Revisiting Elliptical Satellite Orbits to Enhance the O3b Constellation
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Satellite Constellations - 2021 Industry Survey and Trends
[SSC21-XII-10] Satellite Constellations - 2021 Industry Survey and Trends Erik Kulu NewSpace Index, Nanosats Database, Kepler Communications [email protected] ABSTRACT Large satellite constellations are becoming reality. Starlink has launched over 1600 spacecraft in 2 years since the launch of the first batch, Planet has launched over 450, OneWeb more than 200, and counting. Every month new constellation projects are announced, some for novel applications. First part of the paper focuses on the industry survey of 251 commercial satellite constellations. Statistical overview of applications, form factors, statuses, manufacturers, founding years is presented including early stage and cancelled projects. Large number of commercial entities have launched at least one demonstrator satellite, but operational constellations have been much slower to follow. One reason could be that funding is commonly raised in stages and the sustainability of most business models remains to be proven. Second half of the paper examines constellations by selected applications and discusses trends in appli- cations, satellite masses, orbits and manufacturers over the past 5 years. Earliest applications challenged by NewSpace were AIS, Earth Observation, Internet of Things (IoT) and Broadband Internet. Recent years have seen diversification into majority of applications that have been planned or performed by governmental or military satellites, and beyond. INTRODUCTION but they are regarded to be fleets not constellations. There were much fewer Earth Observation com- NewSpace Index has tracked commercial satellite panies in 1990s and 2000s when compared to com- constellations since 2016. There are over 251 entries munications and unclear whether any large constel- as of May 2021, which likely makes it the largest lations were planned. -
Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific
DIGITAL CONNECTIVITY AND LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC John Garrity, Consultant (Digital Connectivity), Digital Technology for Development, [email protected] AN ‘EMERGING CONNECTIVITY INNOVATION’ … 30+ YEARS IN THE MAKING How it started: (1990s) How it ended: (early 2000s) “…in the end the financial, technical and business risks associated with Te l e d e s i c could not be retired.” - Tre n Griffin (Te l e d e s i c employee #4) https://www.wired.com/1997/10/teledesic-mounts-lead-in-new-space-race/ https://25iq.com/2016/07/23/a-dozen-things-i-learned-being-involved-in-one-of-the-most-ambitious- http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/constellations/teledesic-3d.html startups-ever-conceived-teledesic/ CONTENTS I. BACKGROUND: SATELLITE CONNECTIVITY AS A MEANS FOR BROADBAND INTERNET II. INNOVATION IN LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS III. IN FOCUS: STARLINK’S DEPLOYMENT, DIFFERENTIATION, AND VIABILITY IV. OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS TO LEVERAGING LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES IN DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES V. RECOMMENDATIONS: WHAT DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES CAN DO TO LEVERAGE THE OPPORTUNITY PRESENTED BY LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE CONNECTIVITY FILLS NECESSARY ROLE IN INTERNET ECOSYSTEM Telecommunications Network Infrastructure Elements red lines highlight where satellite is utilized International capacity National backbone (core) Middle-mile (backhaul) Last-mile (access) Regional PoPs Fibre or wireless backhaul Wireless (e.g cellular, Wi-Fi, (microwave, cellular) Fixed wireless access) High-capacity links Base station End User devices (phones, computers, etc.) tower and premises (homes, businesses, etc.) International link (undersea, Wireless (e.g. satellite, Wi-Fi) terrestrial or Fibre-optic satellite) cable landing Satellite backhaul station (GEO, MEO, or LEO) End User devices (phones, computers, etc.) and premises (homes, businesses, etc.) Primary nodes (Points of Presence, PoPs) Fibre or wireless backhaul (microwave, cellular) Wired (e.g. -
Arxiv:2103.06251V2 [Nlin.CD] 24 May 2021 Resonant Terms Are Algebraically Computed up to the 4Th Degree and Order
DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MOLNIYA SATELLITE CONSTELLATION: LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF THE SEMI-MAJOR AXIS J. DAQUIN, E.M. ALESSI, J. O'LEARY, A. LEMAITRE, AND A. BUZZONI Abstract. We describe the phase space structures related to the semi-major axis of Molniya-like satellites subject to tesseral and lunisolar resonances. In particular, the questions answered in this contribution are: (i) we study the indirect interplay of the critical inclination resonance on the semi-geosynchronous resonance using a hierarchy of more realistic dynamical systems, thus discussing the dynamics beyond the integrable approximation. By introducing ad hoc tractable models averaged over fast angles, (ii) we numerically demarcate the hyperbolic structures organising the long-term dynamics via Fast Lyapunov Indicators cartography. Based on the publicly available two-line elements space orbital data, (iii) we identify two satellites, namely Molniya 1-69 and Molniya 1-87, displaying fingerprints consistent with the dynamics associated to the hyperbolic set. Finally, (iv) the computations of their associated dynamical maps highlight that the spacecraft are trapped within the hyperbolic tangle. This research therefore reports evidence of actual artificial satellites in the near-Earth environment whose dynamics are ruled by manifolds and resonant mechanisms. The tools, formalism and methodologies we present are exportable to other region of space subject to similar commensurabilities as the geosynchronous region. 1. Introduction The present manuscript is part of a recent series of papers [1, 6] dedicated to astrodynamical properties of Molniya spacecraft. It is well-known that the Molniya orbit provides a valuable dynamical alternative to the geosynchronous orbit, suitable for communication satellites to deliver a service in high-latitude countries, as it is actually the case for Russia. -
IAC-18-B2.1.7 Page 1 of 16 a Technical Comparison of Three
A Technical Comparison of Three Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation Systems to Provide Global Broadband Inigo del Portilloa,*, Bruce G. Cameronb, Edward F. Crawleyc a Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 02139, USA, [email protected] b Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 02139, USA, [email protected] c Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 02139, USA, [email protected] * Corresponding Author Abstract The idea of providing Internet access from space has made a strong comeback in recent years. After a relatively quiet period following the setbacks suffered by the projects proposed in the 90’s, a new wave of proposals for large constellations of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to provide global broadband access emerged between 2014 and 2016. Compared to their predecessors, the main differences of these systems are: increased performance that results from the use of digital communication payloads, advanced modulation schemes, multi-beam antennas, and more sophisticated frequency reuse schemes, as well as the cost reductions from advanced manufacturing processes (such as assembly line, highly automated, and continuous testing) and reduced launch costs. This paper compares three such large LEO satellite constellations, namely SpaceX’s 4,425 satellites Ku-Ka-band system, OneWeb’s 720 satellites Ku-Ka-band system, and Telesat’s 117 satellites Ka-band system. First, we present the system architecture of each of the constellations (as described in their respective FCC filings as of September 2018), highlighting the similarities and differences amongst the three systems. -
High Throughput Satellite (HTS) Communications for Government and Military Applications Where You Want It When You Want It
High Throughput Satellite (HTS) Communications for Government and Military Applications Where You Want It When You Want It “D” D’Ambrosio EVP, Government Solutions, O3b Networks Global MILSATCOM Dates: 11-14 November 2014 Location: Canberra, Australia Company Overview: What we do!! O3b has deployed a next generation Continuous coverage: when one satellite constellation, delivering our satellite leaves, another satellite customers superior, faster and more takes over without transmission affordable connectivity interruption Initial constellation of MEO satellites rotate the globe approximately four times a day Each beam is connected to a high throughput teleport, with multiple layers of redundancy, ensuring operators have a reliable, high speed service Ka-Band beams of 700km diameter: O3b began Commercial Service 2Q CY14 steerable around the globe, each Global Service 3QCY14 delivering up to 1.2Gbps O3b Networks Proprietary A Revolutionary Solution . A different kind of satellite: • MEO reduces delay by 75% and increases throughput significantly compared with GEO O3b Networks • Lower cost to build and launch 8,062 km (5,009 miles) . O3b is the first satellite constellation built with IP and mobile networks in mind • O3b's cost advantage enables the business case for sites that are not possible with GEO or fiber • O3b's higher throughput and lower latency dramatically improves satellite service O3b GEO Operators 150ms 36,000 km (22,369 miles) 500ms Geostationary Satellites O3b Networks Proprietary 3 O3b Coverage Map & Gateways Our World Divided into 7 Regions Limited service(s) ± 62º Latitude Portugal Greece Standard service(s) S.W. USA ± 45º Latitude Hawaii U.A.E Peru Brasil W. -
NGSO Large Constellations SES
ITU Satellite Symposium 2019 - Bariloche NGSO Constellations - O3b, mPower PRESENTED BY PRESENTED ON Suzanne Malloy 24 septiembre 2019 SES Proprietary and Confidential | With the world’s largest multi-orbit, multi-band satellite fleet, we are building a next-generation network for our customers’ growth Unique Driver of 50+ GEO-MEO INNOVATION satellites covering constellation complemented in building a cloud-scale, by a ground segment, automated, “virtual fibre” network of together forming a flexible the future. Leading in the industry’s 99% network architecture that is most influential standards groups of the globe and world globally scalable population SES Proprietary and Confidential | Suzanne Malloy, ITU Satellite Symposium 2019 2 SES Constellations GEO wide beam Over 50 satellite constellation Reaching >350 million TV households worldwide GEO HTS Expanding HTS fleet: SES-12, SES-14, SES-15, future SES-17 Improving value proposition for data applications MEO HTS Operational since 2015, now 20 satellites High throughput, low latency 7 next-generation satellites in 2021 SES Proprietary and Confidential | Suzanne Malloy, ITU Satellite Symposium 2019 Across industries, business customers are embracing digital technologies, the cloud, IoT and big data IT spending priorities E-learning revenues in LATAM shifting to digital business, have doubled IoT, big data¹ over last 5 years² Enterprise Education Mobile banking, omni-channel 82% of mining execs will experience driving bandwidth increase digitalization growth spending over next 3 -
Communication Strategies for Colonization Mission to Mars
Communication Strategies for Colonization Mission to Mars A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Universidad Carlos III de Madrid In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor’s Degree in Aerospace Engineering By Pablo A. Machuca Varela June 2015 Dedicated to my dear mother, Teresa, for her education and inspiration; for making me the person I am today. And to my grandparents, Teresa and Hernan,´ for their care and love; for being the strongest motivation to pursue my goals. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Manuel Sanjurjo-Rivo, for his help and guidance along the past three years, and for his advice on this thesis. Professor Sanjurjo-Rivo first accepted me as his student and helped me discover my passion for the Orbital Mechanics research area. I am very thankful for the opportunity Professor Sanjurjo-Rivo gave me to do research for the first time, which greatly helped me improve my knowledge and skills as an engineer. His valuable advice also encouraged me to take Professor Howell’s Orbital Mechanics course and Professor Longuski’s Senior Design course while at Purdue University, as an exchange student, which undoubtedly enhanced my desire, and created the opportunity, to become a graduate student at Purdue University. I would like to thank Sarag Saikia, the Mission Design Advisor of Project Aldrin-Purdue, for his exemplary passion and enthusiasm for the field. Sarag is responsible for making me realize the interest and relevance of a Mars communication network. He encouraged me to work on this thesis, and advised me along the way. -
EXTRAORDINARY AMAZING EVERYWHERE ANNUAL REPORT 2019 2 SES ANNUAL REPORT 2019 COMPANY OUR 1 for Allourstakeholders
EXTRAORDINARY AMAZING EVERYWHERE ANNUAL REPORT 2019 1 2 3 4 5 OUR OPERATIONAL CONSOLIDATED SES S.A. ANNUAL ADDITIONAL COMPANY AND STRATEGIC FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS INFORMATION REPORT STATEMENTS OUR PURPOSE OUR AMBITIONS We believe in content and WE DO THE connectivity everywhere We provide Cloud-enabled, EXTRAORDINARY satellite-based intelligent IN SPACE connectivity We are future-proof, powered by TO DELIVER sustained growth and innovation AMAZING We are passionate about customer experience and focused on customer EXPERIENCES success EVERYWHERE SES is a great place to work We are here to make a ON EARTH difference We are part of something bigger and what we do makes a difference. Our purpose and ambitions reflect what we at SES want to achieve and the value that we seek to create for all our stakeholders. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 REPORT ANNUAL SES 2 1 2 3 4 5 OUR OPERATIONAL CONSOLIDATED SES S.A. ANNUAL ADDITIONAL COMPANY AND STRATEGIC FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS INFORMATION REPORT STATEMENTS 1 OUR COMPANY 4 Leader in global content connectivity solutions 6 Significant demand for global content connectivity solutions 8 Doing the extraordinary in space 10 Delivering amazing experiences everywhere on Earth 12 Making a difference to billions all around the world 14 Our talented people are at the heart of everything we do 16 Generating sustained growth 18 A long history of innovation ANNUAL REPORT 2019 REPORT ANNUAL SES 3 1 2 3 4 5 OUR OPERATIONAL CONSOLIDATED SES S.A. ANNUAL ADDITIONAL COMPANY AND STRATEGIC FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS INFORMATION REPORT STATEMENTS LEADER IN GLOBAL CONTENT CONNECTIVITY SOLUTIONS “ At SES, we believe you should have the freedom to take your story wherever you want it to go—unlimited by geography, technology, or even gravity.” Steve Collar, SES CEO ANNUAL REPORT 2019 REPORT ANNUAL SES 4 1 2 3 4 5 OUR OPERATIONAL CONSOLIDATED SES S.A. -
Beidou Short-Message Satellite Resource Allocation Algorithm Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
entropy Article BeiDou Short-Message Satellite Resource Allocation Algorithm Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning Kaiwen Xia 1, Jing Feng 1,*, Chao Yan 1,2 and Chaofan Duan 1 1 Institute of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410005, China; [email protected] (K.X.); [email protected] (C.Y.); [email protected] (C.D.) 2 Basic Department, Nanjing Tech University Pujiang Institute, Nanjing 211112, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The comprehensively completed BDS-3 short-message communication system, known as the short-message satellite communication system (SMSCS), will be widely used in traditional blind communication areas in the future. However, short-message processing resources for short-message satellites are relatively scarce. To improve the resource utilization of satellite systems and ensure the service quality of the short-message terminal is adequate, it is necessary to allocate and schedule short-message satellite processing resources in a multi-satellite coverage area. In order to solve the above problems, a short-message satellite resource allocation algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL-SRA) is proposed. First of all, using the characteristics of the SMSCS, a multi-objective joint optimization satellite resource allocation model is established to reduce short-message terminal path transmission loss, and achieve satellite load balancing and an adequate quality of service. Then, the number of input data dimensions is reduced using the region division strategy and a feature extraction network. The continuous spatial state is parameterized with a deep reinforcement learning algorithm based on the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) framework. The simulation Citation: Xia, K.; Feng, J.; Yan, C.; results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the transmission loss of the short-message Duan, C. -
The Commercial Satellite Industry: What’S up and What’S on the Horizon
S. HRG. 115–569 THE COMMERCIAL SATELLITE INDUSTRY: WHAT’S UP AND WHAT’S ON THE HORIZON HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION OCTOBER 25, 2017 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 35–753 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:09 Mar 27, 2019 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\35753.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JOHN THUNE, South Dakota, Chairman ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi BILL NELSON, Florida, Ranking ROY BLUNT, Missouri MARIA CANTWELL, Washington TED CRUZ, Texas AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota DEB FISCHER, Nebraska RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut JERRY MORAN, Kansas BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts DEAN HELLER, Nevada CORY BOOKER, New Jersey JAMES INHOFE, Oklahoma TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah GARY PETERS, Michigan RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois CORY GARDNER, Colorado MAGGIE HASSAN, New Hampshire TODD YOUNG, Indiana CATHERINE CORTEZ MASTO, Nevada NICK ROSSI, Staff Director ADRIAN ARNAKIS, Deputy Staff Director JASON VAN BEEK, General Counsel KIM LIPSKY, Democratic Staff Director CHRIS DAY, Democratic Deputy Staff Director RENAE BLACK, Senior Counsel (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:09 Mar 27, 2019 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\35753.TXT JACKIE C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on October 25, 2017 ......................................................................... -
Towards 6G Through Sdn and Nfv-Based Solutions for Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks
TOWARDS 6G THROUGH SDN AND NFV-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL AND NON-TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Ahan Kak In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2021 © Ahan Kak 2021 TOWARDS 6G THROUGH SDN AND NFV-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL AND NON-TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS Thesis committee: Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz (Advisor) Dr. Chuanyi Ji School of Electrical and Computer School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Formerly) Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Raghupathy Sivakumar (Chair) Dr. Henry L. Owen School of Electrical and Computer School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Mary Ann Weitnauer Dr. Andy Sun School of Electrical and Computer School of Industrial & Systems Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Date approved: April 6, 2021 To my family, for their endless love, support, and encouragement. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to begin by expressing my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Ian F. Aky- ildiz. I am extremely grateful to him for giving me the life-changing opportunity of joining his lab. His unparalleled vision and boundless passion have been integral in setting me on the path to academic success. Like a guiding light that shines through stormy seas, Prof. Akyildiz’s limitless wisdom has always led the way forward, even in the most difficult of times. His incredible work ethic has been a constant source of inspiration for me throughout this journey, one that has been greatly enriched by his immense knowledge and extensive experience. -
Regulation of Global Broadband Satellite Communications April 2012
REGULATORY & MARKET ENVIRONMENT International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 REGULATION OF Switzerland www.itu.int GLOBAL BROADBAND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Broadband Series APRIL 2012 Printed in Switzerland Telecommunication Development Sector Geneva, 2012 04/2012 Regulation of Global Broadband Satellite Communications April 2012 . This report has been prepared for ITU by Rajesh Mehrotra, Founder and Principal Consultant, Red Books. The report benefited from extensive review and guidance from the team of the Regulatory and Market Environment Division (RME) of the Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT). ITU wishes to express thanks to John Alden for editing the paper and to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) for their comments and advice. This report is part of a new series of ITU reports on broadband that are available online and free of charge at the ITU Universe of Broadband portal: www.itu.int/broadband. Please consider the environment before printing this report. ITU 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Regulation of global broadband satellite communications Table of Contents Page Preface .......................................................................................................................................... iii Foreword .....................................................................................................................................