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The Cultural Significance of the Church of the Vow in Pietermaritzburg, Kwazulu-Natal

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The Cultural Significance of the Church of the Vow in Pietermaritzburg, Kwazulu-Natal THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHURCH OF THE VOW IN PIETERMARITZBURG, KWAZULU-NATAL by Elrica E. Henning (Student number 21114375) Submitted as a requirement for the degree MAGISTER HEREDITATIS CULTURAEQUE SCIENTIAE HERITAGE AND MUSEUM STUDIES in the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies University of Pretoria Faculty of Humanities Supervisor: Dr. Jackie Grobler December 2014 i CONTENTS Page List of illustrations v List of keywords xi Summary xii Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1 Determining ‘cultural significance’ - the Church of the Vow as a case study 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The concept ‘cultural significance’ 4 1.2.1 Criteria to determine cultural significance 6 1.3 Rationale and background to the study 9 1.3.1 Outline and topics of the study 9 1.3.2 Problem and sub problems 10 1.3.3 Rationale for the study 11 1.3.4 Assumptions and conditions associated with the study 13 1.3.5 Delimitations and parameters of the study 15 1.3.6 Motivation for and significance of the study 15 1.3.7 Research organization and methodology 18 Chapter 2 The Church of the Vow as a heritage object 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Background to the history of the building 23 2.2.1 Trekking into the interior 23 2.2.2 A vow to God 24 2.2.3 Battle of Blood River (16 December 1838) 29 2.2.4 Establishment of Pietermaritzburg (1839) 30 2.2.5 Establishing a Dutch Reformed Church and temporary church building 34 2.3 Construction of the Church of the Vow (1839-1841) 36 2.3.1 Builders 41 2.3.2 Inauguration (April 1841) 50 i 2.3.3 A pulpit 51 2.3.4 Furnishings 55 2.3.5 Renovations 58 2.3.6 The church bell 63 2.3.7 Fencing the site 64 2.4 Conclusion 65 Chapter 3 The Church of the Vow and its intangible heritage 3.1 Introduction 66 3.2 The Congregation 66 3.2.1 Ministers 66 3.2.1.1 Erasmus Smit - first minister in Pietermaritzburg (1839-1840) 68 3.2.1.2 Daniel Lindley - first official minister of the Church of the Vow (1841-1847) 69 3.2.1.3 Arnoldus Coenraad Stucki (the new minister who never arrived) 73 3.2.1.4 David Dale Buchanan, assistant to Lindley, helps out (1846-1847) 74 3.2.1.5 Jacob Ludwig Döhne – second official minister (1847-1849) 74 3.2.1.6 Dr. D. van Velden assists the congregation (1850-1852) 76 3.2.1.7 Dr. Hendrik Emmanuel Faure - third official minister (1853-1859) 77 3.2.1.8 William Campbell assists the congregation (1860) 78 3.2.1.9 Dames Pierre Marie Huet – fourth official minister (1860-1867) 79 3.2.2 Elders and other significant individuals in the congregation 80 3.3 Services and Ceremonies 91 3.3.1 Church services for various races and denominations 92 3.3.2 Sunday school 99 3.3.3 Holy Communion 100 ii 3.3.4 Special services and commemorations 101 3.3.5 Baptisms 102 3.3.6 Confirmations 107 3.3.7 Marriages 109 3.4 Multiple uses – as church and school 116 3.5 Conclusion 117 Chapter 4 The Church of the Vow – further uses and physical transformation 4.1 Introduction 118 4.2 A new church for the congregation (1857-1955) 118 4.3 Bidding farewell to the old church (6 April 1861) 121 4.4 The old church building reused 123 4.4.1 The building as a school and bookshop (1861-1862) 124 4.4.2 Sold to Vicar Brayhurst (1863-1865) 125 4.4.3 A school again (1865-1873) 126 4.4.4 Sold to D. Whitelaw (1873-1891) 128 4.4.5 Sold to W.H. Buchanan (1891 -1910) 130 4.4.6 The building as a soda-water factory (1896) 131 4.4.7 Pharmacy and blacksmith’s shop (1897) 132 4.4.8 Sunday school (1906) 134 4.4.9 A wool-shed (1908) 135 4.5 Becoming a museum 135 4.5.1 Reclaiming the building (1909-1910) 135 4.5.2 Renovations (1910-1911) 142 4.5.3 Establishing a museum collection 147 4.5.4 Official opening of the museum (1912) 148 4.5.5 Adding an entrance porch (1917) 158 4.5.6 Appointing the first caretaker (1917) 159 4.5.7 Early collections and exhibitions (1920’s – 1930’s) 160 4.5.8 The Great Trek Centenary (1938) 161 4.6 Conclusion 163 iii Chapter 5 The Church of the Vow and its cultural significance 5.1 Introduction 164 5.2 Historical significance 164 5.3 Social significance 167 5.4 Aesthetic significance 171 5.5 Scientific significance 174 5.6 Spiritual significance 176 5.7 Architectural significance 178 5.8 Spatial significance 183 5.9 Conclusion 187 Chapter 6 Concluding remarks 189 Sources 192 iv ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1: Church of the Vow 1 Figure 2: Dewald Pretorius and his wife 26 Figure 3: Church of the Vow in Louis Trichardt 28 Figure 4: Fingo vow monument 29 Figure 5: Zulu snuff container and pouch found on the site after the 1838 battle 30 Figure 6: Pietermaritzburg in 1844, painted by L. Cloete 31 Figure 7: Thatching houses in upper Longmarket Street, circa 1845 32 Figure 8: Church Street, Pietermaritzburg circa 1848. Visagie’s mill on the right sketched by Col. Coxen 32 Figure 9: Pietermaritzburg 1846, by Surveyor Piers 33 Figure 10: Pietermaritzburg during the 1850’s 33 Figure 11: 50th wedding anniversary of the Havemans who married in the ‘Rietekerk’ 35 Figure 12: Aletta Letitia Maré got married in the ‘Rietekerk’ 35 Figure 13: Bible used in the Church of the Vow 36 Figure 14: Constructing the church as depicted by W.H. Coetzer in 1938 38 Figure 15: Letter indicating building plans and pleading for assistance 39 Figure 16: John van der Plank 40 Figure 17: Construction of the church depicted on the frieze in the Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria 42 Figure 18: Stone used by Dewald Johannes Pretorius to sharpen chisels for shaping stones for the construction of the church 42 Figure 19: Painting of Andries Pretorius 43 Figure 20: Willem Jurgens Pretorius (1808-1889) 44 Figure 21: C.W.H. Pistorius (1819-1909) who assisted with the interior of the church 44 Figure 22: Pietermaritzburg Colonists of the 1840’s. Pistorius is second from the right. The photo was taken at his home in 1908 45 Figure 23: Wynand W. Maré (born 1800), the school teacher who assissted with the building of the church 45 Figure 24: Theunis Nel 46 Figure 25: Andries Johannes Christoffel Smith and his wife 46 v Figure 26: ‘Outa’ Flink, photograph donated to the Museum in 1919 by Genl. S.W. Burger with the accompanying information 47 Figure 27: Philip Jacob Naudé and his wife A.E.S van den Berg 47 Figure 28: Snuffbox of J.S. Laffnie, tobacco pouch of A. Cilliers and spectacle holder of M.W. Pretorius, donated to the museum by family members 48 Figure 29: Magistrate Philip Rudolph Nel and his family 50 Figure 30: The pulpit photographed in the ‘Tower Church’ (1861-1955) 52 Figure 31: Side elevation of the pulpit, 1860 53 Figure 32: Early photograph of the ‘Tower Church’ 54 Figure 33: Pulpit in the Church of the Vow 54 Figure 34: Harmonium and riempie chairs used in the church 55 Figure 35: Gallery later moved to the ‘Tower Church’ where this photo was taken 56 Figure 36: Two pews previously used in the Church of the Vow 57 Figure 37: Music box barrel organ apparently used in the church in 1860 58 Figure 38: Christiaan Pieter van der Merwe 59 Figure 39: C.P.F Lotter (1804-1875) and Isabella Margaretha Nel 59 Figure 40: Sketch by Marianne Churchill of the Church of the Vow, 1854 62 Figure 41: Gable according to the Rev. J.D. Kestell, who was born in Pietermaritzburg in 1854 and went to school in the building 62 Figure 42: Photo of the Raadsaal built in 1840 and donated to the then Voortrekker Museum in 1912 63 Figure 43: Depiction of the church with a protective wall around it 64 Figure 44: P.K. Albertyn 67 Figure 45: Erasmus Smit. His bible was donated to the then Voortrekker Museum 68 Figure 46: Portrait of Rev. Daniel Lindley 69 Figure 47: Rev. A.C. Stucki 73 Figure 48: D.D. Buchanan 74 Figure 49: J.L. Döhne 75 Figure 50: Glass cup used by Rev. Döhne during church services 76 Figure 51: Rev. D. van Velden 77 Figure 52: Dr. H.E. Faure 78 Figure 53: Rev. W. Campbell 78 Figure 54: Rev. D.P.M. Huet 79 vi Figure 55: Evert Potgieter (1799 - 1863) 81 Figure 56: G.J. Naudé 82 Figure 57: Sarel Cilliers 83 Figure 58: Hendrik (Henry) Cloete 84 Figure 59: J.N. Boshoff 85 Figure 60: J.N. Boshoff’s wife, Adriana 85 Figure 61: J.D. Marquard 86 Figure 62: Charles Kestell 87 Figure 63: Dietlof Siegfried von Schönfeld Maré 87 Figure 64: Jacobus Stuart and his wife 88 Figure 65: J.C. Boshoff and his wife Maria van Niekerk 89 Figure 66: M.P.C. Ferreira 89 Figure 67: C.P.F. Lötter and his wife Isabella Margaretha Nel 89 Figure 68: Possibly the podium Mostert donated. Currently an exhibit in the Church of the Vow 90 Figure 69: H.F. Schoon 91 Figure 70: J.H. Pierneef’s 1938 representation of the church after a service 93 Figure 71: Wife of Rev.
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