A ABSSSI. See Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections

Index

A imipenem, 156–160 ABSSSI. See Acute bacterial skin and skin isoniazid, 155 structure infections (ABSSSI) levofloxacin, 158 Academics, 11 macrolide, 155, 156, 158 Actinonin, 170 meropenem, 157 Acute bacterial skin and skin structure methicillin, 159 infections (ABSSSI), 4, 171 metronidazole, 156 Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial minocycline, 155, 159, 160 Resistance and Healthcare Associated piperacillin, 157 Infection (ARHAI), 4–5 piperacillin-tazobactam, 155 Aminoglycosides, 3, 174 quinolone, 155, 156 Analogues, 168 streptomycin, 155 Animal, mice, 107 telithromycin, 155, 156 Animal models tetracycline, 154, 155, 157–160 Monte Carlo, 59 tetraphenylphosphonium, 155 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tigecycline, 153, 160–161 (PK/PD), 59 tobramycin, 157 Antibiotic stress, 22 trimethoprim, 159 Antibiotic resistance, 1, 32–34 trime-thoprim, 154 Antibiotic resistome, 15, 17 Antifungal resistance Antibiotics amphotericin B, 54 amikacin, 157 azole, 55 aminoglycosides, 158, 159 echinocandins, 55 antibacterial, 160 Antimicrobia, 157 azithromycin, 156 Antimicrobial resistance b–lactams, 158, 159 carbapenemases (CREs), 46 carbapenem, 158 extended-spectrum beta lactamase ceftazidime, 157 (ESBL), 46 chloramphenicol, 159 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus choramphenicol, 158 (MRSA), 45 ciprofloxacin, 157 penicillin-resistant Streptococcus erythromycin, 159 pneumoniae (PRSP), 45 ethambutol, 155 vancomycin-resistant Enterococci ethidium bromide, 155, 159 (VRE), 45 fluoroquinolone, 155, 156, 158, 159 Arms race, 149 gentamicin, 157 evolutionary, 139, 146–147

A.R.M. Coates (ed.), Antibiotic Resistance, Handbook of Experimental 185 Pharmacology 211, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-28951-4, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 186 Index

ATP synthase, 93 C Atypical RTI pathogens, 170 Candida albicans, 124 Avibactam, 173 CAP. See Community-acquired pneumonia Aztreonam, 173 (CAP) Carbapenem, 174 Carbapenemases B etrapenem, 51 Bacteraemia, 7 imipenem, 52 Bacteria meropenem, 52 bacilli, 107 NDM-1, 51 Campylobacter jejuni, 105 Ceftaroline, 173 Campylobacter spp., 106 Ceftazidime, 10, 176 Chlamydia spp., 106 Ceftolozane (CXA-101), 176 Clostridium spp., 106 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention endospores, 101 (CDC), 2 Enterococcus spp., 105 Cephalosporin, 172 Escherichia coli, 101 cfr resistance, 171 gram-negative, 105 Chromosomal genes, 91 gram-positive, 105 Ciprofloxacin, 22, 130, 173 Helicobacter pylori, 105 Classes, 168 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 105 Clinical trials, 2 myxospores, 101 Clofazimine, 90 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 105 Clostridium difficile Salmonella, 105 fidaxomicin, 50 Salmonella spp., 106 metronidazole, 50 S. enteritidis, 105 vancomycin, 50 S. flexneri, 105 Combination antibacterials Shigella sonnei, 105 CBR-2092, 58 Shigella spp., 106 CSA-13, 58 Staphylococcus aureus, 101 EDP-420, 58 tubercle bacilli, 108 Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), 170 VBNC, 112 Community-acquired respiratory tract V. cholerase, 105 infection., 169 Vibrio spp., 105 Companies, 11 Vibrio vulnificus, 105 Co-selection, 141, 142, 144 Yersinia spp, 106 Co-selects, 147–149 Bacterial challenge, 11 Critical path, 6 Bacterial resistance, 32–34 Bas 30072, 10 BC-3781, 169 D Beta-lactams, 3 Dalbavancin, 171 methicillin/oxacillin, 48 Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance penicillin, 48 Monitoring and Research Programme Bicyclolide, 169 (DANMAP 2009), 35, 36 Bioaccumulation, 144 Dapsone, 90 Biofilm, 122, 124–126 Daptomycin, 2 Biothreat pathogens, 169 Delafloxacin, 172 b-lactamase inhibitor, 172 Development b-lactamases, 20, 24 carbapenem, 57 Blood cultures, 10 cefdinir, 57 British Society for Antimicrobial ceftaroline, 57 Chemotherapy (BSAC), 8, 39 colistin, 56 Index 187

dalbavancin, 57 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases garenoxacin, 58 (ESBLs), 3 iclaprim, 58 cephalosporins, 51 penem, 57 cephamycins, 51 plazomicin, 58 Extinction, 137 prulifioxacin, 58 retapamulin, 57 Diagnostics, 11 F Diaminopyrimidine, 171 Febrile neutropenia, 7 Diazabicyclic-octane, 175 Finafloxacin, 173 Dihydrofolate reductase, 171 Fitness Diversity cost, 138, 147 genetic, 136 decreased, 138 microbial, 136 Fluoroquinolones, 21, 130, 172 Domiciliary treatment, 89 fmt mutants, 170 Dormancy mechanisms Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2 b-lactam, 127 candidate persister genes, 126–127 persister induction, 129 G phosphorylating elongation factor, 128 Gemifloxacin, 4 regulators, 126 Generic, 9 TA modules, 127, 128 Gene transfer, horizontal, 136, 138 TisB role, 130 GlaxoSmithKline, 9 Drug resistance and drug tolerance, 122–123, Governmental/Institutional Surveillance 125–126 Programmes Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs), 37 E Canadian Integrated Program for Early bactericidal activity (EBA), 92 Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Economic barriers, 9 (CIPARS), 35 EDP-420, 169 Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Efficacy Working Party (EWP), 6 Monitoring and Research Programme Efflux, 22 (DANMAP 2009), 36 multiresistant, 157 European Centre for Disease Prevention resistance, 153–157 and Control (ECDC), 34 Efflux pumps, 3 National Antimicrobial Resistance Enterobacteriaceae, 174 Monitoring System (NARMS), 36 Enterococcus faecium, 35, 169 Swedish Strategic Programme Erm, 19 against Antibiotic Resistance Ertapenem, 4 (STRAMA), 35 Erythromycin, 19 Governments, 11 Escherichia coli, 34, 36 Gram-negative bacteria, 38 ESKAPE, 4 Burkholderia cepaecia,75 Ethambutol, 89 Campylobacter jejuni, 71, 80 European Antimicrobial Resistance network Escherichia coli,70 (EARS-NET), 8 Haemophilus,80 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Helicobacter pylori,80 Control (ECDC), 7 Klebsiella pneumoniae,70 European Federation of Pharmaceutical N. denitrificans,80 Industries and Associations Neisseria gonorrhoeae,80 (EFPIA), 7 Neisseria meningitidis,80 European Medicines Agency (EMA), 6–7 Pseudomonas,80 Evidence base, 9 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 70, 80 188 Index

Gram-negative bacteria (cont.) J Salmonella enterica,70 JNJ-Q2, 173 Shigella,70 Gram-negative multidrug-resistant pathogens, 1 Gram-positive bacteria, 38 K Gram-positive community-acquired Ketolide, 169 pneumonia (CAP), 4 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 34, 36 Gram-positives, 169–172 KPC, 10 Greece, 4 GSK1322322, 170 GSK2251052, 175 L Guinea pigs, 88 Lab on a chip, 10 Leprosy, 90 Leucyl-tRNA synthase, 168, 174 H Levoﬂoxacin, 173 HAART 3, 90 Linezolid, 173 Haemophilus inﬂuenzae, 39, 170 Lipoglycopeptide, 171 Health Protection Agency (HPA), 4 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) High-risk clones, 10 core saccharide, 68, 71 hip mutants, 121–125 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic HIV, 90 acid, 71 Hu/Coates models, 93 L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 71 Hybrid antibacterials, 168 lipid A, 68, 73, 77 Hydrazinopyrimidine, 170 O-antigen polysaccharide, 68

I M Iclaprim, 171 Mass redundancies, 7 ICUs, 4 MDR. See Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Imipenem, 175 Medicine Individual benefit, 4 aminoglycosides, 109 Industry/Pharmaceutical Surveillance amoxicillin, 109 Programmes ampicillin, 109 British Society for Antimicrobial antibiotics, 100 Chemotherapy (BSAC), 39 antimicrobial agents, 100 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance, 38 dalbavancin, 110 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial daptomycin, 110 Resistance Trends (SMART), 38 fluoroquinolone, 109 Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance HT61, 110 Trial (T.E.S.T.), 40 isoniazid, 108 Infection oritavancin, 110 bacteremia, 100 penicillin, 103 chronic skin wounds, 102 pyrazinamide, 108 dental plaques, 102 streptomycin, 109 infective cystic fibrosis, 102 telavancin, 110 infective endocarditis, 102 vancomycin, 110 osteomyelitis, 102 Metallo-b-lactamase, 174 tuberculosis, 100 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRSA), Infection control, 11 4, 8 Institute of Medicine (IOM), 2 MGE. See Mobile genetic elements (MGE) Intra-abdominal infection, 174 MK-7655, 175 Intravenous, 169 Mobile genetic elements (MGE), 136, 137 Intrinsic resistome, 25 Moraxella catarrhalis, 39, 170 Isoniazid, 88 Moxifloxacin, 173 Index 189

MRSA. See Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci b-lactam, 80 (MRSA) moenomycin, 80 Multidrug-resistant (MDR), 90, 169 transglycosylases, 80 Multiresistance effect, 147, 148 transpeptidases, 80 Mycobacterium leprae,90 Persister cells Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 21, 125 biofilms, 125 dose-dependent killing, 122–123 drug resistance and drug tolerance, N 122–123, 125–126 Nalidixic acid, 2 hip mutants, 124–125 Nanoparticles Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 125 metal, 149 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 123–124 silver, 139, 140 Pfizer Wyeth, 9 silver nitrate, 140 pH, 93 titanium dioxide, 140 Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) toxicity, 139 studies, 172 Nanotechnology, 138 Physiological state, 103 Narrow-spectrum antibiotic, 10 exponential growth phase, 101 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2 nonmultiplying persistent stage, 104 National surveillance data, 2 Plasmids, 3, 91 NDM-1-carrying enterobacteriaceae, 5 Plazomicin ACHN-490, 174 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pleuromutilin, 169 cefixime, 53 Pneumonia ceftriaxone, 53 community-acquired, 176 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1), 3 hospital-acquired, 175 NIAID and public-private research efforts, 6 ventilator-associated, 175 Non-government organisation, 11 Polymyxin, 3 Non-inferiority/superiority studies, 7 Porin defects, alteration in cell wall, 3 Nonmultiplying persistence bacteria Post-antibiotic effect (PAE), 94 biofilm, 102 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8, 33, 123, 125, 175 dormant, 105 aminoglycoside, 52 persisters, 103 biofilm, 53 stationary-phase, 101 peptides, 53 Novexel 104, 10 porin-mediated, 52 NXL104, 176 Public health, 4 Pyrazinamide, 89 Pyrazinoic acid, 93 O Oral, 169 Oritavancin, 171 Q Orphan drug route, 3 Quinolones, 3 Oxazolidinone, 170 Oxyimino-cephalosporin, 176 R Radezolid, 170 P Rapid diagnostics, 3 p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), 88 React, 7–8 Panresistant gram-negative pathogens, 11 Regulatory guidelines, 9 Pathogenicity Research and development (R&D), 6 adhere to human tissues, 106 Resistance produce toxins, 106 antibiotic, 137, 138, 141–143 Peptide deformylase, 168 bacterial, 143, 144 Peptidoglycan biocoides, 149 190 Index

Resistance (cont.) Surveillance Programmes. See Governmental/ co-resistance, 141, 143 Institutional Surveillance Programmes; cross, 141, 143 Industry/Pharmaceutical Surveillance development of, 143 Programmes mercury, 137 Survival metal, 136, 141–143, 146, 149 amplification, 46 methicillin, 140 efflux, 46 microbial, 141 inactivation, 46 multiple, 138, 142 Sweden, 4 prevalence of, 143 silver, 143, 144 Respiratory tract infection (RTI), 168 T Resuscitation-promoting factors, 93 TATFAR, 7 Rifampicin, 89 Tazobactam, 176 RNA, 3 TD1792, 169 RTI. See Respiratory tract infection (RTI) Tetracyclines, 3 Textiles, 139 S antimicrobial, 144, 149 Salmonella,36 Therapeutic margin, 92 Salvarsan, 14 Thiacetazone, 91 Sanofi-Aventis, 9 Tigecycline, 4 Scientific Advisory Group (SAG), 7 TMC207, 93 Selection, strong, 146 Tolerance, 144, 145 Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), 169 Tolerant, 93 Solithromycin, 169 Torezolid, 171 Speciation rates, 137 Toxin/antitoxins, 121, 127–129 Staphylococci, 168 Transduction, 137 Staphylococcus aureus, 35, 37 Transformation, 137 methicillin-resistant, 169 Ttorezolid, 171 methicillin-sensitive, 169 Stewardship cycle, 61 U restrict usage, 61 Urinary tract infection, 173 Strains, 90 US Congress, 8 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 34, 169 macrolides, 49 penicillin, 49 V Streptococcus pyogenes, 170 Vancomycin, 19, 173 Streptomycin, 88 Vancomycin resistance Stress condition plasmid-mediated, 48 acidic and oxidative stress, 102 vanA, 48 altered pH, 103 vanB, 48 heat, 102 vanC, 48 nutrient limitation, 103 vancomycin, 48 osmolarity, 103 osmotic challenge, 102 shock, 102 W starvation, 105 WHO Global Strategy, 5 Surveillance Data Link Network (SDLN) Wonder drugs, 2