Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction

Volume 5 Issue 1 The Journal of Mine Action Article 6

April 2001

Thailand: The Land of Smiles (Until You Take Your First Step)

Dave McCracken Thailand Mine Action Center (TMAC)

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Recommended Citation McCracken, Dave (2001) "Thailand: The Land of Smiles (Until You Take Your First Step)," Journal of Mine Action : Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol5/iss1/6

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction by an authorized editor of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. McCracken: Thailand: The Land of Smiles (Until You Take Your First Step)

Thailand: The Land of Smiles

1964 when the T C P began operations in northern and the Myanmar governmem continues today in border Thailand: The Land of Smiles Thailand, Khun Nam Chan Village, Borklua District, and areas, frequently spilling over into Thai territory. Currently, Nan province. The insurgencies expanded into Nakorn the federal governmem's State Law Order Restoration (Until you take your first step) Phanom province and, in 1965, open warfare between Council (SLORC) military units are engaged in an ongoing governmem forces and the guerrilla movement began. The conflict with minority groups. The intensity of this conflict The remnants of conflicts along the Thai-Cambodian, Lao, Malaysian and Myanmar conflict expanded to include border provinces of Chiang significantly changed in 1995 when some of the minority Rai, Payao, Nan, Uttaradit, and Phirsanulok. groups joined with the governmem and increased military borders affect the Livelihood of about 400,000 residents. The Thailand Mine The act of warfare in Laos included laying landmines activities. Meanwhile, there have been frequem clashes in Action Center Looks to reverse 40 years-worth of Landmine contamination. in border passages to restrict movement and as protection the border areas opposite Kanchantaburi, Rarchaburi, Tak, around guerilla and government military bases. Tactically Mae Hong Song, and Chiang Mai provinces. important features such as dominant hills were also a focal As in other border countries, mines produced in By Dave McCracken, poim of the fighting. Military conflict continued with Myanmar are used ro deny access to both border passes TMAC Mine Action Technical Advisor Nations. Preliminary survey reports by expert witnesses considerable intensity from 1968 to 1989. and residential areas. With military conflicts raging on, indicate that as many as 35 provinces are mine affected. Thai-Laos border units are currently cooperating to high numbers of ethnic minorities are fleeing for sanctuary Four Borders in Conflict demarcate the border. This operation has resulted in 425 in Thailand. Many of these refugees, along with animals Cambodian Border km of previously disputed border areas being marked as such as elephants, have become casualties of mines laid by he four borders of Thailand have been prey to delineated. Unfortunately, the survey teams have suffered Myanmar government forces to interdict ethnic minority perpetual conflict, leaving a legacy of shanered From 1979 to 1998, the Thai-Cambodian border was mine casualties during this operation. guerilla groups. In addition, mines and improvised devices T limbs and lives. Landmines have been plamed in an arena for intense conflict. The combatants used are causing casualties in Thai agricultural areas, seriously Thailand over the past 40 years by both conventional and landmines as a weapon of choice for denying access and Malaysian Border affecting farming communities. guerilla armies. Some combatants are long forgotten, but preventing the movement of people in and out of The conflict along the Myanmar border will continue the morbid legacy of landmines remains where the mines Cambodia. The Cambodian Peoples' Armed Forces and Conflict along the Thai-Malaysian border between the for the foreseeable future as mine laying has increased. A were left years ago to defend borders, depopulate areas and the supporting Vietnamese Army developed special units British/ Malaysian military forces and the Communist Parry record of the past and present mine situation is needed to deny the use of infrastructure, including roads and bridges, to lay mines under the K-5 Operations Plan. The K-5 code of Malaysia (CPM) began in the 1950s, ending in 1989. ensure that these hazardous areas are identified for future resulting in unusable land. name became synonymous with the entire border area with T he CPM considered mines an important part of its humanitarian clearance operations. Initial surveys made by the Royal Thai Army and Navy Thailand, focusing on the use of landmines to interdict strategy. It used factory-manufactured mines and locally in 1998 indicated that approximately 796 square kilometers Cambodian resistance groups entering Cambodia from produced, improvised mines/booby-traps to support irs Mine Action in Thailand of! and is unusable, rhus affecting the livelihood of 400,000 Thailand. operations. Both British/Malaysian and CPM forces used residents. Mine-infested land includes villages, agricultural Initially, Cambodian troops mined all of their country's mines to protect units operating in border areas in Sonkhla The combination of terrain and mine threats challenge lands and parts of national forests. Of these mined areas, border passes or ingress routes, as well as general border and Yala provinces. These operations included the mine action efforts in Thailand, especially with the there are 532 sq. km on the Thai-Cambodian border, 124 areas, as a protective measure. In the process, these troops protection of patrol and staging bases for counter country's combination of three-canopy jungles, mountains, sq. km on the Thai-Lao border, 53 sq. km on the Thai­ often strayed unknowingly into Thai territory to plant insurgency and guerilla operations. Mine laying activities laterite soils, the monsoon season, and a host of tropical Myanmar border, and 87 sq. km on the Thai-Malaysian mines along the perceived border. In response, Cambodian by all parties peaked during the mid-1970s and early 1980s. diseases. The scattering oflow-metal content AP pressure border. resistance groups would plant mines as a protective measure T he CPM also established tunneled base areas in mines over a 30-year period also provide for a very The exact number of mines in Thailand is unknown. around Thai sanctuaries. The net result was numerous re mote jungles along the border. These areas were dangerous environment for mine clearance operations. The Moreover, information on areas suspected to be groups laying landmines for different purposes, rhus inaccessible by road when initially establi shed. solution to these situations is integration of the latest contaminated is dated and lacks accuracy, although the compounding contamination over a prolonged conflict Infrastrucmre development in past years, including road technology and techniques to safely deploy deminers and duration of several conflicts indicates that contamination period. The O 'Smach border area served as a prime example construction in these remote areas, has brought the equipment. could be severe in some areas. In order to quantify of the effect of mined border area on civilians. Fighting in population in contact with mined areas. The Royal Thai Army and Navy began demining Thailand's mine problem, the National Mine Action this area in May 1998 resulted in a high level of mine The CPM ceased hostilities in 1989, formally signing border areas in 1987. Field units clear an average of2,500 Committee commissioned a Level One General Impact contamination and significant casualties among refugees a treaty. The use of land mines has ceased on both sides of to 3,000 mines each year along all four borders. The First Survey in the late-1990s through the support of Norway, attempting to flee across the border. Thai medical facilities the border since implementation of the peace treaty. The Army's Burapha Field Force (responsible for the security the United Kingdom, the United States and the United along the border continue to provide assistance co CPM has claimed that most of the landmines and booby­ in Sa Keao province) is making one such effort. Abom 63 Cambodian landmine victims seeking emergency medical traps were removed in the 1980s. However, landmine sq. km of Sa Keao are suspected to be mine-infested. From attemion. accidems continue to occur in border areas. 1994-99, a total of2,837landmines (including AT mines, AP mines, and UXO) were cleared and destroyed by the Laos Border Myanmar (Burma) Border Burapha Field Force in both general EOD and small clearance tasks, which are normally conducted using tactical In 1945, Burma gained independence from the British methods. • Preah Vihear, a A long insurgency conflict was waged along the Laos former battlefield on border between the Thai Communist Parry (TCP) and the government. However, in 1948 minority groups claimed The Royal Thai Government (RTG) recognizes that the Thai-Cambodian Royal Thai Army. Landmines and booby-traps were used independence from the cemral Burmese government and landmines are and will continue to be a major obstacle to border. as principle weapons by both sides. The conflict started in set up resistance groups. Fighting among resistance groups development and economic growth in rural border

Published by JMU Scholarly Commons, 2001 • 60. • 61 • 1 Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, Vol. 5, Iss. 1 [2001], Art. 6

Thailand: The Land of Smiles

communities. Thailand acknowledged the importance of mine/UXO survey, and victim assistance actiVIties deployment of two mechanical systems for trail evaluation: Other International Funding: the mine threat along its own borders by signing the Ottawa throughout Thailand. The mine action organization TEMPEST and SDTT (Survivable Demining Tractor and Convention on Dec. 3, 1997. The country has readily monitors the timelines set by the Ottawa Convention and Tools). TEMPEST, a remote-controlled machine, clears No rway U.S.$320,000 (1 6 million THB) demonstrated its will to prohibit the use, stockpiling, has developed a mine action program to meet the vegetation in support of de mining operations, while SDTT * Level 1 Survey (TMAC) production and transfer of AP mines, and to destroy all of convention obligations, includingAP stockpile destruction. also clears vegetation, but requires "hands-on" control. its stockpiled AP mines. Thailand has also undertaken to The first bulk demolition of 10,000 landmines occurred Meanwhile, the Canadian Center for Mine Action United Kingdom U.S.$400,000 (£273,000) identify, demarcate and destroy all AP mines in mined areas on May 1, 1999 at a military base in Lop Buri, Thailand, Technologies (CCMAT) will provide a BRM48 * Levell Survey (TMAC) under its jurisdiction. On Nov. 27, 1998, Thailand followed by a second bulk destruction on January 18, 200 I (PROMAC) for trail evaluation. The BRM48 is an deposited its ratification instrument at the United Nations, of I ,000 M14 AP Blast mines. attachment mounted on an armored tracked excavator. Japan U.S.$400,000 (¥48 million) becoming the 53 nation, and the first in Southeast Asia, to TMAC is responsible for preparing and coordinating Canada will also contribute explosives that are specially * United Nations Vo luntary Trust Fund ratify the Ottawa Convention. the implementation of a national mine clearance plan. des igned for humanitarian demining operations, called Thailand d eveloped an initial "Master Plan on FlXOR. The National Mine Action Committee Humanitarian Mine Action of Thailand" for a four-year organization's work has formed a basis for future mine period (2000-2004). Seven Humanitarian Mine Action Mine Awareness clearance and awareness efforts. Thailand faces decades of In August 1998, an order from the Office of the Prime Units (HMAUs), each with 99 personnel, will be challenging work to rid landmines from its soil. All Minister ofThailand was issued forming the National Mine established along the problem borders. TMAC has trained TMAC recognizes that mine awareness is a priority assistance to jumpstart this indigenous program is received Action Committee (NMAC). The prime minister directs personnel to work in the HMAUs. HMAU #1 H~ which fo r reducing the number of landmine/UXO accidenrs in with gratitude and enhances Thailand's determination to and chairs NMAC, which was formed to address landmine is partially supported by U.S. comriburions to the FY2001 Thailand. TMAC works closely with other organizations make strides in this long process. • issues. NMAC membership consists of al l major program, is deployed at Wattana Nakon, Sa Keow province. in developing accidenr-reducing, mine awareness curricula government ministries and departments of the RTG. This demining unit includes a mine awareness ream, at both the local and national level. To date, a total of about Contact Information NMAC monitors the obligations set forth by the technical survey team, mine detection dog (MDD) team, 46,000 civilians in some 40 border-area villages have Onawa Convention and develops policy for the monitoring manual demining team and a mechanical assistance team. received mine awareness education from HMAU #1. Dave McCracken of national strategic objectives, including: The units are stationed in Nong Ya Keaw village on the Mine Action Technical Advisor, TMAC Implementing laws prohibiting the use of APLs; Thai-Cambodian border. The duties of each HMAU Overview Phanpit Court- Suite 616 Overseeing demining operations; include local coordination of mine action activities such 160 Piput Soi 2 Establishing a minimum quantity of APLs in the as public relations, mine awareness, information collection, There is a commonly held view of T hailand as a Silom Road country for the purpose of education and clemining technical survey and demining. vacationer's haven with spectacular beaches, exotic animals, Bangkok, Thailand 10500 only; and Buddhist temples. All of these attractions can be found Tel: +66-1-805-8108 Coordinating overseas and international community Humanitarian Mine Action Funding in Thailand. However, it is important to note that within Fax: +66-2-266-0279 support; and a few hours driving distance, Thai people are living in mine­ E-mail: [email protected] Disseminating information and providing assistance The funding for humanitarian mine action in Thailand affected communities, watching neighbors lose life and to the population and improving the environment has come from a number of international sources, as well limb. Thailand recognizes the importance of a strong Sources for those people affected by APLs. as from within the country. The RTG passed a commitmenr to ridding it self of landmines, teaching supplementary budget in March 2000 of 1.6 million Thai people to avoid landmines and in assisting mine victims. Col. Niran Pipithkul, H MAU # 1 NMAC established the Thailand Mine Action Center Baht (THB) (about U.S.$32,000) to initiate mine action Initial efforrs by the RTG to mobilize its national assets Landmine Monitor Report 2000 (TMAC) on Jan. 18, 1999, in Don Muang, Bangkok. by HMAU #1 in Sa Keaw province. An additional16.246 for dealing with this problem are noteworthy. Scarce fiscal Landmine Monitor Researcher 2001, Siriphen Limsirikul TMAC serves as the central control over all APL issues million THB (about U.S.$325,000) was added to TMAC resources and technical challenges are clear indications that Asia Disaster Preparedness Center and operations in Thailand. operational capacity for mine action efforts in July 2000. no poor country can handle mine problems alone. TMAC Handicap International Thail and The total mine action budget allocation for FY200 1 is 44 has started effective mine action coordination and Thailand Campaign to Ban Landmines TMAC million THB (about U.S.$880,000). In addition, the U.S. operations. Although TMAC's efforts are modest in size TMAC- NPA, Ll Preliminary Report, Sa Keao province, government has provided funding and support in: compared to the mine problem, the mine action October 2000 On Jan. 18, 2000, TMAC was officially declared a

working facility under the authority of the Thai Supreme Infrastructure development and technical advisory • (far left) TEMPEST operates in Command and with Royal Patronage provided by Her support; thick brush on the Thai­ Royal Highness Galiyani. This unique bestowing of royal training support; Cambodian border. patronage demonstrates the level of commitment and equipment acquisition and operational support; concern the problem of land mines has stirred in the Thai regional capacity development; and • TEMPEST clears a lane. Ban Nong people. TMAC capacity training ("train the trainers" and Ya Keaw village, Thai-Cambodian TMAC serves as the center for the full range of mine mine detection dog team training) border. action issues in Thailand, including coordination with all international organizations and donors. TMAC operations U.S. mechanical assistance to demining (namely encompass mine/UX:O awareness, mine/UX:O clearance, HMAU #1) support has been provided through the All photos courtesy of the author. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol5/iss1/6 • 62. • 63 • 2