Testimonio De José María De Puelles Y Centeno Como Médico Durante La

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Testimonio De José María De Puelles Y Centeno Como Médico Durante La Cultura de los Cuidados Testimonio de José María de Puelles y Centeno como médico durante la III Guerra Carlista Testimony of José María de Puelles y Centeno as physician during the III Carlist War Testemunho de José María de Puelles y Centeno como um médico durante III Guerra Carlista Molanes Pérez, Pablo*; Sáinz Otero, Ana Mª**; Herrera Rodríguez, Francisco*** *Diplomado en Enfermería (Universidad de Cádiz). Alumno del Máster de Innovación e Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y estudiante de 3er curso de la Licenciatura de Historia. **Enfermera. Antropóloga. Doctora en Medicina. Profesora de Bases Teóricas y Metodológicas de los Cuidados de Enfermería en la Facultad de Enfermería y Fisioterapia de la Universidad de Cádiz. ***Catedrático de Historia de Enfermería en la Facultad de Enfermería y Fisioterapia de la Universidad de Cádiz compare the information you give about the development of the war. Keywords: Sisters of Charity, Carlist War III, MD, José María de Puelles and Centeno, International Red Cross, Healthcare. Testemunho de José María de Puelles y Cen- teno como um médico durante III Guerra Carlista Imagen 1 RESUMO Testimony of José María de Puelles y Cen- As memórias de José Maria de Puelles Cen- teno e permite-nos analisar, com a condição teno as physician during the III Carlist War médica das condições sanitárias dos enfermos e feridos entre 1873-1876, durante a Terceira ABSTRACT Guerra Carlista nas diferentes frentes em que Th e memoirs of Jose Maria de Puelles y participa e o papel desempenhado pelas Irmãs Centeno, allows us to analyze, on the medi- da Caridade e da Cruz Vermelha Internacional cal condition of the sanitary situations of the no cuidado dos soldados. Comparação com sick and wounded between 1873-1876, during outras fontes primárias do tempo nos permite the Th ird Carlist War in the diff erent fronts in comparar as informações que você dá sobre o which it participates and the role played by the desenvolvimento da guerra. Sisters of Charity and the International Red Palavras-chave: Irmãs da Caridade, carlis- Cross in care of the soldiers. Comparison with tas War III, MD, José María de Puelles e Cente- other primary sources of the time allows us to no, Cruz Vermelha Internacional, Healthcare. 28 /c( Cultura de los Cuidados RESUMEN te estudiadas por los investigadores, haciendo Las memorias de José María de Puelles y una escueta referencia Antonio Orozco Acua- Centeno nos permite analizar, por su condi- viva en “Médicos escritores gaditanos” (1978). ción de médico las condiciones sanitarias de Su vida ha llegado a nuestros días a través de heridos y enfermos entre 1873-1876, en el sus obras, “Recuerdos de mi juventud” (1907) transcurso de la III Guerra Carlista en los dife- y “Como le quieran llamar. Colección de artí- rentes frentes en los que participa, así como el culos, discursos y consejos” (1908). papel que jugaron las Hermanas de la Caridad y la Cruz Roja Internacional en los cuidados II. INFANCIA Y FORMACIÓN de los soldados. La comparación con otras José María de Puelles y Centeno nace el 27 fuentes primarias de la época nos permite de Febrero de 1853, en la ciudad de Alcalá de contrastar la información que nos da sobre el los Gazules (Cádiz)1. Su infancia la vive en su desarrollo del confl icto bélico. ciudad, rodeado de su familia, grandes pro- Palabras clave: Hermanas de la Caridad, pietarios de tierras y con un activo papel en la III Guerra Carlista, Médico, José María de política local y provincial. Puelles y Centeno, Cruz Roja Internacional, Cursó los estudios de Medicina en Cádiz Asistencia sanitaria. entre 1869 y 1873, en pleno “sexenio revolucio- nario”, con unas califi caciones mediocres, tal y Este artículo es la ampliación de uno de los como justifi ca en su autobiografía “no con el puntos de la comunicación “Apunte biográfi co aprovechamiento que debiera pues la política, sobre el médico José María de Puelles y Cen- el profesorado -pues yo explicaba Geografía, teno (1853-1927)” presentada al XV Congreso Historia y Retórica en el Colegio de San Carlos de la Sociedad Española de Historia de la Me- Borromeo- y la novia, que luego fue mi mujer, dicina, celebrado en Ciudad Real del 15 al 17 me distraían no poco el estudio”. Logra fi na- de junio del 2011. lizar la carrera, revalidando los estudios en la Facultad de Medicina el 28 de Marzo de 1873. I. INTRODUCCIÓN En abril de 1873 recibe su primer trabajo, Los relatos autobiográfi cos nos proporcio- como médico titular de Jimena de la Fronte- nan una fuente primaria de información que ra. Fue llamado a Servicio Militar Obligatorio nos permite contrastar y construir de forma para incorporarse al ejército liberal en la III mas fi dedigna la historia, sobre todo a partir Guerra Carlista2. Entre el 17 y el 19 de no- del desarrollo de la corriente historiográfi ca viembre recibió la orden de incorporarse a la defensora de la microhistoria como la princi- Brigada Sanitaria de Madrid. A los pocos días pal fuente histórica. El testimonio autobiográ- de su llegada a Madrid es nombrado médico fi co que nos proporciona José María de Puelles del Batallón de Cazadores de Segorbe Nº 19 y y Centeno a través de sus memorias nos per- parte para Bilbao. mite, por su condición de médico del ejército liberal y prisionero del ejército carlista analizar III. TESTIMONIO DEL CONFLICTO BÉ- no solo el desarrollo de la III Guerra Carlista, LICO sino también analizar el estado sanitario de La principal fuente de información sobre ambos bandos, de un valor excepcional. Tanto su participación en la guerra la tenemos a par- su persona como su obra han sido escasamen- tir de sus memorias, las cuales tienen como eje /c( 29 Cultura de los Cuidados central sus vivencias en el frente3. La partida rror: aquí se hacía una amputación, allá se olea- de Cádiz a fi nales de noviembre de 1873 la des- ba a un agonizante, acullá gritaba en el delirio cribe de la siguiente forma: de la fi ebre un soldado llamando a su madre, y por todas partes camilleros, sanitarios con ven- “Y no hubo otro remedio que abandonar, tal dajes, médicos con cuchillos y bisturís, y entre el vez para siempre, aquel hogar querido donde toque de las campanas de las Animas, el trotar dejaba todos mis amores -mis padres, mi mujer, de los caballos que pasaban por la cercana calle, mis hermanos- para lanzarme a lo desconoci- el eco de las cometas y clarines, los ayes de los do, a la lucha terrible entre los hijos de la pobre moribundos y los ruidos de las espuelas y de las España, que en fratricida guerra estaba consu- armas aquello parecía una escena propia para miendo la fl or de la juventud.” ser descrita por la incomparable pluma del di- vino Dante”. De las condiciones higiénicas de los heri- dos nos dirá respecto al Hospital de Portuga- No será el único testimonio de la situación lete que “más parecían calabozos, en los cua- sanitaria en el bando liberal. Podemos des- les, si bien no se corría el peligro de morir por tacar el testimonio de Vicente Kennett-Barr- armas de fuego, en cambio, dada su humedad ington, que participó como colaborador de la y escasa luz y ventilación, era muy posible la Orden Hospitalaria de los Caballeros de San infección, como así, por desgracia, me suce- Juan de Jerusalén en tres expediciones (abril- dió a mí.” Por la ubicación del hospital que mayo 1874; octubre 1874-mayo 1875; septiem- da, “situado entre el muelle y la suntuosa Pa- bre 1875-mayo 1876) y de Concepción Arenal, rroquia”, se trataba del hospital instalado el 1 como enfermera del hospital de la Cruz Roja de noviembre de 1873 en la casa de Benigno en Miranda del Ebro. Salazar, por reunir mejores condiciones de de- De la asistencia sanitaria en el bando car- fensa frente a un posible ataque, según refi ere lista nos ofrece nuestro médico el testimonio el Teniente Coronel D. Amós Quijada4-5. de su paso como prisionero enfermo por el En las inmediaciones del campo de bata- Hospital de Santurce, al que califi ca de “un lla solía acondicionarse también Hospitales amplio y vetusto palacio”. Vicente Kennett- de Sangre, normalmente en iglesias y grandes Barrington visitó los hospitales de Santurce el casas (ver imagen 1). Nuestro biografi ado nos 3 de mayo de 1874, dos meses después de la ofrece el cuadro de la situación del Hospital de liberación de nuestro biografi ado; apuntando Sangre instalado en la Iglesia de Villafranca del en su diario que “Nunca había visto nada tan Cid, tras la batalla del Barranco de Molleó del magnífi camente organizado como los hospitales 29 de junio de 1875. de Santurce”. Según las anotaciones que reco- ge, los cuatro hospitales de Santurce tendrían “Era horrible el aspecto de aquel santo lugar. una capacidad de 350 camas, siendo el de “La Todas las capillas y las tres naves estaban maci- Fonda” el mayor6. zadas de camas, en cuyos lechos se revolcaban horriblemente mutilados y desangrándose sol- IV. LAS HERMANAS DE LA CARIDAD Y dados y ofi ciales. En los altares chisporroteaban LA CRUZ ROJA EN LA CONTIENDA los cirios que alumbraban aquel cuadro de ho- José María de Puelles se hace eco de la 30 /c( Cultura de los Cuidados eran insufi cientemente curados y socorridos. Aún recordamos haberlos visto hacinados en habitaciones pequeñas, insalubres, en el hospital que se había improvisado en Abárzuza. El mé- dico no tenía residencia fi ja en el hospital; y las camas y demás efectos eran debidos al despren- dimiento particular de los vecinos de los pueblos comarcanos.
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