research Council

RESEARCH FOCUSING ON PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ______

IMPROVING YIELD OF HYDROPONICALLY-GROWN MUSTARD SPINACH

ŽůƟŶŐ ;ƉƌĞͲŵĂƚƵƌĞ ŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĞĚ ƐĞƫŶŐͿ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐůǇ ĂīĞĐƚƐ ŽƉƟŵĂů ǇŝĞůĚ ŝŶ ŵƵƐƚĂƌĚ ƐƉŝŶĂĐŚ ;Brassica junceaͿ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲŚĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŚŝŶĞƐĞ ĐĂďďĂŐĞ ;Brassica rapa >͘ ƐƵď- sp. chinensisͿ͘ dŚĞ Z ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞ The corm of African potato is cut lengthwise ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨůĞĂĨŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐĂŶĚŇŽǁĞƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůĨƌĞƋƵĞŶ- to produce four daughter plants. cy on the yield of hydroponically grown mustard spinach and non-heading Chinese cabbage. Results showed that non-heading Chinese cabbage plants had a higher tendency NEMATODES AS BIO-INDICATORS OF IRRIGATED SOIL HEALTH IN THE CROCODILE (WEST) ƚŽďŽůƚƚŚĂŶŵƵƐƚĂƌĚƐƉŝŶĂĐŚƉůĂŶƚƐ͘ƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶŽĨŵƵƐƚĂƌĚ AND MARICO CATCHMENTS ƐƉŝŶĂĐŚŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚŶŽŇŽǁĞƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůĂŶĚĂůĞĂĨ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐǇŽĨϭϰĚĂǇƐƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞůĞĂĨǇŝĞůĚ͘ 'ůŽďĂůůǇ͕ŝƌƌŝŐĂƚĞĚĐƌŽƉƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐĨŽƌϰϬйŽĨƉƌŽ- ĚƵĐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĐƌŽƉǇŝĞůĚĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝƐƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚďǇƚŚĞ ĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶƚŚƌŽ- IMPROVING PROPAGATION OF AFRICAN POTATO AND AFRICAN GINGER ƉŽŐĞŶŝĐĂůůǇͲŝŶĚƵĐĞĚ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ŽĨ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚůŽǁƋƵĂůŝƚǇǁĂƚĞƌĞǆƚĞŶĚƐƚŽƐŽŝůŚĞĂůƚŚͬƋƵĂů- tŝůĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĨƌŝĐĂŶƉŽƚĂƚŽ͕,ǇƉŽǆŝƐŚĞŵĞƌŽĐĂůůŝĚĞĂ, ity, which plays an important role in sustainable crop pro- are declining rapidly due to large-scale, unsustainable har- ĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘/Ŷ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ƚŚĞ,ĂƌƚďĞĞƐƉŽŽƌƚĂŶĚƌŽĐŽĚŝůĞ ǀĞƐƟŶŐĨŽƌƵƐĞŝŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ͘dŚĞZĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂ ;tĞƐƚͿ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ;ƌŽĐŽĚŝůĞ ΀tĞƐƚ΁ ĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚͿ͕ ƐŝŵƉůĞĂŶĚĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚďǇƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƐŝƚĞƐĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚǇ͕ĂƌĞƐƵƉ- poor farmers to propagate African potato, whereby the ƉůŝĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƌŽĐŽĚŝůĞ ;tĞƐƚͿ ƌŝǀĞƌ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘ ĐŽƌŵŝƐĐƵƚůĞŶŐƚŚǁŝƐĞŝŶƚŽĨŽƵƌƐĞĐƟŽŶƐŽƌƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚƟƉŝƐ This river system has historically been subjected to pollu- ƐĐŽŽƉĞĚŽƵƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƟƉŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƌŵƚŽƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞƚŚĞĚĞǀĞů- ƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͘ŵĞƚĂůƐ͕ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚƐĂůƚƐͿƚŚĂƚŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵ ŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞďƵĚƐ͘dŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶ urban, industrial, and agricultural landscapes. Converse- ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͕ƉůĂŶƚŚŽƌŵŽŶĞƐǁĞƌĞĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞďƵĚŝŶŝƟ- ůǇ͕ǁĂƚĞƌƵƟůŝǌĞĚďǇƚŚĞDĂƌŝĐŽͲŽƐǀĞůĚ/ƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ^ĐŚĞŵĞ ĂƟŽŶ͘ǇƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉŽŽƌĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĐĂŶ ;DĂƌŝĐŽĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ͖ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵͿŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚĞĚĂƐŵŝŶ- ƵƐĞƐŽŵĞƐĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƌŵĨŽƌƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞŽƚŚĞƌ imally impacted. ƐĞĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĚĞ- ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůůŚĞůƉƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽŶǁŝůĚ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĂƚƉŽƐĞĚƚŽĐƌŽƉƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐĂŶďĞĞǀĂůƵ- African potato plants. ĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌĞŐŝŽŶͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͘^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚǇ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌ- African ginger, Siphonochilus aethiopicus͕ŝƐĂůŵŽƐƚĞǆƟŶĐƚ ĂůhƐĞ͗/ƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶͿ͕ƐƵĐŚŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐŽŶůǇĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐŽŝůŚĞĂůƚŚ in nature because seed can take up to a year to germinate, ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶ ĂďŝŽƟĐ ;ƉŚǇƐŝĐŽͲĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐͿ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ which is too slow to replace plants harvested for the use of ĂŶĚĚŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚƐďŝŽƟĐĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƐŽŝůĨĂƵŶĂ ƚŚĞƌŚŝǌŽŵĞƐ͘WƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶďǇƟƐƐƵĞĐƵůƚƵƌĞŝƐƚŽŽĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƉůĂǇƐĂĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƌŽůĞŝŶĨƵůĮůůŝŶŐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐŽŝůĞĐŽƐǇƐ- ĨŽƌƐŵĂůůƐĐĂůĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͘ŝǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌŚŝǌŽŵĞƐǁŚĞŶƉůĂŶƚƐ ƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĐǇĐůŝŶŐĂŶĚƉĞƐƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůͿ͘ Ɛ- are dormant in winter is an easy way to propagate ginger, ƐĞƐƐŝŶŐĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƐŽŝůŚĞĂůƚŚƚŚƵƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ďƵƚďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞƌŚŝǌŽŵĞƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽƚŚĞƉĂƌƚƐƵƐĞĚĂŶĚŵĂƌ- approach, including the use of nematodes as bio-indica- ŬĞƚĞĚ͕ŝƚůŝŵŝƚƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƌŚŝǌŽŵĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌĐƵůƟ- tors. The study took into account terrestrial, non-parasit- ǀĂƟŽŶ͘ZƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚĐƵƫŶŐƚŚĞƌŚŝǌŽŵĞƐŝŶƚŽ ŝĐ ;ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂůͿ ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ ĂƐ ďŝŽͲŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ƐŽŝů ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ ƉŝĞĐĞƐĂŶĚĂĚĚŝŶŐĂƌďƵƐĐƵůĂƌŵǇĐŽƌƌŚŝǌĂƚŽƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚŵĞ- soil chemistry and ecotoxicology and the outcomes of this dium is a simple and economically viable method that can ƐƚƵĚǇ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůǇ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽŐĞŶŝĐ be used by smallholder and commercial farmers to propa- ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽŶŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞƌŽĐŽĚŝůĞ;tĞƐƚͿ gate African ginger. ĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ͘EŽŶĞƚŚĞůĞƐƐ͕ŝƚƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽĞůƵĐŝĚĂƚĞ ƚŚĞƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶŝƌƌŝŐĂƚĞĚƐŽŝůŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ůŝŬĞůǇĂƐĂ ƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ƟůůĂŐĞĂŶĚĨĞƌƟůŝǌĞƌĂƉ-

Annual Report 2018/2019 35 ƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶͿ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŶ ĞǀĞŶ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĚŝƐƌƵƉƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚǇ OPTIMUM NITROGEN APPLICATION IN DIFFERENT concluded that there is a need to address the paucity of LITCHI PRODUCTION AREAS ENSURES OPTIMUM ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞůĂƟŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŚĞĂůƚŚŽĨŝƌƌŝŐĂƚĞĚƐŽŝůƐ͘ FLOWERING, FRUIT SET AND YIELD

WARMER WINTER TEMPERATURES CAUSED BY The post-harvest shoot growth cycle is a period to foster CLIMATE CHANGE CAN BE OVERCOME BY USING strong bearing shoots for the next season as high quality ETHEPHON TO STIMULATE FLOWERING AND ďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐŚŽŽƚƐĂƌĞƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƚƌĞĞ͘/Ŷ^ŽƵƚŚ FRUIT YIELD OF ‘MAURITIUS’ LITCHI ĨƌŝĐĂ͕ƐŽŝůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĨĞƌƟůŝǌĞƌƐŝŶůŝƚĐŚŝŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇĐĂƌ- ŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŝŶ ƐĞĂƐŽŶĂů ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƌŝĞĚŽƵƚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůǇĂŌĞƌŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐ- change are showing an increasing impact on the phenolog- ƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂ͕ ƐŽŝů ƚǇƉĞ ĂŶĚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƉŽƐƚͲŚĂƌǀĞƐƚ ŇƵƐŚĞƐ͘ ŝĐĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚĐǇĐůĞƐŽĨƐƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůĐƌŽƉƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝƚĐŚŝ͘/Ŷ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ŽƉƟŵŝǌĞĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĂĨ- recent years, the onset of chilling temperatures in winter ĨĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůǇŝĞůĚŐƌŽǁĞƌƐĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽŚĂƌǀĞƐƚĂŶĚ started later and winter temperatures are now considerably market. ǁĂƌŵĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ ŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ ;EͿ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƟŵĞƐ ŝŶ dŚŝƐŚĂƐĂǀĞƌǇƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶůŝƚĐŚŝŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĨƌƵŝƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƟŵŝŶŐ ŽĨ E ĂƉ- ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƌŵĞƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ƐŝŐŶĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚ ƟŵŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŇƵƐŚ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ͕ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘ ŌĞƌ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ŚĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐͲŽīƟŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŇƵƐŚ͕ůĞĂĨEĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƟŵŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĨƵůůͲĐŽǀĞƌ percentage starch content at important phenological stag- ĞƚŚĞƉŚŽŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽĚŽƌŵĂŶƚ͚DĂƵƌŝƟƵƐ͛ůŝƚĐŚŝ ĞƐ͕ƚŚƵƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚǇŝĞůĚ͘/ƚŝƐĐƌŝƚ- ƚƌĞĞƐĂƌĞĐƌŝƟĐĂů͘ ŝĐĂůĨŽƌŐƌŽǁĞƌƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŽƉƟŵƵŵůĞĂĨEůĞǀĞůƐĂŶĚ ďĂůĂŶĐĞĚ ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ďĞĂƌŝŶŐ ďƌĂŶĐŚĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ƚŽ dŚĞǇ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ĨƵůůͲĐŽǀĞƌ ĞƚŚĞƉŚŽŶ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ build enough reserves for good sustainable yields. successfully inhibited shoot growth during autumn and ear- ůǇǁŝŶƚĞƌ͕ĚĞůĂǇĞĚŇŽǁĞƌƉĂŶŝĐůĞĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐǁĞƌĞ ŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐƐŝŶŐůĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ>ŝƚĐŚŝ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ŵĞĂŶƐƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĞīĞĐƚƐƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŇŽǁ- ƐŽƚŚĂƚŐƌŽǁĞƌƐĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽƐƚƌŝǀĞƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŽƉƟŵŝǌĞĚŇŽǁĞƌ- ering in litchi. ŝŶŐ͕ĨƌƵŝƚƐĞƚĂŶĚǇŝĞůĚƵƐŝŶŐŽƉƟŵƵŵĨĞƌƟůŝǌĞƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘

This means that growers are able to produce and export op- ƟŵƵŵĨƌƵŝƚǇŝĞůĚƐƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƐƵďͲŽƉƟŵĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂƵƐĞĚ by climate change.

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂƌĞŶŽǁŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌůǇŝŶŐƉŚǇƐŝŽůŽŐ- ŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ ĚŽƌŵĂŶĐǇ ĂŶĚ ŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ŝŶ ůŝƚĐŚŝ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ŽƌĐŚĂƌĚ management model for growers to ensure sustainability.

ǆĐĞůůĞŶƚĨƌƵŝƚƐĞƚĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨŽƉƟŵŝƐĞĚ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵŝŶŐ͘

ƐŝŶŐůĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƚŚĞƉŚŽŶĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĞīĞĐƚƐƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚĨƌƵŝƚƐĞƚŝŶůŝƚĐŚŝ͘ĐŽŶƚƌŽů;ůĞŌͿĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ;ƌŝŐŚƚͿ͘

36 Agricultural Research Council

RESEARCH FOCUSING ON ON-FARM DEMONSTRATIONS OF TELA MAIZE PROTECTION AGAINST PESTS HYBRIDS FOR THE CONTROL OF FALL ARMYWORM AND DISEASES IN SMALLHOLDER FARMING AREAS ______dŚĞd>ƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝƐĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉƵďůŝĐͲƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ- ship aimed at enhancing food security and improving rural ůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚƐĂŵŽŶŐƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶƐƵďͲ^ĂŚĂƌĂŶĨƌŝ- MANAGEMENT OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES IN MAIZE ĐĂƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŽĨ ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚͲƚŽůĞƌĂŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐĞĐƚͲƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ 'D ŵĂŝǌĞ ŚǇďƌŝĚƐ͘ ƌĞĐĞŶƚŵĂŝǌĞƐƵƌǀĞǇĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚďǇZͲ'ƌĂŝŶƌŽƉƐĂŶĚ dŚĞd>ƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝƐƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŐĞŶŝĐ;'DͿĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ EŽƌƚŚͲtĞƐƚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚM. javanica and M. in- tĂƚĞƌĸĐŝĞŶƚDĂŝǌĞĨŽƌĨƌŝĐĂ;tDͿƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ŽŶǀĞŶ- cognitaƌĞŵĂŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚƉůĂŶƚͲƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ ƟŽŶĂů ŵĂŝǌĞ ŚǇďƌŝĚƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ tD ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝŶĂŶǇŵĂŝǌĞ ĂƌĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚĞ ŶĂŵĞ ƌŽƵŐŚƚd'KΠ ĂŶĚ ĮĞůĚŵŽƐƚůǇĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂŵŝǆŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƚǁŽƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘/ĨĂƉƌŽ- 'DŚǇďƌŝĚƐĂƌĞŵĂƌŬĞƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƚƌĂĚĞŶĂŵĞƌŽƵŐŚƚ- ĚƵĐĞƌŚĂƐƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌŝŶƚŽŚŝƐ d>Ρ͘dŽĚĂƚĞ͕ƚŚĞZŚĂƐƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĂŶĚƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚĮǀĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕ƚŚŝƐĐƵůƟǀĂƌŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽ d>ŚǇďƌŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƚ;DKEϴϵϬϯϰͿŐĞŶĞĨŽƌƐƚĂůŬďŽƌĞƌ ďŽƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞƌĂƟŽŝŶǁŚŝĐŚ ĂŶĚĨĂůůĂƌŵǇǁŽƌŵƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ these two root-knot nematode species occur in individual ĮĞůĚƐ͕ĂƌĞƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ͘ dŚĞ ĮǀĞ d> ŚǇďƌŝĚƐ ;tϲϮϬϲ͕ tϲϮϬϭϳ͕ tϲϮϬϴ͕ tϲϮϬϵĂŶĚtϲϮϭϬͿǁĞƌĞƉůĂŶƚĞĚŝŶŽŶͲĨĂƌŵĚĞŵŽŶ- ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽĚĂƚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇŽŶůǇĂĨĞǁŵĂŝǌĞ ƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƉůŽƚƐŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚ ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞ ƚŚĞ&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞ͕'ĂƵƚĞŶŐ͕<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂů͕>ŝŵƉŽƉŽĂŶĚDƉƵ- ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĂƚŽŶůǇĂƐŵĂůůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĐŽŶ- malanga provinces. The purpose was to demonstrate the ƚĂŝŶƚŚĞƚŐĞŶĞ͘/ĨƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĞŵĂƟĐŝĚĞŝƐŶŽƚƐƵĨ- ǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐƚŽƚŚĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽĨĂƌŵ- ĮĐŝĞŶƚŝŶŬĞĞƉŝŶŐƚŚĞƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐďĞůŽǁ ĞƌƐĚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚĂǇƐ͘&ĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶDĂƟďŝĚŝ͕DƉƵŵĂ- ƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚůĞǀĞůŝŶĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵĂŝǌĞĮĞůĚ͕ƚŚĞ langa experienced very serious fall armyworm damage to producer can only prevent yield losses by including nema- ƚŚĞŝƌĐƌŽƉƐĚĞƐƉŝƚĞĂƉƉůǇŝŶŐƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞƐƚŚƌĞĞƚŽĮǀĞƟŵĞƐ͘ ƚŽĚĞͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚŵĂŝǌĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŝŶƚŽŚŝƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƉĞƐƚŵĂŶ- DŽƐƚ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐƌŽƉƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞǇ agement programme. These root-knot nematode resistant failed to control the fall armyworm. ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐǁŝƚŚŬŶŽǁŶƌŽŽƚͲ ŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞŝŶĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĮĞůĚƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵŽƐƚ ŵĂŝǌĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞďĞƩĞƌĂĚĂƉƚĞĚƚŽĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ scenario might arise where the producer may not be able ƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƚ gene. dǁŽ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƉŝůŽƚ ƚƌŝĂůƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƉůĂŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŵŝĐƌŽƉůŽƚƐ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ƐƚĞŵďŽƌĞƌ ;Busseola fus- caͿǁŝůůĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞĂĚǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶ ƚŚĞĮĞůĚ͘^ĂŵƉůĞƐǁĞƌĞŽŌĞŶĂůƐŽŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ&ƵƐĂƌŝƵŵ graminearum ;'ŝďĞƌĞůůĂͿĂŶĚͬŽƌMacrophomina phaseoli- na ;ŚĂƌĐŽĂůƌŽƚͿ͕ƚǁŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐƌŽǁŶĂŶĚ ^ĞƌŝŽƵƐĨĂůůĂƌŵǇǁŽƌŵĚĂŵĂŐĞŝŶĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůŵĂŝǌĞ ƌŽŽƚ ƌŽƚ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƐ ŽĨ ŵĂŝǌĞ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƐ ŚǇďƌŝĚŝŶDĂƟďŝĚŝ͕DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ͘ ǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉŝůŽƚƚƌŝĂůƐ͕ƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƉŽƐƐŝ- ďůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨĨĂůůĂƌŵǇǁŽƌŵďǇ Results from the microplot trials indicated that stemborer ƚ;DKEϴϵϬϯϰͿ͕ǁŝƚŚŶŽŶŽƟĐĞĂďůĞĚĂŵĂŐĞŝŶĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞ damage increased in the presence of nematodes. These re- ĮǀĞd>ŚǇďƌŝĚƐŝŶƚŚĞĚĞŵŽƉůĂŶƚĞĚďǇŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĨĂƌŵ- ƐƵůƚƐǁĂƌƌĂŶƚĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚŝƐ ĞƌƐŝŶDĂƟďŝĚŝ;ƐĞĞƉŝĐƚƵƌĞŽŶŶĞǆƚƉĂŐĞͿ͘ŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƚŽĞŶĂďůĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇƚŽŵĂŬĞ ĚĂǇǁĂƐŚĞůĚĂƚƚŚĞŽŶͲĨĂƌŵĚĞŵŽŝŶDĂƟďŝĚŝĂŶĚĂůůƉĂƌ- ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ͘ ƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐǁĞƌĞŝŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨĨĂůůĂƌŵǇǁŽƌŵ ďǇƚŚĞƚ;DKEϴϵϬϯϰͿŝŶƚŚĞĮǀĞd>ŚǇďƌŝĚƐ͕ĂŶĚƐƵďƐĞ- quently requested seed.

Annual Report 2018/2019 37 d>ŵĂŝǌĞŚǇďƌŝĚǁŝƚŚŶŽĨĂůůĂƌŵǇǁŽƌŵĂƚDĂƟďŝĚŝ͘

dǇƉŝĐĂůĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĚĂŵĂŐĞŽŶĂZtͲƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďůĞ MONITORING DISTRIBUTION OF RUSSIAN WHEAT ǁŚĞĂƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌ͘ APHID BIOTYPES IN SOUTH AFRICA ƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϴ͕ƚŚĞůĂƚĞƐƚďŝŽƚǇƉĞ;Zt^ϱͿǁĂƐĚĞƚĞĐƚĞĚďǇ ZƵƐƐŝĂŶǁŚĞĂƚĂƉŚŝĚ;ZtͿ͕Diuraphis noxia ;<ƵƌĚũƵŵŽǀͿ͕ ZŝŶƚŚĞ&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞĂŶĚĐůŽŶĞĐŽůŽŶŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƉŚŝĚĞƐƚĂď- is an invasive aphid species that originates from central ůŝƐŚĞĚ͘ &ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞͲĚŽŶŽƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ Asia from where it spread to other major wheat producing this biotype is now considered the most virulent recorded countries in the world. ƚŽĚĂƚĞ͘&ĂƌŵĞƌƐǁĞƌĞĂůĞƌƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŝƐĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌƉƌĞƐƐ;SA GrainͿĂŶĚƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĞĚƚŽďĞǀŝŐŝůĂŶƚĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞϮϬϭϵƐĞĂƐŽŶ͘ZĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ of these biotypes in both the summer and winter rainfall ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͕ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐĂƌĂƉŝĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞͲďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞďǇ ƚŚĞǁŚĞĂƚďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘

.,__, -- IIIIWA~M ,..., -. ,.. _,, -C_ -•_ ~~ ·-· ~ _:_ ~ ·- "'] ·- ~ ~ rt1' . ~I) • "" - l"v " -- - - ..;. ~ RWA colony on wheat leaf. ) r~ - - .. . • •<> - - IP " - -.../ - ..,_~ :!; ~ -- \._ ZtǁĂƐĮƌƐƚƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶϭϵϳϴ͘ƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶ ..,.,. ~ --- ",: ŽĨƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚǁŚĞĂƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŝƐĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽƉ- -- - V ~ .. ~ ƟŽŶ͕ƐĂǀŝŶŐŝŶƐĞĐƟĐŝĚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĞŶǀŝ- • .. ~ ~- r"' " "' "' ,-5' -, ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƌŝƐŬƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞƵƐĞ͘ ------· -- ___, --~- ZƵƐƐŝĂŶǁŚĞĂƚĂƉŚŝĚďŝŽƚǇƉĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ &ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞ ŽĨ Ă ZtͲƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ďǇ summer rainfall area of South Africa. ZŝŶϭϵϵϮ͕ƐĞǀĞƌĂůƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚ KŶůǇZt^ϭǁĂƐƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞǁŚĞĂƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ ďǇƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐ ŽĨƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶĂƉĞ͘ insect has adapted through the development of so-called biotypes, unique strains of the aphid capable of overcom- ...... I ŝŶŐŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĮƌƐƚďŝŽƚǇƉĞ;ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚ • llw.A~1• Zt^ϭͿ͕ƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚŝŶϭϵϳϴ͕ĨŽƵƌĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůďŝŽƚǇƉĞƐ;Zt- ,,;i.., ',,I ' ' ^ϮͲZt^ϱͿŚĂǀĞĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ͘ ~ .. ~ ...... w- .... rn C..pe Z ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂĐƟǀĞůǇ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ l . spread of these biotypes, annually. Amidst climate change, ·-;- - ĂƉƌŽͲĂĐƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞĞǆĐĞĞĚŝŶŐůǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘ . 'I-- .,___ . . ĞƚĞĐƟŶŐŶĞǁďŝŽƚǇƉĞƐŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůŝŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ . ,_ \ - ~ --.. -- - . ,., ,. ,., ,., ... ). j"-..,_ ·- and deployment of durable sources of resistance in wheat. " - - - -... .. ,---. -.l-....1 ZƵƐƐŝĂŶǁŚĞĂƚĂƉŚŝĚ;ZtͿĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ winter rainfall region of South Africa. 38 Agricultural Research Council MONITORING RUST DISEASES OF ŶŽƚŚĞƌŶĞǁĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶĨƌŝĐĂůĂƐƚǇĞĂƌǁĂƐ WHEAT IN SOUTH AFRICA ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŝƉĞƌƵƐƚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƟŵĞŝŶŝŵďĂďǁĞ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͘KƵƌĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌƐ͕^ĞĞĚͲŽ/ŶƚĞƌ- tŚĞĂƚƌƵƐƚƐĂƌĞŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌǁŚĞĂƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŶ- ŶĂƟŽŶĂů͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨŽƌĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂƚŚĂƚ ƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚƌĞĞƚǇƉĞƐŽĨƌƵƐƚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐĐŽŵ- ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ǁŚĞĂƚ ;Photo Dr T. Soko, ŵŽŶůǇ ŝŶĨĞĐƚ ďƌĞĂĚ ǁŚĞĂƚ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͕ ŶĂŵĞůǇ ƐƚĞŵ Seed-Co Int.Ϳ͘ rust, leaf rust and stripe rust.

ZĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇ ƐĂĨĞƌƵƐƚĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŐĞŶĞƟĐƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŝƐŽŌĞŶĐŚĂů- lenged with frequent development of new strains/races, ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽƵůĚƌĞŶĚĞƌĞǆŝƐƟŶŐƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďůĞ͘ ^ƵĐŚ ǀŝƌƵůĞŶƚ ƌĂĐĞƐ ĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŐĞŶĞƟĐ ŵƵƚĂƟŽŶŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐŝŶůŽĐĂůƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘ DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƐƚ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŚĞůƉƐƚŽƋƵŝĐŬůǇĚĞƚĞĐƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽů;ǁŝƚŚĐƵůƟǀĂƌďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐͿ ŶĞǁ ƌĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞďǇ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĞƉŝĚĞŵŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ ůŽƐƐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞǁŚĞĂƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůZƵƐƚ^ƵƌǀĞǇƉƌŽ- ŐƌĂŵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞZ;ŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ ^ƚƌŝƉĞƌƵƐƚŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŽŶĂŝŵďĂďǁĞĂŶǁŚĞĂƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ƚŚĞ&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞͿŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐĂŶŶƵĂůƐƵƌǀĞǇƐŽǀĞƌ ĚĞƚĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƟŵĞĚƵƌŝŶŐ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͘ ƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƚŚƌĞĞĚĞĐĂĚĞƐĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϱĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽĨ leaf and stem rust and four races of stripe rust, have been /ĨƚŚĞŝŵďĂďǁĞĂŶƐƚƌŝƉĞƌƵƐƚƐƵƌǀŝǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐƵŵŵĞƌĂŶĚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͘ ĐĂƵƐĞƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŝŶϮϬϭϵ͕ǁŝŶĚďŽƌŶĞƐƉŽƌĞƐĐŽƵůĚƐƉƌĞĂĚƚŽ ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĨƌŽŵŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĮĞůĚƐŝŶŝŵďĂďǁĞ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞ- ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ϮϬϭϳͬϮϬϭϴ ƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƐƚĞŵ ƌƵƐƚ ŝƐŽůĂƚĞƐ ĨŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŚĞĂƚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐĂŶĚƌĞ- ;ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞŶĞĂƌĞƚŚůĞŚĞŵͿĚŝĨ- searchers to be more alert during the 2019 season for signs ĨĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌǀŝƌƵůĞŶĐĞƉƌŽĮůĞĨƌŽŵŬŶŽǁŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ ŽĨƐƚƌŝƉĞƌƵƐƚƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇŽŶƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͘ ƐƚĞŵƌƵƐƚƌĂĐĞƐ͘&ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ͕ĂůůƚŚƌĞĞŝƐŽůĂƚĞƐǁĞƌĞ dŽ ĂƐƐŝƐƚ ŝŶ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ůŽĐĂůůǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐĂŶĞǁƌĂĐĞĂŶĚĐŽĚĞĚƚŽƌĂĐĞWd<^<;EŽƌƚŚ about the Zimbabwean stripe rust was published in the ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ ŶŽƚĂƟŽŶͿ ;WŚŽƚŽ ƌ t ŽƐŚŽī͕ h&^Ϳ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĂĐĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌƉƌĞƐƐ;tŚĞĂƚ&ŽĐƵƐĂŶĚ>ĂŶĚďŽƵǁĞĞŬďůĂĚͿ͘Z ǁĂƐƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚĂƐŽŶĞŽĨhŐϵϵǀĂƌŝĂŶƚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚŝ- ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƉƌĞĂĚƚŽ ŽƉŝĂ͕<ĞŶǇĂĂŶĚzĞŵĞŶ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐǁĂƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƌĞƉŽƌƚ ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ ŽĨ ƌĂĐĞ Wd<^< ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ ĂŶĚ ďƌŝŶŐƐ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ hŐϵϵǀĂƌŝĂŶƚƐĚĞƚĞĐƚĞĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂƚŽĮǀĞ͘ METHOD TO TEST FOR VIRUSES IN GARLIC

'ĂƌůŝĐ ŝƐ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚ ďǇ ŵĂŶǇ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĞƐ- ƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ Ă ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉůǇ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ virus-free plant material is crucial to improve the quality ŽĨŐĂƌůŝĐŐƌŽǁŶŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ƉƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚĞĨŽƌƐƵĐŚĂ ƐĐŚĞŵĞŝƐĂĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽĚĞƚĞĐƚǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ ŝŶŐĂƌůŝĐ͘dŚĞZĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂEͲďĂƐĞĚĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƚĞƐƚ that can detect single viruses or a mixture of viruses in garlic samples. This has prepared the way for registering a gar- ůŝĐĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ ---.. "" - - - /ŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƚǇƉĞƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚďǇƌĂĐĞƐWd<^d;ůĞŌ͕ƚǁŽůĞĂǀĞƐͿ - ĂŶĚWd<^<;ƌŝŐŚƚ͕ƚǁŽůĞĂǀĞƐͿŽŶǁŚĞĂƚůŝŶĞ>^ƌϮϰŐ͕ .. ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŐĞŶĞ^ƌϮϰ͘WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨůĂƌŐĞ ... )-U- ...... ,UJ • .,, - ďƌŽǁŶƉƵƐƚƵůĞƐŽŶƚŚĞŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚůĞĂǀĞƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƵƐĐĞƉƟ- .... - bility and the small pustules surrounded by yellow areas a ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĂƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĞǆŝƐƟŶŐƌĂĐĞWd<^dŝƐ ...·~ ǀŝƌƵůĞŶƚƚŽ^ƌϮϰďƵƚƚŚĞŶĞǁƌĂĐĞWd<^<ŝƐŶŽƚǀŝƌƵůĞŶƚƚŽ . -,...... this resistance gene. J J I ŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐŽĨǀŝƌƵƐĞƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŶŐ ŐĂƌůŝĐƵƐŝŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞǆZdͲWZ͘ Annual Report 2018/2019 39 ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞ ĂƐƐĞŵďůĂŐĞƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇ ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚ ĚŝīĞƌ ĂŵŽŶŐ FAST AND RELIABLE DETECTION OF FISSURE SCAB ON POTATO glyphosate-treated and non-treated plots.

&ŝƐƐƵƌĞ ƐĐĂď ŽŶ ƉŽƚĂƚŽ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ĐŽƐŵĞƟĐ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝŶĂůůϭϲƉŽƚĂƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ dŚĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂīĞĐƚƐƚŚĞĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨƚƵďĞƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶůŽƐƐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĞĚƉŽƚĂƚŽ͕ǁĂƌĞƉŽƚĂƚŽĂŶĚƉƌŽ- cessing industries.

&ŝƐƐƵƌĞƐĐĂďĐĂƵƐĞƐƐƚĂƌͲůŝŬĞĮƐƐƵƌĞƐĮůůĞĚǁŝƚŚĐŽƌŬǇƟƐƐƵĞ ŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚƵďĞƌƐŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉŽƚĂƚŽĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͘ ^ĞĞĚŐƌŽǁĞƌƐŚĂǀĞƚŽĐŽŶĨŽƌŵƚŽƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƌĞŐ- ƵůĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƚĞƐƚǁĂƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽƌĂƉŝĚůǇĂŶĚ ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůǇ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇ ƚŚĞ Streptomyces species involved in ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐ͘dŚĞZƵƐĞĚƐŽƉŚŝƐƟĐĂƚĞĚEͲďĂƐĞĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ƌĂƉŝĚ ĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐ ƚĞƐƚ ĨŽƌ ĮƐƐƵƌĞ scab. A stereomicroscope photo of a red-stained, swollen DĞůŽŝĚŽŐǇŶĞĨĞŵĂůĞ;ůĞŌƐŝĚĞŽĨƉŝĐƚƵƌĞͿĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵĂĐůƵƐƚĞƌŽĨŐŝĂŶƚĐĞůůƐ;ĞŶĐŝƌĐůĞĚŝŶǁŚŝƚĞͿ SOYBEAN HOST STATUS TO MELOIDOGYNE ŝŶƚŚĞƌŽŽƚŽĨĂƐŽǇďĞĂŶ;Đǀ͘^ƵƉĞƌďŽŽŶͿƉůĂŶƚ͘ INCOGNITA AND NEMATODE BIODIVERSITY IN LOCAL SOYBEAN CROPPING SYSTEMS

ZŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚ ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ ;Meloidogyne ƐƉƉ͘Ϳ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƉĞƐƚƐŽĨůŽĐĂůƐŽǇďĞĂŶĐƌŽƉƐ͕ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶƵƉƚŽ ϭϬϬй ǇŝĞůĚ ůŽƐƐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŚŽƐƚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂůůǇͲĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ soybean genotypes to the predominant Meloidogyne incognita ǁĂƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ͕ǁŚŝůĞŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞ;ƉůĂŶƚͲƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐ ĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐͿĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞ͕ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂŶĚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŝŶ local soybean cropping systems and especially in glypho- ƐĂƚĞͲƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ǀĞƌƐƵƐ ŶŽŶͲƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ;ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ƐŽǇďĞĂŶ ĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶͿƐŽŝůƐ͕ǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ͘ 'ĂůůŝŶŐĐĂƵƐĞĚďǇƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŽĨ dŚĞŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶĞǆŝƐƚ- ƐŽǇďĞĂŶƌŽŽƚƐ;>ͿĂŶĚĂƐŽǇďĞĂŶĮĞůĚǁŝƚŚ ĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĨŽƌĂůůŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĂŶĚ pronounced areas with poor stand and yellowish that only two of the genotypes tested retained their resist- ƉůĂŶƚƐ;ZͿƚŚĂƚƐƵƌǀŝǀĞĚƌŽŽƚͲŬŶŽƚŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƉĂƌĂƐŝƟƐŵ͘ ance even at the higher temperature regimes when pot trials were conducted. INCREASE YIELD WITH INTEGRATED CONTROL OF MANGO BLOSSOM MALFORMATION dŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ƉůĂŶƚͲƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐ ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ǁĂƐ ĂƐƐŽ- ĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ƐŽǇďĞĂŶ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďǇ DĂŶŐŽŵĂůĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ;DDͿŝƐĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞͲƚŽůĞƌĂŶƚ ƐŽǇďĞĂŶ worldwide, causing severe economic losses annually. ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͘ ƚŽƚĂů ŽĨ ϳϮ ŶŽŶͲƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐ ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂ ǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽůŝƐƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘&ĂƵŶĂůĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐ ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶ- showed that soils from glyphosate-treated plots were de- ĐůƵĚĞƐƌĞŵŽǀŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌůǇͲǀŝƐŝďůĞŵĂůĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶŇŽƌĞƐĐĞŶĐĞƐ͕ graded, less enriched and fungal-mediated. ƚŚĞŝŶĐŝĚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵĂŶŐŽďůŽƐƐŽŵŵĂůĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ƚŽƌŝƐĞ͕ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇŝŵƉĂĐƟŶŐŽŶŐƌŽǁĞƌŝŶĐŽŵĞ͘ Conversely, soils from non-treated plots were disturbed ĂŶĚĞŶƌŝĐŚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂůͲŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚǇ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚďǇŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐĂŶŽƉƟŵŝƐĞĚŝŶƚĞ- ƌĞͲĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƉŽƐĞĚ ďǇ ƉůĂŶƚͲƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐ ŐƌĂƚĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇƵƐŝŶŐďŽƚŚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƉƌĂǇƐ;WƌŽĐŚůŽ- ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌMeloidogyne and Pratylenchus, to ƌĂǌͿĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨŵĂůĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶŇŽƌĞƐĐĞŶĐĞƐ͕ĨƌƵŝƚ ůŽĐĂůĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƟĐĂůůǇͲŵŽĚŝĮĞĚƐŽǇďĞĂŶĐƌŽƉƐ͘ ǇŝĞůĚǁĂƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůǇďĞƩĞƌŽǀĞƌƚŚĞůŽŶŐƚĞƌŵƚŚĂŶǁŝƚŚ- ŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇͲǁŝƚŚĂŶĂůŵŽƐƚϯϬƚŽŶͬ /ƚĂůƐŽŐĂǀĞĂŶŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŶŽŶͲƉĂƌ- ha increased in yield over three seasons. ĂƐŝƟĐŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐĂƐďŝŽͲŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐŽĨƐŽŝůƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶƐŽǇďĞĂŶ ĐƌŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĂŐƌŽͲĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůǇ͕ ŝƚ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ

40 Agricultural Research Council ďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŝŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ͘/ƚŝƐ therefore important to verify the presence of newly-intro- ĚƵĐĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂůůǇ͘

ůƵĞďĞƌƌǇďƵĚŵŝƚĞ;ĐĂůŝƚƵƐǀĂĐĐŝŶŝŝͿ;ĐĂƌŝ͗EriophyidaeͿ ǁĂƐƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚŝŶDƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚ ƟŵĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚŝƐŵŝƚĞŝƐĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůǇŝŵƉŽƌ- ƚĂŶƚ ƉĞƐƚ ŽĨ ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůĚ ďůƵĞďĞƌƌŝĞƐ͕ ƵƉ ƚŽ ŶŽǁ ŽŶůǇŬŶŽǁŶĨƌŽŵEŽƌƚŚŵĞƌŝĐĂ͘/ŶĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶůĞǀĞůƐĨŽƵŶĚ ŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂƐŽĨĂƌǁĞƌĞŚŝŐŚ͕ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐŇŽǁĞƌĂŶĚďĞƌƌǇ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶďǇƵƉƚŽϵϬй͘dŚĞƐĞŵŝƚĞƐĂƌĞŵŝĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐĂůůǇ ƐŵĂůůĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐƚŚĞŵŝƐŶŽƚŽƌŝŽƵƐůǇĚŝĸĐƵůƚ͘<ŶŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟƚǇŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƐƚĂůůŽǁƐĮŶĚŝŶŐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶŝƚĂŶĚĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ control strategies.

dŚĞƉĞƐƚŚĂƐŶŽƚǇĞƚďĞĞŶĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶĂƉĞ͕ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶĂƌĞĂŽĨďůƵĞďĞƌƌǇĐƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ mite was disseminated to blueberry farmers and industry ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĞƋƵŝƉ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŽ /ƚŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŚĂƚŐƌŽǁĞƌƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞĂ͚ďƌĞĂŬŽƵƚĂŶĚƐƉƌĂǇ͛ detect the presence of the bud mite early and prevent local strategy for integrated control of mango blossom ďƵŝůĚƵƉĂŶĚƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨŝŶĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŵĂǇƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŝŶ- ŵĂůĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞŚĞĂůƚŚǇŝŶŇŽƌĞƐĐĞŶĐĞƐ͘ creased damage and economic losses.

IMPROVED GRASS WEEDS CONTROL SYSTEMS IN MAIZE

dŚĞůĂĐŬŽĨĞīĞĐƟǀĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨŐƌĂƐƐǁĞĞĚƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƐŚŝŌƐƚŽƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚůǇŐƌĂƐƐǁĞĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƵŶĚĞƌ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƟ- ŐĂƚĞƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐǇŽĨƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐŐƌĂƐƐǁĞĞĚƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ and to compare the degree of weed control achieved by various commercially available herbicides.

ĮĞůĚ ƚƌŝĂů ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƚƵĚǇ ƚŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƐĞǀĞŶ ŐƌĂƐƐĞƐ͕ ŶĂŵĞůǇ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĐŽƵĐŚ ;Cynodon dacty- Proper control results in higher quality lonͿ͕ ŶĂŬĞĚ ĐƌĂď ŐƌĂƐƐ ;Digitaria nudaͿ͕ ĐƌĂď ĮŶŐĞƌ ŐƌĂƐƐ fruit and increased yields. ;D. sanguinalisͿ͕ ŐŽŽƐĞ ŐƌĂƐƐ ;Eleusine coracanaͿ͕ ƐǁĞĞƚ ďƵīĂůŽ ŐƌĂƐƐ ;Panicum maximumͿ͕ ďƵƐŚǀĞůĚ ŚĞƌƌŝŶŐďŽŶĞ ŐƌĂƐƐ ;hƌŽĐŚůŽĂ ŵŽƐĂŵďŝĐĞŶƐŝƐͿ ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌƌŝŶŐďŽŶĞ ŐƌĂƐƐ NEW PEST IDENTIFIED ON LUCRATIVE ;h͘ƉĂŶŝĐŽŝĚĞƐͿ͕ĂŶĚƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůƐƉŝĚĞƌǁŽƌƚŽƌǁĂŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ:Ğǁ BLUEBERRY CROPS ;Commelina benghalensisͿƵŶĚĞƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚ ŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞ ƌĞŐŝŵĞƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ĚĂƚĞƐ͘ WƌĞ- WůĂŶƚ ƋƵĂƌĂŶƟŶĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůŝŵŝŶĂƌǇĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŐƌĂƐƐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞŶŽƚ many new pests and diseases on imported agricultural pro- all equally well adapted to germinate under the various ĚƵĐĞŝŶƚŽ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŚĂƌŵĨƵůƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĐĂŶĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͘ tŚĞŶ ǁĂƚĞƌ ǁĂƐ ŶŽƚ Ă ůŝŵŝƟŶŐ ĨĂĐ- do move here from neighbouring countries, or they may be tor, h͘ ƉĂŶŝĐŽŝĚĞƐ was able to germinate and emerge to introduced through illicit trade in plants. Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĞǆƚĞŶƚ Ăƚ ƐƵďͲŽƉƟŵĂů ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ compared with the other grass species. Eleusine coracana, dŚĞZŝƐŽŌĞŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚůŝŶĞŽĨĚĞĨĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŶĞǁĂŶĚ D. sanguinalis and D. nuda ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂƚĞƌƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞƉĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͕ĂƐƚŚŝƐŝƐǁŚĞƌĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƉĞƐƚ dates, although general reduced emergence was observed ĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚďǇƚĂǆŽŶŽŵŝĐĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ͘ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĞĂƌůŝĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĂƐŽŶ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌĮĞůĚƚƌŝĂůƚŽ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚĞǇŝĞůĚůŽƐƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚǁĞĞĚĐƌŽƉĐŽŵƉĞƟ- ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝƐĂƐŝŐŶĂƚŽƌǇƚŽƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůWůĂŶƚWƌŽƚĞĐ- ƟŽŶƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚƚǁŽŐƌĂƐƐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ZŽƩďŽĞůůŝĂĐŽĐŚŝŶĐŚŝŶ- ƟŽŶ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐĞƚƐ ƉŚǇƚŽƐĂŶŝƚĂƌǇ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ensis ;'ƵŝŶĞĂ ĨŽǁů ŐƌĂƐƐͿ ĂŶĚ Brachiaria eruciformisas ƉůĂŶƚ ƋƵĂƌĂŶƟŶĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚƌĂĚĞ ;ŝŵƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĞǆƉŽƌƚͿ Annual Report 2018/2019 41 ;^ǁĞĞƚƐŝŐŶĂůͲŐƌĂƐƐͿ͕ǁĞƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŝŶƚŚĞWŽƚĐŚĞĨƐƚƌŽŽŵ NEW DISEASE IDENTIFIED ON IMPORTANT trial.ZŽƩďŽĞůůŝĂĐŽĐŚŝŶĐŚŝŶĞŶƐŝƐresulted in 11 kg/ha yield VEGETABLE CROP loss for every 10g weed biomass increase per square metre. Cynodon dactylon and h͘ƉĂŶŝĐŽŝĚĞƐwere dominant in the A new and damaging disease of squash was observed in ĞƚŚůĞŚĞŵƚƌŝĂůĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶĂϮϴŬŐͬŚĂĂŶĚϱϮŬŐͬŚĂ ƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƉůĂŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶĂƉĞWƌŽǀ- yield loss for every 10g biomass increase per square metre, ŝŶĐĞ͘&ƌƵŝƚƐǁĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚďǇĚĂƌŬ͕ďƌŽǁŶƚŽďůĂĐŬ͕ƐŽŌĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇ͘&ŝĞůĚƚƌŝĂůƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚĂƚWŽƚĐŚĞĨƐƚƌŽŽŵ ǁĂƚĞƌƐŽĂŬĞĚůĞƐŝŽŶƐŽĨĂďŽƵƚϯͲϲĐŵĚŝĂŵĞƚĞƌ͘DŽůĞĐƵůĂƌ ĂŶĚĞƚŚůĞŚĞŵǁŝƚŚϭϱŚĞƌďŝĐŝĚĞƐ͗ƚŚƌĞĞĂĐĞƚŽĐŚůŽƌ;ϳϬϬ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƚŚĞĐĂƵƐĂůŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵĂƐƚŚĞďĂĐƚĞƌŝƵŵ Ă͘ŝ͘ ŐͬыͿ͕ Ă ĚŝŵĞƚŚĞŶĂŵŝĚͲW ;ϳϮϬ Ă͘ŝ͘ ŐͬыͿ͕ ĂŶ ĂĐĞƚŽĐŚůŽƌ Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĞ- ;ϳϲϴĂ͘ŝ͘ŐͬůͿ͕ƚǁŽĂĐĞƚŽĐŚůŽƌ;ϴϰϬĂ͘ŝ͘ŐͬыͿ͕ĂŵĞƚŽůĂĐŚůŽƌ ƉŽƌƚŽĨƐŽŌƌŽƚŝŶƐƋƵĂƐŚĐĂƵƐĞĚďǇP. syringae pv. syrin- ;ϴϰϬĂ͘ŝ͘ŐͬыͿ͕ƚŚƌĞĞƐͲŵĞƚŽůĂĐŚůŽƌ;ϵϭϱĂ͘ŝ͘ŐͬыͿ͕ĂŵĞƚŽůĂ- gae͘^ƋƵĂƐŚŝƐĂŵŽŶŐƐƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐƌŽƉƐŐƌŽǁŶ ĐŚůŽƌ;ϵϲϬĂ͘ŝ͘ŐͬыͿĂŶĚĂƐͲŵĞƚŽůĂĐŚůŽƌ;ϵϲϬĂ͘ŝ͘ŐͬыͿ͘/ŶŽƌ- ŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂďǇďŽƚŚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͘ der to control broad leaf weeds and nutsedge, bendioxide KŶƐŽŵĞĨĂƌŵƐƵƉƚŽϵϬйŽĨĨƌƵŝƚƐǁĞƌĞƐƉŽŝůĞĚ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ;ϯыͬŚĂͿĂƐǁĞůůĂƐďƌŽŵŽǆǇŶŝů;ϭ͘ϱыͬŚĂͿĨŽƌŵĂƌĂŶƚŚƵƐ ƚŚĞŵƵŶĮƚĨŽƌŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐĂŶĚĐĂƵƐŝŶŐŐƌĞĂƚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůŽƐƐĞƐ͘ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂŶĚŚĂůŽƐƵůĨƵƌŽŶͲŵĞƚŚǇů;ϱϬŐͬŚĂͿ͕ǁĞƌĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚƐŝǆ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚĂŶĚ ǁĞĞŬƐĂŌĞƌƚŚĞƉƌĞͲĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘tĞĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽů ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞŚŽƐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ͘ extending for six weeks was obtained with all products tested at both sites and control with products with similar ac- ƟǀĞŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐĚŝĚŶŽƚĚŝīĞƌƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇĨƌŽŵĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘ A glasshouse experiment using two soil types, sandy loam ƐŽŝů ;ϭϲй ĐůĂǇͿ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐĂŶĚǇ ĐůĂǇͲůŽĂŵ ;ϯϱй ĐůĂǇͿ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ that hƌŽĐŚůŽĂŵŽƐĂŵďŝĐĞŶƐŝƐ competed best in wet envi- ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ϭϲй ĐůĂǇ͕ ǁŚŝůƐƚ h͘ ƉĂŶŝĐŽŝĚĞƐ performed ďĞƐƚŝŶĚƌǇĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚϯϱйĐůĂǇ͘hƌŽĐŚůŽĂŵŽƐĂŵ- bicensis ;ďƵƐŚǀĞůĚ ŚĞƌƌŝŶŐďŽŶĞ ŐƌĂƐƐͿ ŝƐ ƚŚƵƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŚĞŵŽƌĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽƐƉĞĐŝĞƐďĞ- ĐĂƵƐĞŽĨŝƚƐƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽĂĚĂƉƚŝƚƐƌŽŽƚͲƚŽͲƐŚŽŽƚƌĂƟŽ in unfavourable environments. >ĞƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƐŽŌƌŽƚŽĨƐƋƵĂƐŚ͘

ŐŐƌĞƐƐŝǀŝƚǇŽĨhƌŽĐŚůŽĂƉĂŶŝĐŽŝĚĞƐĂŶĚhƌŽĐŚůŽĂ mosambicensis was evaluated under four ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐŽŝůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘

^ŽŌƌŽƚŝŶƐƋƵĂƐŚ͘

ARC IMPACT ON FARMING SUCCESS

ŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŵĂŝǌĞƚŽǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŐƌĂƐƐǁĞĞĚƐ ^ƟůŚŽĞŬŽĞƌĚĞƌǇŝƐĂĨĂŵŝůǇͲŽǁŶĞĚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞŶĞĂƌĞůĂͲ ǁĂƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌďŽƚŚŐůĂƐƐŚŽƵƐĞ;Ϳ ĞůĂ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ ĨƌƵŝƚ ;ŐƌĂŶĂĚŝůůĂͿ ƚƌŝĂůƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĂŶĚĮĞůĚƚƌŝĂůƐ;Ϳ͘ ƉůĂŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ KĐƚŽďĞƌ ϭϵϵϲ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƐƵŝƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘/Ŷϭϵϵϴ͕^ƟůŚŽĞŬŽĞƌĚĞƌǇƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ farming with 100 granadilla plants. Assistance from the ARC 42 Agricultural Research Council ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶĨƵŶŐŝĐŝĚĞƐĨŽƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽŶŐƌĂŶĂ- ĚŝůůĂƐ͕ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĚŝĂŐŶŽƐŝƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĂŶĂĚŝůůĂ ǀŝƌƵƐ- ĞƐĂŶĚĂĚǀŝĐĞŽŶƚŚĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨĨƵƚƵƌĞǀŝƌĂůŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉůĂǇĞĚĂĐƌƵĐŝĂůƌŽůĞŝŶƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨƚŚŝƐǀĞŶƚƵƌĞ͘^ƟůŚŽĞŬ ŽĞƌĚĞƌǇĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽǁŽƌŬĐůŽƐĞůǇǁŝƚŚƚŚĞZƚŽƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌ ĨƵŶŐŝĐŝĚĞƐĨŽƌƵƐĞŽŶƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĨƌƵŝƚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂŶĚŝƐĂůƐŽ funding trials. The enterprise is also doing ground-breaking ǁŽƌŬŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĨŽůŝĂƌĨĞĞĚƐĂƐĂŶƟͲĨƵŶŐĂůĂŐĞŶƚƐŽŶƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ fruit. ŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶdƌŝĐŚŽĚĞƌŵĂĂŶĚ /Ŷ ϮϬϭϴ͕ ĂŶ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ ǀŝƌĂů ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ ĚĞǀĂƐƚĂƚĞĚ ŐƌĂŶĂĚŝůůĂ WŚǇƚŽƉŚƚŚŽƌĂĐŝŶŶĂŵŽŵŝŽŶƉŽƚĂƚŽĚĞǆƚƌŽƐĞĂŐĂƌ;WͿ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽŶ^ƟůŚŽĞŬĨĂƌŵƐ͘dŚĞZŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝƚĂƐŽǁ- ĂƚϮϱΣĂŌĞƌϳĚĂǇƐ͘d͘ŚĂŵĂƚƵŵŝŶŚŝďŝƟŶŐ P. cinnamomi via deadlock. ƉĞĂƉŚŝĚŽƌŶĞDŽƐĂŝĐǀŝƌƵƐ;DsͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƚ- ƚĞĚďǇĂŶĂƉŚŝĚ͘dŚŝƐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂůůŽǁĞĚ^ƟůŚŽĞŬŽĞƌĚĞƌǇ to implement appropriate control strategies to reduce crop ůŽƐƐĞƐ͘dŚĞZĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇĂƐƐŝƐƚĞĚŝŶŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞŚŽƐƚƐƚŽDsŽŶƚŚĞĨĂƌŵ͕ƚŚƵƐĞŶĂďůŝŶŐƚŚĞ ĨĂƌŵƚŽƐĞĐƵƌĞĨƵŶĚƐĨŽƌƉůĂŶƟŶŐŽĨǀŝƌƵƐͲĨƌĞĞƉůĂŶƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƚŽƌĞũƵǀĞŶĂƚĞƚŚĞĨĂƌŵĂŌĞƌƚŚĞůŽƐƐĞƐĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ͘dŽĚĂǇ ^ƟůŚŽĞŬŽĞƌĚĞƌǇŝƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŐƌĂŶĂĚŝůůĂƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌĂŶĚĞǆ- ƉŽƌƚĞƌ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͕ ĞŵƉůŽǇŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌ ϲϬϬ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƚŽƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͘

PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN SOUTH AFRICAN MACADAMIA

DĂĐĂĚĂŵŝĂŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŚŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞǆ- ƉŽƌƚ ĐƌŽƉƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ŝƐ ĞǆƉĂŶĚŝŶŐ Ăƚ Ă rapid rate with increasing hectarage being planted year on ǇĞĂƌ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ macadamia decline throughout the country.

DĂĐĂĚĂŵŝĂŝƐŚŝŐŚůǇƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďůĞƚŽƌŽŽƚƌŽƚĂŶĚƚƌƵŶŬĐĂŶ- ker caused by the soil pathogen Phythophthora cinnamomi, ǁŝƚŚǇŝĞůĚůŽƐƐĞƐŽĨƵƉƚŽϲϬйĂŶĚĂŶĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚϭϬйůŽƐƐŝŶ the annual gross value of macadamia. Stunted growth and leaf death caused by Ǉ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ Ă ŚŝŐŚůǇ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌ ŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ ƚŚĞ W͘ĐŝŶŶĂŵŽŵŝŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ͘ ƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ ǁĂƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ŝŶ ƐŽŝů ƐĂŵƉůĞƐ ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŵĂĐĂĚĂŵŝĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘ AVOCADO SUNBLOTCH DISEASE IN SOUTH AFRICA The study showed that the disease is widespread through- ǀŽĐĂĚŽ;Persia americanaDŝůů͘ͿŝƐĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůǇŝŵƉŽƌ- out these areas, with more than half of the samples collect- ƚĂŶƚƐƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůĨƌƵŝƚǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͕ĂŶĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂǀŽĐĂ- ed being infected. The highest disease incidence was found ĚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϮϵйƚŽƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŐƌŽƐƐǀĂůƵĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ŽĨ ƐƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂů ĨƌƵŝƚƐ͘ ǀŽĐĂĚŽ ƐƵŶďůŽƚĐŚ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ;^sͿ͕ growing regions. ĐĂƵƐĞĚďǇǀŽĐĂĚŽƐƵŶďůŽƚĐŚǀŝƌŽŝĚ;^sĚͿ͕ŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĂƚĂīĞĐƚƐǇŝĞůĚĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶĂǀ- >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ďŝŽĐŽŶƚƌŽů ĂŐĞŶƚƐ ŽĐĂĚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͘dǇƉŝĐĂůƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐĂƌĞĨŽƵŶĚ ĐŽƵůĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇďĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ on leaves, fruit and bark of the tree, however, some trees root rot and stem canker in macadamia and further evalua- do not display any visible symptoms, and these are termed ƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŵĂĐĂĚĂ- symptomless carrier trees. The most important control ŵŝĂŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĂƚƚŚĞĨŽƌĞĨƌŽŶƚŽĨŐůŽďĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĨŽƌ^sŝƐĐĂƌĞĨƵůƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶͲĨƌĞĞďƵĚ ǁŽŽĚĂŶĚƐĞĞĚƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƐĞŵĂƚĞƌŝ- ĂůƐĂƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶͲĨƌĞĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶĚĞǆŝŶŐ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 43 sĂůŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĂůĂƌŐĞƐĐĂůĞŝŶ- PROTECTING THE OLIVE INDUSTRY ĚĞǆŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚĨŽƌ^sĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůĨŽƌŚŝŐŚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ- out indexing of samples from both avocado nurseries, as ZƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĮǀĞǇĞĂƌƐ͕ŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŐƌŽǁĞƌ ŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐ͕ ǁĂƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ ďǇ ƚŚĞ Z͘ /ƚ ƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨWĂůĞƌŵŽŝŶ/ƚĂůǇĂŶĚ^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚhŶŝǀĞƌ- ǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶǁĂƐƵŶĞǀĞŶŝŶ sity, has shown that the indigenous seed wasp, Eupelmus symptom-bearing trees, which means the accuracy of in- spermophilus͕ĂƩĂĐŬƐĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚŽůŝǀĞƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐŽŶůǇŽĨ ĚĞǆŝŶŐĐĂŶďĞĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇǁŚĞƌĞƐĂŵƉůĞƐĂƌĞƚĂŬĞŶĨƌŽŵ economic importance where olives grow in close proximity ĂƚƌĞĞ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂůůŽǁĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĂŵƉůŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚ to wild olive trees, because the seed wasp requires wild ol- ƚŽ ďĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ^sĚ ŝǀĞƐƚŽŽǀĞƌǁŝŶƚĞƌ͘KƚŚĞƌŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƉĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶƐƵƌǀŝǀĞ ŝŶĚĞǆŝŶŐ͘ZĞůŝĂďůĞŝŶĚĞǆŝŶŐ͕ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚŝƐ- ŝŶĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚŽůŝǀĞƐǇĞĂƌƌŽƵŶĚƉŽƐĞĂŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚƌĞĂƚƚŽƚŚĞ ƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽŶŐŽŽĚĨĂƌŵŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ industry and require further research. the spread of the disease, are crucial for improved manage- ŵĞŶƚŽĨ^sŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘

Olive seed wasp emergence hole.

Typical sunblotch viroid symptoms on avocado leaves.

Olive seed wasp pupa inside olive kernel.

GETTING A HANDLE ON CROWN GALL

Crown gall is a serious bacterial disease of grapevines, causing galls on roots or on the base of the vine, leading to yield loss and stunted growth. The bacterium can survive in soil, ŝŶůŝǀĞĂŶĚĚĞĂĚŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞƟƐƐƵĞ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ŽĨƌŽŽƚƐ;ƌŚŝǌŽƉůĂŶĞͿĨŽƌǇĞĂƌƐ͘

The bacterium, ŐƌŽďĂĐƚĞƌŝƵŵǀŝƟƐ, is a complex organism, which includes pathogenic and non-pathogenic forms. To prevent the spread of crown gall, it is crucial to determine ŝĨ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ͕ ĂŝůŝŶŐ ŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞƐ ;ĞǀĞŶ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƚǇƉŝĐĂů ŐĂůůƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉͿĂŶĚŶƵƌƐĞƌǇŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂƌĞĨƌĞĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞZĂŶĚ^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚ ǀŽĐĂĚŽĨƌƵŝƚƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ^sƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐ͘ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĚŝĂŐ-

44 Agricultural Research Council ŶŽƐƟĐƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůĨŽƌƚŚĞƌŽƵƟŶĞĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞ crown gall pathogen, ͘ ǀŝƟƐ, in plant material. This now ĨŽƌŵƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞZĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽŐƌŽǁ- ers and nurseries. To prevent the disease from spreading, ĨĂƌŵƐĂŶĚŶƵƌƐĞƌŝĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͕ŵƵƐƚ adhere to strict phytosanitary measures and any infected material must be removed and destroyed.

BBTV-infected banana plants show stunted growth. ƌŽǁŶŐĂůůĐĂƵƐĞƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐƐƚƵŶƟŶŐĂŶĚ yield loss in grapevines.

TRANSMISSION OF BANANA BUNCHY TOP VIRUS BY THE BANANA APHID, PENTALONIA NIGRONERVOSA

EďĂƌĐŽĚŝŶŐŝƐŽŌĞŶƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƌĂƉŝĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶ- ƐĞĐƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚůŽŽŬƐŽĂůŝŬĞƚŚĂƚĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂ- ƟŽŶŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚ͘DĂĐĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůŝŶƐĞĐƚƐůŝŬĞĂƉŚŝĚƐƚŽ ŽďƚĂŝŶ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ E ĨŽƌ ďĂƌĐŽĚŝŶŐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ voucher specimens are destroyed.

ZŽƉƟŵŝƐĞĚĂŶŽŶͲĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨĞǆƚƌĂĐƟŶŐE from aphids, which allowed the specimens to remain intact. ^ƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ E ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇ ƚŚĞĂƉŚŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŽĚĞƚĞĐƚĂŶĂŶĂƵŶĐŚǇdŽƉsŝƌƵƐ;dsͿ in the vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa.

ƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϳϴйŽĨĂƉŚŝĚƐĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇĨƌŽŵƐǇŵƉ- ƚŽŵĂƟĐ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ŝŶ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ ƉůĂŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƐŽŵĞ ĂƉŚŝĚƐĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶŽƚŚĞƌĨƌŝĐĂŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ƚĞƐƚĞĚƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ĨŽƌds͘dŚĞdsǀŝƌĂůƐƚƌĂŝŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĨƌŽŵ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ ŐƌŽƵƉĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ͞^ŽƵƚŚWĂĐŝĮĐ͟ĐůĂĚĞ͘ dŚŝƐŶŽŶͲĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞEĞǆƚƌĂĐƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚ The banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa, is the vector ŽĨdsĚŝƐĞĂƐĞǁŚŝĐŚĐĂƵƐĞƐĚĞǀĂƐƚĂƟŶŐĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŽ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĞĂƌůǇ ĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ŝŶ ďĂŶĂŶĂƉůĂŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘ ĞƉŝĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐǇ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƌƵƐͲǀĞĐƚŽƌ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ŽĨ ĂŶĂŶĂ ďƵŶĐŚǇ ƚŽƉĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ;dͿ͕ƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨƚŚĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ throughout the southern African region.

Annual Report 2018/2019 45 STRATEGIC GOAL 4

RESEARCH FOCUSING ON AGRO-PROCESSING AND REDUCING POST-HARVEST LOSSES ______

GLUTEN-FREE BREAD MADE FROM UNRIPE BANANA FLOUR

ĂŶĂŶĂŝƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůĨƌƵŝƚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨ- ƌŝĐĂ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϮϬͲϱϬйŽĨĂůůŚĂƌǀĞƐƚĞĚďĂ- nanas are wasted due to post-harvest losses. ƌŽƐƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďĂŶĂŶĂŇŽƵƌͲďĂƐĞĚ dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶƌŝƉĞďĂŶĂŶĂŇŽƵƌŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĂǇƐƚŽ gluten-free sourdough bread. reduce wastage and produce a value-added product at the ƐĂŵĞƟŵĞƚŚƵƐƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ POTENTIAL OF MORINGA SEED EXTRACT TO PREVENT NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĂƟŽŶŽĨŐůƵƚĞŶ ĨƌĞĞďƌĞĂĚŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚƵŶƌŝƉĞďĂŶĂŶĂŇŽƵƌƵƐŝŶŐƐŽƵƌĚŽƵŐŚ dŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŚĞĂůƚŚǇĚŝĞƚƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƌŝĐŚ ĨĞƌŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŇŽƵƌǁĂƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌďƌĞĂĚ ŝŶĨƌƵĐƚŽƐĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐĂŬĞǇĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƚŽƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ ŚŝŐŚƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŽĨŶŽŶͲĂůĐŽŚŽůŝĐĨĂƩǇůŝǀĞƌĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ;E&>Ϳ͘ &ƌƵĐƚŽƐĞŝƐƚŚĞƐǁĞĞƚĞƐƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŚǇĚƌĂƚĞ͕ ƌĞĂĚůŽĂǀĞƐŚĂĚĂŐƌĞĂƚĞƌǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŶŽĐƌĂĐŬ- therefore it is the preferred sweetener for various foods ing of the bread compared with control bread loaves. ĂŶĚďĞǀĞƌĂŐĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚĨƌƵĐƚŽƐĞĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďǇϭϲйƉĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂŐůŽďĂůůǇ͘dŚĞŵĞƚĂďŽůŝƐŵ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ďƌĞĂĚƐŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵƵŶƌŝƉĞďĂŶĂŶĂŇŽƵƌŚĂĚĂ of fructose occurs mainly in the liver and unlike that of ďĞƩĞƌĐƌƵŵďƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶĚŝ- ŐůƵĐŽƐĞ͕ŝƚƐďǇƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůƌĂƚĞͲůŝŵŝƟŶŐƐƚĞƉƐŝŶƚŚĞ cated that this bread was highly acceptable. ďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ ŽĨ ƐƵŐĂƌƐ͘ Ǉ ǀŝƌƚƵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ďǇƉĂƐƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶ- ƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽĨĨƌƵĐƚŽƐĞĂŶĚŝƚƐŵĞƚĂďŽůŝƐŵůĞĂĚƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ EŽƚ ŽŶůǇ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ŚĞĂůƚŚǇ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂů ƉĞƌ- ĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůŝƉŝĚƐ ;ĨĂƚƐͿ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞďǇ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐ ƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ďƵƚďĂŶĂŶĂĨƌƵŝƚǁĂƐƚĂŐĞŝƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ E&>͘dŚĞZĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚĂƐƚƵĚǇƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ through the development of a value-added product. crude Moringa oleifera seed extract can protect growing ƌĂƚƐ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ŚŝŐŚͲĨƌƵĐƚŽƐĞ ĚŝĞƚͲŝŶĚƵĐĞĚ E&> ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĂƐ- ƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞĐƌƵĚĞM. oleifera seed extract ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚďŽƚŚĨĞŵĂůĞĂŶĚŵĂůĞƌĂƚƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ E&>ĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĐŚŽůĞƐƚĞƌŽůĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĂůĞƌĂƚƐ only. Moringa ƐĞĞĚĞǆƚƌĂĐƚĐĂŶƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂŶŝŶ- ƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶĨŽƌĚŝĞƚͲŝŶĚƵĐĞĚE&>ĂŶĚŚǇƉĞƌĐŚŽůĞƐƚĞƌŽŵŝĂ in human adults and children.

KEI APPLE IS SUITABLE FOR AGRO-PROCESSING AND VALUE-ADDING

The fruit of wild indigenous trees in Africa has been en- ũŽǇĞĚďǇůŽĐĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶǇƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĂŶĚĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞƚŚĞŵĂƐĐƌŽƉƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞƚŚĞƌĞ Proving of the banana-based bread dough before baking. ŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĨŽĐƵƐŽŶĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌͲƵƟůŝƐĞĚ ĨƌƵŝƚƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĨŽŽĚƐ͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇ͕ƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŚĂďŝƚĂƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞĞƐŝƐďĞŝŶŐůŽƐƚ͕ĚƵĞƚŽƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕

46 Agricultural Research Council ŽǀĞƌͲĞǆƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ĮƌĞǁŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵ- REDUCING BITTERNESS IN HONEYBUSH TEA mercial agriculture. The survival of indigenous fruit trees, ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞǁĞůůĂĚĂƉƚĞĚƚŽůŽĐĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ The ARC conducted research aimed at reducing the intrin- ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞůŽĐĂů ƐŝĐďŝƩĞƌŶĞƐƐŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞĚŚŽŶĞǇďƵƐŚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĨƌŽŵCy- ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞĂƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇ͘/ƚŝƐǁĞůůŬŶŽǁŶƚŚĂƚĂ clopia genistoides,ĂƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůŝŵŝƟŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌŝŶĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ healthy diet includes an adequate intake of fruit. Africa has ŽĨƚŚĞŚŽŶĞǇďƵƐŚŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘^ŽƌƟŶŐǁĂƐĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĨŽƌƌĂƉŝĚ an extensive range of indigenous fruits that serve as an im- ƐĞŶƐŽƌǇ ƉƌŽĮůŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŚŽŶĞǇďƵƐŚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ƚŽ ĚĞ- portant source of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and trace ƐĐƌŝƉƟǀĞƐĞŶƐŽƌǇĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚĂƐƚĞƌƐƚŽ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ƌƵƌĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ >ŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ assess and score each tea sample for a range of individual ŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚŽŶƚŚĞŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͘tŝƚŚƚŚĞƐŽƌƟŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƚĞĂƐĂŵƉůĞƐǁŝƚŚ ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŶƵƚƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ similar aroma and taste are simply grouped together, which Z ŝŶ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ dƐŚǁĂŶĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŽĨ dĞĐŚŶŽů- is easily done by trained or semi-trained assessors and the ŽŐǇ͕ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĞĂƐǇƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚ͘dŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ ŽĨƚŚĞ<ĞŝĂƉƉůĞ;ŽǀǇĂůŝƐĐĂīƌĂͿĂŶĚŝƚǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ ƐŽƌƟŶŐĨŽƌƌĂƉŝĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŐƌĂĚŝŶŐŽĨŚŽŶĞǇďƵƐŚŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ ĨƌƵŝƚŝƐĂƌŝĐŚƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚĞǆĐĞůůĞŶƚĂŶƟŽǆ- ďĞŝŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚ͘ ŝĚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨƌƵŝƚ ĂŶĚƉƵůƉŽĨ<ĞŝͲĂƉƉůĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐǀĂƌǇƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ǁŝƚŚƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇŚŝŐŚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨsŝƚĂŵŝŶ͕ƚŽƚĂůƉŚĞ- ŶŽůŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ Ϯ͕ϮͲĚŝƉŚĞŶǇůͲϭͲƉŝĐƌǇůŚǇĚƌĂǌǇů ;WW,Ϳ ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚ STRATEGIC GOAL 3 ƚŽƚĂůƐŽůƵďůĞƐŽůŝĚƐ͗ƚŽƚĂůƟƚƌĂƚĂďůĞĂĐŝĚŝƚǇ;d^^͗dͿ͕ƚŚŝƐŝŶ- digenous fruit is extremely suitable for agro-processing and RESEARCH FOCUSING ON ƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨǀĂůƵĞͲĂĚĚĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ǁŝůůŝŶĐůƵĚĞŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽŶŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ SUSTAINABLE USE, and storage to prevent post-harvest losses. CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES ______

EVALUATION OF THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF GLYPHOSATE USE IN MAIZE

'ůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞ ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŝŶ ϭϵϲϰ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŚĞƌďŝĐŝĚĞ ĨŽƌ ĐƌŽƉ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚͲϭϵϳϬ͛Ɛ͕ Ɖƌŝ- marily for burn-down of annual weeds and to control prob- ůĞŵĂƟĐ ƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂů ǁĞĞĚƐ͘ ZĞĐĞŶƚ ƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ ŽĨ ǇŝĞůĚ ůŽƐƐ ŝŶ crops that were sprayed with glyphosate have been pub- <ĞŝĂƉƉůĞ;ŽǀǇĂůŝƐĐĂīƌĂͿĨƌƵŝƚŝƐĂƌŝĐŚƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨ ůŝƐŚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚ ďǇ ƐŽŵĞ ŵĂŝǌĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞǇŚĂǀĞĞǆĐĞůůĞŶƚĂŶƟŽǆŝĚĂŶƚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͘ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘'ůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶƐŚŽǁŶƚŽĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞŵŝĐƌŽ- nutrient status of plants. BETTER BUBBLY dŚĞZĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚĂƐƚƵĚǇƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞϭͿƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂƉ- A recent study focussed on the impact of grape tempera- ƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƟŵĞŽĨŐůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌŝĐǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŽŶǇŝĞůĚ ƚƵƌĞ Ăƚ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ŽĨ DĠƚŚŽĚĞ ĂƉ ůĂƐƐŝƋƵĞ ŽĨZŽƵŶĚƵƉZĞĂĚǇΠ;ZZͿĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĮĞůĚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ ;DͿƐƉĂƌŬůŝŶŐǁŝŶĞƐ͘ ϮͿ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ŝĨ ĐŚĞůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵŝĐƌŽͲŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ where glyphosate is applied in mixture with foliar nutrient Research showed that the temperature of the grapes at the products in glasshouse trials. ƟŵĞŽĨƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĂīĞĐƚƐƉ,͕ƚŽƚĂůĂĐŝĚŝƚǇ͕ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚ other wine quality parameters, and that it also has a signif- &ŝǀĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁĞƌĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŝĐĂŶƚĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞĂƌŽŵĂŽĨDƐƉĂƌŬůŝŶŐǁŝŶĞƐ͕ďƵƚŶŽƚ ŐƌŽǁƚŚƐƚĂŐĞƐ;sϰ͕sϰнsϲ͕sϲĂŶĚsϴͿƚŽĞŝŐŚƚZZŵĂŝǌĞŚǇ- on the taste. ďƌŝĚƐŝŶĂĮĞůĚƚƌŝĂů͘EŽƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚǇŝĞůĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶǁĂƐŽď- ƐĞƌǀĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘ &ŽƵƌ ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚ dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚǁŝŶĞŵĂŬĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ- ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁĞƌĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞůǇ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŝŶŐŽĨŚŽǁƚŚĞŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞĞǆŝƐƟŶŐDƉƌŽĚƵĐ- ǁŝƚŚ ŐůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ sϲ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƐƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ ZZ ŵĂŝǌĞ ƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐĂŶŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞĂƌŽŵĂ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŝŶĂŐůĂƐƐŚŽƵƐĞƚƌŝĂů͘dŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŐůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚĮŶĂůƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨDƐƉĂƌŬůŝŶŐǁŝŶĞƐ͘ ĞŝƚŚĞƌĂůŽŶĞŽƌŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĨŽůŝĂƌŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ͕ĚŝĚŶŽƚ Annual Report 2018/2019 47 ŚĂǀĞĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĞīĞĐƚŽŶǇŝĞůĚ;ŬĞƌŶĞůŵĂƐƐͿŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚƉĞƌ plant.

>ĞĂĨ ĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ ŶŽ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽŶƚŚĞƵƉƚĂŬĞŽĨĨŽƵƌŵŝĐƌŽŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ;ĐĂůĐŝƵŵ͕ŵĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵ͕ ŵĂŶŐĂŶĞƐĞĂŶĚǌŝŶĐͿǁŚĞŶŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁĞƌĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŐůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞ͘ŵŝǆƚƵƌĞŽĨŽŶĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ;&ƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůͿĂŶĚŐůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞĂĐƚƵĂůůǇŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨŝƌŽŶĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝŶŝƵŵŝŶƚŚĞůĞĂǀĞƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ͘

Red-stained egg masses of rootknot nematode on plant roots.

BIOCONTROL AGENT RELEASED AGAINST INVASIVE MEXICAN SUNFLOWER

DĞǆŝĐĂŶƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌ͕Tithonia diversifolia, is an aggressive in- ǀĂƐŝǀĞǁĞĞĚǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝǌĞĚŝŶŵĂŶǇĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚ- ŝŶŐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘/ƚǁĂƐŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƚŽ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĚƵƌŝŶŐ 'ůǇƉŚŽƐĂƚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĂƚsϲŐƌŽǁƚŚƐƚĂŐĞ͘ ƚŚĞϭϵϯϬƐĂƐĂŶŽƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂůƉůĂŶƚĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞ ŝŶƚŚĞƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ>ŝŵƉŽƉŽ͕ MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF ROOT-KNOT DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ ĂŶĚ <ǁĂƵůƵ EĂƚĂů͘ /ƚ ŝŶǀĂĚĞƐ ĨĂƌŵƐ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ NEMATODES REVEALS IMPORTANT INFORMATION margins, disturbed lands, railroad and roadside reserves ďǇŽƵƚĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐŶĂƟǀĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͘ŌĞƌĂĚĞĐĂĚĞŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ Root-knot nematodes cause enormous crop losses world- ƚŚĞĮƌƐƚďŝŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂŐĞŶƚ͕ĂůĞĂĨĚĞĨŽůŝĂƟŶŐƚŽƌƚŽŝƐĞďĞĞƚůĞ ǁŝĚĞ͘,ŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŝƐĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇƚŽ ;Physonota maculiventrisͿŚĂƐĮŶĂůůǇďĞĞŶƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĞĚĂŵĂŐĞ͕ďƵƚƐŽŵĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐMeloidogyne DĞǆŝĐĂŶƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌĂƚƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐŝƚĞƐŝŶ>ŝŵƉŽƉŽ͕DƉƵŵĂůĂŶ- enterolobii, ĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞƚŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚ͛ƐƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘ ŐĂĂŶĚ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂů͘ ZŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞEŽƌƚŚtĞƐƚ͕ ƵƐĞĚŶĞǁŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŐĞŶĞƟĐŵĂƌŬĞƌƐ ĂďůĞƚŽĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞMeloidogyne species ŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ;M. enterolobii, M. incognita and M. javan- icaͿ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐŶŽƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůǇǀĞƌǇƐŝŵŝůĂƌ͘dŚĞƐƚƵĚǇĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚƚŚĂƚ Meloidogyne enterolobii is much more prevalent than an- ƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚůǇŵŽƌĞƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶŝĐƚŚĂŶM. incognita and M. javanica.

dŽƌƚŽŝƐĞďĞĞƚůĞ;>ͿĂŶĚůĂƌǀĂĞĚĞĨŽůŝĂƟŶŐDĞǆŝĐĂŶ ƐƵŶŇŽǁĞƌ΀ůĂƌǀĂĞůŽŽŬǀĞƌǇĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĂĚƵůƚďĞĞƚůĞƐ΁͘

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT AGAINST INVASIVE SPIDERWORT RELEASED

dŚĞ Z ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĞĚ Ă ĮĞůĚ ĚĂǇ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƟƉͲĨĞĞĚŝŶŐďĞĞƚůĞ͕Neolema abbreviata, as a biological con- ƚƌŽůĂŐĞŶƚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞƐƉŝĚĞƌǁŽƌƚŽƌtĂŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ:Ğǁ ;dƌĂĚĞƐĐĂŶƟĂŇƵŵŝŶĞŶƐŝƐͿ͘dŚĞĮĞůĚĚĂǇǁĂƐŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĞĚŝŶ Root-knot nematode females cause extensive ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞdŚĞŬǁŝŶŝDƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞ- damage to plant roots. leases were hosted by the Kloof and Everton Conservancies ĂƚƚŚĞ/ƉŚŝƚŚŝEĂƚƵƌĞZĞƐĞƌǀĞŝŶƚŚĞ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂůWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͘ 48 Agricultural Research Council

STRATEGIC GOAL 5

TRANSLATING RESEARCH RESULTS TO SUPPORT AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION AND EFFICIENCY AND COMPETIVENESS OF THE ZĞůĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƟƉͲĨĞĞĚŝŶŐďĞĞƚůĞ͕EĞŽůĞŵĂĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƚĞ͕ against Spiderwort. AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ______UTILIZING WINERY WASTE SUPPORTING POTATO SMALL HOLDER ůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶĂƌĞůŝŵŝƟŶŐƚŚĞ FARMERS IN GAUTENG amount of water available for agricultural use, therefore in- ĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƵƐĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇŝŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞŽĨ >ŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƐŬŝůůƐ ŝŶ ƉŽƚĂƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ paramount importance. markets, as well as high input costs associated with potato ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞŶƚƌǇĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ tŝŶĞƌŝĞƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ farmers within the potato industry. The ARC has put togeth- water that cannot be returned to water sources such as er a comprehensive training manual for a training course in rivers because it is contaminated with a range of mineral ƉŽƚĂƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁŚŝĐŚĂŝŵƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞƐŬŝůůƐƐŚŽƌƚ- elements and organic compounds. The ARC has been con- age of smallholder farmers which directly impacts produc- ĚƵĐƟŶŐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽƌŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶĂĚĞĐĂĚĞŽŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƉŽƚĂƚŽ ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ ƚĞĂŵ ĂůƐŽ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚĞĚ ĂŶ ŽǁŶ ƌĞůĂƟŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůĂŶĚƌĞͲƵƐĞŽĨǁŝŶĞƌǇǁĂƐƚĞ ƐĞĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉŝƉĞůŝŶĞƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ and waste water. aimed at reducing input costs associated with potato pro- ĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞZŝƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ- ZĞĐĞŶƚůǇĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ed in training agricultural advisors who are the custodians and volume of winery wastewater change throughout the of these smallholder farmers. This stems from the limited ǇĞĂƌ͘YƵĂůŝƚǇŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇĂƚŝƚƐǁŽƌƐƚǁŚĞŶǀŝŶƚĂŐĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞĂĚǀŝƐŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŽŶĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƟĞƐ͕ƐŝŶĐĞ ĂƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚǁŝŶĞƐ͘DĂŶǇǁŝŶ- the majority of them are skilled in general agricultural prac- ĞƌŝĞƐ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞ ŽĨ ǁĂƐƚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ ďǇ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŶŐ ƉĂƐƚƵƌĞƐ ;ůĂŶĚ ƟĐĞƐ͘ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶͿ͘ VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AND HYDROPONICS TRAINING A recent study on a poorly drained duplex soil showed that ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƉĂƚĐŚŽĨůĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶ dŚŝƌƚĞĞŶĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞDŽƚŚŽŶŐŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůŶƵƌƐĞƌǇĂƚ- ƚŚĞĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵŝŶƚŚĞƐŽŝů͘Ɖ- tended a combined vegetable, nursery and hydroponics ƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŝŐŚǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶƉůƵƐĂŶ- ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ Z ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ &ŝǀĞ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ŶƵĂůƌĂŝŶĨĂůůƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶŽǀĞƌŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚůĂƌŐĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽŶhŶŝƚ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚϭϭϲϯϭϰ;WƌŽĚƵĐĞĐƌŽƉƐŝŶĂŚǇĚƌŽ- potassium leached beyond 90 cm soil depth. These leached ƉŽŶŝĐƐƐǇƐƚĞŵͿĂŶĚĞŝŐŚƚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽŶhŶŝƚ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ elements are bound to end up in natural water resources, ϭϭϲϬϳϵ;DŽŶŝƚŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨĂĐƌŽƉͿ͘dŚĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƉŽůůƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨ ŚĂǀĞĂŶƵƌƐĞƌǇĨŽƌƉůĂŶƚƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐŵĂůůƉůŽƚƐŽĨůĂŶĚ winery wastewater on these soil types is recommended ĨŽƌ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂů ƉůĂŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ůŽŶŐ ƚĞƌŵ ĐƌŽƉƐ͕ ŽŶůǇ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĞǆĐĞĞĚ ƚŚĞ they also plant vegetables as cash crops to sustain the pro- water requirement of the crop. Regular soil monitoring ũĞĐƚ͘dŚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞŵǁŝƚŚƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĚŽŶĞƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚŽǀĞƌŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂ- on the importance of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases, ƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨǀĞŐĞƚĂ- ble pests and pest management as part of an integrated ŝƐƉŽƐĂů ŽĨ ƐŽůŝĚ ǁŝŶĞƌǇ ǁĂƐƚĞ ;ƐŬŝŶƐ͕ ƉŝƉƐ͕ ƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ĮŶŝŶŐ pest management programme. The course focussed on site ĂŐĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĮůƚĞƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐͿ ĂůƐŽ ƉŽƐĞƐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ĨŽƌ ǁŝŶ- visits rather than lectures, which helped the learners to un- ĞƌŝĞƐ͘ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ ǁŝŶ- derstand the concepts more easily, as they could relate the ĞƌǇǁĂƐƚĞĂŶĚƐǇŶƚŚĞƟĐĨĞƌƟůŝǌĞƌŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚǇŝĞůĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘dŚĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĐĂďďĂŐĞ ŝŶ Ă ƐĂŶĚǇ ƐŽŝů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ĂƉĞ͕ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ǁĞƌĞĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞƐŽĨĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞǇǁŝůůƌĞ- that cabbage can be produced successfully by using winery ĐĞŝǀĞĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞƐŽĨĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐĞĞŶĚŽƌƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞŐƌŝ^- waste compost. dŝŶǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŚǇĚƌŽƉŽŶŝĐƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŌĞƌ

ŵŽĚĞƌĂƟŽŶďǇƚŚĞdY͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 49 GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE COVER CROP AND WEED MANAGEMENT IN VINEYARDS

ŽǀĞƌĐƌŽƉĐƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶƉůĂǇƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞŝŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ /ƚ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůǇ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ ǁĞĞĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ and reducing the amount of herbicides used, but also im- proves soil texture and soil carbon content and helps to re- ĚƵĐĞĞǀĂƉŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŽŝů͘ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĚŽŶĞďǇ the ARC over three decades showed that a variety of cover ĐƌŽƉƐĐĂŶďĞĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚƚŽƐƵƉƉƌĞƐƐǁŝŶƚĞƌǁĞĞĚƐŝŶǀŝŶĞ- ǇĂƌĚƐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇ͘/ŶĐĂƐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĐƌŽƉĐƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ Žƌ ĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞ͕ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ǁĞĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ďĞŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĂƐĂĐŽǀĞƌĐƌŽƉ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵƚƌŝĂůƐĂůƐŽ showed that cover crop species should be rotated and that as certain weed species are suppressed, other weeds become ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĂƚĐŽǀĞƌĐƌŽƉĂŶĚǁĞĞĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ ǁĞĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ sĞŐĞƚĂďůĞƐŐƌŽǁŶǁŝƚŚĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘ change. Trends such as these only become clear with long- ƚĞƌŵƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƚŚĞZŝƐƵŶŝƋƵĞůǇƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚƚŽ GREAT THINGS FROM SMALL BEGINNINGS ĚŽ͘dŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚŽǀĞƌĂůůƚŚĞƐĞǇĞĂƌƐŵĂĚĞŝƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽƉƵďůŝƐŚĂƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƌĂƌƟĐůĞƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ^ǁĞĞƚ ƉŽƚĂƚŽ ŝƐ Ă ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ĐĂƐŚ ĐƌŽƉ ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ ƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐƚŽĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŽŶĂůůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨĐŽǀĞƌĐƌŽƉ farmers, and it is promoted by the ARC to address food se- ĐƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶ͕ĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞůŝĨĞƐƉĂŶŽĨĂǀŝŶĞǇĂƌĚĨƌŽŵƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ĐƵƌŝƚǇĂŶĚŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ;ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƚŚĞŽƌĂŶŐĞͲŇĞƐŚĞĚĐƵůƟ- ŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞƐƵŶƟůĨƵůůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚďĞǇŽŶĚ͘ ǀĂƌƐͿ͘ŶŽŶͲĨĂƌŵƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽĐƵůƟǀĂƌĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƚƌŝĂů ǁĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂƚƚŚĞWŚĞǌƵŬŽŵŬŚŽŶŽWƌŽũĞĐƚŶĞĂƌtĞĞ- ŶĞŶ͘dŚĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĞŝŐŚƚďĂŐƐŽĨƐǁĞĞƚ IRRIGATION GUIDELINES FOR WINE GRAPES ƉŽƚĂƚŽǀŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞZƚŽƉůĂŶƚĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĨĂƌŵ- er now supplies the local informal market on a daily basis tŝŶĞ ŐƌĂƉĞ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ ĂŶĚƐĞĐƵƌĞĚĂŵĂƌŬĞƚŝŶWŝĞƚĞƌŵĂƟǌďƵƌŐĨŽƌŚŝƐŽƉĞůŽŽƌ- ŽǀĞƌŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϱϬǇĞĂƌƐĞŶĂďůĞĚƚŚĞZƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝƌƌŝ- ĂŶŐĞͲŇĞƐŚĞĚƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽĞƐ;ĂŶZĐƵůƟǀĂƌͿ͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐ ŐĂƟŽŶŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨƚŚĞ,ĂŶĚďŽŽŬĨŽƌ/ƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ĂǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶǁĂƐĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ of Wine Grapes͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽŽƉƟŵŝƐŝŶŐǁŝŶĞ ŝŶƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĨŽƌĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞƵdŚƵŬĞůĂ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ŵĂǆŝŵŝǌŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƵƐĞ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚůĞĚƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨƌŽŵ&&͘ŌĞƌƚŚĞĚĞŵŽŶ- ĨŽĐƵƐŽĨƚŚĞďŽŽŬŝƐŽŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƚƌŝĂůǁĂƐŚĂƌǀĞƐƚĞĚŝŶDĂǇϮϬϭϴ͕ĂƚĂƐƟŶŐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ƉŚǇƐŝŽůŽŐǇĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞǁĂƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ŽĨĐŽŽŬĞĚƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽĞƐǁĂƐŚĞůĚŝŶƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚůŽ- ƚŽ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƌĞŽĨ͕ ŝƚ ĂůƐŽ ĐĂůĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͘DŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϰϬƉĞŽƉůĞĂƩĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĞƚĂƐƟŶŐĂŶĚ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ ƐŽŝů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͕ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŽŶĐƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂŶĚƵƐĞƐŽĨƐǁĞĞƚƉŽ- ǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĂŶĚĨƌŽƐƚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ tatoes were also done. This book will be a useful guide for present and future gen- ĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨǁŝŶĞŐƌĂƉĞŐƌŽǁĞƌƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĨŽƌǀŝƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐƚƵ- dents.

An electronic version of the book is available, free of charge, ĂƚŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁŝŶĞƚĞĐŚ͘ĐŽ͘ǌĂͬ knowledge-transfer/e-books.

,ĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŽŶƚŚĞ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƚƌŝĂůĨĂƌŵŶĞĂƌtĞĞŶĞŶ͘ 50 Agricultural Research Council

COLLABORATION ON WEED CONTROL

WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶŚĂƐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞĂůŝĞŶ plant Parthenium hysterophorus ;ĂůƐŽ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ &ĂŵŝŶĞ ǁĞĞĚͿĂŶĚŝƐĞŵďĂƌŬŝŶŐŽŶĂďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘ The ARC has one of the most extensive biological control programmes on parthenium weed in the world, therefore ĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝŽƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů;/Ϳ WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚƚŚĞZƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨƉĂƌƚŚĞŶŝƵŵǁĞĞĚƚŽƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĂŶĚŽĸ- ĐŝĂůƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶEĂƟŽŶĂůŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶ- ƚƌĞ;WEZͿĂŶĚ/WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͘ dŚĞZǁĂƐĂůƐŽĂƐŬĞĚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŚŽƐƚͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝƚǇƚĞƐƚ- ing on the stem-boring weevil Listronotus setosipennis for WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶĂƚƚŚĞZƋƵĂƌĂŶƟŶĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŽůĂƚĞƌƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂƐƚĂƌƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚŝƐďŝŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂŐĞŶƚƚŽWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ͘

&ŽƵƌĚĞůĞŐĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵWĂŬŝƐƚĂŶǀŝƐŝƚĞĚƚŚĞZĨŽƌƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͘ with the purpose to learn more about weed biocontrol ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͕ǀŝĞǁŝŶŐŽĨĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŽ- ƌĞƟĐĂůĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽŶďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨƉĂƌƚŚĞ- ŶŝƵŵ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůǇ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƐƐͲƌĞĂƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďŝŽĐŽŶƚƌŽů agent L. setosipennis.

EMPOWERING SMALL SCALE GRAPE FARMERS

The ARC has been providing training and extension to small ƐĐĂůĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ KƌĂŶŐĞ ZŝǀĞƌ sĂůůĞǇ͕ EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶĂƉĞ͕ĨŽƌŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶĂĚĞĐĂĚĞ͘

ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĐŽƵƌƐĞŝŶŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞƉĞƐƚĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂ- ƟŽŶ͕ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůǁĂƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂƚŬƐƚĞĞŶƐŬƵŝů ŶĞĂƌ<ĞŝŵŽĞƐ͘dŚĞĞǀĞŶƚǁĂƐĂƩĞŶĚĞĚďǇϮϲĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞŬƐƚĞĞŶƐŬƵŝůĂŶĚƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚ ŽŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƉĞƐƚŵŽŶ- ŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͘ƩĞŶĚĞĞƐĂůůƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞŽĨĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞǆƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ĐŽŵ- ŵŝƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞZƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 51 OVERVIEW AND HIGHLIGHTS OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

ŚĞǁŽƌŬĚŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞŶŝŵĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ TĂůƐŽ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŶŝŵĂů ,ĞĂůƚŚ͕ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;,W/Ϳ ůĂƌŐĞůǇ ƐƵƉ- ƉŽƌƚƐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐZƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŐŽĂůƐ͗

• ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ'ŽĂůϮ͗dŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĞĸĐŝĞŶ- cies in livestock, wildlife and aquaculture based agriculture; • ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ'ŽĂůϯ͗dŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƟůŝƐĂ- ƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ • ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ 'ŽĂů ϰ͗ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƐĂĨĞƚǇ͕ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝ- culture value chain; and • ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ 'ŽĂů ϱ͗ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐ- seminate knowledge and technologies for decision making and trans- ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘

dŚĞ,W/WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŝƐĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚĂƚƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬǀĂůƵĞ ĐŚĂŝŶ͘dŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŽĨƚŚĞ,W/WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŝƐƚŽĂĚǀĂŶĐĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĐŽŵƉĞƟ- ƟǀĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘ dŚŝƐŝƐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ŚƵŵĂŶ ĐĂƉŝƚĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ŶĞǁ ĂŶĚ improved technologies for animal health, produc- ƟŽŶ͕ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ǀĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚ ĂŶŝŵĂů ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚ ŽĨƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐĂƌĞĂƐ͘dŚĞZŶŝŵĂů,ĞĂůƚŚ͕WƌŽĚƵĐ- ƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĚǇŶĂŵŝĐ partnerships with the livestock industry from grass- ƌŽŽƚƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐŽĨŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ͘

/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶŶĂ- ƟŽŶĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽŶďĞŚĂůĨŽĨƚŚĞ&&ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐ ƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽĚŝĂŶŽĨƐŽŵĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂƐƐĞƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞ^d͘ dŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůŶŝŵĂů/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ^ĐŚĞŵĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚŚĞ <ĂŽŶĂĨĂƚƐŽ ǇĂ ŝŬŐŽŵŽ ;<ǇͿ ^ĐŚĞŵĞ͕ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĂůͲƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘dŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĂƐƐĞƚƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĨŽƌĂŐĞŐĞŶĞďĂŶŬ͕ ƌĂďŝĞƐ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͕ ďůŽŽĚ ǀĂĐĐŝŶĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƵŶŝƚ͕ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƟĐŬ ĂŶĚ ŚĞůŵŝŶƚŚ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽů-

52 Agricultural Research Council ůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂůŐĂƐƚƌŽŝŶƚĞƐƟŶĂůĂŶĚĨŽŽĚĨĞƌŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵŝ- cro-organisms, to name but a few.

^ƚĂƚƵƚŽƌǇŽďůŝŐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĐŚĂŶŶĞůĨŽƌƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƐĞƌ- ǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞǁŝĚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĂŶŝŵĂůŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĂĐƚƐ ;e.g͘ ƚŚĞ ŶŝŵĂů /ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ Đƚ EŽ͘ ϲϮ ŽĨ ϭϵϵϴͿ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƐŝƚĞƐŽĨŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĂƌĞĂƚ/ƌĞŶĞ͕ƐŽƵƚŚŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂĂŶĚĂƚKŶĚĞƌƐƚĞƉŽŽƌƚ͕ŝŶƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚ ǁĞƐƚŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͕ŝƚŚĂƐƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞƐƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůǇƉŽ- ƐŝƟŽŶĞĚŝŶĂůŵŽƐƚĂůůŽĨƚŚĞŶŝŶĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘

ĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƩĂŝŶĞĚďǇƚŚŝƐWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƵŶĚĞƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŐƌŝ- cultural Research Council research and development and ser- ǀŝĐĞ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ǇĞĂƌ ϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ ĂƌĞ >ĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚ͗Dƌ:ŽĞůDĂŵĂďŽůŽ;&&ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͗ŶŝŵĂů WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶͿ͕Dƌ:ŽŚĂŶŶĞƐ>ŽƵďƐĞƌ;ǁŝŶŶĞƌŽĨƚŚĞDĂƐƚĞƌ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͗ ĂŝƌǇŵĂŶĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶŝŶϮϬϭϴͿĂŶĚƌŶĚƌĞǁDĂŐĂĚůĞůĂ ;Z'ƌŽƵƉǆĞĐƵƟǀĞ͗ŶŝŵĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐͿ͘ STRATEGIC GOAL 2

ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCIES IN LIVESTOCK, WILDLIFE AND AQUACULTURE ______

ARC NATIONAL MILK RECORDING AND IMPROVEͳ MENT SCHEME IS INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNISED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR ANIMAL ZKZ/E'Έ/ZΉ >ĞŌƚŽƌŝŐŚƚ͗Dƌ:ŽĞůDĂŵĂďŽůŽ;&&ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͗ŶŝŵĂůWƌŽ- dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůDŝůŬZĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐĂŶĚ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ^ĐŚĞŵĞǁĂƐƚŚĞ ĚƵĐƟŽŶͿ͕Dƌ>ŽƵŝƐŽWĞƉĞƚĂ;ǁŝŶŶĞƌŽĨƚŚĞ^ŵĂůů,ŽůĚĞƌDĂƐƚĞƌ ĂŝƌǇŵĂŶĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶŝŶϮϬϭϴͿĂŶĚƌŶĚƌĞǁDĂŐĂĚůĞůĂ;Z ŵĂŝŶĚƌŝǀŝŶŐĨŽƌĐĞĨŽƌĚĂŝƌǇĐĂƩůĞƌĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶ 'ƌŽƵƉǆĞĐƵƟǀĞ͗ŶŝŵĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐͿ͘ ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĨŽƌϭϬϬǇĞĂƌƐĂŶĚǁŝůůĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽĨƵůĮůƚŚŝƐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞŽǀĞƌĂƌĐŚŝŶŐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŽĨƚŚĞDŝůŬZĞĐŽƌĚ- ŝŶŐĂŶĚ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ^ĐŚĞŵĞŝƐƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚƉƌŽĮƚĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůǇĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽĨŽŽĚ GENOME-WIDE GENETIC MARKER DISCOVERY IN SOUTH ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ũŽďĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ AFRICAN INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS providing performance-recording services to all dairy producers. >ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬŚĂƐƉůĂǇĞĚĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞŝŶĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ŚŝƐƚŽƌǇ dŚĞ^ĐŚĞŵĞĂůƐŽƉƵƚƐŵŽƌĞĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂ- ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ ƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞƐǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƌĂĚŝŽŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ͕ƉƵďůŝ- ĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƌĂƌƟĐůĞƐĂŶĚĨĂƌŵĞƌ͛ƐĚĂǇƐƚŽƌĞĂĐŚĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚ /ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐďƌĞĞĚƐĂƌĞǀĂůƵĂďůĞŐĞŶĞƟĐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ǁĞůůĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ŽƚŚĞƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘dŚĞDŝůŬZĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐĂŶĚ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞ- ƚŽƚŚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĐůŝŵĂƟĐƌĞŐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬƉƌŽĚƵĐ- ŵĞŶƚ^ĐŚĞŵĞŽŶĐĞŵŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞŽĨYƵĂůŝƚǇ;ŽYͿ ƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘ ĨƌŽŵ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĨŽƌŶŝŵĂůZĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ͕ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ĂŶĂƵĚŝƚĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘dŚĞ^ĐŚĞŵĞĂůƐŽ dŚĞƐĞ ďƌĞĞĚƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ ďĞĞĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂ- ŚŽƐƚĞĚƚŚĞDĂƐƚĞƌĂŝƌǇŵĂŶĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƚŽĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĞ ƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĞǆŽƟĐ ďƌĞĞĚƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĨĂƌŵ ĂŶŝŵĂů ŐĞŶĞƟĐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ďĞƐƚ ŽĨ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͛Ɛ ĚĂŝƌǇ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ- ĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚŝŶĂǁŽƌůĚƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚďǇĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇ ŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĚĂŝƌǇ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ ZĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ breeds that are resistant to drought, extreme heat and tropical to superior commercial and smallholder dairy farmers at this diseases. ĞǀĞŶƚ͘dŚĞZŶŶƵĂůEĂƟŽŶĂůĂŝƌǇWĞƌĨŽƌŵĞƌƐǁĂƌĚƐƚŽŽŬ

ƉůĂĐĞĂƚƚŚĞŐƌŝǆƉŽ ǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕^ĂŶĚƌŝŶŐŚĂŵ ŶĞĂƌ^ƚĞůůĞŶ- ďŽƐĐŚ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƐĂƩĞŶĚĞĚďǇϴϰŝŶǀŝƚĞĚŐƵĞƐƚƐ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 53 Ngunl Afrikaner ƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞ͘tŝƚŚƚŚĞ:ĞƌƐĞǇĐŽǁƐ ŵŝůŬĞĚŝŶĂĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůĚĂŝƌǇƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚďǇϯϮйǁŚĞŶĐŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŵŝůŬĞĚŽŶĐĞƉĞƌĚĂǇ͕ŝŶ- ƐƚĞĂĚŽĨƚǁŝĐĞƉĞƌĚĂǇ͘dŚĞĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůĚĂŝƌǇƐǇƐƚĞŵƉƌŽ- ĚƵĐĞĚĂŚŝŐŚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞƚŚĂŶĂǁĞĂŶĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ system, but less than the dairy ranching system.

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐĐĂƩůĞ͘ ŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽĂĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ĚĂŝƌǇƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ĚĂŝƌǇƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐ has a higher income, lower input costs, labour requirements dŚĞEŽĨĞǀĞƌǇĂŶŝŵĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐĐŽĚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂŶĚŶĞĞĚůŝŵŝƚĞĚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘/ƚĐĂŶĂůƐŽĂĚĚǀĂůƵĞƚŽ is unique to every individual. ARC used whole genome se- ƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞďĞĞĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ͘ĂŝƌǇƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐĚĞ- ƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ;t'^ͿƚŽĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌƵŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶŐůĞŶƵĐůĞŽƟĚĞƉŽů- ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞƌƵƌĂůͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ƐŵĂůůĨĂƌŵĞƌͲŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚĐĂƩůĞ ǇŵŽƌƉŚŝƐŵ ;^EWͿ ŵĂƌŬĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚƌĞĞ ^ ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ ĐĂƩůĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĐĂŶƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ƌĂŝƐĞŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ďƌĞĞĚƐ͕ŶĂŵĞůǇĨƌŝŬĂŶĞƌ͕ƌĂŬĞŶƐďĞƌŐĞƌ͕ĂŶĚEŐƵŶŝ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƉƌŽĮƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐĞůĨͲƌĞůŝĂŶĐĞ͕ƌĞĚƵĐĞŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝ- ĐŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŐĞŶĞƐŽĨĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘ ƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŽĨůŝǀŝŶŐ͘ dŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƉĂŶĞůŽĨďƌĞĞĚͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŵĂƌŬĞƌƐƚŽ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶĨƌŝŬĂŶĞƌ͕ƌĂŬĞŶƐďĞƌŐĞƌĂŶĚEŐƵŶŝ breeds and these markers will be used for individual and ďƌĞĞĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚƌĂĐĞĂďŝůŝƚǇŝŶ^ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ ďƌĞĞĚƐ͘ZĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶƐŝŐŚƚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐďƌĞĞĚƐĂŶĚĂůƐŽŽīĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƵƐĞŝŶĐĂƩůĞďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐĨŽƌƵŶŝƋƵĞƚƌĂŝƚƐůŝŬĞĚŝƐ- ease resistance.

DAIRY RANCHING AS AN ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM COMPARED TO BEEF AND MILK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS FOR SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN SOUTH AFRICA :ĞƌƐĞǇĂŶĚŽŶƐŵĂƌĂŚĞŝĨĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞĚĂŝƌǇƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ ĂŝƌǇ ƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ŽĨ ŬĞĞƉŝŶŐ ĐŽǁƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇůŽǁŵŝůŬǇŝĞůĚ͕ďĞŝŶŐƉĂƌƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝƌ calves in the evening, milked out in the morning, and spend the day with their calves at foot. These cows are usually not PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SA PLANTS AGAINST milked in the evening. AFLATOXIN B1-INDUCED TOXICITY

The aim of the study was to generate results that can be ŇĂƚŽǆŝŶϭ;&ϭͿŝƐĂŵǇĐŽƚŽǆŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚďǇĮůĂŵĞŶƚŽƵƐ ƵƐĞĚďǇĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĂŶĚŶĞǁĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĐĂƩůĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŽ ĨƵŶŐŝ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞ ĨŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĞĚƐ͘ /ƚ benchmark the system of dairy ranching in comparison with can induce mutagenicity, genotoxicity and liver cancer in ƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞ ĚĂŝƌǇ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ŽƌĚŝŶĂƌǇ ďĞĞĨ ĐĂƩůĞ ďŽƚŚŚƵŵĂŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŵĂůƐƵƉŽŶĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŵŝ- ƐƵĐŬůĞƌ;ǁĞĂŶĞƌĐĂůĨͿƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘dŚĞĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůŚĞƌĚĐŽŵ- ŶĂƚĞĚĨŽŽĚ͘dŚĞZĞŶǀŝƐŝŽŶƚŚĂƚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨ&ϭŝŶ- ƉƌŝƐĞĚŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞƐĨƌŽŵŽŶƐŵĂƌĂ͕ƌĂŚŵĂŶ͕:ĞƌƐĞǇ͕EŐƵŶŝ duced mutagenicity and carcinogenesis can be averted by ĂŶĚZĞĚWŽůůďƌĞĞĚƐ͘dŚĞĂŶŝŵĂůƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽů- ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶƟŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ ůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚƌĞĞƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͗^ŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞĚĂŝƌǇĨĂƌŵŝŶŐǁŝƚŚ:ĞƌƐĞǇ ƉůĂŶƚƐ͘^ŝǆƚĞĞŶPlectranthus species extracts were screened ĐŽǁƐ͖ĚĂŝƌǇƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŽŶƐŵĂƌĂ͕ƌĂŚŵĂŶ͕EŐƵŶŝĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĂŶƟŽǆŝĚĂŶƚĂĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚĂŶƟŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ZĞĚWŽůůĐŽǁƐĂŶĚĂǁĞĂŶĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵǁŝƚŚŽŶ- &ϭŝŶĚƵĐĞĚŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ͘dŚĞĂŶƟŽǆŝĚĂŶƚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ ƐŵĂƌĂ͕ƌĂŚŵĂŶ͕EŐƵŶŝĂŶĚZĞĚWŽůůĐŽǁƐ͘ĂƚĂĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ Plectranthus ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Ϯ͕ ϮͲĚŝ- project was used to simulate results for a small-scale farm ƉŚĞŶǇůͲϭͲƉŝĐƌǇůŚǇĚƌĂǌǇů͕ Ϯ͕ ϮͲĂǌŝŶŽďŝƐ ;WW,Ϳ ĂƐƐĂǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ǁŝƚŚĂĐĂƌƌǇŝŶŐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇƚŽƐƵƐƚĂŝŶϮϱ>ĂƌŐĞ^ƚŽĐŬhŶŝƚƐ͘ ϯͲĞƚŚǇůďĞŶǌŽƚŚŝĂǌŽůŝŶĞ ϲͲƐƵůĨŽŶĂƚĞ ;d^Ϳ ĂƐƐĂǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ &ZWĂƐƐĂǇǁŝƚŚϮ͕ϰ͕ϲͲƚƌǇƉǇƌŝĚǇůͲƐͲƚƌŝĂǌŝŶĞ͘dŚĞŵĞƐƚĞƐƚ tŚĞŶ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ďƌĞĞĚƐ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 and ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ƚŚĞ EŐƵŶŝ ĐŽǁƐ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŚŵĂŶ ĐŽǁƐ sŝƚŽƚŽǆƚĞƐƚƐ^ĂůŵŽŶĞůůĂƚǇƉŚŝŵƵƌŝƵŵdϭϬϰǁĞƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŽ ƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞĨƌŽŵĂǁĞĂŶĞƌƉƌŽ- ĂƐƐĂǇĨŽƌĂŶƟŵƵƚĂŐĞŶŝĐŝƚǇ͘WůĂŶƚĞǆƚƌĂĐƚƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞƐŽůǀĞŶƚ ĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘ /Ŷ extracted from P. montanusŚĂĚŚŝŐŚĂŶƟŽǆŝĚĂŶƚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ƚŚĞĚĂŝƌǇƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ƚŚĞĚƵĂůͲƉƵƌƉŽƐĞZĞĚWŽůůĐŽǁƐ ŝŶƚŚĞd^ĂƐƐĂǇ͘ǆƚƌĂĐƚƐĨƌŽŵP. caninus, P. montanus,

54 Agricultural Research Council P. vericillutus and P. saccatusŚĂĚĂŶƟͲŐĞŶŽƚŽǆŝĐĞīĞĐƚƐ ǁĂƚĞƌͿĞǆƚƌĂĐƟŽŶƐǁĞƌĞŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚƚŽĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞƚŚĞ in Ames test while extracts of P. saccatus and P. neochilus ĂŶƟͲŶƵƚƌŝƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŽǆŝŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ƉůĂŶƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ ƐŚŽǁĞĚĂŶƟͲŐĞŶŽƚŽǆŝĐĞīĞĐƚƐŝŶsŝƚŽƚŽǆ͘ƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽƌƌĞ- YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ ƚŽ ůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂŶƟŽǆŝĚĂŶƚĂĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚĂŶƟͲŐĞŶŽƚŽǆŝĐĂĐ- determine the presence and the levels of toxic material. ƟǀŝƚǇŵĂǇŚĞůƉƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƐƐĂǇƐƚŽďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌ ,ŝŐŚWĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ>ŝƋƵŝĚŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ;,W>ͿǁĂƐƵƐĞĚ ƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ;ĂƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽƐƚͲĐƵƫŶŐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞͿ͘ ĨŽƌƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐǁŚĞƌĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐŽĨĨĞĞĚĂŶĚƐĞůĞĐƚ- ed plant species were compared and analysed. The results indicated that animal browsing in the rangelands is consid- EVALUATION OF ANTI-NUTRITIVE FACTORS IN ered a serious threat to livestock since the selected plant SOUTH AFRICAN PLANT SPECIES THAT POSE ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂŶƟͲŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƚŽǆŝŶƐ͘ A SERIOUS THREAT TO LIVESTOCK

WůĂŶƚƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĨŽƌŵŽĨ ĨĞĞĚƐƚŚĂƚůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬĐĂŶĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶĨŽƌŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ͘dŚĞǇŐƌŽǁ virtually over a wide range of geographic areas, including, but not limited to, tropical, sub-tropical and semi-arid regions around the world. They tolerate extremely high envi- ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͖ hence, they have been widely used as raw material in an- ŝŵĂůĨĞĞĚ͘/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĨĞƚǇĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ livestock, feed industries subject selected plant species to rigorous processing due to the inherent plant contents that ŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĂŶŝŵĂůĨĞĞĚ͘ϭͿdƌĞĞĨŽůŝĂŐĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƐƐ͖ϮͿ ŚĂǀĞŵĂƐƐŝǀĞĂĚǀĞƌƐĞƉŚǇƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞīĞĐƚƐ͘ dƌĞĞĨŽĚĚĞƌ͖ϯͿŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĨĞĞĚ͘

/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ĂƉĂƌƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬďƌŽǁƐŝŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽŶ ǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚ͕ƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĞǆƚƌĂĐƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝƐĂƌĞůŝĂďůĞ͕ tree fodders containing high yields of palatable and diges- ƐĂĨĞĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ǁĂƚĞƌŚĂƌĚŶĞƐƐŚĂƐŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ƟǀĞŚĞƌďĂŐĞŝŶƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞůĂŶĚƐ͕ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĐƵƚĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƚƌĂĐƟŽŶ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘ tĞ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚ feed their livestock with unprocessed tree foliage as supple- ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƐŽŌǁĂƚĞƌƚŚĂƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞďŽŝůŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞ ŵĞŶƚƐĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽǀĞƌƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůŐƌĂƐƐĞƐ ĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĞǆƚƌĂĐƟŽŶ͕ĂƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽďĞƵƐĞĨŽƌƌĞ- ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇĚƵƌ- ŵŽǀĂůŽĨĂŶƟͲŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƚŽǆŝŶƐĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƚƌĞĞĨŽůŝĂŐĞ͘ ing dry seasons. - l ~ dŚĞŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞĞĨŽůŝĂŐĞŚĂƐĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŵ- -. ƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨŵŝůŬ͕ĞŐŐƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ů- .. ƚŚŽƵŐŚƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚƌĞĞĨŽůŝĂŐĞŚĂƐĂƉŝǀŽƚĂůƌŽůĞĨŽƌƐŵĂůů .. ƐĐĂůĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƐĞƉůĂŶƚƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƚŽǆŝĐĂŶĚĂŶƟͲŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ . ! ƐƵĐŚĂƐŽǆĂůĂƚĞƐ͕ŐŽŝƚƌŽŐĞŶƐ͕ƐĂƉŽŶŝŶƐ;ƚƌŝƚĞƌƉĞŶĞƐͿ͕ƚƌǇƉƐŝŶ . inhibitors, cardiac glycosides and toxic amino acids that are - 2 ŬŶŽǁŶƚŽĐĂƵƐĞĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƐĂŶĚ - ƚŽǆŝĐĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶƐ͘ - - ! ǀĞŶ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ŵŽƐƚ ĂŶƟͲŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇ ŶŽƚ ůĞƚŚĂů͕ - ] J !!l ~ ƚŚĞǇ ŵĂǇ ĂĐƚ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ĂƐ ĂŶƟͲƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ͕ ĂŶƟͲǀŝƚĂŵŝŶƐ Žƌ ĂŶ- -. ~ .u~ ~ ~ 9 ! - ~ ,,\ • ƟͲŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐƚŽĚĞƉƌŝǀĞĂŶŝŵĂůƐŽĨŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶǁŚĞŶŝŶŐĞƐƚĞĚŝŶ - :, ĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞ͘dŚŝƐƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƐ͕ŐƌŽǁƚŚ - ĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŵƉĂŝƌŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨ - ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘,ĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĞĞĚƚŽĮŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝ- ·- ĂƚĞ ĚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů - feeds. ~_,__JuA I • !t I ~ ~ ' .~ • I ~ • . ' . ,W>ĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŽĨĂŶĂůǇƐĞĚƐĂŵƉůĞƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĂ WůĂŶƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ,yperacanthus amoenus, Caris- ĐŽŵŵŽŶƉĞĂŬƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞĂƌŽƵŶĚϭ͘ϱŵŝŶ͕;ϭͿƐŽĚŝƵŵ sa bispinosa, Nerium oleander, Lantana camara, various ŽǆĂůĂƚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͖;ϮͿĨĞĞĚƐĂŵƉůĞ͖;ϯͿEĞƌŝƵŵŽůĞĂŶĚĞƌ͘ Acacia species, Peltophorum africanum and Gleditsia tri- acanthosǁĞƌĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ͘dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŵĞƚŚ- ŽĚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ;ƵƐŝŶŐďŽŝůŝŶŐĂŶĚǁĂƌŵ

Annual Report 2018/2019 55 IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM EPITOPES AS VACCINE CANDIDATES

͘ƌƵŵŝŶĂŶƟƵŵŝƐĂŶŽďůŝŐĂƚĞŝŶƚƌĂĐĞůůƵůĂƌƌŝĐŬĞƩƐŝĂůĂŐĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĐĞůůͲŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĚŝŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ;D/ͿŝƐĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽ ƉůĂǇĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞŝŶƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐŬŶŽǁŶƚŚĂƚƉĂƚŚŽ- ŐĞŶƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐŵĂǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƉŝƚŽƉĞƐǁŚŝĐŚŝŶŚŝďŝƚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞ immune responses or induce immunopathology. These neg- ĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐĐĂŶďĞĂǀŽŝĚĞĚŝĨdĐĞůůĞƉŝƚŽƉĞƐƚŚĂƚƐƉĞĐŝĮ- ĐĂůůǇƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞD/ĂƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĨŽƌƵƐĞŝŶĂǀĂĐĐŝŶĞ͘dŚŝƐ ƐƚƵĚǇ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĂŝŵĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĂŶĚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞƚŚĞŝŶ- WƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƵůƟͲĞƉŝƚŽƉĞEǀĂĐĐŝŶĞĨŽƌŝŵŵƵŶŝƐŝŶŐ sheep subcutaneously with the gene gun. ĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞƉŝƚŽƉĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĚƵĐĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĞƌŽŶ;/&EͿͲɶďǇĐůƵƐƚĞƌ

ŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƟŶŐϰнdͲŚĞůƉĞƌ;dŚͿϭŽƌϴнdĐĞůůƐƵƐŝŶŐ ͘ƌƵŵŝŶĂŶƟƵŵƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇƐŚŽǁŶƚŽƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞdŚϭ ŝŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ŝŶ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂů ďůŽŽĚ ŵŽŶŽŶƵĐůĞĂƌ ĐĞůůƐ ;WDͿ from sheep infected by needle challenge.

To ensure that these proteins were immunogenic, they ǁĞƌĞĮƌƐƚĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽŝŶĚƵĐĞD/ŝŶWD ĨƌŽŵƟĐŬŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚƐŚĞĞƉ͘dŚŝƌƚĞĞŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐǁĞƌĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌůĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƉĞƉƟĚĞƐ ŽĨ ϭϲͲŵĞƌ͕ ƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ͕ǁĞƌĞƐǇŶƚŚĞƐŝƐĞĚ͘ĂĐŚƉĞƉƟĚĞǁĂƐĂƐƐĂǇĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŵŵƵŶĞWDĨƌŽŵŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚƐŚĞĞƉ͕ƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƚŚĞŝƌ ability to induce recall T cell responses and cytokine pro- ĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕in vitro͘&ƌŽŵƚŚŝƌƚĞĞŶǀĂĐĐŝŶĞĐĂŶĚŝĚĂƚĞƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ͕ ϯϱϮ ƉĞƉƟĚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĚƵĐĞ /&EͲɶ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐǇƚŽŬŝŶĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ^ƵďĐƵƚĂŶĞŽƵƐŵƵůƟͲĞƉŝƚŽƉĞEŝŵŵƵŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͘DŽƐƚƉĞƉƟĚĞƐĂĐƟǀĂƚĞĚϰнdĐĞůůƐďƵƚŽŶůǇĂ of sheep using the gene gun. ĨĞǁƉĞƉƟĚĞƐŝŶĚƵĐĞĚϴнdĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞƐŚŽǁŶƚŽďĞ ĐǇƚŽƚŽǆŝĐ͘WĞƉƟĚĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƐƚĂŶĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ANTIBODIES IN A TUBE immune responses were selected and tested in vitro to de- ƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞŽƉƟŵƵŵĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ ŶƟďŽĚŝĞƐĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐĂŶĚĨŽƌĚŝ- ĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐ͘dŚĞǇĂƌĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŵĂĚĞďǇŚƵŵĂŶƐŽƌĂŶ- dŚĞƐĞĞƉŝƚŽƉĞƐǁĞƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĨŽƵƌŵƵůƟͲĞƉŝƚŽƉĞ ŝŵĂůƐŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƚŽŵĂƩĞƌƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ͕ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚ EǀĂĐĐŝŶĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĂŵĂŵŵĂůŝĂŶĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶǀĞĐ- ǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ďŽĚŝĞƐ͘ ŶƟďŽĚŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŽƌĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚĨŽƌĚƵĂůĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨϰнĂŶĚϴнƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ďŝŶĚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƵƐƵĂůůǇǀĞƌǇ ƉĞƉƟĚĞƐ͘ ĂĐŚ ŵƵůƟͲĞƉŝƚŽƉĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŶĚĐĂŶďĞǀŝƐƵĂůŝƐĞĚďǇƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͘ ƚĂŐƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ>DWŽƌ<&ZYƚŚĂƚƚĂƌŐĞƚD,ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ ^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĞǆƉůŽŝƚƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝƚǇ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůǇƚŽĮŶĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽ ŽƌƐŝŐŶĂůƉĞƉƟĚĞƐĨŽƌƐĞĐƌĞƟŽŶĨŽƌϰн͕ĂŶĚĂƵďŝƋƵŝƟŶƚĂŐ problems related to animal and human health, but also to ĨŽƌϴнdĐĞůůƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐ͘ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͕ĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĂŬĞĂŶƟďŽĚŝĞƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ͕ dŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚĞƐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ in vitro immune ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ͕ǀŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚ ĂƐƐĂǇƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇŝŶǀŝǀŽƚĞƐƟŶŐ͘^ŚĞĞƉǁĞƌĞŝŵŵƵŶŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƚƌĞŶĚƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝǌĞƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĞǆ- with the constructs together with adjuvant using a gene perimental animals, the ARC has been working on sustain- ŐƵŶĂŶĚŝŶƚƌĂŵƵƐĐƵůĂƌ;/DͿŝŶũĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁĞƌĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĚ ĂďůĞĂŶƟďŽĚǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚŚĂƚĚĞƉĞŶĚĂƐůŝƩůĞĂƐ with ͘ƌƵŵŝŶĂŶƟƵŵƵƐŝŶŐĂůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇƟĐŬĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͘WĂƌ- ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽŶĂŶŝŵĂůƵƐĞ͘hƐŝŶŐƉŚĂŐĞĚŝƐƉůĂǇƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͕ƚŚĞ ƟĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶǁĂƐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚϯŽƵƚŽĨϱƐŚĞĞƉŝŵŵƵ- full immune repertoire of the chicken has been cloned in a ŶŝƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ Ɖ>ĂŵƉ E ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚ ƐƵƌǀŝǀŝŶŐ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ bacteriophage system. ŶĂƚƵƌĂůƟĐŬĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞŽĨ͘ƌƵŵŝŶĂŶƟƵŵ͘dŚĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĞĨ- ĮĐŝĞŶĐǇŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚǁĂƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ;ƉчϬ͘Ϭϱ͕^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ͛Ɛ Recently the immune repertoire of the indigenous ostrich ƚͲƚĞƐƚͿĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚďǇĐŽͲĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂĐĐŝŶĞǁŝƚŚ ŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶĐůŽŶĞĚǁŝƚŚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĨƌŽŵZĞĚDĞĂƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŵŽŶŽƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌǇůůŝƉŝĚ;DW>ͿĂĚũƵǀĂŶƚ͘dŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƚƵĚǇ ΘĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚĞƐĞƚǁŽƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů͚ƉŽƚƐ͛ ƉĂǀĞƐƚŚĞǁĂǇĨŽƌƚŚĞŶĞǆƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƐĞǀ- ĂƌĞƚƌĂĚĞŵĂƌŬĞĚĂƐƚŚĞEŬƵŬƵΠĂŶĚ/ŶƐŚŝΠĂŶƟďŽĚǇůŝďƌĂƌ- eral pathogens focused on by the ARC. ŝĞƐ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞůŝďƌĂƌŝĞƐƵƐĞĨƵůĂŶƟďŽĚŝĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĨŽƵŶĚ

56 Agricultural Research Council ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚǀĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĨƌŝĐĂŶ,ŽƌƐĞ ƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨŶĂƟǀĞͬŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐůĞŐƵŵĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƉŽƚĞŶ- ^ŝĐŬŶĞƐƐ sŝƌƵƐ ;,^sͿ͕ ůƵĞƚŽŶŐƵĞ sŝƌƵƐ ;dsͿ͕ tĞƐƐĞƐů- ƟĂůĂƐĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞĨŽĚĚĞƌĐƌŽƉƐĨŽƌƵƐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞŵĂƌŐŝŶĂů ďƌŽŶsŝƌƵƐ͕&ŽŽƚĂŶĚDŽƵƚŚŝƐĞĂƐĞsŝƌƵƐ;&DsͿ͕ďŽǀŝŶĞ agro-ecological areas. tuberculosis and the horse parasite Babesia caballi. These ĂŶƟďŽĚŝĞƐĂƌĞǀĞƌǇǁĞůůĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽĨƵŶůŝŵŝƚ- &ƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨĂůŽďŽƚĂƐĞƌŝĐĞĂǁĂƐ ed source, compared to those from experimental animals highlighted as a fodder crop for the semi-arid agro-ecosys- ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĮŶŝƚĞ͘ ƚĞŵƐ ŽĨ EĂŵĂƋƵĂůĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ ĂƉĞ ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ ŽĨ ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘tŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶĂƉĞ͕C. sericea, is primar- ,., ŝůǇĨŽƵŶĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞǁŝŶƚĞƌƌĂŝŶĨĂůůƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŽĨEĂŵĂƋƵĂůĂŶĚ͕ ... ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝƐĂĚĂƉƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞůŽǁƌĂŝŶĨĂůůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ... ŽĨƚŚĞEĂŵĂƋƵĂůĂŶĚƌĂŶŐĞůĂŶĚƐ͘ ... tŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĂŶŐĞůĂŶĚƐ͕C. sericea has a shrubby growth form, grows up to 1.8 m in length, and is primarily found ,.. ŽŶ ƐĂŶĚǇ ƐŽŝůƐ͘ >ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ ǁŝůů ŶŽƚ ĂĐƟǀĞůǇ ŐƌĂǌĞ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ foliage of C. sericea when other, presumably more palatable " ,.. i forages available. ... dŚŝƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĂůůŽǁƐƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƚŽĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚĞĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ... amount of biomass throughout the year. A feeding ecology ƐƚƵĚǇĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞZŽŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬďƌĞĞĚƐ ... ŝŶƚŚĞ<ĂŵŵŝĞƐďĞƌŐ'ƌĂŶŝƚĞZĞŶŽƐƚĞƌǀĞůĚǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶƚǇƉĞ ... ŝŶƚŚĞ>ĞůŝĞĨŽŶƚĞŝŶĐŽŵŵƵŶĂůƌĂŶŐĞůĂŶĚƐŽĨEĂŵĂƋƵĂůĂŶĚ͕ .. 70 80 90 100 110 120 ,., ,.. n. . indicated that when there is a feed shortage within the rangelands, usually during the late summer months, the ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞƉůĂƐŵŽŶƌĞƐŽŶĂŶĐĞƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ/ŶƐŚŝΠĂŶƟďŽĚǇ ďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽŝƚƐƚĂƌŐĞƚŝŶƌĞĂůƟŵĞ͘ dry foliage of C. sericeaĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϭϱйĂŶĚ ϭϲйŽĨŚĞƌĚĞĚƐŚĞĞƉĂŶĚŐŽĂƚĚŝĞƚƐ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇ͘/ŶŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇĂƐĂĨŽĚĚĞƌĐƌŽƉ͕ƉƌŽƉĞƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌƐĞĞĚůŝŶŐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ- ment is required.

STRATEGIC GOAL 3 dŚĞZĚŝĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞŐĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞƐ- ƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨC. sericea ĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ͕ THE CONSERVATION AND ǁĂƚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƐĞĞĚďƵƌŝĂůĚĞƉƚŚƐ͘ UTILISATION OF NATURAL Results indicated that seeds germinated best at tempera- RESOURCES ƚƵƌĞƐƌĂŶŐŝŶŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϬĂŶĚϮϬΣ͕ďƵƚƐƟůůŚĂĚĂŐĞƌŵŝ- ______ŶĂƟŽŶƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϴϬйĂƚϱΣ͘Calobota sericea ƐĞĞĚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŽƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĂǁĂƚĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨ ĂƚůĞĂƐƚͲϬ͘ϯDWĂƚŽƌĞĂĐŚĂŐĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨϲϬй͘ THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, WATER AVAILABILITY AND SEED BURIAL DEPTH ON SEED ĞůŽǁƚŚŝƐůĞǀĞůŐĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶǁĂƐƐĞǀĞƌĞůǇƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ͘^ĞĞĚůŝŶŐ GERMINATION AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞǁĂƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂƚďƵƌŝĂůĚĞƉƚŚƐŽĨϮͲϯĐŵ͘ZĞƐƵůƚƐ OF THE INDIGENOUS LEGUME CALOBOTA SERICEA (FABACEAE) AS A POTENTIAL FODDER CROP from the current study suggest that C. sericea seeds can be ƉůĂŶƚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮĂŶĚϯĐŵĚĞĞƉĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞǁŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĂƐŽŶ dŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚ when temperatures are lower and rainfall more prevalent. ĨƌŝĐĂ͕ ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇŶŽƚƌĞŐĂƌĚĞĚĂƐŚŝŐŚůǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ /ĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞĚƉƌŽƉĞƌůǇ͕C. sericea has the po- ƚŚŽƐĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞĚďǇǁĂƚĞƌͲůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ƉŽŽƌͲĂŶĚƌĞƐƚƌŝĐ- ƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƚŽĮůůŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂƚĞƐƵŵŵĞƌ ƟǀĞƐŽŝůƐ͕ĂŶĚŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůďŝŽĐůŝŵĂƟĐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ feed gaps experienced within these semi-arid, water-limited ĂŐƌŽͲĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇĂůƐŽŽƚŚĞƌĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞǆ- KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŬĞǇůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƚŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞůĂĐŬŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞůŝǀĞ- ƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌďŝŽĐůŝŵĂƟĐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ stock forages for these marginal agro-ecological areas. To ƚƌǇĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĨŽƌĂŐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞZŚĂǀĞƐƚĂƌƚĞĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƉŽ- Annual Report 2018/2019 57 farmers are located further away from the villages. The loca- ƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĐƌŽƉůĂŶĚƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞďŽƵŶĚ- ĂƌŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƐŽŶĂů ŐƌĂǌŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ stockpots.

ĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŐƌĂǌŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŽĨŚĞƌĚŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ very changeable and are adapted constantly.

The study concluded that policies should embrace the com- ĂůŽďŽƚĂƐĞƌŝĐĞĂŶĞǆƚƚŽĂŶƵŶĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚĐƌŽƉůĂŶĚĂůŽŶŐ ƉůĞǆŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƚŽƌĂůƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚĞŶĂďůĞƚŚĞĂĚĂƉƟǀĞŵĂŶ- the road verges in the Leliefontein communal rangeland in agement of herds. This could reduce the level of vulnera- the Northern Cape province of South Africa. bility experienced by pastoralists to climate variability and ,, __ ,, _ wider societal change. ,,,. _.___ - ··-~

Leliefontein pastoral area in Namaqualand, South Africa.

Number of indigenous legume species recorded as grazed/ browsed species mapped on the bioregions map of South ĨƌŝĐĂ͕>ĞƐŽƚŚŽĂŶĚ^ǁĂǌŝůĂŶĚ;ZƵƚŚĞƌĨŽƌĚĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ REHABILITATION POTENTIAL OF RANGELAND ^ŵĂůůǁŚŝƚĞĚŽƚƐ͗чϭϬƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͖ůĂƌŐĞǁŚŝƚĞĚŽƚƐ͗ϭϭʹϮϬ IN THE ARID TANKWA KAROO ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͖ǁŚŝƚĞͲďůĂĐŬĚŽƚƐ͗ϮϭʹϮϳƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ &Ğǁ ƐŽŝů ƐĞĞĚďĂŶŬ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĂƌŝĚ ƌĂŶŐĞůĂŶĚƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘ /ŶƐŝŐŚƚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐŽŝů ƐĞĞĚďĂŶŬ TRADITIONAL MOBILE PASTORALISM IN A could improve assessment of rangeland dynamics and en- CONTEMPORARY SEMIARID RANGELAND IN NAMAQUALAND, SOUTH AFRICA ŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂƟŽŶĞīŽƌƚƐ͘

WĂƐƚŽƌĂů ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ;ĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶĂů ĨĂƌŵ- ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚǁĂƐĚŽŶĞƚŽĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐĞĞĚďĂŶŬƐŝŶϰϯ ŝŶŐ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂͿ͕ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞǆ ƐŽĐŝĂůͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝ- ƐŝƚĞƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶƚǇƉĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĂƌŝĚƌĞŐŝŽŶ cal systems that are always changing. A study was done in ŽĨƚŚĞdĂŶŬǁĂ<ĂƌŽŽŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƉƌŝŶŐĂŶĚ EĂŵĂƋƵĂůĂŶĚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞƐƉĂƟĂůĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨϮϱϲŚĞƌĚƐ autumn seasons. ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŵŽďŝůŝƚǇƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŽǀĞƌĂĚĞĐĂĚĞŝŶƚŚĞϭϬǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƚŚĞƐƉĂƟĂůůǇĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ>ĞůŝĞĨŽŶƚĞŝŶƉĂƐƚŽƌĂů ^ĞĞĚ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ǁĂƐ ϴ Ϭϯϰ ƐĞĞĚƐ ƉĞƌ ŵ2 ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ϱϱй ǁĂƐ area. viable, and the common life-forms were therophytes and ĐŚĂŵĂĞƉŚǇƚĞƐ͘tŚŝůĞƚŚĞƐĞĞĚďĂŶŬĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ^ĞǀĞƌĂů ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ͕ ĐůŝŵĂƟĐ ƉŽŽƌǀĞůĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐĞŶŽƵŐŚƐĞĞĚĚĞŶƐŝƚǇĂŶĚǀŝ- ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ƉůĂǇ Ă ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂǌŝŶŐ ĂďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂƟŽŶŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͘ areas in this 192 000 ha semi-arid environment are used. ĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞ>ĞůŝĞĨŽŶƚĞŝŶƉĂƐƚŽƌĂůĂƌĞĂŝƐĨŽƌŵĂůůǇƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵĂŶǇƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂůƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐŽŝů and those who are not considered residents of the commu- seedbank means that seeds of these species will have to be nal area are not allowed to keep livestock. The place where added to rehabilitate the land. ŚĞƌĚŽǁŶĞƌƐůŝǀĞůĂƌŐĞůǇĚĞĮŶĞǁŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞϭϬǀŝůůĂŐĞĐŽŵ- ŵŽŶƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞŝƌůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ͘>ĂƌŐĞƌŚĞƌĚƐŽĨǁĞĂůƚŚŝĞƌ

58 Agricultural Research Council

ARC researchers interact with local herders in Namaqualand.

DEVELOPING A “KEY GRAZING INDICATOR FOR SPECIES” METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF MESIC GRASSLAND

'ƌĂƐƐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌĂŐĞĨŽƌůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬĂŶĚǁŝůĚ ŐĂŵĞ͕ďƵƚŽǀĞƌϴϬйŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶĂŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚĂƌĞ ǆĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨƐĞĞĚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƌŝĚdĂŶŬǁĂ<ĂƌŽŽZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ South Africa. herbaceous forbs.

These grassland forbs make up most of the species diversity, THROUGH THE LENS OF A HERDER: TAPPING INTO play various important ecological roles, and provide forage LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN NAMAQUALAND ĨŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůƐĂƚĐƌŝƟĐĂůƟŵĞƐ͘

ŽŵŵƵŶĂůĂƌĞĂƐĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞŝƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͕ŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚĨŽƌďƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƌŽƵƟŶĞůǇ ĂƌĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉŽŽƌ͕ĂŶĚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶǀĞůĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͘ ƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƌĂŶŐĞůĂŶĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĨĂƌŵŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐŚĂǀĞ largely been unsuccessful. ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ŚŽǁ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĂǌŝŶŐĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞŽĨĨŽƌďƐŝŶƚǁŽŵŽŝƐƚŐƌĂƐƐ- &ƵƚƵƌĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐǇ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽ- ůĂŶĚƐŝŶ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂůƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇ ƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞƚŚŶŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ;><Ϳ ŽĨ small number of abundant forbs that show a consistent de- local pastoralists. ĐƌĞĂƐĞ ;ĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ Žƌ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ;/ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ ǁŝƚŚŽǀĞƌŐƌĂǌŝŶŐ͘ Z ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ EĂŵĂƋƵĂůĂŶĚ ŚĞƌĚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ ƚŽ ƵŶĐŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ůŽĐĂů ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů dŚĞƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚǇŽĨũƵƐƚƚŚĞƐĞŬĞǇĨŽƌďƐĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ needs and what natural resources and infrastructure they ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƚŽĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐŽƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌǀŝƚĂůĂŶĚĚĞƚƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŐƌĂǌŝŶŐůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ ĨŽƌĂƐŝƚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĞĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ&ŽƌďŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ^ĐŽƌĞ;&^Ϳ͘ dŚĞ &^ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ ŚŽǁ ŚĞĂǀŝůǇ Ă ŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚ ƐŝƚĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů><ĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉĂƐƚŽ- ŐƌĂǌĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚĂŚŝŐŚ&^;ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐϭϬϬйͿŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐůĞŶŝĞŶƚ ralists vary, but all are able to read the signs in the range- ŐƌĂǌŝŶŐĂŶĚĂůŽǁƐĐŽƌĞ;ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐϬйͿŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐĂŚŝƐƚŽƌǇŽĨ land through various plant, animal and soil indicators. ĐŚƌŽŶŝĐŽǀĞƌŐƌĂǌŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞǇƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůǇƉůĂŶƚŚĞŝƌŐƌĂǌŝŶŐƌŽƵƚĞƐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽ ŶŽƚŚĞƌŶĞǁĂŶĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĮŶĚŝŶŐǁĂƐƚŚĂƚŽŶĞĚŽĞƐŶŽƚ the changing palatability of plants to allow their livestock have to count all the numerous forb species at a site, be- ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƟŽƵƐĚŝĞƚ͘ ĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞ&^ƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƐƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůĨŽƌďƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ͕ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚďĞƩĞƌƚŚĂŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůǀĞůĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐŽƌĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŐ- /ŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐůŽĐĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŝŶƚŽŵŽĚĞƌŶƐĐŝĞŶĐĞǁŽƵůĚ nore forbs. provide development agencies with the necessary insight ŝŶƚŽƉĂƐƚŽƌĂůƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚĂƉůĂƞŽƌŵĨŽƌďĞƩĞƌƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ &ŝĞůĚͲƚĞƐƟŶŐŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŽǀĂůŝĚĂƚĞĂŶĚƌĞĮŶĞƚŚĞĨŽƌď policy development. ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 59 ƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞZ͘^ĂŵƉůĞƐƚĂŬĞŶĨƌŽŵ Zero cattle arazin1 ƚŚĞ ƌŚŝŶŽƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚ ƚŽ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ Z;ŶĂŵĞůǇWZ͕ĂĐƚĞƌŝŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚWĂƌĂƐŝƚŽůŽŐǇͿ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ƚŚĞWĂƚŚŽůŽŐǇůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͘dŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞƐƐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞZǇŝĞůĚĞĚƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐĨŽƌ&ůĂǀŝ- viruses as well as a number of bacterial cultures, such as Pseudomonas spp and Clostridium spp.

hƉŽŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞƐǁĞƌĞƚŚĞŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞĚǀŝĂŶĞǆƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐ- ŝŶŐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚ ĂŶĚƚŚĞ&ůĂǀŝǀŝƌƵƐǁĂƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞĚĂƐĂtĞƐƚEŝůĞsŝƌƵƐ͘ DĞƐŝĐŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚƐŝŶ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂů͘ Although the samples contained many bacteria and a few viruses, the cause of death was considered to be a possi- BREAKING THROUGH THE BOUNDARIES ďůĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŽŵŽƌĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƵŶĚĞƌůǇŝŶŐ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐĂƐĞ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ďŽƚŚ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĨĞǁĞƌƚŚĂŶϮϱ͕ϬϬϬƌŚŝŶŽƐůĞŌŝŶƚŚĞǁŝůĚŝŶĨƌŝĐĂ ǀĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌŝĂŶƐŽƵƚŝŶĮĞůĚĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĚƵĞƚŽĂƐƵƌŐĞŝŶƉŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚŽŶůǇϱ͕ϬϬϬŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƌĞďůĂĐŬ ƉĂƌŬŽĸĐŝĂůƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĨƌŽŵǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ ƌŚŝŶŽƐ͘dŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝƐƌĂƚĞĚĂƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůůǇĞŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚďǇƚŚĞ/Ŷ- ƚŽ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŵƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌǇ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶĨŽƌŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨEĂƚƵƌĞ;/hEͿ͘EŽƌƚŚ- ĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞďŽǆĐĂŶůŝŶŬŵĂŶǇĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘/Ŷ ern white rhinos disappeared from Chad several decades ƚŚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĐĂƐĞ͕ƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŚĞůƉĞĚůĞĂĚƚŚĞǁĂǇƚŽĂ ago and the last western black rhino was recorded there in conclusion on the mysterious death of the relocated rhinos. ϭϵϳϮ͕ĂŌĞƌĚĞĐĂĚĞƐŽĨƉŽĂĐŚŝŶŐƉƵƐŚĞĚďŽƚŚƐƵďƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƚŽ ůŽĐĂů ĞǆƟŶĐƟŽŶ͘ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ EĂƟŽŶĂů WĂƌŬƐ ;^EWZ<^Ϳ ŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĨƌŝĐĂWĂƌŬƐ͕ƌĞůŽĐĂƚĞĚƐŝǆďůĂĐŬƌŚŝŶŽƐ ƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞĐĂƉƚƵƌĞĚŝŶĚĚŽůĞƉŚĂŶƚWĂƌŬ;^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂͿƚŽ ĂŬŽƵŵĂEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬŝŶŚĂĚŝŶϮϬϭϴ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐĚŽŶĞŝŶĂ ďŝĚƚŽƌĞǀŝǀĞĂƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶ ŚĂĚ͘^ĂĚůǇ͕ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƵƌŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞƐŝǆƌŚŝŶŽƐ have died, but not as a result of poaching. One of the black rhinos relocated from The deaths sparked interest among veterinarians involved South Africa to Chad. ŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĂŶĚƉĂƚŚŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂƚďŽƚŚ

Mapping of reads(%) MH1702S0: West Nile Virus USA/2008 Genome size: 11,015 bp Total number of reads: 70,247,866 Mapped reads: 127,336 FN66837S: Clostridium difficile M68 Percentage of reads: 18.00% Genome size: 4,308,32S bp Co nsensus length: 11,015 bp Tota l number of reads: 70,247,866 Mapped reads: 39,377,282 Percentage of reads: 56.06% Contig 22: Klebsiella phage Consensus length: 4,309,959 bp Genome size: 50,775 bp Total number of reads: 70,247,866 Mapped reads: 7,11934 CP026332: Pseudomonas sp. XWY-1 Percentage of reads: 1.01% Genome size: 5,902,716 bp Consensus length: 50,775 bp To tal number of reads: 70,247,866 KM924294: Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 Mapped reads: 9,586,927 Genome si ze: 186,110 bp Percentage of reads: 13.65% Total number of reads: 70,247,866 Consensus length: 2,570,213 Mapped reads: 4.400,184 Percentage of reads: 6.26% Consensus length: 186,193 bp ■ MH 170250: west Nile Virus u A/2008 ■ CP026332: Pseudomonas sp . XWY-1

o Contig 22 (Phage) ■ FN668375: Clostridium sp . M68 ■ Equid gammaherpe virus 2 a Unknown / Rhino

'ĞŶŽŵĞŵĂƉƉŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĚƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚǀŝĂŶĞǆƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞďƌĂŝŶƐĂŵƉůĞ of one of the rhinos that died. 60 Agricultural Research Council

STRATEGIC GOAL 4

IMPROVEMENT OF FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY ______

INFLUENCE OF DRY BAG AGING ON BEEF QUALITY ATTRIBUTES

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŚŝŶĚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌŵĂƐƐĂŶĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ tĞƚĂŐĞĚĮůůĞƚĐƵƚƐ;ǀĂĐƵƵŵƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐͿ͘ ageing methods on various meat quality parameters of two ďĞĞĨŵƵƐĐůĞƐǁĂƐŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƌĞ- ƉŽƌƚƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐďĞĞĨĂŐĞĚŝŶĚƌǇͲĂŐĞŝŶŐďĂŐƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐďĞĞĨ of superior sensory quality. dŚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƐŵŽƐƚůǇĚŽŶĞŽŶďĞĞĨĐĂƌĐĂƐƐĞƐ much heavier and with more fat cover than beef carcasses ŶŽƌŵĂůůǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘/ƚǁĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌ- tant to evaluate the applicability of this procedure for the ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŵĞĂƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘

Research was conducted on two beef cuts to compare the ƌǇͲďĂŐĂŐĞĚĮůůĞƚ͘

ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŶĞǁĚƌǇďĂŐĂŐĞŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽƚŚĞŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĂŐĞŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ŝ͘Ğ͘ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ǀĂĐƵƵŵ bag ageing methods.

ƌǇďĂŐĂŐĞĚƐĂŵƉůĞƐůŽƐƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇŵŽƌĞŵĂƐƐƚŚĂŶƚŚĞ vacuum bag aged samples, and the dry bag aged mass loss ŽĨƚŚĞĮůůĞƚǁĂƐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƚǁŝĐĞƚŚĂƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌŝƉůŽŝŶ͘ dŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐƚƌŝƉůŽŝŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĮůůĞƚŝƐƉƌŽď- ably due to the fat covering the one side of the striploin which prevents drying on the fat covered side and hence ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŵĂƐƐůŽƐƐ͘dŚĞĮůůĞƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚĂǀĞĂŶǇĨĂƚĐŽǀĞƌ which is then conducive to drying out and consequently a higher mass loss. sĂĐƵƵŵĂŐĞĚ;ůĞŌͿĚƌǇĂŐĞĚ;ƌŝŐŚƚͿůŽŝŶƐƚĞĂŬ͘ dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚƐƚƌŝƉůŽŝŶĚŽĞƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞƌŶĞƐƐĚƵƌŝŶŐĂŐĞŝŶŐ͕ǁŚŝůƐƚƚŚĞĮůůĞƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƐŚŽǁ ĂŶǇŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚƵƐĐůĞĂƌƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĂŐĞ- ARC COLLABORATION WITH PERKIN ELMER ing method in which all the muscles in the hind quarter are ĂŐĞĚŝƐŶŽƚŽƉƟŵĂů͕ĂƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵƵƐĐůĞƐƌĞĂĐƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůǇƚŽ dŚĞZĞƐŝĚƵĞ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇŚĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚ ĂŐĞŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽƌĞĂůĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŝŶĂŐĞŝŶŐĮůůĞƚ͘ WĞƌŬŝŶůŵĞƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚŝƐĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ /ƚǁĂƐĂůƐŽƐŚŽǁŶƚŚĂƚŝŶĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽƚŚŽƐĞĂƉ- ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŝŶŐŽĨĂWĞƌŬŝŶůŵĞƌY^ŝŐŚƚ>Ͳ plied in this research, vacuum packaged ageing was more D^ͬD^͘dŚĞƐǇƐƚĞŵĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂWĞƌŬŝŶůŵĞƌ>yϱϬh,W> advantageous than the dry bag ageing method. ǁŝƚŚĂY^ŝŐŚƚϮϮϬD^ͬD^ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚ^ŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚǇ^ŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘ This system will provide the necessary tool in ensuring the DŽŝƐƚƵƌĞůŽƐƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ŵĂƐƐůŽƐƐͿǁĂƐĐůĞĂƌůǇƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƐĂĨĞƚǇŽĨĨŽŽĚĂŶĚĨĞĞĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ĂŶĚǁŝůůďĞƉĂƌƟĐƵ- vacuum packaged ageing method, hence a greater yield, larly useful and relevant for the ARC where food analysis is ǁŝƚŚƐĞŶƐŽƌǇĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐǀĞƌǇƐŝŵŝůĂƌŝŶďŽƚŚƚŚĞƉĂĐŬ- expanding into veterinary residues in aquaculture products. aged ageing methods. ƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞZŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞĂŶĚĐĂƉĂĐ- ŝƚǇĨŽƌĂŶƟďŝŽƟĐƐĂŶĚǀĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇĚƌƵŐƌĞƐŝĚƵĞĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ͕ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WĞƌŬŝŶůŵĞƌ >ͲD^ͬD^ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ƚŚŝƐ

Annual Report 2018/2019 61 ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞďǇĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŶŐĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͛ƐĂŶ- ĂůǇƟĐĂůĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘ZĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƚŚŽƐĞŝŶ ŽƵƌŶŝĐŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ͕ĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƐ- ŝŶŐŶĞǁĂŶĚƟŐŚƚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽŽĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚŽŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐĐŚĂƌŐĞĚǁŝƚŚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ͘

dŚŝƐ͕ĐŽƵƉůĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƚŽĂŶĂůǇǌĞĐŽŵ- ƉůĞǆƐĂŵƉůĞƐǁŝƚŚĨĞǁĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞWĞƌŬŝŶ- ůŵĞƌY^ŝŐŚƚ>ͲD^ͬD^ǁŝůůƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶƐĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŶƟŵĞĂŶĚ ĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚǁŝƚŚϭϱйŵŽƌĞƵƉƟŵĞƚŚĂŶĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů>ͲD^ͬ D^ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘

&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĞĂƐĞͲŽĨͲƵƐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƐŽŌ- ware that streamlines everything from method develop- ŵĞŶƚ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ feature is that absolutely no instrument-to-instrument ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽƉƟŵŝǌĂƟŽŶŝƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘dŚĞZĞƐŝĚƵĞ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŝƐŶŽǁĂĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĞĚĨŽƌƚĞƐƟŶŐǀĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇƌĞƐŝĚƵĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚŝƐ new technology.

dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽĨZƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůŽŶŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ of the Qsight LC-MS/MS.

62 Agricultural Research Council OVERVIEW AND HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION SYSTEMS

ŚĞ ǁŽƌŬ ĚŽŶĞ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ /ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ T^ǇƐƚĞŵƐ;Z/^ͿŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞZƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇƐƵƉ- ƉŽƌƚƐƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͛ƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŐŽĂůƐ͗

• ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ 'ŽĂů ϯ͗ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶ of natural resources; and, • ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ 'ŽĂů ϰ͗ dŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ƐŽůƵ- ƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƐĂĨĞƚǇ͕ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞǀĂů- ue chain.

,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽĨƚŚĞZ/^ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĂůƐŽŽǀĞƌ- ůĂƉƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬĚŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞƌŽƉ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚŶ- ŝŵĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚƵƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐďŽƚŚ^ƚƌĂƚĞ- ŐŝĐ'ŽĂůϭ͗dŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚǁŝůůĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶĐƌŽƉďĂƐĞĚĂŐƌŝ- ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ'ŽĂůϮ͗dŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶ livestock, wildlife and aquaculture based agriculture.

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƚŚĞZ/^ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶďŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽ- ŐǇ͕ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŵĞĐŚĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;ƐŽŝů͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĂŶĚǁĂ- ƚĞƌͿ͘tŝƚŚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŝŶĂƌĞĂƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ genomics, phenomics, remote sensing, agricultural systems modelling and engineering systems.

dŚĞŵĂŝŶƐŝƚĞƐŽĨŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞZ/^ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌĞ KŶĚĞƌƐƚĞƉŽŽƌƚ͕ ^ŝůǀĞƌƚŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĐĂĚŝĂ͕ Ăůů ŝŶ WƌĞƚŽ- ƌŝĂ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŝƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůǇƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐ ŵŽƐƚĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞZ͘ĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƩĂŝŶĞĚďǇ this Division under various ARC programmes for the ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵĂƌĞŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͗

Annual Report 2018/2019 63

RESEARCH FOCUSING ON BIOTECHNOLGY ______

A GENOMIC SURVEILLANCE OF GUT MICROBIOME OF DOHNE MERINO SHEEP USING THIRD ,ĂĞŵŽŶĐŚƵƐĐŽŶƚŽƌƚƵƐ GENERATION SEQUENCING Ϳ&ĞŵĂůĞĂŶĚͿDĂůĞ͘

ŽŚŶĞDĞƌŝŶŽƐŚĞĞƉŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶďƌĞĚĂŶĚ 100 D WPS-2 ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌŚŝŐŚĨĞƌƟůŝƚǇ͕ƌĂƉŝĚůĂŵďŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚĮŶĞŵĞ- D Verrucomicrobia D Tenerlcutes ƌŝŶŽ ǁŽŽů ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŐĂƐƚƌŽŝŶƚĞƐƟŶĂů ƚƌĂĐƚ ;'/dͿ ŽĨ D Synergistetes 80 D Splrochaetes ƐŚĞĞƉŚŽƵƐĞƐĐŽŵƉůĞǆŵŝĐƌŽďĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŝƚƐŚĞĂůƚŚ D Proteobacteria ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ DŽůĞĐƵůĂƌ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂů D Planct.omycetes • Patescibacleria analysis of gut samples have become a widely accepted ■ Lentlsphaerae 60 D Klritima1iellaeota ■ Fusobaclerla ŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ l D Flrmicutes e D Flbrobacteres i Epsilonbacteraeota dŚĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƌĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐ Q. 40 D Eluslmicrobia ■ Dependenliae ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞKǆĨŽƌĚEĂŶŽƉŽƌĞdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ;KEdͿDŝŶ/ŽŶΡ II Cyanobacteria Chloroflexl ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ͕ŚĂƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶŽďƚĂŝŶŝŶŐůŽŶŐƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐƌĞĂĚƐ͘ ■ Chlamydiae 20 Bacteroidetes ďŽŵĂƐƵŵ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ϳ ƐŚĞĞƉ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ͘ E D BACl ArmaUmonadetes ǁĂƐ ĞǆƚƌĂĐƚĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ Y/ĂŵƉ E DŝĐƌŽďŝŽŵĞ <ŝƚ͘ ĂĐŚ D Actinobacteria D Acldobacteria EƐĂŵƉůĞǁĂƐďĂƌĐŽĚĞĚĂŶĚƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞDŝŶ- 0 1.1 ••.. /ŽŶ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘ dŚĞ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂů ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂďŽŵĂƐƵŵ ... 0 0 "'0 :g 0 :g 8 u u u u u u u ǁĂƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚĂƚƉŚǇůƵŵ͕ĐůĂƐƐ͕ŽƌĚĞƌ͕ĨĂŵŝůǇ͕ŐĞŶƵƐ͕ĂŶĚ Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐůĞǀĞůƐ͘ƚŽƚĂůŽĨϮϰƉŚǇůĂǁĞƌĞĚĞƚĞĐƚĞĚ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ 'ƵƚŵŝĐƌŽďŝŽŵĞƉŚǇůƵŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŽŚŶĞDĞƌŝŶŽ ϭϲ ǁĞƌĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ăůů ƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͘ &ŝƌŵŝĐƵƚĞƐ ;ϳϴ͘ϯϱйͿ sheep. ĂŶĚĂĐƚĞƌŝŽĚĞƚĞƐ;ϭϯ͘ϬϯйͿǁĞƌĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚƉŚǇůĂ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞ'/d͘&ŝƌŵŝĐƵƚĞƐĂƌĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĂ- LISTERIA SEQUENCE TYPING USING ĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĮďƌĞĂŶĚĐĞůůƵůŽƐĞŝŶƌƵŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ͕ĂĐƚĞ- WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING ƌŝŽĚĞƚĞƐĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶƚŽĂŝĚŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŵƉůĞǆĐĂƌďŽŚǇ- ĚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĨĞƌŵĞŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƩĞƌ͘ ĂƌůǇĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽŽĚďŽƌŶĞƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƐ ĂƌĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝŶƚŚĞĨŽŽĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ Cyanobacteria ;Ϭ͘ϮϯйͿ͕ Patescibacteria outbreaks and associated losses in human life, income, li- ;Ϭ͘ϭϵйͿ͕Spirochaetes;Ϭ͘ϭϴйͿ͕Epsilonbacteraeota;Ϭ͘ϭϰйͿ͕ ĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ďƌĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐƟŐĞ͘ ƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ Synergistetes ;Ϭ͘ϭϯйͿ͕ &ŝďƌŽďĂĐƚĞƌĞƐ ;Ϭ͘ϭϬйͿ ĂŶĚ Elusimi- ŵĞƚŚŽĚ ŽĨ ƐƚƌĂŝŶ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ tŚŽůĞ 'ĞŶŽŵĞ ^Ğ- crobia ;Ϭ͘ϬϳйͿǁĞƌĞƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚƉŚǇůĂ͘ƚŽƚĂůŽĨϯϵ ƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ;t'^Ϳ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐĂůůƚŚĞEŽĨĂƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶ͘ ŐĞŶĞƌĂ;ŶсϳͿǁŝƚŚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůƚĂǆŽŶŽŵŝĐƵŶŝƚƐ;KdhͿĂďƵŶ- /ŶĚĞĞĚ͕ƚŚĞt,KŶŽǁƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚƐƚŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĂƐƚŚĞ ĚĂŶĐĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϭйǁĞƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͘ way forward in foodborne pathogen screening. The ge- Christensenellaceace ZͲϳ ŐƌŽƵƉ ;ϵ͘ϵϯйͿ͕ Christensenel- ŶŽŵĞĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶĂƐƚŚĞ͞ďůƵĞƉƌŝŶƚ͟ĨŽƌ͞ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐĂŶĚ laceaceZͲϳŐƌŽƵƉ;ƌƵŵĞŶͿ;ϳ͘ϬϴйͿĂŶĚRikenellaceace RC9 ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ͟ŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶͬƐƚƌĂŝŶ͘<ŶŽǁŝŶŐĂƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶŐĞ- ŐƵƚ ŐƌŽƵƉ ;ϱ͘ϭϴйͿ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƉ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĐŽƌĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂ͘ ŶŽŵĞƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŚŽƐƚŽĨĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶĨŽƌ- ƚŽƚĂůŽĨϯ͕ϰϬϰƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞĚĞƚĞĐƚĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͕ ŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĞǁŽƵůĚƵƐƵĂůůǇŽŶůǇŽďƚĂŝŶďǇĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŽƚŚĞƌ however, they were dominated by uncultured bacterium or typing methods, such as serotyping, sequence typing, re- ƵŶĐƵůƚƵƌĞĚƌƵŵĞŶďĂĐƚĞƌŝƵŵŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŐĞŶĞƌĂ͘ ƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƉƌŽĮůŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŶƟŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂůƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ ·:::-----...... Results indicate that several genera contribute to the dif- --~---•.. ĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŝŶĚŝ- ǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚǇƚŽĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞƚŚĞĂďŽŵĂƐƵŵ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŽŚŶĞŵĞƌŝŶŽƐŚĞĞƉďǇƵƐĞŽĨ KEdDŝŶ/ŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͕ĞǆƉĂŶĚŝŶŐŽƵƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨƚŚĞ ŐĂƐƚƌŽŝŶƚĞƐƟŶĂůďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŽĨƐŚĞĞƉ͘ Scanning electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogenes.

64 Agricultural Research Council dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨListeria CHARACTERIZATION VIRAL POPULATIONS monocytogenes^ĞƌŽŐƌŽƵƉƐĂŶĚ^ĞƋƵĞŶĐĞdǇƉĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂ ASSOCIATED WITH SMALLHOLDER CROPS ůŽǁƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƐĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚǇƉŝĐĂůůǇůĂďĞůĂƐĂŵƉůĞĂƐ IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EAST AFRICA belonging to a group, but does not provide the client with an exact answer and leaves margins for error. The correct ^ŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨListeria monocytogenes^ĞƋƵĞŶĐĞdǇƉĞŝƐ ĂĚǀĞƌƐĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞͲĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐǀŝƌĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝŶĐƵƌďŝŶŐŽƵƚďƌĞĂŬƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĐĞŶƚ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝ- on staple food crops, which are threatening food security in ĐĂŶ>ŝƐƚĞƌŝŽƐŝƐĐĂƐĞ͘ ŵĂŶǇƉĂƌƚƐŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶĨƌŝĐĂ͘ dŽĚĂƚĞ͕ƌŽƵŐŚůǇϮϱϬƐĂŵƉůĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂŶĂůǇƐĞĚďǇŵĞĂŶƐ sŝƌĂůĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐŚĂƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇďĞĞŶƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƉŽůǇ- ŽĨǁŚŽůĞŐĞŶŽŵĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ͘^ĂŵƉůĞƐǁĞƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ ŵĞƌĂƐĞĐŚĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶǌǇŵĞͲůŝŶŬĞĚŝŵŵƵŶŽƐŽƌďĞŶƚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĨŽŽĚƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͞ƌĞĂĚǇͲƚŽͲĞĂƚ͟ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘^Ğ- assays, which are usually directed against known viruses ƋƵĞŶĐĞdǇƉĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂƚŚƌĞĞͲƉƌŽŶŐĞĚĂƉ- ĂŶĚŽŌĞŶƉƌĞĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞĚĞƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŽǀĞůǀŝƌĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘ ƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƌĞůŝĂďůĞƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ͘ DĞƚĂǀŝƌŽŵŝĐ ĚĂƚĂ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŶĞǆƚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƐĞ- tŚŽůĞŐĞŶŽŵĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐŚĂƐƉƌŽǀĞĚƚŽďĞĂŶĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ ;E'^Ϳ͕ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽǁĞƌ ƚŽ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ and reliable method for foodborne pathogen diagnosis. ŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉŽ- The data produced by this method will be used to track and ƚĞŶƟĂůƉĂƚŚŽŐĞŶƐ͘ monitor ListeriaƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŝůů further be extended to other foodborne pathogens such as dŚĞ Z ŚĂƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ E'^ ŝŶĨƌĂ- Campylobacter, E. coli, Salmonella, etc. ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌŝĐĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐďĞŝŶŐƵƐĞĚƚŽƵŶ- cover novel viral diversity associated with crops, such as

Lineage Serogroup MLST ŵĂŝǌĞ͕ƉŽƚĂƚŽĂŶĚƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽ͘

I lib 3, 5, 39, 59, 66, ŶŝŶŝƟĂůƐƚƵĚǇƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚ͕ŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝ- 87 , 117, 287, ďůĞĨŽƌĞůŝĐŝƟŶŐŵĂŝǌĞůĞƚŚĂůŶĞĐƌŽƐŝƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ 489, 517, 576, ƐĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨdĂŶǌĂŶŝĂŶŵĂŝǌĞƉůĂŶƚƐǁĞƌĞŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚďǇĨŽƵƌ 617 ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ͕ƚǁŽŽĨǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶ- ƚƌǇĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƟŵĞĂŶĚƚǁŽǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞŶŽǀĞů͘ IVb 1, 2, 4,@ 55, 63, 64 , 67, 73, 145, ƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ͕ƚŚĞǀŝƌĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŵŽƐƚϳϬϬƐĂŵƉůĞƐĐŽů- 257, 290, 291 , ůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂŶĚ<ĞŶǇĂĂƌĞďĞŝŶŐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞĚ͘ 347,397, 454, 458,495 This will provide an unprecedented level of knowledge regarding the viral diversity associated with smallholder II Ila 7, 8, 12, 21 , 26, grown crops in these regions, which could be used to in- 31 , 98 , 101 , 103, ŇƵĞŶĐĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ǀĞĐƚŽƌ 109, 121 , 155, ĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂŶĚƚŚĞƉůĂŶƟŶŐŽĨƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ͘ 177, 398, 403, 451,466, 519, 521

llc 9, 122, 356

Ill spp. 71 , 202, 467, 488 dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĂƌĞŽŶůǇĂďůĞƚŽůĂďĞůƐĂŵƉůĞƐĂĐĐŽƌĚ- ŝŶŐƚŽŐƌŽƵƉƐ;ďůƵĞďŽǆĞƐͿĂŶĚĂƌĞŶŽƚĂďůĞƚŽĂƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ^ĞƋƵĞŶĐĞdǇƉĞ;ƌĞĚďŽǆͿ͘dŚĞƐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ^ĞƋƵĞŶĐĞdǇƉĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ^dϲ;ĐŝƌĐůĞĚŝŶƌĞĚͿ͘tŚŽůĞŐĞŶŽŵĞ ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĐůĞĂƌůǇŝĚĞŶƟĨǇ^ĞƋƵĞŶĐĞdǇƉĞƐ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 65 (a)

(a)

&ŽůŝĂƌƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚǀŝƌĂůŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƐǁĞĞƚƉŽƚĂƚŽ;Ă͕ďͿ͕ƉŽƚĂƚŽ;ĐͿĂŶĚŵĂŝǌĞ;ĚͿ͘ ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀŝƌĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƉŽƚĂƚŽ;ĞͿĂŶĚŵĂŝǌĞ;ĨͿƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͕ƵƐŝŶŐ<ĂŝũƵĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐ͕ which taxonomically characterizes each read sequence of a metaviromic dataset.

The ARC is leading the way in this area through a combina- BREEDING BETTER CULTIVARS, FASTER: FROM THE ƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟĐƐƐƵŝƚĞ;D^ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚŐĞŶĞƟĐ LAB TO THE FARM infrastructure available which is the most well equipped ŐĞŶŽŵŝĐƐŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŝŶĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚĞĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚ- dŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚƚŽƌĞĂĐŚĂůŵŽƐƚϭϬďŝů- ŝĐƐĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌƚŽŽůƐŚĂǀĞŚĂůǀĞĚƚŚĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ůŝŽŶ ďǇϮϬϱϬ͘dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨŵĂŶǇĐƌŽƉƐŝƐƵŶĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƟŵĞĨŽƌĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĮĞůĚĐƌŽƉƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŽ- keep up with this growth, driving the need for new plant ŵĂƚŽĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞĂƚƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇ͘dŚĞƚŽŽůƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽĂďůĞƚŽ ǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐǁŝƚŚďĞƩĞƌǇŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚďĞƩĞƌƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŵĂƌŬĞƌƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚƌĂŝƚƐŝŶĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞ ƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚĞĂƚƐƚƌĞƐƐ͘dŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇŽĨŵĂŶǇ crop reaching maturity and displaying the traits of interest. ƉůĂŶƚďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĐĂŶďĞĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůǇŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ &Žƌ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ ŝĨ ŽŶĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĨĂƌŵĞƌ ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŬĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚ to know the colour of his apples, which he would typically ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌƚŽŽůƐ͘dŚĞ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ ǁĂŝƚϳǇĞĂƌƐĨŽƌĂŶĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘ŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƌŬĞƌŝƐĂďůĞƚŽŝŶ- WůĂƞŽƌŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚĞĂƐǇƚŽƵƐĞ dicate whether a tree seedling is going to bear red or green ƐƵŝƚĞŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟĐƐƚŽŽůƐƚŽďŽŽƐƚĐƌŽƉďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐŽƵƚƉƵƚƐ͘ ĂƉƉůĞƐ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇĂŶĚůŽǁĞƌĐŽƐƚƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĐŽŵĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŝŶ ŽŶĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ DĂŶĂŐĞ- dŚĞ Z ŝƐ ŐĞĂƌŝŶŐ ƵƉ ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ^ ,Ƶď ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŵĞŶƚ^ǇƐƚĞŵ;D^Ϳ͖ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŽĞĸĐŝĞŶƚůǇĐŽůůĞĐƚ͕ D^͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚŝƐŝŶŵŝŶĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϯϬƉůĂŶƚďƌĞĞĚĞƌƐŚĂǀĞ ƐƚŽƌĞ͕ŵĂŶĂŐĞĂŶĚĂŶĂůǇƐĞĚĂƚĂ͘dŚĞD^ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞƐ ďĞĞŶƚƌĂŝŶĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚϯǇĞĂƌƐ͘KǀĞƌϲϬƐƚĂīƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůZĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐŶŽǁĞŵƉůŽǇƚŚĞƐǇƐƚĞŵƚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƚŚĂƚĞŵƉůŽǇŵŽƌĞĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚƚŽŽůƐ͘'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚďŝŽ- ƚŚĞŝƌĮĞůĚƚƌŝĂůƐ͕ƚƌĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĂůǇƐĞƚŚĞŝƌĮĞůĚĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƟĐ ƚĞĐŚƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŐĞŶŽŵŝĐ results on more than 20 crops. The key impact of these ac- technologies, one is now able to understand the plant gen- ƟǀŝƟĞƐŝƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƚŽŵĂŬĞŵŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ͕ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ŽƚǇƉĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚƚŚĞĞŶǀŝ- ĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐŐĂŝŶƐŝŶŬĞǇĐƌŽƉĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƚĂ faster rate than ever before.

66 Agricultural Research Council

STRATEGIC GOAL 3

RESEARCH FOCUSING ON NATURAL RESOURCES (SOIL, CLIMATE AND WATER) ______

EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE VARIABLES ON SOYBEAN PRODUCTION &ĂƌŵĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚĂǇŝŶDƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ͘ dŚĞ&&ĨƵŶĚĞĚĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚƐŚŝŌŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐŽǇďĞĂŶĂƐďŽƚŚĂ ĨŽŽĚĐƌŽƉĂŶĚĂƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďŝŽĨƵĞůĨĞĞĚƐƚŽĐŬƵŶĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂŐƌŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŐƌŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ǌŽŶĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ĮŶĚ- ŝŶŐƐ ǁŝůů ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƐŵĂƌƚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ Ă ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŽŽůƚŽƌƵƌĂůĂŐƌĂƌŝĂŶƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ũŽďĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞͲƉŽŽƌ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͛ ĞŶƚƌǇ into the bio-economy through increased soybean produc- ƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůǇ͕ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌͲĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ ŽŶ fossil fuels.

The study was carried out over three years at four sites ŝŶƚŚĞ>ŝŵƉŽƉŽ͕DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ͕&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞĂŶĚEŽƌƚŚtĞƐƚ &ĂƌŵĞƌĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉŝŶƚŚĞ&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞ͘ provinces. A farmer training workshop was held at each site ŝŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚǇĞĂƌǁŚŝůƐƚƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐǁĂƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐĮĞůĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽŶďŽƚŚ CROP ESTIMATION USING ƐŽǇďĞĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞǁĂƐĚŽŶĞ EARTH OBSERVATION DATA ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĮĞůĚĚĂǇƐĂŶĚĨĂƌŵĞƌĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐǁŚŝĐŚ were held at the end of each season. Demand for agricultural products is increasing the pressure ŽŶƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞďĂƐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶŵĂŶǇĂƌĞĂƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚ The results showed that climate-smart agricultural pro- Africa is already severely degraded. The challenge is to im- ĚƵĐƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;Ϳŝŵ- prove the capability of smallholder farmers to unlock agri- ƉƌŽǀĞĚƐŽǇďĞĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĂƚĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƵĚǇƐŝƚĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͘<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĂƚƚŚĞZŐƵŝĚĞƐ therefore prudent that smallholder farmers, who intend to the monitoring of food security and the sustainability of ŐŽŝŶƚŽƐŽǇďĞĂŶĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚŽƉƟŽŶŽĨŽǀĞƌƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůůĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐĂƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶƚŽƐƵƐ- ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ƟůůĂŐĞ͘ hŶĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞůǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ ƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĚĂƚĂŐƵŝĚĞƐŐŽǀ- ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚƚŚĂƚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚǇƉĞƌŝŽĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ernment to distribute resources that support agriculture ĂīĞĐƚĞĚƐŽǇďĞĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂƚƚŚƌĞĞŽĨƚŚĞƐŝƚĞƐ͘WůĂŶƟŶŐ and improve market access by producers. ĞĂƌůǇƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶďĞƩĞƌǇŝĞůĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƚĞƉůĂŶƟŶŐŝŶůĂƚĞĞ- ĐĞŵďĞƌƚŽ:ĂŶƵĂƌǇ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ dŚĞZŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƐĂ^ĞŶƟŶĞůͲϮĨŽƌŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;^ĞŶϮͲŐƌŝͿ ŽĨĚƌǇƐƉĞůůƐ͘ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇ͕ůĂƚĞƉůĂŶƚĞĚƐŽǇďĞĂŶǁĂƐĂůƐŽ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ŐĞŶĐǇ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇĐŽŽůĞƌĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇŝŶ&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞĂŶĚ ĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚƐ^ĞŶƟŶĞůϮĂŶĚ>ĂŶĚƐĂƚϴŝŵĂŐĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ͘ ƵůƟǀĂƌ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ǁĂƐ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƐŝƚĞ ƚŚĞŵĨŽƌĐƌŽƉŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͘^ĞŶϮͲŐƌŝƉƌŽĚƵĐ- ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐĂƌĞĨƵů ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ ĞƐĨŽƵƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůůǇ͗ĂŵŽŶƚŚůǇĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĐůŽƵĚͲ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ͘ ĨƌĞĞ ŝŵĂŐĞ͖ Ă ĐƌŽƉůĂŶĚ ;ƉůĂŶƚĞĚ ĂƌĞĂͿ ŝŵĂŐĞ ŵŝĚͲƐĞĂƐŽŶ and at the end of the season; a crop type image both mid- ^ŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶ>ŝŵƉŽƉŽĂŶĚDƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂƐŚŽǁĞĚ ĂŶĚůĂƚĞƐĞĂƐŽŶ͖ĂŶĚĂϭϬŵƐƉĂƟĂůƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ ĂǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐƚŽĞŵďĂƌŬŽŶƐŽǇďĞĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĂŶŝŶ- ŝŶĚĞǆĂŶĚůĞĂĨĂƌĞĂŝŶĚĞǆŵĂƉĞǀĞƌǇϭϬĚĂǇƐ͘dŚĞůĂƩĞƌŝƐ ƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶũŽŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŽŝůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞǇ ƵƐĞĨƵů ĨŽƌ ĐƌŽƉ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͕ ĞĂƌůǇ ǁĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ cited challenges such as lack of machinery and access to ǇŝĞůĚ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŝƐ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐĞĚ markets as possible hindrances. ŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐŽĨ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂů͕>ŝŵƉŽƉŽ͕ĂƐƚĞƌŶĂƉĞ ĂŶĚDƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůǇĨŽƌƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞĨĂƌŵŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐ͘ Annual Report 2018/2019 67 'ƌŽƵŶĚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŝŵĂŐĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǀĂůŝĚĂ- WATER HYACINTH: ADDING VALUE TO ƟŽŶŝƐĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚďǇƚŚĞZĂŶĚŝƐƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ A NOXIOUS WEED ďǇĚĂƚĂŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞWƌŽĚƵĐĞƌ/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƌŽƉƐƟ- ŵĂƟŽŶ^ǇƐƚĞŵ;W/^ͿƚŚĂƚĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞĐŽŵ- tĂƚĞƌ ŚǇĂĐŝŶƚŚ ;Eicchornia crassipesͿ ŝƐ Ă ƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂů͕ ŵĞƌĐŝĂůĨĂƌŵŝŶŐƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘KƵƚƉƵƚƐĨƌŽŵďŽƚŚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨƌĞĞͲŇŽĂƟŶŐ ĂƋƵĂƟĐ ǁĞĞĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌŽƉƐƟŵĂƚĞƐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽĨ&&͘ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ Ăůů ƉůĂŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ /ƚƐ ƌĂƉŝĚ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ causes numerous problems in water bodies related to ■ Maize ŶĂǀŝŐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŚǇĚƌŽƉŽǁĞƌ ŐĞŶĞƌ- Distribution ĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƚŽƚĂůĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŚǇĂĐŝŶƚŚƉůĂŶƚƐĨƌŽŵ ■ Maize/Other ǁĂƚĞƌǁĂǇƐŝƐĂůŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ ŚĂƌĚǇƐĞĞĚƐǁŚŝĐŚƌĞŵĂŝŶǀŝĂďůĞĨŽƌƵƉƚŽϮϬǇĞĂƌƐ͘&Ƶƌ- ■ Other ƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ŝƚƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƌĞŵŽǀĂůŝƐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĂďůĞĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞ indirect role of the plants in water treatment. Therefore, ■ Soybeans ĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐŝƐƉƌĞĨĞƌĂďůĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŚǇĂĐŝŶƚŚƉůĂŶƚƐǁŝůůƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĂ ■ Sunflower ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĨĞĞĚƐƚŽĐŬ ƐƵƉƉůǇ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ĂƐĂďŝŽĞŶĞƌŐǇĐƌŽƉ͘/ŶĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚĨƵŶĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌZĞ- ■ Sugarcane ƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ;tZͿ͕ƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŚǇĂĐŝŶƚŚ ĨŽƌďŝŽŐĂƐĂŶĚƐŽŝůĂŵĞůŝŽƌĂŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁĂƐĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚĂƐĂ ■ Groundnuts ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƚŽǁĂƚĞƌǁĞĞĚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŝŶ,ĂƌƚďĞĞƐƉŽŽƌƚĂŵ͘ ŶĂŶĂĞƌŽďŝĐĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐǁĂƐƚĞƐƚĞĚǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶ ƌŽƉĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝŶƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞĨĂƌŵŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶǀŽůƵŵĞ͕ŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƚŽǆŝĐŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƉƵƚƐƵď- of Limpopo Province. strate, producing a methane-rich biogas and a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used as a soil ameliorant.

Although the technology has thus far only been tested at ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ǁŝĚĞůǇĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƚŽďŽƚŚƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĂŶĚ ƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ,ĂƌƚďĞĞƐƉŽŽƌƚĂŵ͕ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ whom a survey was conducted to establish the need for ƚŚĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͘&ƵŶĚŝŶŐŝƐďĞŝŶŐƐŽƵƌĐĞĚĨŽƌƉŚĂƐĞϮŽĨƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶƚĂŝůƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƉŝůŽƚ ƉůĂŶƚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂŵ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚƚŽƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶƚŚĞƐĂůĞŽĨďŝŽŐĂƐĂŶĚ ƐŽŝů ĂŵĞůŝŽƌĂŶƚ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞďǇ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƚŚĞĂĚŽƉƟŽŶŽĨƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞĞŶĞƌŐǇĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĞƌƟůŝǌĞƌƐ͘

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^ĞŶϮͲŐƌŝĐƌŽƉŵĂƐŬĨŽƌƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞĨĂƌŵŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐ in Limpopo. ^ĞŵŝͲĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐƐƟƌƚĂŶŬďŝŽͲƌĞĂĐƚŽƌƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĂŶĂĞƌŽďŝĐ ĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŚǇĂĐŝŶƚŚƉůĂŶƚƐ͘

68 Agricultural Research Council ĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǁĞƚůĂŶĚŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘/ĨƚŚĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌƐŽƵƌĐĞĂŶĚĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇǌŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĂĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚĐŽƵůĚ ďĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌĞŵŝƐĞǁĂƐƚŚĂƚĚĞƚƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůůĂŶĚƵƐĞƐ in these areas could be limited. A methodology was developed for characterising the hydrological hillslopes that make up the wetland catchment, using both land type and ĮĞůĚͲĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ ĚĂƚĂ͕ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ- ment as well as minimising the impact of disturbance on ƚŚĞŝƌ ŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů

~ ">,:, •.~ •' ǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ƐŽŝů ĐŽŶƚĞǆƚƵĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŽĨ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ĚĞ- ., .. ',~~:., ~ v ůŝŶĞĂƟŽŶ ŵƵƐƚ ŶŽǁ ďĞ ƚĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ ďǇ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐ /! . ,'" .• t ,. ., ..,. ,. .'~. ....,. . , ' #, ĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĐĂůĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ -~, . . . : - ._., ':°'. ~ •;;,,,,.- ·,4'1 '-.;... •--. ~ -, :' , ,.... . - ~ ~ ... 'r .. _,. _...:~._ " ƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ;ƐŝŶĐĞǁĞƚůĂŶĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐǀĂƌǇŐƌĞĂƚůǇ > ,~ 1/_ ·_4='),,i.l . :,_ !t;'~ ., :,J ., ~ . ƵŶĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨ ( .,,. ' . .J' ... , . ,.,. - .\ ' !.... "'!" '- , , '-' , r .... i J,\, ,, , ,, ƚŚĂƚĞǆĞƌĐŝƐĞƐŚŽƵůĚĞŶĂďůĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨǁĞƚ- .,. ---~ . : ~~ 4· . ~,\ - ,,,._1,.,·. 'f .. ~- . ůĂŶĚĂƌĞĂƐ͕ůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŝƌďĞƩĞƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂ- ... /},.-:,."'_,,_ \. "' . I. · -, - '-'. .: }!> ••_,' VJ. t·1 ~ . • . ~ - ' - \.jl!'"•, ',~ - ďůĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ͘ ,,.___. , - . ,,I -~ . .,_•'' _,- . . . . '4' . f"5i,,- ,. . ' ' .,· ' , . ,.. ~· ' ~ . ~-jJ .A. •.··•~... -- 1\/. \'2- '-•- ~♦ ~ .- . , ,: . "' . ~ . . "' ~. l " "'· _.. '("·,,. t ·. -- "\._ . ,. ~-' \,.· ..-:. '' s. . - ~ ~f / t', . -1!· •·. ''• ..__ . ~. '1-'' "t._ • ,ĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŚǇĂĐŝŶƚŚĨƌŽŵ,ĂƌƚďĞĞƐƉŽŽƌƚĂŵ͘

GOAL 5

INFORMATION DISSIMINATION ______

GUIDELINES TO IMPROVE THE DELINEATION OF WETLANDS tĞƚůĂŶĚƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂƌĞĂƌĞĂƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƵŶĚĞƌĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ pressure, whether from developers or agricultural land us- ĞƌƐ͕ŽƌĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ caused by human mis-management, either in the wetland ŝƚƐĞůĨŽƌŝŶĂĚũŽŝŶŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐ͘dŚĞZ͕ŝŶĐŽŶũƵŶĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞ&ƌĞĞ^ƚĂƚĞ͕ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚĨƵŶĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞtZƚŽĞǆƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞƉŽ- ƚĞŶƟĂů ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ůĂŶĚ ƚǇƉĞ ŝŶĨŽƌ- ŵĂƟŽŶ;ƐŽŝů͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĂŶĚƚĞƌƌĂŝŶĚĂƚĂͿƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞůŝŶĞĂƟŽŶ͘

The project characterised the soils, hillslopes and land Monitoring exercise in a wetland catchment ƚǇƉĞƐǁŚŝĐŚ͞ĨĞĞĚ͟ǁĂƚĞƌƚŽǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ĨŽĐƵƐƐŝŶŐŽŶǁĞƚ- near Rustenburg. ůĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůǇ

Annual Report 2018/2019 69

ƚŚĞĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞ͕ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞƐŝǌĞ͕ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐŽƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ͕ŶƵŵ- STRATEGIC GOAL 3 & 5 ďĞƌƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĂŶĚǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŝƐŽƉƟŽŶĂůŽƌŶŽƚ͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƐĞŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐŝƚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĂƚĨĂƌŵ RESEARCH FOCUSING ON level to assist in decision making and improve the perfor- AGRICULTURAL MECHANISATION mance of agricultural infrastructure. AND ENGINEERING ______

dŚĞ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƚŽŽůƐ͕ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Infrastructure Relevant ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘ /ƚ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝŶƚŽ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝ- in the Production of ƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͕ ƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ ĞŶĞƌŐǇ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ- Different Agricultural ĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚ Commodities ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇŽĨĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞĂŝŵŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶ- gineering research and development is to develop and test appropriate farm machinery and equipment to improve ƚŚĞƟŵĞůŝŶĞƐƐŽĨĨĂƌŵŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞĚƌƵĚŐ- ĞƌǇŽĨĨĂƌŵŝŶŐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨǁŽƌŬ and products, leading to enhance output and economic ARC·AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (ARC·AE) LNR INGE (LNR·U) ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞĨĂƌŵ͘^ŽŵĞŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶƵŶĚĞƌƚŚŝƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

Pt,v;au, ~ JGl 9, Si Morton, 0127 T~.: (012) 842 '1000, Fa,c/fak,; (012) 804 07!u WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SERVICES FOR PROVINCES

/Ŷ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ ĂƐ Ă ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞ- sources management is of huge importance. Engineers of the ARC assisted a number of small scale farmers with irri- 'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ ŐĂƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƚŽĂƉƉůǇǁĂƚĞƌĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůǇƚŽŐƌŽǁǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŽŵŵŽĚŝƟĞƐ͘ ĂŶĚƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͘

ƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞWƌŽͲĂĐƟǀĞ>ĂŶĚĐƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ;W>^Ϳ ĨĂƌŵ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ Ă ŵĂŶƵĂů ͞Guidelines for Infra- IRRIGATION TRAINING FOR SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ZĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŐƌŝĐƵů- ƚƵƌĂů ŽŵŵŽĚŝƟĞƐ͟ ;/^E ŶŽ͘ ϵϳϴͲϭͲϴϲϴϰϵͲϱϵϵͲϯͿ ǁĂƐ Training has been conducted by the ARC for small-scale ir- ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨŽƌŶƚƐŝŬĂĂŶĚƚŚĞZ>Z͘dŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚZ ƌŝŐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝƌƌŝŐĂƚŽƌƐŝŶ ǁĂƚĞƌƐĂǀŝŶŐ/ƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇĞǆƉĞƌƚƐĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŝůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ technologies to equip them with skills for sustainable and manual. ǁĂƚĞƌ ƵƐĞ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚZƵƌĂůĞǀĞů- The purpose of these guidelines was to provide a tool to ŽƉŵĞŶƚ;'ZͿŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶ ĂƐƐŝƐƚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐŽĨĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ the province. ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞW>^͘/ƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĂĐ- ƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂůŽĨϴϯĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚϮϬŽĸĐŝĂůƐĂƩĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƐ correct capacity. ŽǀĞƌƚŚƌĞĞĚĂǇƐ͘dŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚŽŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂŶĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͖ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ dŚĞ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĮǆĞĚ ǁĂƚĞƌƐĂǀŝŶŐŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨ- ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƌǇ͕ŝŵ- ƌŝĐĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ͖ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁĂƚĞƌ plements, other equipment as well as labour, power and ƐĂǀŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞƚŽƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶĨĂƌŵ- water requirements necessary for typical commercially vi- ŝŶŐ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͖ ĂŶĚ ŚŝͲƚĞĐŚ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂďůĞƐŝǌĞĚĨĂƌŵĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ͘ǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇŝƐĚĞĂůƚǁŝƚŚ ǁŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĂůĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘ in terms of the above, as well as in terms of the purpose of

70 Agricultural Research Council

&ĂƌŵĞƌƐƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞƐĂƚƚŚĞ end of the course.

GDARD POULTRY HOUSING PROJECT

Z ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ĂŐĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WŽƵůƚƌǇ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ WƌŽ- ŐƌĂŵ;^WͿĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚďǇ'Z͘/ƚŝƐĂŬĞǇƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĂŝŵĞĚĂƚŐŝǀŝŶŐƐŵĂůůĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐĂŶ economic start in their farming enterprises through the provision of a basic on-farm infrastructure. The scope of ǁŽƌŬŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐƉŽƵůƚƌǇďƌŽŝůĞƌƐĂŶĚůĂǇĞƌƐŝŶ ϭϮƐŝƚĞƐďĂƐĞĚŝŶƚŚƌĞĞƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŽĨ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ;ĂƐƚ ZĂŶĚ͕ZĂŶĚtĞƐƚĂŶĚdƐŚǁĂŶĞͿ͘

This project enhanced agricultural infrastructure technologies to improve the performance. Complimentary to that it created jobs for small scale farmers and increased the number of small holder farmers that have access to ARC ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

GDARD Poultry housing Project.

Annual Report 2018/2019 71 IMPACT AND PARTNERSHIPS

ŚĞ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƉƌĞĚŽŵ- TŝŶĂŶƚůǇ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ 'ŽĂů ϱ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Z͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽƵƚƉƵƚƐ͘ dŚŝƐŝƐĚŽŶĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚƌĞĞĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͗

• ^ŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ which entails extension support; diagnos- ƟĐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůǇƟĐĂů ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͖ ƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚ ĚĞǀĞů- ŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͖ ĂŶĚ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ research, focusing on smallholder farmers.

• Agricultural Economics and Commercialisa- ƟŽŶ ĚĞĂůƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĐŽŵƉĞƟ- ƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ďǇ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĞǆƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶ͖ ĚĞǀĞů- opment support for agricultural enterpris- ĞƐ͖ ĂŶĚ ^DDƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞĐŽ- nomic analysis, providing decision support ĂŶĚ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ Z Θ ͘

• Training and Extension relates to train- ŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŽ ĨĂƌŵ- ĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ƐƚĂī͘ ĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƌĞůĞ- ǀĂŶƚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ Z ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůǇƚŽƐĞĐƚŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ especially of smallholders.

dŚĞ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ Z ĞŶƚƌĂů KĸĐĞ ŝŶ WƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͕ďƵƚǁŽƌŬƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůǇĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞŽŐĂŶŝƐĂ- ƟŽŶ͕ǁŝƚŚĂůůĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐƐƉƌĞĂĚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘

72 Agricultural Research Council SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURAL pact of public wheat breeding; analysis of tomato produc- DEVELOPMENT ƟŽŶ͖ ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ ŽĨ ǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ^ƵďͲ^ĂŚĂƌĂŶ ĨƌŝĐĂ͘ dŚĞ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ Ɛŝǆ dŚĞ^ŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;^,ͿƵŶŝƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ŶĞǁƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ƚŚŝƐ ǇĞĂƌ͘ dŽƉŝĐƐ ǀĂƌŝĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĞ ŽĨ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ;ŽͿ ŽŶ ƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ salmonella͖ Ă ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ĂŶŝŵĂů ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐĂƌĞ͖ ĐŽŵ- ƐƉŽŶƐŽƌƐ ƚǁŽ WŚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ KŶĞ ƐƚƵĚǇ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐ munal grass-fed beef; smallholders in the corporate value ƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƉƌŝǀĂƟƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂŝŶ͖ĂŶƟďŝŽƟĐƐŝŶĂŶŝŵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĂǀŽĐĂĚŽƐ͘dŚĞĐŽ- willingness to pay for these. The other study deals with social ŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐƵŶŝƚĂůƐŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚƚǁĞůǀĞĐŽŶEĞǁƐĞĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ entrepreneurship. making it 82 issues to date.

ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌ͕ CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT and presented twelve papers. These included seven papers at ƚŚĞϱϲƚŚĂŶŶƵĂůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƐƐŽ- The ARC supports public and private sector extension capaci- ĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŽŶĞƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƉƌŝǌĞĨŽƌ ƚǇĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƐŬŝůůƐĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ best paper. Topics included land reform; the KyD livestock de- ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ͘dŚĞ^,ƵŶŝƚĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĨŽƌĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ velopment programme; animal health care, willingness to pay ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐĂŶĚĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨϳϮϭǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶKĸĐĞƌƐǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ĨŽƌůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐ͖ƉƌŝĐĞƐĞĂƐŽŶĂůŝƚǇŽĨĐŝƚƌƵƐ͖ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŝŶ by the ARC this year in various subjects, including free range ƉŽƚĂƚŽŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂŶĚŚŝŐŚǀĂůƵĞĐƌŽƉƐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘ƚŽƚŚ- ďĞĞĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ͕ǁĂƚĞƌƐĂǀŝŶŐ͕ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ er local conferences, the Division presented two papers on the ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĂŶĚďŝŽƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͘/ŶƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚtĂŐĞ- ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĚǀŝƐŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĨŽŽĚŐĂƌĚĞŶƐĂŶĚ ŶŝŶŐĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ϯϴŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚĞůĞŐĂƚĞƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨĂƐƚƌŝŬĞŽŶǁŝŶĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĞǆƉŽƌƚ͘dǁŽƉĂ- >ŽĐĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽƵƌƐĞ ƉĞƌƐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĚĂƚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƉŽƐƚĞƌ ĂŝŵĞĚƚŽĂƐƐŝƐƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŽŶtĂƚĞƌWŽůŝĐǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞh^ĂŶĚĂƉĂƉĞƌŽŶĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐ that catalyse rural economies. ƚĞƐƚƐŝŶĂŶŝŵĂůƚƌĂĚĞŝŶDĂĚƌŝĚ͘ƉŽƐƚĞƌŽŶ/dƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ŝŶǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶǁŽŶƚŚĞĂǁĂƌĚĨŽƌďĞƐƚƉŽƐƚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞϮϬϭϴ^^ The ARC provides accredited and non-accredited short learning conference. ĂŶĚƐŬŝůůƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐƚŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͛ƐŬŝůůƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚŽďŽŽƐƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘dŚĞZƚƌĂŝŶĞĚϭϳϰϯĨĂƌŵĞƌƐƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌŝŶ &ŝǀĞZŝŵƉĂĐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐǁĞƌĞƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƐƵĞŽĨƚŚĞ ϯϵƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĂŶĚĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ Agrekon journal, co-edited by the head of the Agricultural Eco- ĂŶĚǁŝŶĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŵĞĂƚĂŶĚĚĂŝƌǇƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŶŽŵŝĐƐ ƵŶŝƚ͘ dŚƌĞĞ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂƚĞƌƵƐĞ͕ƉŽƵůƚƌǇĂŶĚƉŝŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůŝŶƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ ǇĞĂƌ͘dŚĞƐĞǁĞƌĞ͖ĂŶŝŵƉĂĐƚƐƚƵĚǇŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐŵĂůůŐƌĂŝŶ animal health care. ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƚƌŝĂůƐ͕ĂŶĞǆͲĂŶƚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐĨŽƌƌŝŌ valley fever and lumpy skin disease, and an impact study of the EXTENSION Z͛ƐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶĂŶŝŵĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘

ƐƚƵĚǇĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚǁŝƚŚ'/ƚŽĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĂůŝŵĂƚĞ dŚĞƐŵĂůůŐƌĂŝŶĐƵůƟǀĂƌƚƌĂŝůƐƐƚƵĚǇĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚϰϬŬŐͬŚĂŽĨ ƐŵĂƌƚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;^ͿƐŬŝůůƐĂƵĚŝƚĨŽƌĞƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͕ wheat accrued to producers due to the trials, with a net present ǀĂůƵĞĚĂƚZϴϮϳϰϴϴǁĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ͘/ƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌĞ- ǀĂůƵĞŽĨZϭϳϯŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘Ŷ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂůZĂƚĞŽĨZĞƚƵƌŶŽĨϳйƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐ view, a skills matrix and an electronic survey completed by 299 that investments in the programme have been a worthwhile ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƵƌǀĞǇ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚ ƵƐĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĨƵŶĚƐ͘ĐŽƐƚͲďĞŶĞĮƚĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽŶŶĞǁǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐĨŽƌ ǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶWƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͛ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨĐůŝ- ZŝŌǀĂůůĞǇ&ĞǀĞƌĂŶĚ>ƵŵƉǇ^ŬŝŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚŶĞƚƉƌĞƐ- ŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚ^͘/ŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕WƐĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƵƉƚŽZϭϯŵŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƌĂƚĞŽĨƌĞƚƵƌŶ ĂůůƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶůĞǀĞůƐĂŶĚĂŐĞŚĂĚĨĂŝƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽŶ ŝŶĞǆĐĞƐƐŽĨϯϮй͘ǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽŶƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨǀĂĐĐŝŶĞƐƚŽ ƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŽĨWƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂů͘dŚŝƐǁŽƌŬŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐũƵƐ- ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇƚŽĂƉƉůǇƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĚǀŝƐŝŶŐ ƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬǀĂĐĐŝŶĞZΘ͘ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŽŶǁĂǇƐƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕Žƌ ĂĚĂƉƚĨĂƌŵŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŶĂůǇƐŝƐ;ͿƉůĂǇƐĂĐƌƵĐŝĂůƌŽůĞŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐZ͛Ɛ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐďǇĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨ AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS the dynamics of the agriculture economy. Two ARC economists ĂƌĞƚŚĞĨŽĐĂůƉĞƌƐŽŶƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĨŽƌƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ dŚĞ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ŶĂůǇƐŝƐ hŶŝƚ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŶŝŶĞ ĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ŝŶ ƐĐŝ- ĂŶĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ;^d/Ϳ ƐƵƌǀĞǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĞŶƟĮĐ ũŽƵƌŶĂůƐ ƚŚŝƐ ǇĞĂƌ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĚĞĂůƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ &ŽŽĚWŽůŝĐǇZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;/&WZ/ͿƚŚĂƚŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĐŽůůĞĐƟŶŐŝŶ- ǁŚĞĂƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƚƌŝĂůƐ͖ƌĞƚƵƌŶŽŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶďĞĞĨĐĂƩůĞ͖ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶZΘŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘dŚĞƐƵƌǀĞǇƐƚĂƌŐĞƚƐĂůůŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ǁŚĞĂƚ ďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ͖ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝ- involved in agriculture research in the country, in order to com- ƚǇ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͖ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ZΘ ƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ͖ ƚŚĞ ŝŵ- ƉŝůĞŝŶĨŽƐŚĞĞƚƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞŽŶZΘZĂŐĞŶĚĂƐ Annual Report 2018/2019 73 across the globe, informing decision-making in agricultural ĂďůĞĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ͘ZŽƵŐŚůǇϭϬйŽĨĂůůW>^ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĚŽǁĞůů͕ ZΘ͘ ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞŵĂŶǇůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞW>^ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞĐŽƵůĚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ŝƚƐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŝĨ ďŽƩůĞŶĞĐŬƐ ĂƌĞ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ͘ ĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌǇ dŚĞƵŶŝƚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞƐŝŶĂŶhĨƵŶĚĞĚƵƌŽƉĞͲĨƌŝĐĂƉƌŽ- ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƉŽƐƚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ũĞĐƚŽŶĂƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉĨŽƌ&ŽŽĚĂŶĚEƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ^ĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘ŶDΘƐǇƐƚĞŵŽĨƚŚĞW>^ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶ- ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;>Wϰ&E^^Ϳ͘/ƚĂŝŵƐƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůŝƐĞĚ͘dŚĞZƚĞĂŵƉůĂǇƐĂŬĞǇƌŽůĞŝŶƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂƵƌŽƉĞͲĨƌŝĐĂZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵ;/ZͿĂƐƉůĂƞŽƌŵĨŽƌ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĨŽƌƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇW>^ĨĂƌŵƐ͕ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞZŝƐĐŽͲůĞĂĚŝŶŐĂǁŽƌŬƉĂĐŬ- ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ ĂŐĞƵŶĚĞƌƚŚŝƐƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŽŶ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ'ĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ <ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƚŚĞZ͛ƐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇŝŶ^ƵƌǀĞǇ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂďŝůŝƚǇ ƚŽ ĂŶĂůǇƐĞŽŶͲĨĂƌŵŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŽƚĂů͕ƚŚĞ dŚĞhŶŝƚůĞĚĂĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ZĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƉĂŶĞůŵĞƚĂƚϮϮŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶƐĨŽƌϵϬĚĂǇƐďĞ- ;^dͿĨƵŶĚĞĚƌŝĐĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚǇƐƚƵĚǇŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞEĂ- ƚǁĞĞŶ KĐƚŽďĞƌ ϮϬϭϳ ĂŶĚ &ĞďƌƵĂƌǇ ϮϬϭϵ ĂŶĚ Ϯϲ Z ƐĐŝ- ƟŽŶĂůŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůDĂƌŬĞƟŶŐŽƵŶĐŝů;EDͿĂŶĚƚŚĞ>ĂŶĚ ĞŶƟƐƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘ ƉĂƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚ- ĂŶŬ͘&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĮŶĂůƌĞƉŽƌƚƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ ƵĂůĨĂƌŵƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͕ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͕ƚŚĞƚĞĂŵ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽǀĞŶƚƵƌĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƌŝĐĞǀĂůƵĞĐŚĂŝŶ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂƐĞƚŽĨŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĨŽƌĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨ ŝŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƵŝƚĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĐƵů- ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƟĞƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƚĞĂŵŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ƟǀĂƌƐƚŽůŽĐĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞ a set of infrastructural guidelines useful in developing and change and disease outbreaks should rice be produced on ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ͘dŚĞƚĞĂŵĂůƐŽĂŝŵƐƚŽ ƐĐĂůĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚĞƐƚƵĚǇƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĂƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐǇďƌŝĞĨƐ research at various levels of the value chain as a prerequi- ĂŝŵĞĚ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ůĂŶĚ ƌĞĨŽƌŵ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚ- ƐŝƚĞƚŽĚƌǇůĂŶĚƌŝĐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘ come of this project.

/ŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŶŽƚĂďůĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĨƌŽŵ INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT ƌŬĂŶƐĂƐ ^ƚĂƚĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝƚ͛Ɛ AND COMMERCIALISATION ŚĞĂĚĂƐǀŝƐŝƟŶŐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ͕ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƐƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚĞ return on investment and impacts of ARC programmes on dŚĞ /ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů WƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ ;/WͿ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŽŵŵĞƌ- the economy, ar conducted. ĐŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶƵŶŝƚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝƐĞƐZƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ output, as part of technological improvement in agricul- The unit was also involved in a variety of economic consul- ƚƵƌĞ͘dŚŝƐĞŶƚĂŝůƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨ/WDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;ƌĞŐ- ƚĂŶĐŝĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞZ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽƚŚĞZͲŶƚ- ŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐͿĂŶĚĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƵŶŝƚ ƐŝŬĂĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƌŽͲĐƟǀĞ>ĂŶĚĐƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ Z ĐŽŵƉůŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ ŝŶ ƉŽůŝĐǇ ;W>^ͿƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘ ŵĂŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞĐŚĂŝŶ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞ programme ensures Enterprise development for meaning- ĨƵůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐ STRATEGIC INFORMATION MANAGEMENT in the agricultural value-chain. dŚĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƵŶŝƚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƐ ĂŶ ZͲŶƚƐŝŬĂĐŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵ͛ƐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞW>^ĨŽƌƚŚĞĞ- >ŝĐĞŶƐĞĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Z /ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů WƌŽƉ- ƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨZƵƌĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ>ĂŶĚZĞĨŽƌŵ;Z>ZͿ͕ erty contracted through license agreements were the ƐŝŶĐĞ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϳ͘ŶƚƐŝŬĂƐƵďͲĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚĞĚƚŚĞZƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƌǇ ĞĂŶ WƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ͛ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů- ƚŚĞĂŶĂůǇƟĐĂůƚŽŽůƐĞƚ͕ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƚŚĞĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƐĞƚ ŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďĞĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ sŝĐƚƵƐ WƚǇ ;>ƚĚͿ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵĞƌ- ĂŶĚĐŽŵƉŝůĞƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞZͲĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨĂƌŵĞƌ ĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŝŶŽĐƵůĂŶƚ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƌŽǁŶ 'Ăůů ŽĨ 'ƌĂƉĞ- survey toolkit, the team completed the 1990 farm evalu- vine. The ARC also signed a license agreement with ĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƌƞŽůŝŽ͘&ĂƌŵƐĂƌĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝƐĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶEƵƌƐĞƌǇŵĞŶ͛Ɛ&ƌƵŝƚ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽŵƉĂŶǇ͕ĨŽƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŝƐ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ͕ ƌŝƐŬƐ ĂŶĚ ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƵƌĞŬĂ^ĞĞĚůĞƐƐ>ĞŵŽŶĨŽƌĂƉĞ- ƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ͘dŚĞĐŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵ ƌŝŽĚŽĨϭϬǇĞĂƌƐ͘dŚĞZĂŶĚDƵƌĚŽĐŚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇƐŝŐŶĞĚĂ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝƚƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂŶĚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĂĚǀŝƐŽƌǇƉĂŶ- ůŝĐĞŶƐĞĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝ- ĞůŽŶůĂŶĚƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ͘ ca indigenous genera Lebeckia ambigua. dŚĞƉƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůƉĂŶĞůĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬ͘dŚĞƚĞĂŵŝƐ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇĮŶĂůŝƐŝŶŐƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚĂŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƉŽƌƚĚĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐ dŚĞZ͛ƐƌŽǇĂůƟĞƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌĂŵŽƵŶƚƚŽZϯϯ ƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ͘dŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŝƐĂĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨ ϲϵϳϯϭϲ ĨŽƌĂůů/WĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚůŽĐĂůůǇĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů- W>^͕ǁŝƚŚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƚŽZ>ZƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƉƌŽĚƵĐ- ůǇ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĚƌŽƵŐŚƚƚŚĂƚŚŝƚƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶĂƉĞ͘ ƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵůĂŶĚƌĞĨŽƌŵƉŽůŝĐǇĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ 'ĞŶĞƌĂůůǇ͕ƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨW>^ůĂŶĚĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚŝƐŐŽŽĚ͕ǁŝƚŚ dǁŽZƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞŶŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƐƐĞŵŝͲĮŶĂůŝƐƚƐŝŶ most farms having the natural resource base to support vi- ƚŚĞ 'ĂƵƚĞŶŐ ĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚŽƌ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŝŽƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ 74 Agricultural Research Council ĂŶĚƚŚĞZƚĞĂŵǁŽŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƉƌŝǌĞŽĨZϯϬϬϬϬϬ͕ƚŚĂƚ ǁŚŝĐŚĂĚǀĞƌƟƐŝŶŐͬĂĚǀĞƌƚŽƌŝĂůƐǁĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ&Ăƌŵ- ǁŝůůďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌŝŶĐƵďĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌũĂŵƐĨŽƌƟĮĞĚǁŝƚŚƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĞƌƐ͛tĞĞŬůǇ͖'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ:ŽƵƌŶĂů͖ƚŚĞ^ƵŶĚĂǇdŝŵĞƐĂŶĚ ŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŶŝĐŚĞĐŽŶĨĞĐƟŽŶĞƌǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐďǇdŚĞ ƚŚĞ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ&ŽƌƵŵDĂŐĂǌŝŶĞ͘ /ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ,Ƶď͘dŚĞZƚĞĂŵǁĂƐĂůƐŽŶŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚƚŽĂƚ- ƚĞŶĚƚŚĞ>ĞĂĚĞƌƐŝŶ/ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶĨĞůůŽǁƐŚŝƉƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘ dŚĞZĂůƐŽŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚŝŶĂĚǀĞƌƟƐŝŶŐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŝƚƐĞǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶ ĂƚEDWKĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞůĂƵŶĐŚŽĨƚŚĞZ,ƵďƉƉ͕ŽŶ EĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůWƌŽƉĞƌƚǇDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚKĸĐĞ;E/WDKͿ ƌĂĚŝŽĂŶĚŝŶƉƌŝŶƚ͘ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶƐĚŝƐƉůĂǇŝŶŐZ ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚƚŚĞZĂŶ/W&ƵŶĚƌĞďĂƚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞϮϬϭϴͬϭϵƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞ͕ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌƚŚĞ ĂƚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨZϮϱϰϳϭϲ͘ϱϱ͘ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŚŝůĞĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ǁĞƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ͘'ŽŝŶŐĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͕ƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŝƐƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ The Enterprise Development programme focuses on stake- ŝŶĨĞǁĞƌ͕ǇĞƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĞǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶƐ͕ŽƉƟŵŝƐŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚ ŚŽůĚĞƌĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ƌĞƚƵƌŶŽŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞZĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽϭϯĞǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶƐ During this year, stakeholder engagement was the focus ƉĞƌŵŽŶƚŚƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞĞƌůŝŶ&ƌƵŝƚ>ŽŐŝƐƟĐĂ͕ ŝŶ ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ Z ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘ ^ƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞĚ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů^ŽƌŐŚƵŵŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶĂƉĞdŽǁŶ͕ƚŚĞZŽǇĂů ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ WŝŽŶĞĞƌ &ŽŽĚƐ͕ WƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂů ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ^ŚŽǁŝŶWŝĞƚĞƌŵĂƌŝƚǌďƵƌŐ͕ƚŚĞZ/^DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐDĞĞƟŶŐƐĂƚ tĂƚĞƌĸĐŝĞŶƚDĂŝǌĞĨŽƌĨƌŝĐĂ;tDͿĂŶĚZĂŝŶĨŽƌĨƌŝĐĂ <ƌƵŐĞƌ WĂƌŬ 'ĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ zŽƵƚŚ/ŶĚĂďĂ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ /ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵƐ͘ ,ƵďŝŶWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͘

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT /ŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůŵĞĚŝĂ͕ƚŚĞZƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞƐĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůǇ͘ ǇǇĞĂƌͲĞŶĚ͕ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐŽŶŝƚƐƐŽĐŝĂůŵĞĚŝĂƉůĂƚ- ĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ Z͕ ϰϯϱ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌŵƐŚĂĚŐƌŽǁŶƚŽϭϯϵϰϭ&ĂĐĞďŽŽŬĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐ͕ϯϰϴϵdǁŝƚ- ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ǇĞĂƌ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ϯϴ &ĂƌŵĞƌƐ ĂǇƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐ͕ϲϭϲ/ŶƐƚĂŐƌĂŵĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐ͕ϭϲϰϲϭĨŽůůŽǁĞƌƐŽŶ ϮϱϱWŽƉƵůĂƌWƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ >ŝŶŬĞĚ/ŶĂŶĚϭϮϱzŽƵdƵďĞǀŝĞǁƐ͘dŚĞƵŶŝƚĂůƐŽůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚĂŶ internal campaign aimed at encouraging ARC personnel to dŚĞZŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚDŽďŝůĞ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ contribute on ARC. ĨƌŝĐĂ ;D>ĂďͿ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƚŚĞ Z ,h ŵŽďŝůĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ to support and facilitate virtual advisory services by bring- ŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͕ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ &ĂƌŵĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ Z ,Ƶď͕ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĚƌŽŝĚ ƐƚŽƌĞ͕ /K^ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁĞď͕ǁĂƐůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚŝŶDĂǇϮϬϭϴĂƚƚŚĞ'ƌĂŝŶ^͛ƐEDWK ,ĂƌǀĞƐƚ ĂǇ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐŚŽǁ Ăƚ ŽƚŚĂǀŝůůĞ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽďŝůĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŶŽǁďŽĂƐƚϮϲϮϯƵƐĞƌƐŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϮϲйĂƌĞ ǁŽŵĞŶ͘KŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ͕ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŚĂƐцϰϯϬĂĐƟǀĞƵƐĞƌƐ ŵŽŶƚŚůǇĂŶĚϭϱϬĂĐƟǀĞƵƐĞƌǁĞĞŬůǇ͘

MARKETING AND COMMUNICATIONS

The unit aims to increase the visibility of the ARC through ĨŽƵƌ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖ DĞĚŝĂ ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ;ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂů ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐͿ͖ ĚǀĞƌƟƐŝŶŐ͖ ǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů DĞ- ĚŝĂ͕ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ƌĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ZĞƉƵƚĂƟŽŶ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŽŶ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĨƌĞĞŵĞ- ĚŝĂĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞŝŶƉƌŝŶƚ͕ƌĂĚŝŽ͕ƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŽŶůŝŶĞ͘ŝŐƐƚŽ- ries this year dealt with the banana bunchy top virus; the Z ĂŶĚ ^ŽǇďĞĂŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͕ ĚĞĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Cannabis, ůŝŵĂƚĞͲ^ŵĂƌƚ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů ĞĞĨ WĞƌĨŽƌŵĞƌƐ ǁĂƌĚƐ͕&ŽŽƚĂŶĚDŽƵƚŚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚŶĞǁĨƌƵŝƚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐƵŶ- ǀĞŝůĞĚ͕ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌ- ǀŝĞǁƐŽŶŵĞĚŝĂƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐ͘ dŚĞĂĚǀĞƌƟƐĞŵĞŶƚďƵĚŐĞƚǁĂƐƐƉĞŶĚŝŶĂƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚĨĂƐŚŝŽŶ as part of a new approach of refocusing resources towards ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƌĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďƌĂŶĚ ĞƋƵŝƚǇ͘ WƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ

Annual Report 2018/2019 75 HUMAN RESOURCES AND LEGAL SERVICES

ƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌĞ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ Z ^ŚĂƐ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ŶĂŵĞůǇ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͖ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ͖ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ management; risk and planning; and internal audit, ĂůůŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ īĂŝƌƐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ůĞĚ ďǇ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞǆĞĐƵƟǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞZ͛ƐĞŶ- ƚƌĂů KĸĐĞ ŝŶ WƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ ĂŶĚ Ăŝŵ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ŐŽŽĚ ŐŽǀ- ĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚĂŚŝŐŚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ĂŶĚǀŝƐŝďůĞŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘

The various units in this Division operate mainly from ƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĂůKĸĐĞďƵƚŚĂǀĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐŝŶĂůůŽƚŚĞƌ ZůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƩĂŝŶĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĚ- ŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞīĂŝƌƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵĂƌĞŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͗

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ ƚŚĞ Z ĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĚŝĸĐƵůƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚĞĚ ŽŶ ƌĞĐƌƵŝƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ůĂďŽƵƌ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘

&Žƌ ƚŚĞ Z ƚŽ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐƉĂĐĞ͕ƚŚĞZĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽ ĂƩƌĂĐƚ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĂŶĚƌĞƚĂŝŶƚĂůĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘EƵƌƚƵƌŝŶŐŽĨƚĂůĞŶƚ͕,ƵŵĂŶZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ WĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ARC.

HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

dŚĞZĐƌĞĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĚĞǀĞů- op capacity for the agricultural sector. The scarcity of ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚĂŶĚƐŬŝůůĞĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĂŶŝŵĂůƐĐŝ- ĞŶƟƐƚƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƵƌŵĂƌŬĞƚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚƚŚĞZWŽƐƚ- ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;WWͿ͘ dŚĞ WW ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŝƐƚŽƐĞƌǀĞĂƐƉŝƉĞůŝŶĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƐƵĐ- ĐĞƐƐŝŽŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞZ͘ůůƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ĂƌĞĞŶŐĂŐĞĚǁŝƚŚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĨĂůůƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĂŶĚƐĐĂƌĐĞƐŬŝůůƐĂƌĞĂƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚďǇƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘

76 Agricultural Research Council dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚďĞůŽǁƌĞŇĞĐƚƐĂƐƵŵŵĂƌǇŽĨƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚZWWƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƉĞƌƐƚƵĚǇƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘

STUDENTS

250

200

..."'C

0 Post Doc PhD DTech MSc Total

■ Female 9 64 8 39 120

■ Male 7 42 3 24 76

EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT – FORMAL STUDIES

ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ϮϱϯĨƵůůƟŵĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚĨŽƌDĂƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚWŚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ƚŚŝƐƐŚŽǁƐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘

The graph below depicts doctoral and Masters studies.

PERM AN ENT EMPLOYEES

■ Male ■ Female

Annual Report 2018/2019 77 DEMOGRAPHICS

dŚĞZŚĂĚĂƐƚĂīĐŽŵƉůŝŵĞŶƚŽĨϮϮϴϳƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐĂŶĚϰϯϮƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐĂƐĂƚϯϭDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϵ͘dŚŝƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐϳϮ͘ϲϳй͘ůĂĐŬĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐ͕ϱϳ͘ϭϮйŵĂůĞĂŶĚϰϮ͘ϴϴйĨĞŵĂůĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐ͘;WĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐͿ͘dŚĞ challenge, however, is to retain these employees. The numbers of black and female employees, who are leaving the ARC, ĂƌĞŽĨƐƵĐŚŶĂƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶƚŚĞZĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĞƋƵŝƚǇĮŐƵƌĞƐ͘

ARC Capacity per Race - 31 March 2019 ARC Capacity per Gender - 1,43% 31 March 2019

■ African ■ Coloured ■ Indian • White ■ Foreigners ■ Male ■ Female

STAFF TURNOVER AND VACANCY RATE

dŚĞƐƚĂīƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌƌĂƚĞĨŽƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵŝƐϯ͘ϴϭй͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂĚƌŽƉĨƌŽŵƚŚĞϮϬϭϳͬϭϴĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͖ƚŚĞƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌƌĂƚĞǁĂƐϰ͘Ϭϲй͘ dŚĞƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌƌĂƚĞĨŽƌZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐŝƐϲ͘ϭϮйĂŶĚϲ͘ϯϰйĨŽƌZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚdĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚƚŚĞZǀĂ- ĐĂŶĐǇƌĂƚĞŝƐϳ͘ϲй͘

KĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂů>ĞǀĞů zĞĂƌƚŽĚĂƚĞƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌƌĂƚĞ

dŽƉDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ϭϭ͘ϭϭй

^ĞŶŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ Ϭ͘ϬϬй

WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůůǇƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚĂŶĚĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ ϲ͘ϭϮй ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚƐĂŶĚDŝĚĚůĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ

^ŬŝůůĞĚdĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĂůůǇƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕:ƵŶ- ϱ͘ϰϭй ŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕^ƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌƐ͕ &ŽƌĞŵĞŶĂŶĚ^ƵƉĞƌŝŶƚĞŶĚĞŶƚƐ

^ĞŵŝͲƐŬŝůůĞĚĂŶĚĚŝƐĐƌĞƟŽŶĂƌǇĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐ ϭ͘ϴϳй

hŶƐŬŝůůĞĚĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐ Ϯ͘ϭϳй

dKd> ϯ͘ϴϭй

78 Agricultural Research Council dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĂŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŐĂƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶ^ŽůŝĚĂƌŝƚǇ;Ϯϯ͘ϰϴйͿĂŶĚE,th;ϲϲ͘ϵϰйͿ͘

Union Membership % of permanent workforce (2287)

E,th ϭϱϯϭ ϲϲ͘ϵϰй

^ŽůŝĚĂƌŝƚǇ ϱϯϳ Ϯϯ͘ϰϴй

Sub total 2068 ϵϬ͘ϰϮй

EŽŶͲhŶŝŽŶŝƐĞĚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐ 219 ϵ͘ϱϴй

AWARDS AND RECOGNITION Dƌ͘<͘^͘EǆƵŵĂůŽǁŽŶƚŚĞϭƐƚƉƌŝǌĞ;>ĂƉƚŽƉ͕>ĂƉƚŽƉĂŐ͕ 'ŽůĚDĞĚĂůΘĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞͿĨŽƌƚŚĞD^ĐŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƟ- ƚůĞĚ͞dŚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶEŐƵŶŝƐŚĞĞƉ ƌE͘DŬŚŝǌĞǁĂƐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚĂƐĂŶ,ŽŶŽƌĂƌǇ>ĞĐƚƵƌĞƌĂƚƚŚĞ ďƌĞĞĚƐ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Ks/EϱϬ< ĐŚŝƉ͟ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ϱƚŚ ŶŶƵĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂůŝŶƚŚĞ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨ>ŝĨĞ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ WWŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŚĞůĚĂƚZͲsKWĨƌŽŵϮϳͲϮϵƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϴ͘ ŽůůĞŐĞŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐŽŶϮϮDĂǇ 2018. DƐ͘^͘:͘DŽƚŚŽƚƐĞǁŽŶƚŚĞϮŶĚƉƌŝǌĞ;ŝWĂĚ͕^ŝůǀĞƌDĞĚĂů ΘĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞͿĨŽƌD^ĐŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƟƚůĞĚ͞^EWͲďĂƐĞĚ ƌZ͘dŚŽŵĂƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚďĞƐƚŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂǁĂƌĚĨŽƌŶ- ŝŶďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƌĂŚŵĂŶĐĂƩůĞ͟ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ ŝŵĂů WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ϭϭƚŚ ĂŶŶƵĂů 'ĂƵƚĞŶŐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ϱƚŚŶŶƵĂůWWŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŚĞůĚ ĂƚZͲsKWĨƌŽŵϮϳͲϮϵ ŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚZƵƌĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^ǇŵƉŽƐŝƵŵ August 2018. ŚĞůĚĂƚDŝĚƌĂŶĚŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĞŶƚƌĞŽŶϮϬƚŚ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϴ͘

DƐ͘ ͘͘ >ŝŶĚĞ ǁŽŶ ƚŚĞ ϯƌĚ ƉƌŝǌĞ ;dĂďůĞƚ͕ƌŽŶǌĞ DĞĚĂů͕ ƌ Z͘ dŚŽŵĂƐ ǁĂƐ ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚ ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞͿ ĨŽƌ D^Đ ŽƌĂů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƟƚůĞĚ ͞ ƚƌĂŶƐĐƌŝƉ- ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĨƵŶĚĞĚďǇ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽŵŝĐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐǇŝŶƚŚĞĚŝĞƚ of Agriculture and Rural Development at the 11th annual ŽŶEŐƵŶŝĂŶĚŽŶƐŵĂƌĂĐĂƩůĞ͟ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞϱƚŚŶŶƵĂůWW 'ZZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^ǇŵƉŽƐŝƵŵŚĞůĚĂƚDŝĚƌĂŶĚŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŚĞůĚĂƚZͲsKWĨƌŽŵϮϳͲϮϵƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϴ͘ ĞŶƚƌĞŽŶϮϬƚŚ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϴ͘

ƌK͘<ŽĞŬĞŵŽĞƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚĂƐĂŬĞǇŶŽƚĞƐƉĞĂŬĞƌĂƚƚŚĞ ƌ ͘ EĐŽďĞůĂ ǁĂƐ ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚ ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ hĨƌŝĐĂŶ,ŽƌƐĞ^ŝĐŬŶĞƐƐĂŶĚůƵĞƚŽŶŐƵĞZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ>ĂďŽ- ĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐŚŝƐWŚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐĨƵŶĚĞĚďǇ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐĞ- ƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐtŽƌŬƐŚŽƉϮϬϭϴ͕EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϳƚŚ͕ϮϬϭϴĂƚƚŚĞDŝŶ- partment of Agriculture and Rural Development at the 11th ŝƐƚĞƌŝŽĚĞdƌĂŶƐŝĐŝſŶĐŽůſŐŝĐĂWůĂǌĂĚĞ^ĂŶ:ƵĂŶĚĞůĂƌƵǌ͕ ĂŶŶƵĂů'ZZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^ǇŵƉŽƐŝƵŵŚĞůĚĂƚDŝĚƌĂŶĚŽŶ- DĂĚƌŝĚ͕^ƉĂŝŶ͘dŝƚůĞŽĨƚĂůŬ͗DŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƟĐƐĂŶĚĞƉŝ- ĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĞŶƚƌĞŽŶϮϬƚŚ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϴ͘ ĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐǇŽĨ,^sŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŽǀĞƌƚǁŽƐĞĂƐŽŶƐ͘ ƌ>͘ǀĂŶĚĞƌtĞƐƚŚƵŝǌĞŶǁŽŶƚŚĞϭƐƚƉƌŝǌĞ;>ĂƉƚŽƉ͕>ĂƉƚŽƉ ƌ͘͘tĂůůĂĐĞ͕ƌD͘ǀĂŶ<ůĞĞĨand ƌ:͘&ĞŚƌƐĞŶ are ap- ĂŐ͕'ŽůĚDĞĚĂůΘĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞͿ͕ĨŽƌWŚŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƉŽŝŶƚĞĚĂƐĞǆƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌǇůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨWƌĞ- ƟƚůĞĚ͞dŚĞ/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŐĞŶĞƟĐĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚ- ƚŽƌŝĂŝŶƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨsĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇĂŶĚdƌŽƉŝĐĂůŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͕ ŝŶŐƚŽǁĞƚĐĂƌĐĂƐƐƐǇŶĚƌŽŵĞŝŶƐŚĞĞƉ͟ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞϱƚŚŶ- &ĂĐƵůƚǇŽĨsĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ϮϬϭϵ͘ ŶƵĂůWWŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŚĞůĚĂƚZͲsKWĨƌŽŵϮϳͲϮϵƵŐƵƐƚ 2018. ƌW͘KƉƉĞƌŵĂŶwas appointed as an extraordinary lecturer ĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂŝŶƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨWƌŽĚƵĐ- Dƌ͘d͘t͘<ĞŬĂŶĂǁŽŶƚŚĞϯƌĚƉƌŝǌĞ;dĂďůĞƚ͕ƌŽŶǌĞDĞĚĂů͕ ƟŽŶŶŝŵĂů^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕&ĂĐƵůƚǇŽĨsĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĨƌŽŵ:ĂŶ- ĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞͿĨŽƌWŚŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƟƚůĞĚ͞dŚĞƌĂƉĞƵƟĐĞĨ- ƵĂƌǇϮϬϭϵĨŽƌϯǇĞĂƌƐ;ƵŶƟůĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϮϭͿ͘ ĨĞĐƚŽĨĂŶƟŽǆŝĚĂŶƚŚĞƌďĂŶĚƉƌĞͲƉĂƌƚƵŵǀĂĐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶŽŶŝŵ- ŵƵŶĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞĂŶĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĚĂŝƌǇĐŽǁƐ͟ ƌ<͘^ĐŽƩǁĂƐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚĂƐĞǆĞĐƵƟǀĞĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŵĞŵďĞƌ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ϱƚŚ ŶŶƵĂů WW ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŚĞůĚ Ăƚ ZͲsKW ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ůŽďĂů &ŽŽƚ ĂŶĚ DŽƵƚŚ ŝƐĞĂƐĞ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ůůŝĂŶĐĞ ĨƌŽŵϮϳͲϮϵƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϴ͘ ;'&ZͿŝŶϮϬϭϴ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 79 ƌ͘^ĂďĞƚĂ͕ĂEZ&ϮƌĂƚĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌŝƐƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚŝƚŽƌ DƐW͘ƵƌŐĞƌǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚdŽƉ/ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůWƌŽƉĞƌƚǇƌĞĂƚŽƌ ĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĞĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚũŽƵƌŶĂů͗D/ŶĨĞĐƟŽƵƐŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͘ ďǇƚŚĞDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟŽŶ- ĂďůĞĚŝƐĐůŽƐƵƌĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ͕ŝŶDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϵ͘ ƌ:͘&ĞŚƌƐĞŶŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚƚŽĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůŽĂƌĚDĞŵďĞƌ ĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĞĞƌƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚũŽƵƌŶĂůDŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͘ WƌŽĨ>͘:ŽƵďĞƌƚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂŶĂǁĂƌĚĨŽƌĞǆĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ- ŵĞŶƚƐďǇƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶĐĂĚĞŵǇŽĨ^Đŝ- ƌ ͘ DĂƚŚĞƌ ǁĂƐ ĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚ ĂƐ ŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ĐŝĞŶ- ĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƌƚ͕ŽŶϮϭ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͘ ƟĮĐ ĚǀŝƐŽƌǇ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ ;ϮϬϭϯͲƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͿ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉĂƌƟĂůŝƚǇ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ;ϮϬϭϴͲƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͿĨŽƌƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ,Ă- WƌŽĨ >͘ :ŽƵďĞƌƚ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ Ă EZ& ͟͞ ƌĂƟŶŐ͖ ĂƐƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ZĞ- ůĂĂůdƌƵƐƚ;E/,dͿ͘,ĞŝƐĂůƐŽĂĨŽƵŶĚŝŶŐŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂŶĚŽƵŶĐŝů ƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐǁŚŽĞŶũŽǇĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ DĞŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞĨƌŝĐĂŶDƵƐůŝŵ&ĂƌŵĞƌƐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ;D&Ϳ͘ by their peers for the high quality and impact of their recent research outputs. ƌ:͘ǀĂŶ,ĞĞƌĚĞŶ͕ĂEZ&ϯƌĂƚĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ͕ŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƉ- ƉŽŝŶƚĞĚĂƐŽƵŶĐŝůDĞŵďĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌ ƌK͘ĂůĞďƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂEZ&͞z͟ƌĂƟŶŐ͖ĂƐƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽzŽƵŶŐƌĞ- EĂƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĨƌŽŵ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϱͲƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϵ͘ ƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ;ϰϬǇĞĂƌƐŽƌǇŽƵŶŐĞƌͿ͕ǁŚŽŚĂǀĞŚĞůĚƚŚĞĚŽĐƚŽƌ- ĂƚĞŽƌĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶĮǀĞǇĞĂƌƐĂƚƚŚĞ ƌ͘͘tĂůůĂĐĞǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚďĞƐƚŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĐĂƚ- ƟŵĞŽĨĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ĞŐŽƌǇ͞ŶŝŵĂů,ĞĂůƚŚ͟ĂƚƚŚĞϭϭƚŚĂŶŶƵĂů'ĂƵƚĞŶŐĞƉĂƌƚ- ŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚZƵƌĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^Ǉŵ- ƌ͘sŝƐĂŐŝĞĂƚŝŽƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂEZ&͞W͟ƌĂƟŶŐ͕ĂƐ- ƉŽƐŝƵŵŚĞůĚĂƚDŝĚƌĂŶĚŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĞŶƚƌĞŽŶƚŚĞϮϬƚŚ:ƵŶĞ ƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ;ŶŽƌŵĂůůǇƵŶĚĞƌϯϱǇĞĂƌƐŽĨĂŐĞͿǁŚŽ 2018. ŚĂǀĞ ŚĞůĚ Ă ĚŽĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ Žƌ ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚ ƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶĮǀĞǇĞĂƌƐĂƚƚŚĞƟŵĞŽĨĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ƌ͘:͘DĂŶƐǁĂƐŝŶǀŝƚĞĚĂƐŬĞǇŶŽƚĞƐƉĞĂŬĞƌĂƚƚŚĞ^ǇŵƉŽ- ƐŝƵŵ͗ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ,ĞŵĂƚŽƉŚĂŐǇ ŝŶ ůŽŽĚͲĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ WĂƌĂ- ƌ,͘ƌĂǇĂ͕Dƌ&͘<ƌƵŐĞƌ͕DƐD͘DĂƚƐŚĂǇĂ and ƌ^͘DŽŬŐĞ- ƐŝƚĞƐ͕ϭϭϭƚŚŶŶƵĂůDĞĞƟŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ'ĞƌŵĂŶŽŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^Ž- hleǁĞƌĞĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĂƚƌŽƉŚǇĂŶĚĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞĂƚƚŚĞ/ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ĐŝĞƚǇ͕ 'ƌĞŝĨƐǁĂůĚ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ͕ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϴ͘ dŝƚůĞ ŽĨ ƚĂůŬ͗ ,ƵďͲ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐ ĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚŽƌ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ &ƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂƚƚŚĞƟĐŬͲŚŽƐƚŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ͗ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞŽƌ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇŽĨ'WŝŽƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƐŽŶϭϱEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͕ŽŶEĂůĂ ŶĞƵƚƌĂůĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ͍ ,ĞĂůƚŚƌĞĂĚĨƌŽŵDŽƌŽŐŽ͗ĂƚŽŽůƚŽĐŽŵďĂƚŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ ĂŶĚŚŝĚĚĞŶŚƵŶŐĞƌŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ ƌ<͘:ƵŶŬĞƌ;EZ&ϮƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌͿ͕ƌ͘͘tĂůůĂĐĞ and ƌ͘ MatherĂƌĞĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚĂƐ^ĞĐƟŽŶĚŝƚŽƌ͛ƐĨŽƌƚŚĞKŶĚĞƌƐƚĞ- ƌ <͘ ,ĂŶŶǁĞŐ ǁĂƐ ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĂƐ /^,^ ǁĂƌĚƐ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ ƉŽŽƌƚ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨsĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ DĞŵďĞƌ;ĨƌŝĐĂͿ͖/^,^ŽƵŶĐŝůŵĞŵďĞƌ;^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂͿ͖/^,^ ŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĨŽƌdƌŽƉŝĐĂůĂŶĚ^ƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂů&ƌƵŝƚĂŶĚEƵƚƐĂŶĚ ƌ'͘sĞŶƚĞƌŝƐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚĂƐĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŵĞŵďĞƌ /^,^ĨƌŝĐĂ'ƌŽƵƉ͗^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶĨƌŝĐĂŶZĞŐŝŽŶŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌĂƚ ĨŽƌƚŚĞũŽƵƌŶĂůDĞĚŝĐĂůĂŶĚsĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐǇ͘ /^,^Ăƚ/^,^ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶ/ƐƚĂŶďƵů͕dƵƌŬĞǇ͕ϲͲϵƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϴ͘

DƐ<͘DĂƐĞŶǇĂǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĨƌŽŵhE/^^&ďƵƌ- ƌZ͘Z͘DƉŚĂŚůĞůĞǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĂŶ,ŽŶŽƌĂƌǇDĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉ ƐĂƌǇƚŽƚƌĂǀĞůƚŽƚŚĞh^ƚŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŽĨŚĞƌƌĞ- ƚŽƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů,ŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚǇ͘ ƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƚƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŶŐƌĞƐƐŽĨWůĂŶƚWĂƚŚŽůŽŐǇϮϬϭϴ ;/WWϮϬϭϴͿ͘ ƌ^͘sĞŶƚĞƌhas achieved the best overall academic perfor- ŵĂŶĐĞŽŶƚŚĞ^ĞŶŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĂƚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ dWWŚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂǁĂƌĚƐŝŶƚŚĞĮƌƐƚ͕ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚ ŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂǆĞĐƵƟǀĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕'ŽƌĚŽŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƚŚŝƌĚďĞƐƚƉŽƐƚĞƌĂǁĂƌĚƐƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞWŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĂƚƚŚĞϮϬϭϴ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ͘ WWĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘ ƌ^͘͘>ĂŵƉƌĞĐŚƚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚƚŚĞĂǇĞƌͲ^E^KZ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĨŽƌĂ i. DƐ<͘EĐƵďĞǁŽŶĮƌƐƚƉƌŝǌĞĨŽƌWŚƉŽƐƚĞƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĞƩĞƌ>ŝĨĞĂǁĂƌĚŝŶWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂŽŶϭϬDĂǇϮϬϭϴ͘ ii. DƐE͘,ůŽŶŐǁĂŶĞǁŽŶƐĞĐŽŶĚƉƌŝǌĞĨŽƌWŚƉŽƐƚĞƌƉƌĞƐ- ĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ DƐ͘^ŚƵďĂŶĞǁŽŶďĞƐƚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƉŽƐƚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞϯϯƌĚ^ǇŵƉŽ- iii. DƐ͘WŝůůĂǇ and DƐ<͘DĂƐĞŶǇĂǁŽŶƚŚŝƌĚƉƌŝǌĞWŚ ƐŝƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ^ŽĐŝĞƚǇŽĨEĞŵĂƚŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐŚĞůĚĂƚ'Ś- ƉŽƐƚĞƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĞŶƚ͕ĞůŐŝƵŵ͘

Dƌ&͘ZĞŝŶĚĞƌƐǁĂƐďĞĞŶŐƌĂŶƚĞĚƚŚĞƟƚůĞŽĨ'ƵĞƐƚWƌŽĨĞƐ- ƌ>͘DĂƚƐĂƵŶǇĂŶĞ received an award for best paper pre- ƐŽƌƐŚŝƉĂƚEĂŶĐŚĂŶŐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ;E/dͿŽŶƚŚĞϮϬ ƐĞŶƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇŽĨƌŽƉWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽƚĞĐŚ- KĐƚŽďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͘ ŶŽůŽŐǇĂƚƚŚĞϭϭƚŚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^ǇŵƉŽƐŝƵŵŚĞůĚĂƚ DŝĚƌĂŶĚŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĞŶƚƌĞŽŶƚŚĞϮϬ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϴ͘ 80 Agricultural Research Council WƌŽĨ&͘,ĂůůĞĞŶƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶŽůŽŐǇ ƌ ƌƵǇǁĂŐĞŶ ǁĂƐ ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚ ϭƐƚ ƉƌŝǌĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ƉŽƐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚsŝƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;^:sͿWƌŝǌĞĨŽƌďĞƐƚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂƌƟĐůĞƉƵď- ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂƚWŽƚĂƚŽĞƐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^ǇŵƉŽƐŝƵŵ͘ ůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϲͲϭϳ͘ǁĂƌĚǁĂƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂƚƚŚĞϰϭƐƚ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ^ŽĐŝĞƚǇŽĨŶŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚsŝƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;^^sͿtŝŶĞƚĞĐŚ ƌW͘DĂƉŽŶǇĂƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŽƌĂů ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŚĞůĚŝŶ^ŽŵĞƌƐĞƚtĞƐƚ͕ϮͲϰKĐƚŽďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͘ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ϵƚŚ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŽŶĨĞƌ- ĞŶĐĞ͕ϰͲϳKĐƚŽďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͕ŽƐŶŝĂ͕,ĞƌǌĞŐŽǀŝŶĂ͘ Dƌ /͘ ĚƵ WůĞƐƐŝƐ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂŶ ĂǁĂƌĚ ĨŽƌ ďĞƐƚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚĂƚƚŚĞϰϭƐƚ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ^ŽĐŝĞƚǇŽĨŶŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚ ƌ<͘,ĂŶŶǁĞŐǁĂƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂŶĂǁĂƌĚĂƐ^^,^ǆƚĞŶĚĞĚ sŝƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;^^sͿĂƚƚŚĞtŝŶĞƚĞĐŚŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŚĞůĚŝŶ^Žŵ- ďƐƚƌĂĐƚZĞǀŝĞǁĞƌĂŶĚŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌĨŽƌĞƐƚWƵďůŝƐŚĞĚƉĂƉĞƌ ĞƌƐĞƚtĞƐƚ͕ϮͲϰKĐƚŽďĞƌϮϬϭϴ͘ ǁĂƌĚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ŽŶŐƌĞƐƐ 'ĂůĂ ŝŶŶĞƌ͕ ůŽĞŵĨŽŶƚĞŝŶ͕ϮϭͲϮϰ:ĂŶƵĂƌǇϮϬϭϵ͘ DƐ<͘ŚĂƵŬĞĂǁĂƌĚĞĚďĞƐƚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƉŽƐƚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞ/^Dŝ^͘ dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǁĂƐŚĞůĚ ĂƚDŝƐƚǇ,ŝůůƐ ,ŽƚĞů DƐ,͘EŝĞŶĂďĞƌƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚƌŽƉ>ŝĨĞĂǁĂƌĚĨŽƌďĞƐƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ- ĂŶĚŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĞŶƚƌĞ͕DƵůĚĞƌƐĚƌŝŌ͕ϴͲϭϭƉƌŝůϮϬϭϴ͘ ƟŽŶŝŶtĞĞĚ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂƚƚŚĞŽŵďŝŶĞĚŽŶŐƌĞƐƐŝŶ:ĂŶƵĂƌǇ 2019. DƐ<͘W͘DŵĞƌĞŬŝ͕ĂŶD^ĐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĂƚƚŚĞh&^͕ĂŶĚ^dŝŶƚĞƌŶ ĂƚZ͕ǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚƚŚĞďĞƐƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉŽƐƚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞ^E^KZ ƌ^͘^ǇĚĞŶŚĂŵƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚƚǁŽĂǁĂƌĚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝ- ϮϵƚŚŶŶƵĂůŽŶŐƌĞƐƐŝŶWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂ͘,ĞƌƉŽƐƚĞƌǁĂƐƟƚůĞĚ͞/ŵ- ĐĂŶ^ŽĐŝĞƚǇŽĨƌŽƉWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂƚƚŚĞŽŵďŝŶĞĚŽŶŐƌĞƐƐŝŶ proved &ƵƐĂƌŝƵŵŚĞĂĚďůŝŐŚƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ :ĂŶƵĂƌǇϮϬϭϵ͘ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌ<ƌŽŬŽĚŝů͘͟

DƐ^͘W͘&͘yŝŵďĂƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϮŶĚƉƌŝǌĞĨŽƌŚĞƌŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƚŚĞWŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇŽĨƚŚĞŶŶƵĂůZWŽƐƚͲŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞĞǀĞů- ŽƉŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐŚĞůĚĂƚZͲsKW dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĞŶƚĞƌĨƌŽŵϮϳͲϮϵƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϴ͘

DƐ:͘DŽƚŚĂƉŽƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϯƌĚƉƌŝǌĞĨŽƌƚŚĞďĞƐƚŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ- ƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞWŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇŽĨƚŚĞŽĨƚŚĞŶŶƵĂůZWŽƐƚͲŐƌĂĚƵ- ĂƚĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐŚĞůĚĂƚ ZͲsKWdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĞŶƚĞƌĨƌŽŵϮϳͲϮϵƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϴ͘

DƐ>͘>ŝŶĚĂƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂŶĂǁĂƌĚĨŽƌƚŚĞďĞƐƚŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ ;^^dͿ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ ŚĞůĚ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϵͲϮϭ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϴ Ăƚ ĂƐĂĚŽ^ŽůŝŶ,ĂǌǇǀŝĞǁ͕DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͘

Dƌt͘W͘^ƚĞǇŶǁĂƐǁĂƌĚĞĚĨŽƌŵŽƐƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂƚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨŐ- ƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ;^^dͿŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ŚĞůĚĨƌŽŵϭϵͲϮϭ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϴ Ăƚ ĂƐĂ ĚŽ ^Žů ŝŶ ,ĂǌǇǀŝĞǁ͕ DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂ WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͘

DƐ͘DƐǁĞůŝƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĨŽƌďĞƐƚƉŽƐƚĞƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ ;^^dͿ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ ŚĞůĚ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϵͲϮϭ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϴ Ăƚ ĂƐĂĚŽ^ŽůŝŶ,ĂǌǇǀŝĞǁ͕DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͘

DƐ^͘tŝůůĞŵƐĞǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚϯƌĚƉƌŝǌĞĨŽƌĂƉŽƐƚĞƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ- ƟŽŶĂƚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůdĞĐŚŶŽů- ŽŐŝƐƚƐ;^^dͿŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ŚĞůĚĨƌŽŵϭϵͲϮϭ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϴ ĂƚĂƐĂĚŽ^ŽůŝŶ,ĂǌǇǀŝĞǁ͕DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͘ Dr Visser ǁĂƐĂǁĂƌĚĞĚϭƐƚƉƌŝǌĞĨŽƌƚŚĞďĞƐƚŽƌĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ- ƟŽŶĂƚƚŚĞWŽƚĂƚŽĞƐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^ǇŵƉŽƐŝƵŵ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 81 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE

ŚĞ/dΘ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞZĞƉŽƌƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŶŽǀĞǀŝĞǁŽĨ TƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞϮϬϭϴͬϭϵ&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůzĞĂƌ͘ The background against which the peformance of the Di- vision is based has remained consistent with prior years in ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƵƐŝŶĞƐƐWůĂŶƚĂƌŐĞƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŵƵůƟͲǇĞĂƌ͘

dŚĞ /d ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŝŶ ƉƌŝŽƌ ǇĞĂƌƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĨƵůůǇ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŽǁŝŶŐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞ/d industry processes, is underway to develop new strategies ŐŽŝŶŐĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůŚĂǀĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨ/dŝŶƚŚĞZ͘

^ŝŵŝůĂƌůǇ͕ƚŚĞƐƐĞƚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐŽĨƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ŚĂƐĂůƐŽ ƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚƐƵďũĞĐƚƚŽŵƵůƟͲǇĞĂƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƐ- ƐĞƚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞĂůƐŽƵŶĚĞƌŐŽŝŶŐƌĞǀŝĞǁ͕ǁŝůů ƌĞŵĂŝŶŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŬĞǇĚƌŝǀĞƌŽĨƚŚĞŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͛ƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ going forward.

ďƌŝĞĨƐƵŵŵĂƌǇŽĨƚŚĞŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͛ƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ ϮϬϭϴͬϭϵĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌŝƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞďĞůŽǁ͘

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

dŚĞ ϰƚŚ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ;ϰ/ZͿ͕ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ ƵŶĚĞƌ ǁĂǇ͕ ĚŝīĞƌƐƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚůǇĨƌŽŵŝƚƐƉƌĞĚĞĐĞƐƐŽƌƐͲŝƚƐƐĐŽƉĞŝƐŵƵĐŚ broader than simply smart and connected machines and ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞϰ/ZŚĂƐĚŝƐƌƵƉƚĞĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŌĞƌŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͕ŝŶ- ĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ ĞƩĞƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŇŽǁƐ͕ ůŽǁĞƌ ƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶ ĐŽƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĂƐƚĞƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂǀĞ ŵĂĚĞĚŽŝŶŐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞĂƐŝĞƌĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚŚĂǀĞ proved to be major drivers of economic growth. Digital ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůůǇ ƌĞ- fresh their business models and much of the change will be ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇͲĞŶĂďůĞĚ͘ŝŐŝƚĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇƵƐĞĚƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ͕ ĂŶĂůǇƐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƌĞĂůͲǁŽƌůĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞϰ/Zǁŝůů ďƌŝŶŐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŽ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŐƌŽͲƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ- ing. Emerging technologies that will transform agricultural ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐǁŝůůďĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͕/ŽdĂŶĚƐĞŶƐŽƌƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͕ƌĞ- mote sensing, precision agriculture and smart farming and ŐĞŶĞƟĐƐ͕/ĂŶĚŵĂĐŚŝŶĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐƚŚĞŽƉ- ƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐŽŶǀĞƌŐŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞϰ/Z͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞĂŶĞĂƌůǇĂĚŽƉƚĞƌ͕ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŶŐŝƚƐĂŐƌŽƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ development.

82 Agricultural Research Council ƌĞŶĞǁĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚĞǀĞƌǇϱǇĞĂƌƐ͘dŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚŐĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵ RAIN FOR AFRICA (R4A) ĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐďŽƚŚůŽĐĂůĂŶĚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ďŽƚĂŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƚǇƉĞƐ͘dŚĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞĚ &ŽƌƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝů;ZͿ͕ƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƌĞ- for various traits, including growth habit, pod and kernel prop- cent advancements transforming this sphere are smart farming ĞƌƟĞƐ͕ŬĞƌŶĞůŐƌĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŽĨŬĞƌŶĞůƐ͘DŽƌĞ ƚŽŽůƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐZĂŝŶĨŽƌĨƌŝĐĂ;ZϰͿ͘Zϰ͕ĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶďǇ ƌĞĐĞŶƚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽŶŽƚĞĚĨŽƌĂŶǇƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ƚŚĞZŝŶƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶtĞĂƚŚĞƌ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ that they may have. ;^t^ͿĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ;E'KƐͿ͕

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STOCK MANAGER AND GROUNDNUT GERMPLASM KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT KƚŚĞƌĚŝŐŝƚĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞ^ƚŽĐŬDĂŶĂŐ- ĞƌĂŶĚ'ƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚ'ĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘^ƚŽĐŬDĂŶĂŐĞƌŝƐĂƵƐ- ƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚĞƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͕ƚŚĞ/d er-friendly computer program that facilitates record-keeping and ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐƚĂƌƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐĂĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐĨŽƌďŽƚŚǀĞůĚĂŶĚůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘/ƚŝƐƟŵĞͲĐŽŶ- ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǇƐƚĞŵŝŶƚŚĞZ͘&ŽƌƚǇƵƐĞƌƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ƐƵŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŬĞĞƉ ƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶƵĂůůǇ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ͘ ^ƚŽĐŬ ŽŶ^ŚĂƌĞWŽŝŶƚĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽŶŐŽŝŶŐĞŶ- DĂŶĂŐĞƌƉůĂĐĞƐƌĞĐŽƌĚͲŬĞĞƉŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐŚŽĨ ŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƚĞĂŵƐƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚĞŝƌĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĞǀĞƌǇƐƚŽĐŬĨĂƌŵĞƌŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƉƌŽ- ŶĞĞĚƐ͘ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶƐƉĂĐĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŽŶ^ŚĂƌĞWŽŝŶƚ ĚƵĐƟŽŶŝƐŝŶĮĞůĚŽƌƉůĂŶƚĞĚƉĂƐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƐŵĂůůŽƌůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽĐŬ to allow teams to co-author and share documents with ease. The or game. ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐŝŐŶĂƚƵƌĞŝƐƵŶĚĞƌǁĂǇ͘tŝƚŚ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐŝŐŶĂƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƚŚĞZǁŝůůƐĞĞĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶ @ir.Dt.l:M.I~ 0 X "'· $,,up Lconk - G,...... ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐĐŽƐƚĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇŝŶƚŚĞƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘

G.ll.!Jn9Caki.i"1CK •-1-- -~C.nip.t1 Ot.;tyPfll'l\011\ ICT OPERATIONS W1ring~t c-rJ Liwnlod;Pl"Qducbon ,_.,,_,, CORPORATE SERVER INFRASTRUCTURE Stad.lo-na/ Mort~ ...... StortPIJl'cN~ This year some upgrades were conducted on the corporate serv- ~ / ~Mi Ğƌ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƚŽ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů ŶĞĞĚƐ VddC-0.- ĂŶĚŶĞǁƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘dŚĞƐĞƵƉŐƌĂĚĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͗ • DĞŵŽƌǇ ĂŶĚ Wh ƵƉŐƌĂĚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂĚĞ ƐĞƌǀĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚĂƚĂĐĞŶƚƌĞƚŽĐĂƚĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞZWyZϯƵƉŐƌĂĚĞ project. • /ŶƚĞƌŐŝƐƐƚŽƌĂŐĞǁĂƐŵŝŐƌĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽůĚsƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ Z^ƚŽĐŬDĂŶĂŐĞƌ^ŽůƵƟŽŶ͘ ŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŶĞǁĞƌϯWZƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƐƟůůŝŶ,WƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ • dŚĞ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ 'ƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚŐĞƌŵƉůĂƐŵŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶĂƐǇƐ- ,W;,ŝŐŚWĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞůƵƐƚĞƌͿĂƚŝŽƚĞĐŚWůĂƞŽƌŵǁĂƐ ƚĞŵĂƟĐƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƚƚŚĞZ'ƌĂŝŶƌŽƉƐĂŵƉƵƐŝŶWŽƚĐŚĞĨƐƚƌŽŽŵ increased and upgraded to the latest version. ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇϭϵϰϬƐ͘dŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŚŽƵƐĞƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐŽƵƌĐĞ • hW^ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞ,WǁĂƐĂůƐŽƵƉŐƌĂĚĞĚ͘ of disease resistant material for the groundnut breeding pro- • ŶĞǁĐŽŽůŝŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶǁĂƐŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚŝŶƚŚĞZ͛ƐZ;ŝƐ- ŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘dŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŚĂƐĞǆƉĂŶĚĞĚƐƚĞĂĚŝůǇƐŝŶĐĞŝƚƐĐŽŶĐĞƉ- ĂƐƚĞƌZĞĐŽǀĞƌǇͿƐŝƚĞ͘ ƟŽŶĂŶĚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇƐƚĂŶĚƐĂƚĂďŽƵƚϭϬϵϯĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞ Annual Report 2018/2019 83 SERVICES UNDER VODACOM RT15-2016 ƚŚĞϮϬϭϴͬϭϵĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͕ŶĂŵĞůǇ͗;ϭͿƌĞŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ dŚĞZĚĞĐŝĚĞĚƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŝŶƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůdƌĞĂƐƵƌǇ͛Ɛ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŽĸĐĞŐƌŽƵŶĚŇŽŽƌ͕ĂŶĚ;ϮͿƵƉŐƌĂĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞůůĂƌĂƚ ZdϭϱsŽĚĂĐŽŵĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚƚŽďĞŶĞĮƚĨƌŽŵĂůůƚŚĞĂĚĚĞĚƐĞƌ- EŝĞƚǀŽŽƌďŝũ͘ ǀŝĐĞƐŽŶŽīĞƌ͕ĂƐƚŚĞZĂůƌĞĂĚǇŚĂĚĂĨŽƌŵĂůsŽĚĂĐŽŵ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽǀŽŝĐĞĂŶĚŵŽďŝůĞĚĂƚĂ CENTRAL OFFICE ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘dŚĞŵĂŝŶĨŽĐƵƐǁĂƐƚŽŵŝŐƌĂƚĞƚŚĞZ͛ƐŝŶͲŚŽƵƐĞ perimeter security services to a hosted model and also to dŚĞƌĞŶŽǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚŇŽŽƌĂƚĞŶƚƌĂůKĸĐĞǁĂƐ ŵŝŐƌĂƚĞƚŚĞZ͛ƐƌĞŵŽƚĞƐŝƚĞůŝŶŬƐƚŽsŽĚĂĐŽŵ͘ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŬĞǇŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͗ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚĂƚƵƐ͗ • /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞKĐĐƵƉĂ- • DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĮƌĞǁĂůůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĨƌŽŵůŽĐĂůĐŚĞĐŬƉŽŝŶƚ ƟŽŶĂů,ĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚ^ĂĨĞƚǇĐƚϴϱŽĨϭϵϵϯĂƐĂŵĞŶĚĞĚ͖ ƚŽŚŽƐƚĞĚ&ŽƌƟŐĂƚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶͲƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ͖ • /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶ- • DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞWE;ŵŽďŝůĞĚĂƚĂƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͿ Ăů ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƌ YƵĂůŝƚǇ Đƚ ϯϵ ƚŽsŽĚĂĐŽŵĚĂƚĂĐĞŶƚƌĞͲƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ͖ ŽĨϮϬϬϰƉĞƌƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƉŚĂƐŝŶŐͲŽƵƚĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞ- • ZƵƐƚĞŶďƵƌŐ;/ͿƌĞŵŽƚĞƐŝƚĞůŝŶŬƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇƵƉŐƌĂĚ- ŵĞŶƚŽĨŽǌŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ͖ ed, cut over and stable; • /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞŶĞƌŐǇƐĂǀŝŶŐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͖ • ZĞŵŽƚĞƐŝƚĞůŝŶŬƐďƵŝůƚĂŶĚƌĞĂĚǇĨŽƌĐƵƚͲŽǀĞƌ͗ŝĞŶ • ZĞĚƵĐĞǁĂƚĞƌƵƐĞŝŶŵĞŶ͛ƐďĂƚŚƌŽŽŵƐ͖ĂŶĚ͕ ŽŶŶĠ͕'ůĞŶ͕EĐĞƌĂ͕sƌĞĚĞŶďƵƌŐĂŶĚWŽƌƚůŝǌĂďĞƚŚ • /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĞƌŐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘ ;WͿ͖ • ZĞŵŽƚĞƐŝƚĞůŝŶŬƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝŶƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͗ĚĚŽ͕DŝĚĚůĞ- UPGRADE OF THE CELLAR ďƵƌŐ͕sƌǇďƵƌŐĂŶĚůƐĞŶďƵƌŐ͖ĂŶĚ • ^D^ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉůĂƞŽƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƚĞĚ͘ WĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐĞůůĂƌ ƵƉŐƌĂĚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞŽůĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĐĞůůĂƌŝŶƚŽĂĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůƚĂƐƟŶŐ LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) UPGRADE PROJECT (2ND ƌŽŽŵͬĨƵŶĐƟŽŶǀĞŶƵĞ͘/ƚŝƐĞŶǀŝƐŝŽŶĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐƐƉĂĐĞǁŝůůďĞ PHASE) ƵƐĞĚĨŽƌEŝĞƚǀŽŽƌďŝũǁŝŶĞƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶͬƐĞůůŝŶŐ /ŶϮϬϭϲƚŚĞZƐƚĂƌƚĞĚƌĞƉůĂĐŝŶŐŝƚƐĂŐŝŶŐ>EŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐ- point for wines by emerging wine makers. The main aim is ture in accordance with capital funding made available. ƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚĂƐƟŶŐƌŽŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĨŽƌĂďƌŽĂĚĐƵƐ- WŚĂƐĞ ϭ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ĞŶƚƌĂů KĸĐĞ ;KͿ͕ sĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ ƚŽŵĞƌ ďĂƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůǇ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ Z ƐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĚKƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂůWůĂŶƚƐ;sKWͿ͕WůĂŶƚ,ĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ promote our wines and other ARC agro processed goods, ;W,WͿ͕/ŶĨƌƵŝƚĞĐ͕^ŵĂůů'ƌĂŝŶ;^'Ϳ͕KŶĚĞƌƐƚĞƉŽŽƌƚsĞƚĞƌŝŶĂƌǇ ƐƵĐŚĂƐũĂŵƐ͘dŚĞƌĞŶŽǀĂƚĞĚƚĂƐƟŶŐƌŽŽŵǁŝůůĂůƐŽƌĞŝŶƐƚĂƚĞ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ;KsZͿ͕ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ;ͿĂŶĚ^Žŝůůŝ- ƚŚĞZŽŶƚŚĞ^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚtŝŶĞZŽƵƚĞŵĂƉ͘ ŵĂƚĞĂŶĚtĂƚĞƌ;^tͿ͕ǁĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚŝŶůĂƚĞϮϬϭϲ͘WŚĂƐĞ 2, to upgrade the remaining sites of the ARC that includ- ĞĚŶŝŵĂůWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ;WͿ͕dƌŽƉŝĐĂůĂŶĚ^ƵďƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůƌŽƉƐ SECURITY SERVICES ;d^Ϳ͕'ƌĂŝŶƌŽƉƐ;'Ϳ͕/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌŽƉƐ;/ͿĂŶĚĂůůƌĞŵŽƚĞ ƐŝƚĞƐ͕ ŬŝĐŬĞĚ Žī ůĂƚĞ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϴ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĂƐ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ERECTION OF THE SECURITY FENCE - NIETVOORBIJ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘ A rigid mesh security fence of approximately 2km was erected on the premises to safeguard the farm from ille- COST CONTAINMENT REVIEW IN ICT gal entrance. The fence is running alongside major roads As part of the cost containment process the folowing ac- ǁŝƚŚůŝŵŝƚĞĚĂĐĐĞƐƐĂƌĞĂƐ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĞƌĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ ƟŽŶƐǁĞƌĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ͗ ĨĞŶĐĞǁĞŚĂǀĞĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚĂŵĂũŽƌƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶĐƌŝŵŝŶĂů • All contracts and service level agreements were re- ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽŶƚŚĞĨĂƌŵĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐǇĞĂƌƐ͕ƚŚƵƐ ǀŝĞǁĞĚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞŽƉƟŵĂůůĞǀĞůƐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶ worth the expenditure on the project. to cost; • dĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĚĂƚĂĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƐĞƌ- TECHNOLOGY - CCTVS ǀŝĐĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůZĐĂŵƉƵƐĞƐǁĞƌĞŽƉƟŵŝƐĞĚ͖ dŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐ • ZĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ŽĨ Ăůů D&hƐ ;ŵƵůƟͲĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ ǁĞƌĞŵĂĚĞĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͗ds ƐŽůƵƟŽŶͿ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŬƚŽƉ ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĂƚsKW͕W,W͕^'͕W͕ĂŶĚK͘ǆŝƐƟŶŐ ŽƉƟŵĂůƵƐĞĂŶĚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐĐŽƐƚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚ͖ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐĂĐĐĞƐƐĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĂƚK͕WǁĞƌĞŵŽĚŝĮĞĚ͕ • ZĞǀŝĞǁŝŶŐĂůůĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐŽŌǁĂƌĞůŝĐĞŶĐŝŶŐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚŶĞǁŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚĂƚ^'ĂŶĚ/͘/ŶƚƌƵĚ- ŽƉƟŵĂů ůŝĐĞŶĐŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ Ăůů ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƐŽŌ- ĞƌĂůĂƌŵƐǇƐƚĞŵŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĨŽƌ͕K͕ ware. ^t͕^'ĂŶĚW͘ĨŽĐƵƐŽŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĂŶĚŶĞǁĂƌĞĂƐƐĞĐƵ- rity technologies, especially at campuses where security/ INFRASTRUCTURE guarding services are not provided, remains a priority in ƚŚĞŶĞǁĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌ͘ dǁŽŵĂũŽƌƌĞŶŽǀĂƟŽŶǁĞƌĞĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂƚƚŚĞZĚƵƌŝŶŐ

84 Agricultural Research Council ZĞĐĞƉƟŽŶĂƚĞŶƚƌĂůKĸĐĞ͘

hƉŐƌĂĚĞĚĞůůĂƌ͘

Annual Report 2018/2019 85 KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION

ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŝƐƚŚĞďŝŐŐĞƌƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĞZ KŝƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶ͘/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƐŚŽǁĐĂƐĞŝƚƐǁŽƌŬĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚ thereof, it is important for the ARC to share the knowedge it ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵŝƚƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶďƌŝĚŐĞƐƚŚĞŐĂƉďĞ- ƚǁĞĞŶŝƚƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞďǇĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ ..,"-- ~ of its research to a range of target stakeholders through among ARC•LNR other channels publishing of journal artless by researchers, ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟŶŐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďǇƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐŽĨĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐŝŶ ďŽŽŬƐĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƉĂƉĞƌƐĨŽƌŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŝŶĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƉƌŽ- ĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƐďǇƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐĨŽƌϮϬϭϴͬϭϵŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗

------JOURNAL ARTICLES

•• - ,&. - - - • Abdalla, K., Mutema, M͕͘ ŚŝǀĞŶŐĞ͕ W͕͘ ǀĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ͕͘ ŚĂƉ- ůŽƚ͕ s͘ ϮϬϭϴ͘ 'ƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƐ ƐŽŝůKϮĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘Elsevier Catenaϭϲϳ͗ϮϴϰͲϮϵϮ͕ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ ------ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϲͬũ͘ĐĂƚĞŶĂ͘ϮϬϭϴ͘Ϭϱ͘ϬϭϬ͘ ·""··---. ~ ďƵƚĂůĞď͕<͕͘͘͘DŽŚĂŵŵĞĚ͕͘,͘͘ΘŚŵĞĚ͕D͘,͘D͘ϮϬϭϴ͘ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͕ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƟŽŶ ŵĞĂƐ- ƵƌĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŐǇƉƚ͛Ɛ EŝůĞ ĞůƚĂ͘ Earth Systems and Environment ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϬϳͬƐϰϭϳϰϴͲϬϭϴͲϬϬϰϳͲϵ͕ϭϬƉƉ͘ PRODUCTION OF SMALL GRAINS IN THE WINTER RAINFALL AREA ARC-SMALL GRAIN ďƵͲƌĞŝŐ͕D͕͘ƌĂŝƋĂƚ͕͘ΘďĚůďĂƐŝƚ͕D͘͘D͘ϮϬϭϴ͘^ĞĞƉ- ĂŐĞƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵĐĞƌĂŵŝĐƉŝƚĐŚĞƌƐƵŶĚĞƌƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŚǇ- draulic head. Applied Engineering in Agriculture ϯϰŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϯϬϯϭͬĂĞĂ͘ϭϮϴϭϯ͕ϴƉƉ͘

..,, ~ ĚĞŵŽůĂ͕K͘D͕͘ĚĞǇĞŵŝ͕d͕͘͘ǌĞŽŬŽůŝ͕K͘d͕͘ǇĞŶŝ͕<͘/͕͘KďĂĚ- ARC•LNR ŝŶĂ͕͘K͕͘^ŽŵŽƌŝŶ͕z͘D͕͘KŵĞŵƵ͕͘D͕͘ĚĞůĞŬĞ͕Z͕͘͘EǁĂŶŐ- ďƵƌƵŬĂ͕͕͘KůƵǁĂĨĞŵŝ͕&͕͘KǇĞǁŽůĞ͕K͘͘ΘǌĞŬŝĞů͕͘E͘ϮϬϭϴ͘ WŚǇůŽŐĞŶĞƟĐĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐŽĨďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ- ing of iru and ogiri condiments. >ĞƩĞƌƐŝŶƉƉůŝĞĚDŝĐƌŽďŝŽůŽŐǇ ĚŽŝ͗ϭϬ͘ϭϭϭϭͬůĂŵ͘ϭϯϬϰϬ͕ϵƉƉ͘

------ŝŶĂ͕K͕͘͘KůŽǁŽǇŽ͕:͘K͕͘DƵŐŝǀŚŝƐĂ͕>͘>͘ΘŵŽŽ͕^͘K. 2018. īĞĐƚ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŽŝů ĂŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ ŽŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĐŽƉƉĞƌĂŶĚǌŝŶĐŝŶLycopersicon esculentum. Na- ƚƵƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚWŽůůƵƟŽŶdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇϭϳ͗ϮϱϱͲϮϱϵ͘

ŬĂŶŶŽ͕͕͘͘ŬŝŶĞͲǌŝǀĞŶƵ͕͕͘ŚĞŶ͕>͕͘sŝŶƐŬǇ͕D͕͘ďŽͲ/Ɛ- ŵĂŝů͕ D͘<͕͘ DĂĐEĞŝů͕ D͕͘͘ WůĂƐƚŽǁ͕ '͕͘ ĂƐĂƌĂď͕ :͕͘ >ŝ͕ Θ &ŝƚǌƐŝŵŵŽŶƐ͕͘ ͘ ϮϬϭϵ͘ ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ŐĞŶŽŵŝĐͲĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚ ƐŽƌƟŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵĨŽƌĨĞĞĚĞƌĐĂƩůĞ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶŝŵĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϵϳ͗ (J{Jll)ll/NE ϭϬϲϲͲϭϬϳϱ͘ PRODUCTION OF SMALL GRAINS IN THE SUMMER RAINFALL AREA ŬŚƚĂƌ͕^͕͘ KƐƚŚŽī͕ '͕͘ DĂƐŚŝŶŐĂŝĚǌĞ͕ <͘ Θ >ĂďƵƐĐŚĂŐŶĞ͕ D͘ ARC-SMALL GRAIN ϮϬϭϴ͘/ƌŽŶĂŶĚŝŶĐŝŶDĂŝǌĞŝŶƚŚĞĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐtŽƌůĚ͗ĞĮ- ĐŝĞŶĐǇ͕ǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚƌĞĞĚŝŶŐ͘ƌŽƉ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϱϴ;ϲͿ͗ϮϮϬϬͲ ϮϮϭϯ͘K/͗ϭϬͬϮϭϯϱͬĐƌŽƉƐĐŝϮϬϭϴ͘ϬϮ͘Ϭϭϯϯ͘ 86 Agricultural Research Council Alayande, K.A., ŝǇĞŐŽƌŽ͕K͘͘ΘƚĞďĂ͕͘E͘ϮϬϭϵ͘ŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ĂŬŬĞƐ͕͘<͕͘Ğ<ůĞƌŬ͕͕͘>ĂƟĨ͕͘͘ΘDĂŶƐ͕͘:͘ϮϬϭϴ͘/ŶƚĞ- ŐĞŶŽŵĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨ>ĂĐƚŽďĂĐŝůůƵƐƌĞƵƚĞƌŝWEtϭ͕ĂƉƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐ ŐƌĂƟǀĞƚĂǆŽŶŽŵǇŽĨĨƌŽƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůKƌŶŝƚŚŽĚŽƌŽƐ;KƌŶŝƚŚŽĚŽƌŽƐͿ ƉƌŽďŝŽƟĐ ĐĂŶĚŝĚĂƚĞ͘ Microbiology Resource Announcements ;ĐĂƌŝ͗ /ǆŽĚŝĚĂ͗ ƌŐĂƌŝƐŝĚĂĞͿ͘ dŝĐŬƐ ĂŶĚ dŝĐŬͲďŽƌŶĞ ŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͕ ϴ͗ĞϬϬϬϯϰͲϭϵ͘ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϮϴͬDZ͘ϬϬϬϯϰͲϭϵ͘ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϭϲͬũ͘ƩďĚŝƐ͘ϮϬϭϴ͘Ϭϯ͘ϬϮϰ͘

ƵƚŚĞůĞǌŝ͕ >͘^͕͘ DƵƉĂŶŐǁĂ͕ :͘&͕͘ DƵĐŚĞŶũĞ͕ s͕͘ Nher- ŚŝĚŝ͕͘^͕͘DĂĨĂƚĂ͕D͕͘EŽƚƐŚŽŬŽǀƵ͕E͘͘ΘsĂŶ:ĂĂƌƐǀĞůĚ͕ ĞƌĂͲŚŽŬƵĚĂ͕&͘s͘ϮϬϭϵ͘/ŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĚƌǇŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŽŶ F͘ ϮϬϭϴ͘ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ 'ƌĂƉĞ dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ Ăƚ WƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ŽŶ Kƌ- ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƌƵŵŝŶĂůĚĞŐƌĂĚĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƐƵďƚƌŽƉ- ŐĂŶŝĐĐŝĚƐĂŶĚKĞŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨDĠƚŚŽĚĞĂƉ ical Cajanus cajan>͘ŶŝŵĂůEƵƚƌŝƟŽŶϱ͗ϵϱͲϭϬϬ͘ ůĂƐƐŝƋƵĞtŝŶĞƐ͘^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚsŝƟ- cultureϯϵ͗ϭϬϲͲϭϭϱ͕K/͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚǆ͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϮϭϱϰϴͬϯϵͲϭͲ ĂƐĞǇͲƌǇĂƌƐ͕D͕͘ZĞĞǀĞ͕Z͕͘ĂƐƚŽůĂ͕h͕͘<ŶŽǁůĞƐ͕E͘:͕͘ƵƚǇ͕ Ϯϰϲϳ͘ ,͕͘ ĂĐŚĂŶĞŬͲĂŶŬŽǁƐŬĂ͕ <͕͘ &ŽǁůĞƌ͕ s͘>͕͘ &ǇƵŵĂŐǁĂ͕ Z͕͘ <ĂǌǁĂůĂ͕Z͕͘<ŝďŽŶĂ͕d͕͘<ŝŶŐ͕͘W͕͘>ĂŶŬĞƐƚĞƌ͕&͕͘>ƵĚŝ͕͕͘͘ ŚŝƚƌĂǇ͕D͕͘'ƌĂǌŝŽůŝ͕^͕͘tŝůůĞŵƐ͕d͕͘dƐŚĂďĂůĂůĂ͕d͕͘ĞsůĞĞ- >ƵŐĞůŽ͕͕͘DĂƌĞĞ͕&͘&͕͘DƐŚĂŶŐĂ͕͕͘EĚŚůŽǀƵ͕'͕͘WĂƌĞŬŚ͕<͕͘ ƐĐŚĂƵǁĞƌ͕͕͘ƐƚĞƌŚƵǇƐĞŶ͕͕͘ĞůĞƌĐƋ͕<͘ΘDĂƌĞĞ͕&͘&. WĂƚŽŶ͕͘:͕͘WĞƌƌǇ͕͕͘tĂĚƐǁŽƌƚŚ͕:͕͘WĂƌŝĚĂ͕^͕͘,ĂǇĚŽŶ͕͘d͕͘ ϮϬϭϴ͘ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůŝĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ĨŽŽƚͲĂŶĚͲŵŽƵƚŚ DĂƌƐŚ͕d͘>͕͘ůĞĂǀĞůĂŶĚ͕^͘Θ>ĞŵďŽ͕d͘ϮϬϭϴ͘tĂǀĞƐŽĨĞŶ- ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞǀŝƌƵƐ^dƐĞƌŽƚǇƉĞͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐϯĂƐƐĂǇƚŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟ- demic foot-and-mouth disease in eastern Africa suggest fea- ate infected from vaccinated animals. :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨsŝƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƉƌŽĂĐƟǀĞǀĂĐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘Nature-Ecology MethodsϮϮϱ͗ϰϰͲϱϭ͘ ΘǀŽůƵƟŽŶ͕ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϬϯϴͬƐϰϭϱϱϵͲϬϭϴͲϬϲϯϲͲǆ͘ ƌĂĞŵĞƌ͕ ͘ϮϬϭϴ͘&ŝƌƐƚƌĞĐŽƌĚ͕ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ƐǇŵƉƚŽŵƐ͕ ŝŶĨĞƐƚĞĚĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨƚŚĞďůƵĞďĞƌƌǇďƵĚ Chakwiya, A., ǀĂŶĚĞƌ>ŝŶĚĞ͕͕͘ŚŝĚĂŵďĂ͕>͘Θ<ŽƌƐƚĞŶ͕>͘ mite, Acalitus vaccinii;<ĞŝĨĞƌͿ;WƌŽƐƟŐŵĂƚĂ͗ƌŝŽƉŚǇŝĚĂĞͿŝŶ 2019. Diversity of Cladobotryum mycophilum isolates as- ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘Acarologiaϱϴ;ϯͿ͗ϳϯϱͲϳϰϱ͘ sociated with cobweb disease of Agaricus bisporus in the