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5.63 in Terms of Criminality, Egypt's Index Score of 5.14 Places It 22Nd In

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5.63 in Terms of Criminality, Egypt's Index Score of 5.14 Places It 22Nd In GLOBAL ORGANIZED CRIME INDEX EGYPT 5.16 CRIMINALITY SCORE 79th of 193 countries 28th of 54 African countries 2nd of 6 North African countries CRIMINAL100 50 MARKETS 4.95 HUMAN100 55 TRAFFICKING 5.50 HUMAN100 55 SMUGGLING 5.50 ARMS100 70 TRAFFICKING 7.0 0 FLORA100 10 CRIMES 1.00 FAUNA CRIMES 100 50 5.00 NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE CRIMES 100 40 4.00 HEROIN TRADE 100 55 5.50 COCAINE TRADE 100 20 2.00 CANNABIS TRADE 100 70 7.0 0 SYNTHETIC DRUG TRADE 100 70 7.0 0 CRIMINAL100 54 ACTORS 5.38 MAFIA-STYLE GROUPS 100 30 3.00 CRIMINAL NETWORKS 100 55 5.50 STATE-EMBEDDED ACTORS 100 80 8.00 FOREIGN ACTORS 100 50 5.00 4.04 RESILIENCE SCORE 129th of 193 countries 23rd of 54 African countries 4th of 6 North African countries ENACT is funded by the European Union and implemented by the Institute for Security Studies Funding provided by the and INTERPOL, in affiliation with the Global United States Government. Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. PAGE 1 OF 5 GLOBAL ORGANIZED CRIME INDEX EGYPT 4.04 RESILIENCE SCORE 129th of 193 countries 23rd of 54 African countries 4th of 6 North African countries POLITICAL100 35 LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE 3.50 GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY100 30 3.00 INTERNATIONAL100 45 COOPERATION 4.50 NATIONAL100 45 POLICIES AND LAWS 4.50 JUDICIAL100 35 SYSTEM AND DETENTION 3.50 LAW100 50 ENFORCEMENT 5.00 TERRITORIAL100 60 INTEGRITY 6.00 ANTI-MONEY100 60 LAUNDERING 6.00 ECONOMIC100 45 REGULATORY CAPACITY 4.50 VICTIM100 30 AND WITNESS SUPPORT 3.00 PREVENTION100 25 2.50 NON-STATE100 25 ACTORS 2.50 5.16 CRIMINALITY SCORE 79th of 193 countries 28th of 54 African countries 2nd of 6 North African countries CRIMINAL100 50 MARKETS 4.95 CRIMINAL100 54 ACTORS 5.38 ENACT is funded by the European Union and implemented by the Institute for Security Studies Funding provided by the and INTERPOL, in affiliation with the Global United States Government. Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. PAGE 2 OF 5 CRIMINALITY CRIMINAL MARKETS ENVIRONMENT The main environmental criminal markets in Egypt are those for fauna and gold. Egypt is both a source and a destination PEOPLE country for illegal wildlife products. Protected species, Egypt is a source, transit and destination country for men, including the Egyptian tortoise, falcons and fennecs, are women and children subjected to forced labour, and sex trafficked into illegal pet markets or for traditional medicine, and organ trafficking. Egyptian children are vulnerable to while poached birds of prey are sold on the criminal fauna sex trafficking and forced labour in domestic service, street markets in the Arabian Gulf countries. There have been begging and agricultural work. There have been several reports of poachers taking advantage of the relative lack reports of Egyptian men subjected to forced labour abroad, of law enforcement in desert areas of the Sinai to hunt predominantly in the Gulf countries. Moreover, many protected animals such as the ibex, wild donkeys, oryx and migrant workers and refugees from Sub-Saharan Africa Dorcas gazelles. The Egyptian black market is reportedly and the Middle East who reside in Egypt are not covered a destination for imported exotic animals including apes, by Egyptian labour laws and find themselves vulnerable felines and crocodiles originating in countries such as to forced labour as well as abusive practices that resemble Libya, Nigeria and Cameroon.Moreover, bird poaching human trafficking. Foreign women and girls who have is a relatively widespread issue. Birds traded illegally are migrated to Egypt are subjected to sexual exploitationin the primarily songbirds such as finches, pipits and larks, which country. Women from the Horn of Africa are particularly are either sold in local markets (often used for cooking) often at risk of sex trafficking in Egypt. Moreover, while or trafficked abroad. Recent years have seen some ivory not necessarily facilitated by criminal networks, organ seizures, coming from countries such as South Sudan, Kenya, harvesting continues and is highly organized. Sudan, Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire. Although Egypt is not a major exporter of gold, the country does host a criminal A source and transit country for the smuggling of irregular market for gold. Gold mining takes place in both the southern migrants and refugees from Sub-Saharan Africa destined and northern parts of Egypt, however, in addition to the for Europe, Egypt hosts a large-scale criminal market for gold of Egyptian origin, there is also a criminal market for human smuggling. Irregular migrants from the Horn of smuggled Sudanese gold. Oil smuggling in Egypt may happen, Africa and Eastern Africa are smuggled through Egypt particularly because of the fuel price difference between towards Europe, using boats that depart from the Egyptian Egypt and Libya, which provides economic incentives for Mediterranean shores. However, human smuggling from smuggling. However, there is little evidence on the nature the Egyptian Mediterranean peaked in 2016 and 2017. of this potential criminal market. There is little evidence of Since then, the number of cases of human smuggling from systematized illicit flora trafficking in Egypt. Egypt has decreased and many irregular migrants may now use other countries in the region, such as Libya, as their platform for reaching Europe. DRUGS Tramadol is one of Egypt’s most consumed and trafficked drugs and Egypt was one of the first countries in Africa TRADE to face a sustained Tramadol epidemic. Tramadol tends to Arms trafficking is a serious issue in Egypt and controlling be smuggled into Egypt from Libya or via maritime routes. the circulation of arms has been a challenge for Egyptian Furthermore, there is some outbound smuggling of the drug, law enforcement agencies andauthorities. The situation is notably to Gaza. Tramadol also transits onward through particularly critical in the Sinai region, where armed non-state North Africa and into West African consumer markets, actors have a heavy presence and are deeply involved in particularly Nigeria. Despite strong laws forbidding its the illicit arms trade. Egypt may also play an important role consumption, cannabis use is widespread in Egypt. The in international arms trafficking, with numerous reports of majority of cannabis consumed in Egypt derives from international arms trafficking operations involving Egypt Morocco and Afghanistan, but there is also a supplementary as a transit country. Additionally, Egypt’s proximity to supply of domestically cultivated cannabis. A persistent Libya and Egyptian actors’ involvement in the Libyan crisis and growing domestic heroin market also exists in Egypt presents several arms trafficking opportunities, significantly with evidence suggesting that heroin is relatively easy to increasing the size of the criminal market. access and has a somewhat high consumer base. Moreover, due to its geographical position, Egypt is an important transit point for heroin of Asian origin moving towards Europe, the rest of Africa and the United States. With cocaine consumption being limited to a very narrow base GLOBAL ORGANIZED CRIME INDEX ©2021 OCINDEX.NET/COUNTRY/EGYPT PAGE 3 OF 5 of consumers and relatively minor seizures, the cocaine There are multiple prominent criminal networks with a market in Egypt overall is negligible. presence in Egypt. These have significant transnational linkages and are involved in criminal markets such as human trafficking and human smuggling. Politically motivated CRIMINAL ACTORS and militant actors may play a major role in some of the criminal markets in Egypt. These include several violent Corruption is widespread in Egypt and seemingly occurs at extremist groups such as the Islamic State, various other all levels of the state apparatus, including in law enforcement. Salafist militant organizations and smaller splinter groups Civil servants and officials receive facilitation payments containing radicalized former members of the Muslim or are bribed to block certain procedures or grant undue Brotherhood. Mafia-style actors are known to operate in advantages. Foreign criminal actors in Egypt include Egypt, primarily in trafficking and smuggling operations nationals of Sudan, Libya and various countries in Asia between Egypt and Sudan, Israel and Libya. and the Middle East. RESILIENCE LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE services and courts lack training and tend to focus on low-level offenders rather than on more organized forms Egypt has been described as an authoritarian regime with of crime. Reports of physical abuse, particularly of the limited civil liberties, but the government aims to take a political opposition, are common and many detainees or leading position in Africa, spearheading efforts on issues criminal defendants are confessing under torture. Egypt’s linked to organized crime and violent extremism. However, prison system is generally believed to be overcrowded Egyptian authorities often fight crime and terrorism in and to suffer poor sanitary conditions. Law enforcement a heavy-handed manner that lacks strategic cohesion strategies against organized crime and terrorism often rely and accountability and are in violation of human-rights on heavy-handed methods such as arbitrary arrests and norms. Egypt suffers a grave lack of transparency in torture rather than more coherent and methodological governance and entrenched corruption across government approaches. Egypt’s law enforcement thus lacks human- institutions. The country’s integrity systems are currently rights-compliant specialized capacity to
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