Aberjona River Historical Background
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ABERJONA RIVER HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Prepared by Ellen Knight For the Town of Winchester’s Flood Mitigation Program Updated 12/12/2017 INTRODUCTION A Changed Course SUMMARIES Major River Programs & Later Changes to their Designs Natural vs. Manmade River Sections Major Changes at Project Areas HISTORY OF THE RIVER & ITS ENVIRONMENT Aberjona River Mystic Lakes to Bacon Street Wedgemere Station to Bacon Street Bacon Street Bridge Bacon Street to Waterfield Road Mill Pond Converse, Waterfield Bridges, Center Falls Dam Mount Vernon Street Bridge Channel above Mount Vernon Street Bridge Judkins Pond to Swanton Street Swanton Street to Cross Street Leonard Pond Cross Street Bridge Davidson Park Channel to Washington Street Washington Street Bridge North to Woburn APPENDICES I. Industrial Sites – Annotated Map II. Riverside Parks – Annotated Map III. Historical Sites – Annotated Map IV. Floods V. Fish Ladders VI. Local River Committees & Studies VII. Mystic Valley Parkway INTRODUCTION A Changed Course The Aberjona River as it currently flows through Winchester retains little of its original channel bed and environmental character. As soon as colonists arrived, they began erecting dams, creating mill ponds, and cutting new channels for their mills. Because of this, it can be difficult to tell from historical maps the exact nature of the natural river. Later, from the 1890s through 1940s, the river was altered due to projects to clean up industrial pollution, to eliminate mosquito- and vermin-ridden swamps and other environmentally caused health problems, and to create a park system based around the river. In fact, the history of the changes to the river during this time period is inseparable from the history of Winchester’s park development. Flood prevention was also a consideration and is the major concern today. The three great river improvement programs of the 1890s, 1910s, and 1930s, along with the field projects of the 1940s and 1960/70s – all of which have defined the current character and course of the river – are summarized on the next pages, with details given later in the report. In 1957 there was another Waterways Committee, which did another study, however, it resulted primarily in sections of the river simply being dredged. 2 SUMMARY OF MAJOR RIVER PROGRAMS & LATER CHANGES TO THEIR DESIGNS PRIOR TO 1999 1890s MYSTIC VALLEY PARKWAY Metropolitan Parks Commission, City of Boston, Town of Winchester Accomplishments Parkway Parks: Manchester Field Ginn Field (not improved until 1930s) Later Changes 1940s Manchester Field, river, parkway relocated Historic Designation Mystic Valley Parkway, National Register, 2006 1910s MILL POND Winchester Waterways Committee with Herbert Kellaway, landscape architect Accomplishments Park: Redesign of Mill Pond area as park Bridges: Converse and Waterfield bridges Dam: Center Falls Dam Historic Designation Part of Winchester Center Historic District, National Register, 1986 1930s NORTH ABERJONA Winchester Waterways Committee with Herbert Kellaway, landscape architect Accomplishments New or widened and straightened channels, marshes filled, banks firmed Parks: Shore Road Field Davidson Park Washington Street Park Ponds: unnamed pond (“Pond #1”) next to dump Davidson Park basin Leonard Pond (Leonard Field already existed) Dams: small dams built to maintain level of water in 3 new ponds Bridge: Washington Street Bridge Later Changes 3 1957 little dam for Pond #1 removed 1968-71 Shore Road Field developed for high school, river channeled underground for high school field unkn. Pond #1 sold to Village, unrecognizable as pond 2002 dam for Pond #2 removed Historic Designations None OTHER MAJOR PROJECTS INFLUENCING RIVER 1950s RAILROAD ELEVATION (combined with Skillings Road project) Alterations Culverts at the Wedgemere train station Culverts & new Shore Road bridge at Judkins Pond Tributary from Wedge to Judkins ponds Judkins Pond (filled further for road) Railroad bridge downstream of Leonard Pond 1960s- HIGH SCHOOL 1970s Alterations River channeled underground for high school playing field Shore Road Field used for school 4 SUMMARY OF NATURAL VS MANMADE RIVER SECTIONS BELOW WEDGEMERE Southern-most channel section covered by Upper Mystic Lake due to dam (1864) BACON STREET River location shifted during building of bridge (1874) MANCHESTER FIELD Manmade channel from Mystic Avenue footbridge to Waterfield Bridge (1940s). (The natural channel from Manchester Road to below Waterfield Bridge already filled in 1890) MILL POND Created by dams (since 1640); outlet at Main Street and Waterfield Road altered by mill owners and improvements of 1914-15 JUDKINS POND At original site but only a remnant of its former size. (The filled, upper end and adjacent Aberjona Pond were apparently not original but resulted from the dams at Main Street.) TRIBUTARY FROM WEDGE POND Straightened, decreasing the length of the channel by approx. 400 feet (1950s) JUDKINS POND TO SWANTON STREET Manmade channel: 700 feet of new channel below Swanton Street dug (1932); At Ciarcia Field, river channeled underground (1968) SWANTON STREET TO RAILROAD Manmade pond dug, about 1/3 mile long and five acres in area (1931) RAILROAD CULVERT Channel widened on either side (1932) RAILROAD TO CROSS STREET Entire channel from the railroad to the Cross Street bridge, a distance of 2,300 feet, was widened and straightened; manmade pond next to Leonard Field dug (1932) CROSS STREET TO WASHINGTON Manmade pond, 900-foot new channel dug between Davidson Park and Washington Street (1932) WASHINGTON STREET TO WOBURN LINE Double channels eliminated, river rechanneled through Washington St. Park (1934-35) 5 SUMMARY OF MAJOR CHANGES AT PROJECT AREAS No. CDM Project *EIR Deletions Status a/o 2017 Date 1 MWRA Siphon Completed 2007 2 Channel Completed 2012 3 Center Falls Dam Completed 2013 4 Mt. Vernon St. Bridge Completed 2017 5 Shore Rd. Bridge Completed 2002 6 Ciarcia Field culvert Completed 2017 7 Field to Swanton St. * 8 Swanton St. Bridge Engineering funded 9 Swanton to RR bridge * 10 RR bridge 11 RR to Leonard Pond * 12 Leonard dam Completed 2002 13 Cross St. Bridge Completed 2005 14 Davidson dam * 15 Davidson dam 2 * 16 Park to Washington St. * MYSTIC LAKES TO BACON STREET BRIDGE From Colonial times this was an industrial site, whose industry and dams affected the course of the river and the environment. The mill dams were also used to set the level of the lake. The major impact on this section of the river was the construction of the Mystic Lakes Dam in 1864, which flowed the natural meadows and spring that were original features of the area and led to the destruction of the mill dam. River Improvement Project #1 This siphon is part of the North Metropolitan Relief Sewer, built in 1937. The first sewer built in Winchester was the Mystic Valley Sewer, constructed in 1878 to get industrial waste out of the river since the Upper Mystic Lake was, at that time, used as a reservoir for drinking water for Charlestown and Boston. The sewer went from the Lower Mystic Lake up along the railroad, turning off above the center and following the Woburn Branch Railroad, since pollution of the brook was then greater than that of the river. In 1889 the Legislature ordered the construction of a general system of sewage disposal. The Metropolitan Sewer was completed in 1895. It followed (roughly) the route of the older sewer until reaching the center where it took the direction of the river through northern Winchester. The New Mystic Valley line was built in 1913 and the North Metropolitan line in 1937. A consequence of allowing the tanneries and factories to connect into the sewer is that, while the water was cleaner, the land next to it became contaminated. The industries were required to exclude solid waste, which meant building settling tanks or basins and collecting waste materials at industrial sites. Over time, the river became polluted again as sometimes the dikes 6 surrounding the settling basins broke, leading to accidental dumping of refuse into the river. BACON STREET TO WATERFIELD ROAD CHANNEL River Improvement Project #2 This channel was formerly a winding, swampy stream with islands and with extra channels cut by the railroad and mill owners. During the 19th century it became heavily polluted, leading civic-minded residents to begin a parks movement in the 1890s. Winchester and Boston together removed the industry below the town center, reshaped the upper end of the river, created two parks, Ginn Field and Manchester Field, and built the Mystic Valley Parkway. Today, only the section of channel below Mystic Avenue still adheres to the original parkway design. The section above Mystic Avenue was changed drastically when, in 1946, a new channel was dug parallel to the railroad and Manchester Field was moved and enlarged for the benefit of having a large football field at the base of the McCall School hill. The parkland adjacent to the river has been owned by the State since the 1890s, since the parks were part of the Mystic Valley Parkway project. MILL POND A dam at Main Street has controlled the flow of water to the north ever since the first settler built his mill dam in the 1640s. Until 1911, when the Town purchased the property to continue cleaning and improving the river along the model of Manchester Field, this was a functioning mill site. During the 1910s, assisted by landscape architect Herbert Kellaway, the Town began to improve the area as a civic center with a park surrounding the pond. In 1915 the Waterfield Bridge, Converse Bridge, and Center Falls Dam were constructed, and the course of the river leaving the pond was altered from two channels to one. The Mount Vernon Street Bridge, built in 1872, was left unaltered; however, the course of the river as it approached the bridge narrowed during the late 19th century. River Improvement Project #3 When Center Falls Dam and the Converse Bridge were constructed in 1915, 30-inch gate valves were installed to allow for the control of the water flowing over the stepped dam and to assist the reduction of flooding.