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Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Ground Deformation Due to 2018 Lombok Earthquake Series

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Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Ground Deformation Due to 2018 Lombok Earthquake Series remote sensing Communication Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Ground Deformation Due to 2018 Lombok Earthquake Series Sandy Budi Wibowo 1,* , Danang Sri Hadmoko 2, Yunus Isnaeni 3, Nur Mohammad Farda 1 , Ade Febri Sandhini Putri 3, Idea Wening Nurani 4 and Suhono Harso Supangkat 5 1 Department of Geographic Information Science, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] 2 Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] 3 Cartography and Remote Sensing Study Program, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (Y.I.); [email protected] (A.F.S.P.) 4 Department of Development Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] 5 Smart City and Community Innovation Center, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +62-274-649-2334 Abstract: Lombok Island in Indonesia was hit by four major earthquakes (6.4 Mw to 7 Mw) and by at least 818 earthquakes between 29 July and 31 August 2018. The aims of this study are to measure ground deformation due to the 2018 Lombok earthquake series and to map its spatio-temporal distribution. The application of DinSAR was performed to produce an interferogram and deformation map. Time series Sentinel-1 satellite imageries were used as master and slave for each of these Citation: Wibowo, S.B.; Hadmoko, four major earthquakes. The spatio-temporal distribution of the ground deformation was analyzed D.S.; Isnaeni, Y.; Farda, N.M.; Putri, using a zonal statistics algorithm in GIS. It focused on the overlapping area between the raster layer A.F.S.; Nurani, I.W.; Supangkat, S.H. of the deformation map and the polygon layer of six observation sites (Mataram City, Pamenang, Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Ground Deformation Due to 2018 Tampes, Sukadana, Sembalun, and Belanting). The results showed that the deformation includes Lombok Earthquake Series. Remote uplift and subsidence. The first 6.4 Mw foreshock hitting on 29 July 2018 produces a minimum uplift Sens. 2021, 13, 2222. https://doi.org/ effect on the island. The 7.0 Mw mainshock on 5 August 2018 causes extreme uplift at the northern 10.3390/rs13112222 shore. The 6.2 Mw Aftershock on 9 August 2018 generates subsidence throughout the study area. The final earthquake of 6.9 Mw on 19 August 2018 initiates massive uplift in the study area and extreme Academic Editor: Cristiano Tolomei uplift at the northeastern shore. The highest uplift reaches 0.713 m at the northern shore, while the deepest subsidence is measured −0.338 m at the northwestern shore. Dominant deformation on the Received: 31 March 2021 northern area of Lombok Island indicates movement of Back Arc Trust in the north of the island. The Accepted: 1 June 2021 output of this study would be valuable to local authorities to evaluate existing earthquake’s impacts Published: 6 June 2021 and to design mitigation strategies to face earthquake-induced ground displacement. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: Lombok; earthquake; deformation; DInSAR; spatial distribution with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction DInSAR (Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a satellite-based approach in Geographic Information Science that allows measuring of deformation on Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. earthquake-impacted areas [1–4] in the last decades [5,6]. Integrating DinSAR and GIS would This article is an open access article improve the studies related to topographic changes using conventional technique [7–10] distributed under the terms and and direct measurement [11–15]. DInSAR can be created from active remote sensing that conditions of the Creative Commons transmits radio waves with vertical and horizontal polarization to the earth’s surface and Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// then receives it back to form radar images. The main principle of DInSAR is to calculate the creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ interference between two radar images and measure the displacement value between them. 4.0/). Most of the studies extensively used the DinSAR technique to analyze a single earthquake Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112222 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2222 2 of 14 between them. Most of the studies extensively used the DinSAR technique to analyze a single earthquake event, such as in Chile [16,17], New Zealand [18], Iran-Iraq [19–21], US event, such as in Chile [16,17], New Zealand [18], Iran-Iraq [19–21], US [22], Cyprus [23], [22], Cyprus [23], Azerbaijan [24], Italy [25], and Mexico [26]. Although, the occurrence of Azerbaijan [24], Italy [25], and Mexico [26]. Although, the occurrence of earthquake series earthquake series should be studied as well. should be studied as well. SentinelSentinel 11 allowsallows toto measuremeasure the the displacement displacement due due to to earthquake earthquake [ 2[2,3,5].,3,5]. It It was was launchedlaunched in in 2014 2014 as as a a continuation continuation of of the the European European Space Space Agencies’ Agencies' previous previous SAR SAR satellite satellite channelschannels ERS ERS and and ENVISAT. ENVISAT. Its Its mission mission is is dedicated dedicated to to providing providing high-resolution high-resolution remote remote sensingsensing image image data data toto supportsupport observationobservation of environmental changes changes on on earth’s earth’s surface surface to toensure ensure sustainable sustainable economic economic growth. growth. Sentinel Sentinel 1 operates 1 operates C-band C-band sensor sensor (5.405 (5.405 GHz) GHz) in- installedstalled on on two two satellite constellations (Sentinel-1A(Sentinel-1A andand Sentinel-1B)Sentinel-1B) withwith repeat repeat cycles cycles everyevery six six days. days. Sentinel Sentinel 1 1 is is working working on on both both single single polarization polarization (HH (HH and and VV) VV) and and double double polarizationpolarization (VV (VV + + VH VH and and HH HH + + HV). HV). This This outstanding outstanding specification specification is is then then fit fit into into the the datadata requirement requirement in in order order to to monitor monitor ground ground displacement displacement due due to to earthquake earthquake series. series. LombokLombok Island Island in in Indonesia Indonesia experienced experienced a massive a massive earthquake earthquake series series in 2018 in 2018(Figure (Figure1) . This1). This island island is between is between Back Back Arc Thrust Arc Thrust (Figure (F2igure) in the 2) northin the andnorth active and subductionactive subduction zone ofzone the of Java the trench Java trench in the in south the south due due to the to the convergence convergence movement movement of of the the Eurasian Eurasian and and Indo-AustralianIndo-Australian plates. plates. FourFour tertiarytertiary formationsformations fromfrom earlyearly Miocene Miocene to to late late Miocene Miocene is is locatedlocated in in the the southern southern part part of of the the island island where where most most of of the the lineaments lineaments cancan bebe found. found. TheseThese geological geological formations formations include include Kawangan Kawangan formation formation (alternating (alternating quartz quartz sandstone, sandstone, claystone,claystone, and and breccia), breccia), Pengulung Pengulung formation formation (breccia, (breccia, lava, lava, tuff tuff with with lenses lenses of of limestone), limestone), EkasEkas Formation Formation (Limestone/calcarenite), (Limestone/calcarenite), asas wellwell asas DaciteDacite and and Basalt Basalt intrusive intrusive rocks rocks [ 27[27].]. FourFour younger younger formations formations from from Pleistocene Pleistocene are are located located in in the the middle middle of of the the island. island. They They consistconsist of of Kalipalung Kalipalung formation formation (alternating (alternating calcareous calcareous breccia breccia and and lava), lava), Selayar Selayar Forma- For- tionmation (tuffaceous (tuffaceous sandstone, sandstone, tuffaceous tuffaceous claystone claystone with thin with carbon thin internalations), carbon internalations), Kalibabak formationKalibabak (breccia formation and (breccia lava) and and Lekopiko lava) and formation Lekopiko (pumiceous formation tuff,(pumiceous lahar breccia tuff, andlahar lava).breccia The and youngest lava). The formations youngest in formations the northern inpart the ofnorthern the island part are of fromthe island Holocene. are from At lowHolocene. altitude, At there low isaltitude, Alluvium there (pebble, is Alluvium granule, (pebble, sand, granule, clay, and sand, coral clay, fragments), and coral while frag- atments), high there while is undifferentiatedat high there is volcanicundifferentiated rocks originated volcanic from rocks Mount originated Pusuk-Nangi from Mount and fromPusuk-Nangi Mount Rinjani. and from The Mount latter is Rinjani. the present The namelatter ofis the Samalas present volcano name which of Samalas experienced volcano 3 caldera-formingwhich experienced eruption caldera-forming in 1257 AD, eruption producing in 1257 40 AD, km producingvolcanic materials 40 km3
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