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Ethnomedicinal Knowledge in the States of Chiapas, Veracruz and Zacatecas, Mexico

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Ethnomedicinal Knowledge in the States of Chiapas, Veracruz and Zacatecas, Mexico FACULTY OF TROPICAL AGRISCIENCES Ethnomedicinal knowledge in the states of Chiapas, Veracruz and Zacatecas, Mexico. Dissertation thesis Author: MSc. Eduardo Alberto Lara Reimers Supervisor: prof. Dr. Ing. Eloy Fernández Cusimamani Co-supervisor: Dr. Juan Manuel Zepeda del Valle Prague, 24th Sept, 2018 Declaration of authorship I, Eduardo A. Lara R., hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Ethnomedicinal knowledge in the states of Chiapas, Veracruz and Zacatecas, Mexico” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D., in Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, and the work presented in it is entirely my own work. Information derived from the published or unpublished work has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. Prague, September, 2018 Ing. Eduardo Alberto Lara Reimers. Acknowledgement II Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, prof. Dr. Ing. Eloy Fernández C., Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry (DCSA), Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences (FTA), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CULS) for his constructive comments, and for his support throughout this work. Likewise, I would like to thank the professors and staff of the FTA for their support, patience and time, as well as, to my co-supervisor Juan Manuel Zepeda del Valle, likewise to the doc. Ing. Zbyněk Polesný, for their support and comments. III Table of contents DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................... III Table of contents...................................................................................................................... IV List of figures...........................................................................................................................VII List of tables.............................................................................................................................VII List of Appendices...................................................................................................................VII List of abbreviations................................................................................................................VII ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ VIII KEYWORDS.......................................................................................................................... VIII 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 12 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 13 2.1. Traditional medicine........................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Medicinal plants ................................................................................................................. 14 2.3. Local knowledge ................................................................................................................. 15 2.4. Ethnobotany ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.5. Mexican ethnography ........................................................................................................ 16 2.5.1. Use of medicinal plants in Chiapas .................................................................................. 17 2.5.2. Use of medicinal plants in Veracruz ................................................................................ 19 2.5.3. Use of medicinal plants in Zacatecas .............................................................................. 21 2.5.4. Market of medicinal plants ............................................................................................. 23 3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 25 4. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 26 4.1. The main objective ............................................................................................................. 26 4.2. Specific objectives .............................................................................................................. 26 5. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 27 5.1. Data collection .................................................................................................................... 27 5.2. Description of the studied areas ........................................................................................ 28 5.2.1. Chiapas ............................................................................................................................ 28 5.2.2. Veracruz .......................................................................................................................... 30 5.2.3. Zacatecas ......................................................................................................................... 33 5.3. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge .............................................................................. 36 5.4. Quantitative Data Analysis (ethnomedicinal indices) ........................................................ 36 5.4.1. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) ............................................................................... 37 5.4.2. Cultural Importance Index (CI) ........................................................................................ 37 5.4.3. Family importance value index (FIV) ............................................................................... 37 5.4.4. Informant consensus factor (ICF) .................................................................................... 38 5.5. Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................... 38 5.5.1. Linear regression ............................................................................................................. 38 6. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 40 6.1. Chiapas ............................................................................................................................... 40 6.1.1. Socio-economic data ....................................................................................................... 40 6.1.2. Diversity of medicinal plant species and their cultural importance ............................... 41 6.1.3. Method of preparation, administration and parts of used plants .................................. 41 6.1.4. Consensus on the categories of diseases ........................................................................ 43 6.1.5. Significance of the families of medicinal plants in the region......................................... 44 6.1.6. Relationship of botanical families and Category of ailments .......................................... 44 6.2. Veracruz ............................................................................................................................. 45 6.2.1. Characteristics of participants ......................................................................................... 45 6.2.2. Relation between age, expenditure, and use of plants .................................................. 45 6.2.3. Treatment used to manage infection diseases ............................................................... 47 6.2.5. Quantitative ethnobotany ............................................................................................... 48 6.2.6. Zootheraphy and other therapies ................................................................................... 50 6.3. Zacatecas ............................................................................................................................ 52 6.3.1. The popularity of herbal medicine among the studied communities ............................. 52 6.3.3. Significance of plant families in the local medicine ........................................................ 54 6.3.4. Mode of preparation, Administration and plant parts used ........................................... 55 6.3.5. Consensus on the treatment of ailment categories ........................................................ 56 6.3.6. Socio-economic comparison of number of plants known by informants among Chiapas, Veracruz and Zacatecas ............................................................................................................. 58 7. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 60 7.1. Use of medicinal plants as a strategy for health ................................................................ 60 7.2. Current status of use and knowledge of medicinal plants in Chiapas, Veracruz and Zacatecas ..................................................................................................................................
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