DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultural Racketeering in Egypt—Predicting Patterns in Illicit Activity: Quantitative Tools of the 21St-Century Archaeologist Katie A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultural Racketeering in Egypt—Predicting Patterns in Illicit Activity: Quantitative Tools of the 21St-Century Archaeologist Katie A Cultural Racketeering in Egypt—Predicting Patterns in Illicit Activity: Quantitative Tools of the 21st-Century Archaeologist Katie A. Paul, The Antiquities Coalition University, revealed the value of technology in continuing to effectively work toward preservation even away from the trenches and baulks (Cunliffe, 2012). Abstract The Arab Spring uprisings of 2011 facilitated social movements Heritage crimes across the world take a number of different that redefined the modern world. These uprisings also served forms: socio-cultural/political destruction or cultural cleansing as the catalyst for cultural racketeering, or the systematic (Mali, Afghanistan, Iraq, Egypt) (Baker, Ismael, & Ismael, theft of art and antiquities by organized criminal syndicates. 2010); illegal excavation carried out by individuals as well as Although the widespread looting and destruction of sites is at the gang and mafia level; criminally organized looting on well known, it is not extensively documented. There are few an industrial scale like that carried out by gangs and mafia, detailed numbers on cultural racketeering in Egypt, and many also known as cultural racketeering (Lehr, 2013); damage and of the numbers that do exist fail to critically examine the issue looting of heritage sites as a result of land encroachment for at large. However, the range of updates that stream from development, agriculture, or squatting (India, Bolivia, Egypt, news reports and social media on the continuous looting and and dozens of other nations worldwide); and museum and destruction of heritage in Egypt since the 2011 revolution has facility looting (Iraq, Afghanistan, Greece, Egypt). Despite provided a new look at a measureable pattern of illicit heritage the evidence for these heritage crimes, there are few numbers crimes. Media and social media reports of heritage threats in that exist on the overall scale of looting and encroachment in Egypt were collected over a three year period and dissected Egypt, the region, or internationally. Many of the numbers that to extract the credible information and demographics that do exist are either outdated or based on estimates or customs each contained. The data was then graphed and analyzed seizures rather than examining the issue at large. for patterns. The graphic analysis demonstrated that both Despite the range of threats to heritage and nations facing individuals and groups seeking to steal Egypt’s cultural heritage crises, Egypt was specifically chosen as the subject patrimony are not selective or prone to single attacks; they of this study because of its unique position of being one undertake their efforts repeatedly and at a variety of places of the few nations that is exposed to all of these threats with clear evidence of recurring patterns and cycles. simultaneously. In addition, the timing of the crisis that Studying these reports provides a route for researchers to caused the security breakdown, serving as the catalyst for the reconcile the lack of traditional data covering huge areas of heritage crimes, correlates with the culmination of increasing land. Examining all of the available information on heritage usage and connectivity in communications and social media crimes to determine patterns is a critical element in identifying technology, which was coincidently one of the driving forces the stage of progress these crimes have reached so that the behind the revolution itself. The same tools that gave voice appropriate course of action can be taken to thwart criminal to the revolutionaries in Egypt also gave a voice to heritage efforts before the scale of the geographic reach widens or advocates and archaeologists across the country as they increases in volume. The post-Arab Spring archaeologists of scrambled to confirm the status of heritage sites and artifacts the twenty-first century must be investigators of the present across the country. as well as the past by navigating technology, politics, security, Illicit antiquities trafficking—or cultural racketeering—is like and economy in order to protect heritage. a virus. It infects a particular population and as news circulate Introduction of the riches available in archaeological finds, the virus Threats to cultural heritage are common the world over. spreads. As opportunistic looting began developing across They do not only affect nations in crisis, developed and the MENA region following the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, undeveloped nations alike are afflicted with threats to both what began as a local gang trade in many regions gave way to modern and ancient history. Looting does not discriminate industrialized antiquities trafficking operations. among nation, ethnicity, religion, or politics. Indeed, heritage Understanding the problems of cultural racketeering and crimes are one of the largest areas of study to be undertaken cultural cleansing goes beyond the scope of archaeology with so little data to fall back on, and it will be years before alone. It is necessary to understand the characteristics of the we have a clear picture of the greater international issue. issue at hand within the greater environment—is it an issue A comprehensive understanding of heritage issues could of cultural racketeering, cultural cleansing, encroachment, or be more easily achieved through the use of an established something else altogether? framework or pattern to examine the data currently available to us. As the archaeological world seemed to be paralyzed During periods of conflict and crisis, heritage cannot afford by the Arab Spring turmoil, Emma Cunliffe of Durham to wait. By examining information that comes out of events HERITAGE, CONSERVATION & ARCHAEOLOGY 22 KATIE A. PAUL in real time—heritage experts may be able to work with measureable pattern of illicit heritage crimes to be examined. governments to explore potential patterns in looting activity. This study attempts to gain some measurements from the Challenges of Information Reporting and Analysis in a Global heritage incidents in an effort to identify the primary sources Recession and process of looting progression in Egypt. In addition, an Since the outbreak of the global recession, the academic examination of potential patterns in looting progression using community—and in particular social sciences and a combination of the Egypt-focused news and social media humanities—have seen a massive cut in funding on the federal reports alongside archival media research will explore the level. Congressional cuts, along with the across-the-board possibilities of a framework through which to examine other reductions known as sequestration, from 2010 to 2013 resulted crisis-driven heritage crimes around the world. in the largest overall decrease in a three-year period since the The incorporation of social media as a tool for data collection end of the space race (Jhanke, 2015). In fact, during the Arab had a two-fold purpose. First, it allowed for nearly instant Spring and post-Arab Spring years, which have been some updates from some of the world’s foremost Egyptologists of the most crucial years for needed social sciences research, on the status of sites and museums as chaos was unfolding federal funding in these areas was at one of its lowest points. during the revolution. Second, the examination of social media Working and researching in an area that is already underfunded allowed for a first time look at the counter-culture evolving to creates new obstacles in the examination of the post-Arab combat the heritage threats in Egypt that have sharply risen in Spring world. The rapidly shifting socio-political dynamics of the post-revolution years. the Middle East and North African regions in the months and The timing of this massive spread of counter-culture efforts years following January of 2011 required immediate tracking would appear to be a byproduct of the Arab Spring alone, and response to gain an understanding of the ground situation but in fact it results from a combination of the following: the at any given time. Thus, the typical process of seeking out and increased technological development and access per capita applying for a grant in order to conduct vital research leaves that has resulted from globalization; the greater infiltration crucial time gaps during period of conflict and turmoil when of a new generation of technology into the academic sphere information collection and analysis is needed on a nearly daily both within Egypt and abroad; and perhaps most importantly, basis. an international perspective that has shifted toward a greater To seek out vital information during periods of rapidly moving concern for heritage as a result of decades of lessons learned crises we turn to the Arab Spring uprisings. The same force from both our world’s distant and not so distant wars; and of driving the organized protests during the revolutions of the course the Arab Spring. For example, a Pew study released in MENA region also proved to be a vital source of information in February 2014 showed that among Internet users in developing tracking and understanding the Arab Spring on a daily basis: and emerging economies, Egypt has the highest percentage social media. The Arab Spring protestors benefited from the of Internet and smartphone users on social media. Of those free nature of social media, and even when the government Egyptians connected online, 88% of them use social media and banned Internet access, social media organizations such as 82% of users are online daily (Pew Research Center, 2014). Twitter made information sharing and reporting available The archaeological community’s international mobilization by creating a voice-to-tweet feature in order to bypass the via social media created a constant stream of communication Internet blackout (Arthur, 2011). across time zones. Whereas during previous wars (such as Iraq Aside from its obvious values in terms of globalization and or Afghanistan) it would take days or months to understand connectivity, social media also provides information that is the extent of the museum damage based on publically available for free—all that is needed is an internet connection.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Case of Egypt
    FEM42-02 FEMISE RESEARCH PAPERS "Potential Accession to the Revised WTO Government Procurement Agreement: The Cases of Egypt and Turkey" B. The Case of Egypt Directed by: Pr. Sübidey Togan (Centre for International Economics at Bilkent University in Ankara, Ankara, Turkey) With Contributions by: Kamala Dawar (Sussex University, UK) Peter Holmes (Sussex University, UK) Ahmed Ghoneim (Cairo University, Egypt) Bedri Kamil Onur Taş (TOBB University, Turkey) November 2017 Ce rapport a été réalisé avec le soutien financier de l’Union This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Européenne dans le contexte du projet UE-FEMISE sur: "Support European Union within the context of the EU-FEMISE project “Support to economic research, studies and dialogue of the Euro- to economic research, studies and dialogue of the Euro-Mediterranean Mediterranean Partnership”. Le contenu du rapport relève de la Partnership”.. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of seule responsabilité des auteurs et ne peut en aucun cas être the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the considéré comme reflétant l’opinion de l’Union Européenne. position of the European Union. FEM42-02 "Potential Accession to the Revised WTO Government Procurement Agreement” The Egyptian Public Procurement System: Main Features By Ahmed Farouk Ghoneim1 Introduction The Egyptian Public Procurement System is discussed in this paper. We aim in Section One at providing an overview of the main features of the Law 89/1998 which is
    [Show full text]
  • Salem Case (Egypt, USA)
    REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Salem Case (Egypt, USA) 8 June 1932 VOLUME II pp. 1161-1237 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 XXXII. SALEM CASE '. PARTIES: Egypt, U.S.A. SPECIAL AGREEMENT: January 20, 1931. ARBITRATORS: Walter Simons (Germany), Fred K. Nielsen (U.S.A.), Abdel Hamid Badawi Pasha (Egypt). AWARD: Berlin, June 8, 1932. Mixed Courts in Egypt.—Denial of justice.—Capitulations of 1830.— Grammatical interpretation.—"Preparatory work".—Domestic jurisdic- tion.—Nationality and diplomatic protection.—Double nationality.— Effective nationality.—Fraudulently obtained nationality.—Affidavits as evidence. 1 For bibliography, index and tables, see Volume III. 1163 Agreement between the United States of America and Egypt regarding arbitration of the claim of George J. Salem. Signed at Cairo, January 20, 1931. French and English official texts1 transmitted to the Secretariat of the League of Nations by the Department of State of the Government of the United States of America, April 6. 1932. As the United States of America is not a Member of the League of Nations, it did not register this Agreement with the Secretariat '•'•. Whereas THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA has presented to THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF EGYPT a claim in behalf of George J. Salem for damages resulting from acts of the Egyptian authorities: Whereas the Royal Government of Egypt has denied its liability in the premises ; and Whereas the two Governments are equally committed to the policy of submitting to adjudication by a competent tribunal all justiciable contro- versies that arise between them which do not lend themselves to settlement by diplomatic negotiations ; Therefore the undersigned William M.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Criminals in Suits-Analytical Study on the Criminology of White Collar Crimes: Special Focus on Egyptian Cases
    The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy EGYPTIAN CRIMINALS IN SUITS ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE CRIMINOLOGY OF WHITE- COLLAR CRIMES: SPECIAL FOCUS ON EGYPTIAN CASES A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Law in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the LL.M. Degree in International and Comparative Law By Sue Ellen Hassouna December 2012 The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy EGYPTIAN CRIMINALS IN SUITS ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE CRIMINOLOGY OF WHITE- COLLAR CRIMES: SPECIAL FOCUS ON EGYPTIAN CASES A Thesis Submitted by Sue Ellen Hassouna to the Department of Law December 2012 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the LL.M. Degree in International and Comparative Law has been approved by Professor Dr Thomas Skouteris Thesis Adviser Affiliation ____________________________________________ Date: Professor Dr Hani Sayed Thesis First Reader Affiliation ____________________________________________ Date: Professor Dr Usha Natarajan Thesis Second Reader Affiliation ___________________________________________ Date: Professor Thomas Skouteris Law Department Chair Date: Ambassador Nabil Fahmy Dean of GAPP Date: ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr Thomas Skouteris, my supervisor and the Chairman of the law department for all of his encouragement, patience and advice during my thesis. I owe my greatest gratitude to my mother Suzane and sister Sylvia who have supported me in many ways, and handled my concerns and frustrations over the past two years as without
    [Show full text]
  • Mirrorc SPECTATOR Since 1932
    THE ARMENIAN MIRRORc SPECTATOR Since 1932 Volume LXXXXI, NO. 34, Issue 4676 MARCH 13, 2021 $2.00 Boston City Council ‘Jeopardy!’ Show Supports Genocide Opposition Continues to Clue Calls Armenia Education, Including Irredentist towards Armenian Genocide Rally Against Pashinyan Karabakh BOSTON — As it stands, Boston YEREVAN (Armenpress, ‘Jeopardy!’ Expresses Regrets Public Schools currently do not require Panorama.) — The joint candi- their history or social science curricu- CULVER CITY, Calif. (gwwire. date of the Fatherland Salvation lum frameworks to include the topic of com, Twitter) — The game show Movement Vazgen Manukyan genocide when teaching United States “Jeopardy!” used the clue “This said during a demonstration at history or world history. country has been accused of irreden- Baghramyan Street that they At the Council meeting the first week tism, the reclaiming of old territory, will patiently move forward of March, the Council voted to adopt over the Nagorno-Karabakh area in their struggle, demanding the a resolution in support of passage of Azerbaijan” in an episode aired on resignation of Prime Minister House Docket (H.D.) 1167, “An Act March 4. The answer given as “What Nikol Pashinyan. Concerning Genocide Education” and is Armenia” by Jim Cooper was ac- Vazgen Manukyan empha- Senate Docket (S.D.) 1592, “An Act cepted as correct, but it led very sized that it is necessary to Advancing and Promotion Genocide quickly to a social media kerfuffle. organize elections, so as the Education” in the Massachusetts State Various individual Armenians, angry people could make a choice, legislature. that the clue, using the word “accused,” but that should be done not un- H.D.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Submitted to The
    FOUR FACTORS THAT EFFECT LOOTING IN EGYPT SINCE THE 2011 REVOLUTION By MADELINE JANE GORDON A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Program in Art History Written under the direction of Dr. Trinidad Rico Ph.D And Approved by __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2020 © 2020 Madeline Jane Gordon ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Abstract of the Thesis Factors that Effect Looting in Egypt Since the 2011 Revolution By Madeline Jane Gordon Thesis Director: Trinidad Rico This thesis is a desk study of English speaking scholarship and examines the four factors that have been contributing to looting in Egypt since the 2011 Arab Spring and subsequent Egyptian Revolution. These factors are political instability, economic recession, the art market, and the relationship between Egyptians and Pharaonic heritage. In relation to this, this thesis specifically considers how English speaking academia discusses looting in Egypt? ii Acknowledgment I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Trinidad Rico for her unwavering support, her hard work, eye for detail and professional insight. I would like to also thank my second thesis reader Dr. Brian Daniels for his time, and expertise. I would also like to extend a special thank you to Dr. Salam Al Quntar who started this journey with me as my original advisor and whose has been a constant wave of support throughout this journey. Special thanks my friends and family as well as my roommate and best friend Francesca for their help, encouraging words and their unwavering support.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lenient Treatment of Honor Crimes in Egypt
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2015 The lenient treatment of honor crimes in Egypt Mohamed Diaaeldin Zaid Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Zaid, M. (2015).The lenient treatment of honor crimes in Egypt [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/169 MLA Citation Zaid, Mohamed Diaaeldin. The lenient treatment of honor crimes in Egypt. 2015. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/169 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy THE LENIENT TREATMENT OF HONOR CRIMES IN EGYPT A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Law In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The LL.M. Degree in International and Comparative Law By Mohamed D. Zaid December 2015 The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy THE LENIENT TREATMENT OF HONOR CRIMES IN EGYPT A Thesis Submitted by Mohamed Diaa El-Din Abdel-Aziz El-Sayed Zaid to the Department of Law December 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the LL.M. Degree in International and Comparative Law Professor Jason Beckett
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the Political Novel in Egypt Through Two Works by Salwa Bakr & Sonallah Ibrahim
    Gender and the Political Novel in Egypt through Two Works by Salwa Bakr & Sonallah Ibrahim By Ahmed Fathi Mohamed A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada June 2016 © Ahmed Fathi Mohamed, 2016 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is dedicated to the spirit of my parents, my wife Shaimaa and my children, Karim, Farid, Adam, and Zain. There are many people that I would like to thank for helping me put this thesis together. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Michelle Hartman, for her never-ending support through the roughest of times. Without her constant support and patience this thesis would have never been possible. I would also like to thank the other professors of the Institute of Islamic Studies. I would also like to thank my colleagues and fellow graduate students. Finally, I would also like to express my sincerest gratitude to the administrative staff of the Institute and the staff of the Islamic Studies Library, particularly to the late Steve Millier whose guidance helped ensure my success in my program. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction 7 1 – Methodology 2 – Literature, Politics, and Prison Literature 3 – Approaching Women’s Writing in Literary Criticism Chapter Two: Salwa Bakr – The Golden Chariot 22 1 – The Prison and Women’s Crime 2 – Description of Time and Place 3 – Primary and Secondary Characters 4 – Linguistic Styles and Dialogue
    [Show full text]
  • Countermeasures Against Organized Crime by Group 2 (PDF: 447KB)
    RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 65 Group 2 COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME Chairperson Mr Aro Siinmaa (Estonia) Co-Chairperson Ms Diah Ayu Hartati (Indonesia) Rapporteur Mr Krirkkiat Budhasathi (Thailand) Co-Rapporteur Mr Masato Nakauchi (Japan) Members Mr Mohamed Gamal El Miggbbir (Egypt) Mr Hussain Rasheed Yoosuf (Maldives) Mr Toshihiro Suzuki (Japan) Mr Ichiro Watanabe (Japan) Advisers Prof. Toru Miura (Japan) Prof. Yasuhiro Tanabe (Japan) Prof. Kenji Teramura (Japan) I. INTRODUCTION Organized crime is profit orientated and thus drug trafficking has become one of the fundamental sources of income for a large number of criminal organizations. At the same time criminals are interested in being able to enjoy their illegal proceeds without interference from law enforcement agencies, so the issue of money laundering is also increasingly becoming an international concern. Competent authorities of most countries have recognized that in order to cope with these global threats a new level of international cooperation has to be reached, but different legal systems based on different cultural and historical backgrounds have made this task difficult to accomplish. In order to coordinate international efforts to battle organized crime the United Nations passed the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (hereinafter referred to as“UN TOC Convention”) in the year 2000. Besides other suggestions this convention also encourages countries to allow the appropriate use of special investigative techniques as controlled delivery, electronic and other forms of surveillance and undercover operations. The UN TOC Convention also requires criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group and obstruction of justice as well as points out the necessity for transfer of criminal proceedings, protection of witnesses or victims and the possibility of granting immunity from prosecution to a person who provides substantial cooperation in the investigation or prosecution of an offence covered by the Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of the Call of Moses
    A Case Study of the Call of Moses G. HERBERT LIVINGSTON METHOD IN THIS CASE STUDY A method of Bible study at Asbury Theological Seminary is the inductive or discovery method. This method has been used primarily to lead students into the structure and content of the Scripture as translated into the English language. It is equally useful for studying the Scriptures written in Hebrew or Greek. A primary emphasis of this method is that a student should read and grapple with the biblical text as objectively as possible. The biblical text is those books which make up the canon of the Old and New Testaments. When trying to understand the text, meanings of words, phrases, sen- tences, paragraphs and literary units should not be assigned to them, but discovered in them. The biblical text should be read as whole units, whole books, and groups of books as a whole. Their inner composition may be grasped by outlines of their contents, or by visualizing overall structure through the construction of charts or diagrams. About fourteen years ago, I was on a committee assigned the task of forging a new curricular module called Supervised Ministry. There was much interest at the time in an educational tool called the case study which had been used effectively in several disciplines, especially busi- ness, personnel and counseling fields. The committee hoped it could be adapted for this new program. Several guidelines served to adapt the case study for evaluating minis- terial activity. The case study format adopted must help the student (a) deal with actual, recent incidents in the ministerial assignments of the student, (b) describe briefly and accurately what took place, (c) develop skills to observe and analyze personal, intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships on both the behavioral and spiritual levels, (d) isolate and state the key issue embedded in this event of ministry, (e) research the several bodies of knowledge and information in disciplines related to ministry relevant to this event, (f) integrate ministerial practice with G.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Study on the Criminology of White Collar Crimes: Special Focus on Egyptian Cases
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2012 Egyptian criminals in suits- analytical study on the criminology of white collar crimes: special focus on Egyptian cases Sue Ellen Hassouna Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Hassouna, S. (2012).Egyptian criminals in suits- analytical study on the criminology of white collar crimes: special focus on Egyptian cases [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/860 MLA Citation Hassouna, Sue Ellen. Egyptian criminals in suits- analytical study on the criminology of white collar crimes: special focus on Egyptian cases. 2012. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/860 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy EGYPTIAN CRIMINALS IN SUITS ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE CRIMINOLOGY OF WHITE- COLLAR CRIMES: SPECIAL FOCUS ON EGYPTIAN CASES A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Law in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the LL.M. Degree in International and Comparative Law By Sue Ellen Hassouna December 2012 The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy EGYPTIAN CRIMINALS IN SUITS ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE CRIMINOLOGY OF WHITE- COLLAR CRIMES: SPECIAL FOCUS ON EGYPTIAN CASES A Thesis Submitted by Sue Ellen Hassouna to the Department of Law December 2012 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the LL.M.
    [Show full text]
  • 5.63 in Terms of Criminality, Egypt's Index Score of 5.14 Places It 22Nd In
    GLOBAL ORGANIZED CRIME INDEX EGYPT 5.16 CRIMINALITY SCORE 79th of 193 countries 28th of 54 African countries 2nd of 6 North African countries CRIMINAL100 50 MARKETS 4.95 HUMAN100 55 TRAFFICKING 5.50 HUMAN100 55 SMUGGLING 5.50 ARMS100 70 TRAFFICKING 7.0 0 FLORA100 10 CRIMES 1.00 FAUNA CRIMES 100 50 5.00 NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE CRIMES 100 40 4.00 HEROIN TRADE 100 55 5.50 COCAINE TRADE 100 20 2.00 CANNABIS TRADE 100 70 7.0 0 SYNTHETIC DRUG TRADE 100 70 7.0 0 CRIMINAL100 54 ACTORS 5.38 MAFIA-STYLE GROUPS 100 30 3.00 CRIMINAL NETWORKS 100 55 5.50 STATE-EMBEDDED ACTORS 100 80 8.00 FOREIGN ACTORS 100 50 5.00 4.04 RESILIENCE SCORE 129th of 193 countries 23rd of 54 African countries 4th of 6 North African countries ENACT is funded by the European Union and implemented by the Institute for Security Studies Funding provided by the and INTERPOL, in affiliation with the Global United States Government. Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. PAGE 1 OF 5 GLOBAL ORGANIZED CRIME INDEX EGYPT 4.04 RESILIENCE SCORE 129th of 193 countries 23rd of 54 African countries 4th of 6 North African countries POLITICAL100 35 LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE 3.50 GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY100 30 3.00 INTERNATIONAL100 45 COOPERATION 4.50 NATIONAL100 45 POLICIES AND LAWS 4.50 JUDICIAL100 35 SYSTEM AND DETENTION 3.50 LAW100 50 ENFORCEMENT 5.00 TERRITORIAL100 60 INTEGRITY 6.00 ANTI-MONEY100 60 LAUNDERING 6.00 ECONOMIC100 45 REGULATORY CAPACITY 4.50 VICTIM100 30 AND WITNESS SUPPORT 3.00 PREVENTION100 25 2.50 NON-STATE100 25 ACTORS 2.50 5.16 CRIMINALITY SCORE 79th of 193 countries 28th of 54 African countries 2nd of 6 North African countries CRIMINAL100 50 MARKETS 4.95 CRIMINAL100 54 ACTORS 5.38 ENACT is funded by the European Union and implemented by the Institute for Security Studies Funding provided by the and INTERPOL, in affiliation with the Global United States Government.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crime Continues
    United Group - Attorneys at law, Legal Advisors and Human Rights Advocates The Crime Continues Annual Report: The Legal Support Project for Victims of Torture September 2012 - September 2013 1 United Group Attorneys at Law, Legal Advisors and Human Rights Advocates 26a Sherif Pasha St., Emobillia Bldg. – North Wing, 2nd floor Apt. 239, Cairo 11511, Egypt Telephone: (+2 02) 23926907 – 23961732 – 23961726 Fax: (+2 02) 23952304 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ug-law.com Dep. No. 3100 The Crime Contnues. - Cairo - Al Motaheda Uion, 2014 P. 116, 24cm Carimied, Law 345 United Group - Attorneys at law, Legal Advisors and Human Rights Advocates Contents Subject Page Introduction 9 Part One : Part One: Legal Structure of the Torture Crime and the Position of Egyptian Judiciary 15 1. Constitutional and legal structure 15 2. The position of the judiciary 20 Part Two: The Crime and ...The Victim 23 1. About the Legal Units for Assisting Victims of Torture 23 2. Reading in the torture files in 2012-2013, the victim and crime 24 Part Three: Problems Facing the Lawyers Serving in the Legal Unit 41 1. The Prosecution General fails to put sufficient effort for bringing criminals in torture and cruel treatment cases to justice 41 Part Four: Legal Support Project for Victims of Torture September 2012/ September 2013 Highlighting Extensive Project Activities 49 1. Implementation of a series of preliminary training courses for lawyers in targeted governorates 49 2. Conduction of an in-depth workshop for lawyers 49 3. Establishment of 10 subsidiary and central units in Cairo to provide legal support for victims of torture 49 4.
    [Show full text]