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Meat and Islam: How Vegetarians in Egypt Navigate Faith and Contemporary Food Ethics

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Meat and Islam: How Vegetarians in Egypt Navigate Faith and Contemporary Food Ethics Meat and Islam: How Vegetarians in Egypt Navigate Faith and Contemporary Food Ethics The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Adams, Jacqueline. 2018. Meat and Islam: How Vegetarians in Egypt Navigate Faith and Contemporary Food Ethics. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42004032 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Meat and Islam: How Vegetarians in Egypt Navigate Faith and Contemporary Food Ethics Jacqueline Adams A Thesis in the Field of Religion for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2018 Copyright 2018 Adams Abstract Meat is an important feature of culinary traditions across Muslim communities globally. As the central focus of Islamic dietary laws, halal meat consumption functions as a marker of Islamic communal identity, and is a distinct demonstration of faith. Explicit and divinely-decreed teachings found in the Qur’an underpin the imperative for a Muslim to consume licit meat. This study investigates how vegetarian and vegan Muslims living in Cairo, Egypt situate and justify their dietary practices within their own belief systems. It was hypothesized that Muslim vegetarians must navigate their foodways within both spiritual identities and cultural context, and reconcile abstention from meat with the traditions, beliefs, and expectations of families, immediate social circles, and the wider, global, Islamic community, as well as a meat-positive culinary tradition, ritual Islamic sacrifice, and the divinely-permitted consumption of meat in Islam. Using a qualitative approach grounded in lived religion theorization, fifteen in- depth interviews were conducted with vegan or vegetarian Muslims in Cairo, delving into the micro-level of personal belief and practice, and the macro-level of cultural and social context and “official” religion. Concurring with scholarship, consumption of halal meat indeed emerged as a significant praxis of Islamic identity. Responses indicate, however, that regardless of one’s interior beliefs, a vegetarian living in a Muslim culture is compelled to engage with Islam, both as an argument to legitimize a vegetarian foodway, and to maintain an outward Islamic identity. Participant conceptions of what actually renders meat halal, as well as the essence or purpose of ritual sacrifice, point to a reconfiguration of Islamic cultural norms. Crucially, this study indicates how lay Muslims are engaging with a re-interpretation of traditional Islamic discourse, where what one eats is contextualized in the modern food production system, with particular attention to ethical issues tied to industrial animal agriculture including animal welfare, the environment, and social justice. Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to extend my gratitude to all those participants who volunteered their time and generously shared their personal stories. This project would not have been possible without their thoughtful contributions. I would like to extend my appreciation to Dr. Stephen Shoemaker for his enthusiastic encouragement and constructive suggestions throughout the course of this research. Special thanks to Ben at the American University in Cairo library, who facilitated valuable connections within AUC, and procured key resources in the scholarship needed for this thesis. I would also like to extend my deep gratitude to fellow graduate student Amelia for ongoing discussions, guidance, advice, and commiseration in the evolution of this study. Finally, to my parents for their always indefatigable support, and to my husband who has been constant in his encouragement, patience, and support throughout this academic journey. Table of Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................................v Chapter I. Introduction .........................................................................................................1 Research Problem ....................................................................................................1 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................5 Overview ..................................................................................................................7 Chapter II. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................11 The Lived Religion Model: “What people do” .....................................................12 Lived Religion and Food Studies ...............................................................15 Lived Religion and Institutional/Organized Religion ................................18 Lived Religion and Extra-Islamic Influences ............................................21 Vegetarianism as a Quasi-Religion ........................................................................23 Conclusion .............................................................................................................26 Chapter III. Literature Review ...........................................................................................28 Vegetarianism in the Literature .............................................................................29 Health vs. Ethical Motivations ...................................................................30 Spiritual/Religious Themes of Vegetarian Foodways ...............................33 Purity and Pollution; Totem and Taboo .........................................33 Conversion .....................................................................................36 Life/Death Paradox ........................................................................38 Humans, Animals, and Environmental Ethics ...............................40 Islam, Meat, and Vegetarianism ............................................................................42 Meat and the Construction of Islamic Identity ..........................................43 Khalifa: The Hierarchy of Creation: The Relationship of Humans, Animals, and the Natural World ................................................................52 Islamic Food Ethics................................................................................................58 The Competing Ethics of Halal ......................................................61 The Power of Commensality: Transcending Ideological Boundaries .....................................................................................69 Novelty of Study and Conclusion ..........................................................................74 Chapter IV. Methodology ..................................................................................................78 Study Context.........................................................................................................78 Overview of Participants ........................................................................................81 Data Collection Procedures ....................................................................................84 Qualitative E-Research: Extant Data Analysis on Facebook .....................85 In-Depth Interviews ...................................................................................86 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................89 Positionality ...........................................................................................................89 Limitations and Concerns ......................................................................................91 Chapter V. Vegetarianism, Meat, and Islamic Identity .....................................................93 Reported Reactions ................................................................................................94 Health .........................................................................................................95 As Counter to Islam ...................................................................................96 Association with Belief Systems Other Than Islam ..................................97 As Islamic Practice ....................................................................................98 The Responses .......................................................................................................99 Health-Related Response .........................................................................100 Avoid Discussion .....................................................................................100 Reading Back into Islam ..........................................................................101 Discussion ............................................................................................................104 Meat and Islamic Identity in the Context of Egypt ..................................105 Vegetarianism and “Irreligion” ....................................................107 Public Discussion of Vegetarianism and Islam ...........................110 Vegetarianism and “Conformity” ................................................112 Implications of Discourse ........................................................................113
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