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The Role of Temperature in Survival of the Polyp Stage of the Tropical Rhizostome Jelly®Sh Cassiopea Xamachana
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, L 222 (1998) 79±91 The role of temperature in survival of the polyp stage of the tropical rhizostome jelly®sh Cassiopea xamachana William K. Fitt* , Kristin Costley Institute of Ecology, Bioscience 711, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Received 27 September 1996; received in revised form 21 April 1997; accepted 27 May 1997 Abstract The life cycle of the tropical jelly®sh Cassiopea xamachana involves alternation between a polyp ( 5 scyphistoma) and a medusa, the latter usually resting bell-down on a sand or mud substratum. The scyphistoma and newly strobilated medusa (5 ephyra) are found only during the summer and early fall in South Florida and not during the winter, while the medusae are found year around. New medusae originate as ephyrae, strobilated by the polyp, in late summer and fall. Laboratory experiments showed that nematocyst function, and the ability of larvae to settle and metamorphose change little during exposure to temperatures between 158C and up to 338C. However, tentacle length decreased and ability to transfer captured food to the mouth was disrupted at temperatures # 188C. Unlike temperate-zone species of scyphozoans, which usually over-winter in the polyp or podocyst form when medusae disappear, this tropical species has cold-sensitive scyphistomae and more temperature-tolerant medusae. 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Scyphozoa; Jelly®sh; Cassiopea; Temperature; Life history 1. Introduction The rhizostome medusae of Cassiopea xamachana are found throughout the Carib- bean Sea, with their northern limit of distribution on the southern tip of Florida. Unlike most scyphozoans these jelly®sh are seldom seen swimming, and instead lie pulsating bell-down on sandy or muddy substrata in mangroves or soft bottom bay habitats, giving rise to the common names ``mangrove jelly®sh'' or ``upside-down jelly®sh''. -
Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology Parasitology, Harold W
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of September 2005 Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: S Mary Ann Basinger Maggenti University of California-Davis Armand R. Maggenti University of California, Davis Scott Gardner University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology Part of the Zoology Commons Maggenti, Mary Ann Basinger; Maggenti, Armand R.; and Gardner, Scott, "Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: S" (2005). Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology 800 sagittal triact (PORIF) A three-rayed megasclere spicule hav- S ing one ray very unlike others, generally T-shaped. sagittal triradiates (PORIF) Tetraxon spicules with two equal angles and one dissimilar angle. see triradiate(s). sagittate a. [L. sagitta, arrow] Having the shape of an arrow- sabulous, sabulose a. [L. sabulum, sand] Sandy, gritty. head; sagittiform. sac n. [L. saccus, bag] A bladder, pouch or bag-like structure. sagittocysts n. [L. sagitta, arrow; Gr. kystis, bladder] (PLATY: saccate a. [L. saccus, bag] Sac-shaped; gibbous or inflated at Turbellaria) Pointed vesicles with a protrusible rod or nee- one end. dle. saccharobiose n. -
Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia Sp at Kenya’S Gazi Bay
American Journal of Life Sciences 2014; 2(6): 395-399 Published online December 31, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajls) doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20 ISSN: 2328-5702 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5737 (Online) Population and spatial dynamics mangrove jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi bay Tsingalia H. M. Department of Biological Sciences, Moi University, Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya Email address: [email protected] To cite this article: Tsingalia H. M.. Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi Bay. American Journal of Life Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 6, 2014, pp. 395-399. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20 Abstract: Cassiopeia, the upside-down or mangrove jellyfish is a bottom-dwelling, shallow water marine sycophozoan of the phylum Cnidaria. It is commonly referred to as jellyfish because of its jelly like appearance. The medusa is the dominant phase in its life history. They have a radial symmetry and occur in shallow, tropical lagoons, mangrove swamps and sandy mud falls in tropical and temperate regions. In coastal Kenya, they are found only in one specific location in the Gazi Bay of the south coast. There are no documented studies on this species in Kenya. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial and size-class distribution, and recruitment of Cassiopeia at the Gazi Bay. Ten 50mx50m quadrats were randomly placed in an estimated study area of 6.4ha to cover about 40 percent of the total study area. A total of 1043 individual upside-down jellyfish were sampled. In each quadrat, all jellyfish encountered were sampled individually. -
Pupillary Response to Light in Three Species of Cubozoa (Box Jellyfish)
Plankton Benthos Res 15(2): 73–77, 2020 Plankton & Benthos Research © The Plankton Society of Japan Pupillary response to light in three species of Cubozoa (box jellyfish) JAMIE E. SEYMOUR* & EMILY P. O’HARA Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 11 McGregor Road, Smithfield, Qld 4878, Australia Received 12 August 2019; Accepted 20 December 2019 Responsible Editor: Ryota Nakajima doi: 10.3800/pbr.15.73 Abstract: Pupillary response under varying conditions of bright light and darkness was compared in three species of Cubozoa with differing ecologies. Maximal and minimal pupil area in relation to total eye area was measured and the rate of change recorded. In Carukia barnesi, the rate of pupil constriction was faster and final constriction greater than in Chironex fleckeri, which itself showed faster and greater constriction than in Chiropsella bronzie. We suggest this allows for differing degrees of visual acuity between the species. We propose that these differences are correlated with variations in the environment which each of these species inhabit, with Ca. barnesi found fishing for larval fish in and around waters of structurally complex coral reefs, Ch. fleckeri regularly found acquiring fish in similarly complex mangrove habitats, while Ch. bronzie spends the majority of its time in the comparably less complex but more turbid environments of shallow sandy beaches where their food source of small shrimps is highly aggregated and less mobile. Key words: box jellyfish, cubozoan, pupillary mobility, vision invertebrates (Douglas et al. 2005, O’Connor et al. 2009), Introduction none exist directly comparing pupillary movement be- The primary function of pupil constriction and dilation tween species in relation to their habitat and lifestyle. -
Cassiopea Xamachana (Upside-Down Jellyfish)
UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology Cassiopea xamachana (Upside-down Jellyfish) Order: Rhizostomeae (Eight-armed Jellyfish) Class: Scyphozoa (Jellyfish) Phylum: Cnidaria (Corals, Sea Anemones and Jellyfish) Fig. 1. Upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana. [http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/upside-down-jellyfish-cassiopea-sp-pete-oxford.jpg, downloaded 9 March 2016] TRAITS. Cassiopea xamachana, also known as the upside-down jellyfish, is quite large with a dominant medusa (adult jellyfish phase) about 30cm in diameter (Encyclopaedia of Life, 2014), resembling more of a sea anemone than a typical jellyfish. The name is associated with the fact that the umbrella (bell-shaped part) settles on the bottom of the sea floor while its frilly tentacles face upwards (Fig. 1). The saucer-shaped umbrella is relatively flat with a well-defined central depression on the upper surface (exumbrella), the side opposite the tentacles (Berryman, 2016). This depression gives the jellyfish the ability to stick to the bottom of the sea floor while it pulsates gently, via a suction action. There are eight oral arms (tentacles) around the mouth, branched elaborately in four pairs. The most commonly seen colour is a greenish grey-blue, due to the presence of zooxanthellae (algae) embedded in the mesoglea (jelly) of the body, and especially the arms. The mobile medusa stage is dioecious, which means that there are separate males and females, although there are no features which distinguish the sexes. The polyp stage is sessile (fixed to the substrate) and small (Sterrer, 1986). UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology DISTRIBUTION. -
Indomethacin Reproducibly Induces Metamorphosis in Cassiopea Xamachana Scyphistomae
Indomethacin reproducibly induces metamorphosis in Cassiopea xamachana scyphistomae Patricia Cabrales-Arellano2, Tania Islas-Flores1, Patricia E. Thome´1 and Marco A. Villanueva1 1 Unidad Acade´mica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologı´a-UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Me´xico 2 Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologı´a-UNAM, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologı´a-UNAM, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico ABSTRACT Cassiopea xamachana jellyfish are an attractive model system to study metamorphosis and/or cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis due to the ease of cultivation of their planula larvae and scyphistomae through their asexual cycle, in which the latter can bud new larvae and continue the cycle without differentiation into ephyrae. Then, a subsequent induction of metamorphosis and full differentiation into ephyrae is believed to occur when the symbionts are acquired by the scyphistomae. Although strobilation induction and differentiation into ephyrae can be accomplished in various ways, a controlled, reproducible metamorphosis induction has not been reported. Such controlled metamorphosis induction is necessary for an ensured synchronicity and reproducibility of biological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. For this purpose, we tested if differentiation could be pharmacologically stimulated as in Aurelia aurita, by the metamorphic inducers thyroxine, KI, NaI, Lugol’s iodine, H2O2, indomethacin, or retinol. We found reproducibly induced strobilation by 50 mM indomethacin after six days of exposure, and 10–25 mM after 7 days. Strobilation under optimal conditions reached 80–100% with subsequent ephyrae release after exposure. Thyroxine yielded Submitted 20 September 2016 inconsistent results as it caused strobilation occasionally, while all other chemicals Accepted 10 January 2017 had no effect. -
Zoology Lab Manual
General Zoology Lab Supplement Stephen W. Ziser Department of Biology Pinnacle Campus To Accompany the Zoology Lab Manual: Smith, D. G. & M. P. Schenk Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide. Morton Publishing Co. for BIOL 1413 General Zoology 2017.5 Biology 1413 Introductory Zoology – Supplement to Lab Manual; Ziser 2015.12 1 General Zoology Laboratory Exercises 1. Orientation, Lab Safety, Animal Collection . 3 2. Lab Skills & Microscopy . 14 3. Animal Cells & Tissues . 15 4. Animal Organs & Organ Systems . 17 5. Animal Reproduction . 25 6. Animal Development . 27 7. Some Animal-Like Protists . 31 8. The Animal Kingdom . 33 9. Phylum Porifera (Sponges) . 47 10. Phyla Cnidaria (Jellyfish & Corals) & Ctenophora . 49 11. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) . 52 12. Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) . 56 13. Phyla Rotifera . 59 14. Acanthocephala, Gastrotricha & Nematomorpha . 60 15. Phylum Mollusca (Molluscs) . 67 16. Phyla Brachiopoda & Ectoprocta . 73 17. Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) . 74 18. Phyla Sipuncula . 78 19. Phylum Arthropoda (I): Trilobita, Myriopoda . 79 20. Phylum Arthropoda (II): Chelicerata . 81 21. Phylum Arthropods (III): Crustacea . 86 22. Phylum Arthropods (IV): Hexapoda . 90 23. Phyla Onycophora & Tardigrada . 97 24. Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) . .104 25. Phyla Chaetognatha & Hemichordata . 108 26. Phylum Chordata (I): Lower Chordates & Agnatha . 109 27. Phylum Chordata (II): Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes . 112 28. Phylum Chordata (III): Amphibia . 115 29. Phylum Chordata (IV): Reptilia . 118 30. Phylum Chordata (V): Aves . 121 31. Phylum Chordata (VI): Mammalia . 124 Lab Reports & Assignments Identifying Animal Phyla . 39 Identifying Common Freshwater Invertebrates . 42 Lab Report for Practical #1 . 43 Lab Report for Practical #2 . 62 Identification of Insect Orders . 96 Lab Report for Practical #3 . -
A Comparison of the Muscular Organization of the Rhopalial Stalk in Cubomedusae (Cnidaria)
A COMPARISON OF THE MUSCULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE RHOPALIAL STALK IN CUBOMEDUSAE (CNIDARIA) Barbara J. Smith A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Center for Marine Science University of North Carolina Wilmington 2008 Approved by Advisory Committee Richard M. Dillaman Julian R. Keith Stephen T. Kinsey Richard A. Satterlie, Chair Accepted by _______________________ Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iv DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Cnidarian morphology ............................................................................................1 Class Cubomedusa..................................................................................................2 Cubomedusae anatomy ...........................................................................................4 -
The Lens Eyes of the Box Jellyfish
J Comp Physiol A (2007) 193:547–557 DOI 10.1007/s00359-007-0211-4 ORIGINAL PAPER The lens eyes of the box jellyWsh Tripedalia cystophora and Chiropsalmus sp. are slow and color-blind A. Garm · M. M. Coates · R. Gad · J. Seymour · D. -E. Nilsson Received: 19 June 2006 / Revised: 15 January 2007 / Accepted: 18 January 2007 / Published online: 16 February 2007 © Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract Box jellyWsh, or cubomedusae, possess an Introduction impressive total of 24 eyes of four morphologically diVerent types. Compared to other cnidarians they also Box jellyWsh, or cubomedusae, are unusual amongst have an elaborate behavioral repertoire, which for a jellyWsh in several ways. When observed in their natu- large part seems to be visually guided. Two of the four ral habitat it is striking how their behavior resembles types of cubomedusean eyes, called the upper and the that of Wsh. They are fast swimmers often performing lower lens eye, are camera type eyes with spherical strong directional swimming (Shorten et al. 2005) but Wsh-like lenses. Here we explore the electroretino- also capable of rapid 180° turns. Many species of cub- grams of the lens eyes of the Caribbean species, Tripe- omedusae are found in habitats such as between man- dalia cystophora, and the Australian species, grove roots and in kelp forests (Coates 2003), habitats Chiropsalmus sp. using suction electrodes. We show which are dangerous for most other jellyWsh. They are that the photoreceptors of the lens eyes of both species able to navigate between the obstacles in these habitats have dynamic ranges of about 3 log units and slow and under laboratory conditions they have been shown responses. -
Cassiopea Xamachana
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0777-8 OPEN Cassiosomes are stinging-cell structures in the mucus of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana Cheryl L. Ames1,2,3,12*, Anna M.L. Klompen 3,4,12, Krishna Badhiwala5, Kade Muffett3,6, Abigail J. Reft3,7, 1234567890():,; Mehr Kumar3,8, Jennie D. Janssen 3,9, Janna N. Schultzhaus1, Lauren D. Field1, Megan E. Muroski1, Nick Bezio3,10, Jacob T. Robinson5, Dagmar H. Leary11, Paulyn Cartwright4, Allen G. Collins 3,7 & Gary J. Vora11* Snorkelers in mangrove forest waters inhabited by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana report discomfort due to a sensation known as stinging water, the cause of which is unknown. Using a combination of histology, microscopy, microfluidics, videography, molecular biology, and mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we describe C. xamachana stinging-cell structures that we term cassiosomes. These structures are released within C. xamachana mucus and are capable of killing prey. Cassiosomes consist of an outer epi- thelial layer mainly composed of nematocytes surrounding a core filled by endosymbiotic dinoflagellates hosted within amoebocytes and presumptive mesoglea. Furthermore, we report cassiosome structures in four additional jellyfish species in the same taxonomic group as C. xamachana (Class Scyphozoa; Order Rhizostomeae), categorized as either motile (ciliated) or nonmotile types. This inaugural study provides a qualitative assessment of the stinging contents of C. xamachana mucus and implicates mucus containing cassiosomes and free intact nematocytes as the cause of stinging water. 1 National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Postdoctoral Research Associate, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA. 2 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan. -
Checkpoints in the Life-Cycle of Cassiopea Spp.: Control of Metagenesis and Metamorphosis in a Tropical Jellyfish
Int. J. Dc\'. BioI. ~O: 331-33R (1996) 331 Checkpoints in the life-cycle of Cassiopea spp.: control of metagenesis and metamorphosis in a tropical jellyfish# DIETRICH K. HOFMANN'*, WilLIAM K. FITT2 and JURGEN FLECK' 'Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Zoology, Bochum, Germany and 2University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA ABSTRACT Experimental data reveal that most, if not all, major events in the metagenetic life. cycle of Cassiopea spp. at these checkpoints depend on the interaction with specific biotic and physical cues. For medusa formation within a permissive temperature range by monodisk strobi. lation of the polyp, the presence of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates is indispensable. The priming effect of the algal symbionts is not primarily coupled with photosynthetic activity, but was found to be enhanced in the light. Budding of larva.like propagules by the polyp, however, is indepen- dent from such zooxanthellae. On the other hand the budding rate is influenced by various rear- ing conditions. Exogenous chemical cues control settlement and metamorphosis into scyphopolyps of both sexually produced planula larvae and asexual propagules. In laboratory experiments two classes of metamorphosis inducing compounds have been detected: a family of oligopeptides, featuring a proline-residue next to the carboxyterminal amino acid, and several phorbol esters. Using the peptide "C-DNS-GPGGPA, induction of metamorphosis has been shown to be receptor-mediated. Furthermore, activation of protein kinase C, a key enzyme within the inositolphospholipid-signalling pathway appears to be involved in initiating metamorphosis. In mangrove habitats of Cassiopea spp. planula larvae specifically settle and metamorphose on sub- merged, deteriorating mangrove leaves from which biologically active fractions have been isolat- ed. -
Fieldable Environmental DNA Sequencing to Assess Jellyfish
fmars-08-640527 April 13, 2021 Time: 12:34 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 13 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.640527 Fieldable Environmental DNA Sequencing to Assess Jellyfish Biodiversity in Nearshore Waters of the Florida Keys, United States Cheryl Lewis Ames1,2,3*, Aki H. Ohdera3,4, Sophie M. Colston1, Allen G. Collins3,5, William K. Fitt6, André C. Morandini7,8, Jeffrey S. Erickson9 and Gary J. Vora9* 1 National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States, 2 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 3 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States, 4 Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, 5 National Systematics Laboratory of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States, 6 Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, 7 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, University of São Edited by: Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 8 Centro de Biologia Marinha, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil, 9 Center Frank Edgar Muller-Karger, for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States University of South Florida, United States Recent advances in molecular sequencing technology and the increased availability Reviewed by: Chih-Ching Chung, of fieldable laboratory equipment have provided researchers with the opportunity to National Taiwan Ocean University, conduct real-time or near real-time gene-based biodiversity assessments of aquatic Taiwan ecosystems.