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Download Gothic Gothic and Renaissance Periods Expression of the religious and political values. Gothic Art • Early Gothic – ca. 1140 to 1194 • High Gothic – ca. 1194 to 1300 • Late Gothic – ca. 1300 to 1500 • Gothic style first appeared in northern France around 1140/and in southern France and elsewhere in Europe, Romanesque style still flourished. • Gothic period/style began and ended at different dates in different regions. • By 13th century Gothic style had spread throughout western Europe/ The Gothic style was regional -to east and south of Europe Islamic and Byzantine style was still prominent. Gothic Art • The term Gothic came about in the Architecture mid-16th century by Giorgio • followed the Romanesque Vasari, along with Ghiberti, who period used the term Gothic to ridicule and describe the late medieval art • Took advantage of some and architecture as thought to be advances in architecture Gothic art and the ideas were invented by the Goths who were • best examples of Gothic uncouth and responsible for the architecture are found in downfall of Rome and the destruction of the classical style in cathedrals, particularly in art and architecture. Spain and France. The Pointed Arch • the pointed arch shape is the most recognizable shape from the Gothic period • a change from the rounded arch from the Romanesque period • More emphasis on the vertical (arch is “pointing” upwards) French Gothic – Architecture & Architectural Decoration Abbot Suger and Saint-Denis •Abbot Suger: right-hand man of Louis’ VI and VII/ during Second Crusade was regent of France/ rebuilt France’s royal church Saint-Denis •Saint-Denis (Benedictine abbey church): Carolinigian basilica was France’s royal church- symbol of monarchy/ housed St. Denis’ tomb and those of French kings •Abbot Suger began to rebuild in 1135 – erected new west façade with sculptured portals/ 1140-44 – added new choir, ambulatory and radiating chapels Early Gothic Birth of the Gothic Ambulatory and radiating chapels, abbey church, Saint- Remodeled nave of Saint-Denis Denis, France, 1140–1144. Early Gothic Beginnings – Chartres Cathedral, France (begun 1134) •Building histories of urban churches often extended over decades and sometimes over centuries •Financing depended largely on collections and public contributions (not always voluntary) and lack of funds interrupted building programs as did wars, plagues, etc. Which ended in not finishing churches for years. •Chartres Cathedral construction started in 1134 during the Early Gothic period and was destroyed by fire in 1194 which led to reconstruction in the High Gothic style Aerial view of Chartres Cathedral (from the northwest), Chartres, France, begun 1134; rebuilt after 1194. Saint-Denis: Key Monument of Early Gothic Sculpture •Suger’s sculpture for west side of abbey did not survive French Revolution •Mid-12th century structure was intact •Had double-tower westwork/ massive walls in Romanesque tradition/ restored large rose window (new feature that became standard in French Gothic architecture/ three portals with statues of Old testament kings, queens and prophets attached to columns. Plan of the east end, abbey church, Saint-Denis, France, 1140–1144 (after Sumner Crosby). Hallmarks of New French Gothic Style at Saint-Denis •Hallmarks of New French Gothic style appears: rib vaults on pointed arches covering ambulatory and chapels – these vaults enable builders to eliminate walls, open space and add stained-glass windows. •Suger called the colored light coming through the sacred stained-glass “LUX NOVA” (new light) Vaults of the ambulatory and radiating chapels of the choir, abbey church, Saint-Denis, France, 1140–1144. Facade • Facade = the front of the church • Detailed, ornate sculpture all over the facade Reims Cathedral Reims, France Begun 1255 Nave Elevation Comparison for Early/High Gothic Cathedrals 144 ft. Height of nave vaults 118 ft. 107 ft. 80 ft. Nave elevations of four French Gothic cathedrals at the same scale (after Louis Grodecki): (a) Laon, (b) Paris, (c) Chartres, (d) Amiens. Notre-Dame – Paris, France Early/High Gothic – Notre-Dame, France (begun 1163, remodeled after 1225) •Two of four stories in nave elevation filled by windows = thinner and taller walls = need for external support •Unknown architect introduced FLYING BUTTRESSES (exterior arches that spring from the lower roofs over the aisles and ambulatory and counter the outward thrust of the nave vaults) FLYING BUTTRESSES: Important element contributing to the distinctive “look” of Gothic Cathedrals General view of choir with flying buttresses Flying Buttresses • new system engineered to redirect the weight of the walls and the roof away from the walls Flying Buttresses • new system engineered to redirect the weight of the walls and the roof away from the walls • Shifting the weight away from the walls allows for massive windows instead. • The big difference from Romanesque, which had thick walls and almost no windows Avila Cathedral, Spain Flying buttress detail Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France • Ornate stained glass windows allow beautiful coloured light to stream into the cathedral. • Windows are both decorative and / or depict scenes from the Bible. Ribbed Vaults Romanesque Vault Gothic Vault ribbed vaults lighten thick walls the load • flying buttresses and ribbed vaults allow for a soaring vertical space inside New Class of Wealthy Merchants - French trader and financier Jacques Coeur/ example of Late Gothic architecture and a monumental symbol of the period’s new secular spirit/ arranged around courtyard, service areas on ground level, offices and family living upper level/ façade has large section with stained glass, Flamboyant tracery, two doorways (pedestrian and horse/carriage)/ two false windows with servant statues looking down on passing people Guild Hall – growth of secularization in urban life/ built for clothmakers of Bruges/ shows important role artisans and merchants had in Gothic society/ lofty tower was intended to compete for attention and prestige with towers of city cathedrals House of Jacques Coeur, Bourges, France, 1443– 1451. Hall of the cloth guild, Bruges, Netherlands, begun 1230 Gothic Sculpture Sacramental Portal, Burgos Cathedral, 13th Century Gargoyle, Notre Dame, Cathedral • Sculpture becomes more realistic, well-crafted and detailed Chartres’ Royal Portal Cathedral – Old Testament Kings and Queens •Old Testament kings and queens are considered royal ancestors of Christ/ these characters support the New Testament figures above the doorways/ they wear 12th century clothes and are regarded as images of kings and queens of France = symbols of secular as well as of biblical authority •Romanesque: linear folds in garments and elongated proportions Gothic figures are attached to columns/ Classical statues (caryatids) replacing the columns. Statues display first signs of a new naturalism/ they have dimensional volume w/ human faces (not masks) which individualize the portraits. Old Testament kings and queens, jamb statues, central doorway of Alternate View - Saints from left jamb, central Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1145–1155. portal (west), braided lady, two male saints Porch of the Confessors - High Gothic Spirit – Sculptures of New Chartres 13th Century Gothic Sculpture was a second Classical Revolution •Statues of saints on portal jambs are more independent from the architectural framework Great changes in Gothic sculpture seen: •Right - Architectural setting does not determine poses- the saints appear to be communicating with one another, turn slightly toward and away from each other. - Drapery folds are not stiff- fabric softly falls and laps over the bodies. - Faces have individualized features and distinctive personalities •Left - Theodore as ideal Christian knight (Gothic crusader)/ clothed in crusader attire/ head turned to left, hip to right – body’s sway recalls Classical Greek statuary contrapposto stance Saint Theodore, jamb statue, Porch of the Martyrs (left doorway), Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory, jamb statues, Porch of the Confessors (right south transept, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1230. doorway), south transept, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1220–1230. Stained Glass Mystical Lux Nova •Use of stained glass in Gothic period: it does not conceal walls, but replaces them and transmits light rather than reflecting light. •Two types of stone window frames into which glass was set: plate tracery and bar tracery •Our Lady of the Beautiful Window – tall single lancet, survived fire of 1194, central section depicting Virgin Mary enthroned with Christ Child in her lap which is original from 1170 – framed by angels against blue background added in 13th century Virgin and Child and angels (Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière), window in the choir of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1170, with 13th century side panels. Stained glass, 16’ X 7’ X 8”. Chartres’ Rose Window A Gift From the Queen of France •Rose window : approx. 43 ft. in diameter/ bar tracery/ center of rose is enthroned Virgin and Child/ around her are 4 doves of the Holy Spirit and 8 angels/ square panels contain images of Old Testament kings •Royal motifs = yellow castles and de-lis •Lancets = St. Anne and baby Virgin in center flanked by 4 of Christ’s Old Testament ancestors •Color Symbolism of the time: Blue = heaven, Red = Passion, White = Purity, Green = Fertility, Yellow = Presence of God Rose window and lancets, north transept, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1220. Stained
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