SIPRI Yearbook 2015 Chapter 11
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SIPRI Yearbook 2018: Armaments, Disarmament and International
world nuclear forces 267 VI. Indian nuclear forces shannon n. kile and hans m. kristensen India is estimated to have a growing arsenal of 130–40 nuclear weapons (see table 6.7). This figure is based on calculations of India’s inventory of weapon-grade plutonium and the number of operational nuclear-capable delivery systems. India is widely believed to be gradually expanding the size of its nuclear weapon stockpile as well as its infrastructure for producing nuclear warheads. Military fissile material production India’s nuclear weapons are believed to be plutonium-based. The plutonium was produced at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Trombay, Mumbai, by the 40-megawatt-thermal (MW(t)) heavy water CIRUS reactor, which was shut down at the end of 2010, and the 100-MW(t) Dhruva heavy water reactor. India operates a plutonium reprocessing plant for military purposes at the BARC.1 India plans to build six fast breeder reactors by the 2030s, which will significantly increase its capacity to produce plutonium that could be used for building weapons.2 An unsafeguarded 500-megawatt-electric (MW(e)) prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) is being built at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) complex at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. The PFBR is expected to be commissioned in mid-2018 following a series of technical delays.3 The IGCAR has announced that a fast reactor fuel cycle facility will be built at Kalpakkam to reprocess spent fuel from the PFBR and future fast breeder reactors. The plant is scheduled to be commissioned by 2022.4 India is currently expanding its uranium enrichment capabilities. -
October 1 – 31, 2020 Current Affairs Index A. Polity And
OCTOBER 1 – 31, 2020 CURRENT AFFAIRS 2. Road beneath Western Ghats 3. EPCA directs Delhi, States on INDEX GRAP A. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 4. Blue Flag Certification 1. Defence Offset 5. Nilgiris Elephant Corridor 2. SC Vs. NCPCR 6. Nandakanan’s “Adopt an Animal” 3. TN defends Mullaiperiyar Panel Scheme 4. RTI @ 15 7. One Man committee for Stubble 5. HC’s Step towards e-Courts Burning 6. Move to delete ‘ineligible’ names 8. ZSI Species List from NRC Assam 9. Kaleshwaram Eco clearance 7. Bodoland Statehood stir violates law: NGT 8. Indira Rasoi Yojana 10. Air Pollution biggest health risk 9. J & K Panchayat (Amendment) Act 11. Outbleak for Himalayan Brown 10. Gupkar Alliance Bears 11. Buying land in J & K 12. Commission for NCR Pollution B. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS E. SOCIAL ISSUES 1. India-Myanmar 1. Crime in India Report 2. India-Japan 2. STARS Project 3. India-Maldives 3. 99% India ODF 4. Galwan Clash and ICRC 4. Top 5 risk factors for death 5. UNHRC Council – China, Pakistan 5. Global Hunger Index 2020 seats 6. TN rejects IOE to Anna University 6. Australia in Malabar Exercise 7. Rural India and Nutrition 7. China opposes India-Taiwan trade 8. India and HIV ties 9. ASER Report 8. Pakistan on FATF Greylist 9. India-USA F. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10. India-Central Asian Republics 1. DRDO’s ASW 11. India-UK 2. Digital Vaccine Supply Platform 3. Shaurya Missile C. ECONOMY 4. Rudram – 1 1. ASIIM 5. SERB – POWER 2. Cabinet Reforms on Natural Gas 6. Brahmos Supersonic Missile 3. -
Indian Army Successfully Carries out Trials of Third Generation NAG Missiles
Sat, 20 July 2019 Indian Army successfully carries out trials of third generation NAG missiles The trials of the missiles, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), were conducted between July 7 to July 18, 2019 By Manjeet Singh Negi The Indian Army has successfully carried out its summer user trials of third Generation Anti-Tank Guided Missile NAG at Pokhran Field Firing Ranges. The trials of the missiles, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), were conducted between July 7 to July 18, 2019. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh congratulated the user-evaluation teams and the DRDO for the successful completion of the user trials. The NAG missile has been developed to engage highly fortified enemy tanks in all weather conditions with day and night capabilities and with a minimum range of 500m and maximum range of 4 km. It is a third-generation fire-and-forget-class missile and uses an imaging infrared seeker in lock-on- before-launch mode. The missile is launched from the NAG missile carrier (NAMICA) which is capable of carrying up to six combat missiles. The robust imaging algorithm has made the missile hit the target at a distance of 4 km even in severe summer desert conditions which is unique in its class. As part of the NAG summer user trials, six missions were conducted under extreme temperature conditions of the Pokhran Ranges. All the missiles have met the mission objectives including minimum range, maximum range, indirect attack as well as top attack modes and achieved a direct hit on the target. -
Akula Class – Attack Submarine
Akula Class – Attack Submarine drishtiias.com/printpdf/akula-class-attack-submarine https://youtu.be/qELdZLk5dek India has planned to lease out one more Akula Class nuclear powered submarine from Russia. According to reports, both the countries have signed a deal for this, worth almost 3 Billion US dollars. This new attack submarine will replace Indian Navy's INS Chakra 2 whose lease is expiring in the year 2022. Submarine is a warship with a streamlined hull designed to operate completely submerged in the sea for long periods, equipped with a periscope and typically armed with torpedoes or missiles. Types Conventional Submarines: These are the ones which are powered by electric motors 1/3 and batteries. E.g. Project-75 Class Submarines Nuclear Powered Ballistic Submarines: These are powered by nuclear fuel, thereby capable of operating underwater for longer durations. Primary role of such submarines is to provide strategic deterrence. E.g. INS Arihant Nuclear Powered and Armed Submarines (SSN): These marines have unlimited endurance and high speeds and are armed with cruise missiles and heavyweight torpedoes, thus complementing carrier battle groups. E.g. Akula Class Submarines. Akula Class Submarines The Akula Class Submarine uses a nuclear reactor for propulsion, allowing it to remain underwater for an extended period of time which makes its detection impossible. This class of Submarine can be used for multiple tasks like hunting enemy submarines, intelligence surveillance etc. Benefits It will help India in training Arihant and Arihant-class cruise on SSN submarines. It can be deployed at important focal points in Indian Ocean and thus India will be able to enjoy strategic dynamic of the region. -
Separating Indian Military and Civilian Nuclear Facilities
Separating Indian Military and Civilian Nuclear Facilities Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) By David Albright and Susan Basu December 19, 2005 The agreement announced on July 18, 2005 by President George Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh regarding the establishment of a U.S.-India “global partnership” will require changes to U.S. non-proliferation laws and policies and could dramatically increase nuclear and nuclear-related commerce with India. Part of this agreement is an Indian commitment to separate its civil and military nuclear programs and put declared civil facilities under international safeguards. Safeguards should apply in perpetuity, with minor, standard exceptions that do not include use in nuclear explosives or weapons. In addition, safeguarded nuclear material should not co-mingle with unsafeguarded nuclear material in any facility, unless this unsafeguarded nuclear material also comes under safeguards. This latter condition is an example of “contamination,” a key principle of safeguards. Although these conditions do not appear to have been accepted by India, they are necessary to prevent civil nuclear cooperation from benefiting India’s nuclear weapons program. To accomplish these goals, India needs to place all its nuclear facilities not directly associated with nuclear weapons production or deployment under safeguards. India has many civil nuclear facilities in this category. In addition, India should place its nuclear facilities associated with its naval nuclear fuel cycle under international safeguards. Exempting such naval-related facilities from safeguards would undermine efforts to safeguard such facilities in non-nuclear weapon states party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Brazil accepted safeguards on its prototype naval reactor and its enrichment plants at Aramar dedicated to the production of naval reactor fuel. -
Nuclear Security: a Fortnightly Newsletter from Caps
NUCLEAR SECURITY: A FORTNIGHTLY NEWSLETTER FROM CAPS NUCLEAR SECURITY: A FORTNIGHTLY NEWSLETTER FROM CAPS Vol 11, No. 15, 01 JUNE 2017 OPINION – Manpreet Sethi Nuclear India at 19: Keep Focus Right on CONTENTS Deterrence OPINION NUCLEAR STRATEGY India completes 19 years as a nuclear armed state BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE this month. This period is no more than an eye blink in the life of a nation, but India has made NUCLEAR ENERGY significant progress towards operationalisation NUCLEAR COOPERATION of its deterrence capability (it was on May 11 URANIUM PRODUCTION and 13, 1998 that India conducted nuclear tests NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION at the Pokhran range in Rajasthan. India has since NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT declared a moratorium on testing). NUCLEAR SAFETY It has worked according to a plan in the form of a NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT nuclear doctrine that it gave to itself in August 1999, and which was formalised, with largely the same attributes as mentioned in the draft, by the But it seeks to deter the adversary from making government of the day in January 2003. this move by holding up for him the prospect of massive retaliation which The doctrine defined a India has eschewed the first use of would negate any benefit narrow role for India’s nuclear weapons, leaving it to the of his action. This is a nuclear weapons — only adversary to take the difficult decision purely deterrence doctrine, for deterrence against of making the first nuclear move. But and that really is the only nuclear weapons of the it seeks to deter the adversary from purpose of nuclear adversary. -
Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Project (NPPP) Working Paper # 3 Phasing out Highly Enriched Uranium Fuel in Naval Propulsion
Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Project (NPPP) Working Paper # 3 Phasing Out Highly Enriched Uranium Fuel in Naval Propulsion: Why It’s Necessary, and How to Achieve It by Alan J. Kuperman, Ph.D. Coordinator, Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Project Associate Professor, LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin www.NPPP.org March 19, 2015 __________________________ For research assistance, I thank Matthew Deal, who was supported by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), under a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, which also supported my travel to meet with fellow members of the FAS Task Force on Naval Reactors and HEU. I am also grateful for comments from Frank von Hippel, Charles Ferguson, Emma Belcher, and members of the task force. International efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to additional states or terrorists are complicated by the routine use of nuclear weapons-usable, highly enriched uranium (HEU) as fuel for naval propulsion. Naval HEU fuel raises two major security risks: theft, by terrorists or criminals; and diversion, by states that would employ a naval program as deceptive cover to acquire fissile material. Accordingly, this paper explores the prospects and challenges of a global phase-out of naval HEU fuel, starting with a bilateral phase-out by the United States and Russia, the two countries that use the vast majority of naval HEU fuel. The following analysis proceeds through six steps. First, it elaborates the rationale behind such a phase-out. Second, it examines the potential timeline for a bilateral phase-out, based on a new analysis of the United States’ and Russia’s existing naval nuclear fleets and schedules for modernization (see Table 2). -
Escalation Control and the Nuclear Option in South Asia
Escalation Control and the Nuclear Option in South Asia Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones, and Ziad Haider, editors Copyright © 2004 The Henry L. Stimson Center All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the Henry L. Stimson Center. Cover design by Design Army. ISBN 0-9747255-8-7 The Henry L. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street NW Twelfth Floor Washington, DC 20036 phone 202.223.5956 fax 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................. v Abbreviations..................................................................................................... vii Introduction......................................................................................................... ix 1. The Stability-Instability Paradox, Misperception, and Escalation Control in South Asia Michael Krepon ............................................................................................ 1 2. Nuclear Stability and Escalation Control in South Asia: Structural Factors Rodney W. Jones......................................................................................... 25 3. India’s Escalation-Resistant Nuclear Posture Rajesh M. Basrur ........................................................................................ 56 4. Nuclear Signaling, Missiles, and Escalation Control in South Asia Feroz Hassan Khan ................................................................................... -
Shaurya Missile
Shaurya Missile drishtiias.com/printpdf/shaurya-missile Why in News Recently, a successful trial of the nuclear-capable Shaurya missile was conducted by India. Also, Brahmos land attack cruise missile was tested a few days before this testing. Key Points Shaurya Missile: Shaurya is a land variant of short-range Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) K-15 Sagarika, which has a range of at least 750 kilometers. It is capable of carrying payloads of 200 kg to 1000 kg. It is a surface-to-surface tactical missile. These ballistic missiles belong to the K missile family - codenamed after late Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam - which are launched from Arihant class of nuclear submarines. Shaurya, like many of the modern missiles, is a canister-based system, which means that it is stored and operated from specially designed compartments. The missile is less vulnerable to anti-ballistic missile defence systems due to its high maneuverability. 1/3 The K Family of Missiles: The K family of missiles are primarily Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs). These have been indigenously developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The development of these missiles began in the late 1990s as a step towards completing India’s nuclear triad. Nuclear triad is the capability of launching nuclear weapons from land, sea and air-based assets. Because these missiles are to be launched from submarines, they are lighter, smaller and stealthier than their land-based counterparts - the Agni series of missiles which are medium and intercontinental range nuclear capable ballistic missiles. India has also developed and successfully tested multiple times the K-4 missiles from the family which has a range of 3500 km. -
India's Stocks of Civil and Military Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium, End 2014
PlutoniumPlutonium andand HighlyHighly EnrichedEnriched UraniumUranium 20152015 INSTITUTEINSTITUTE FOR FOR SCIENCE SCIENCE AND AND INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SECURITY India’s Stocks of Civil and Military Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium, End 20141 By David Albright and Serena Kelleher-Vergantini November 2, 2015 1 This report is part of a series on national and global stocks of nuclear explosive materials in both civil and military nuclear programs. This work was generously funded by a grant from the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). This work builds on earlier work done at ISIS by one of the authors. 440 First Street NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20001 TEL 202.547.3633 Twitter @TheGoodISIS E-MAIL [email protected] • www.isis-online.org Contents Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 2 1. India’s Civil Plutonium Stockpile .................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Civil Plutonium Production ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Plutonium Separation ................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 India’s Fast Breeder Reactors .............................................................................................. 6 1.3 Unirradiated Plutonium Inventory ............................................................................................. -
India's Missile Programme and Odisha : a Study
January - 2015 Odisha Review India's Missile Programme and Odisha : A Study Sai Biswanath Tripathy India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs First, there must be an open, uninhabited stretch have evolved as elements of its strategic response of land or water (several hundred kilometers long) to 68 years of wars and skirmishes it has fought ‘down range.’ Second, the site ideally, must allow with Pakistan and with China. Deep tensions and for longitudinal launch. The first requirement is to mistrust in the sub-continent continue unabated ensure that a malfunction during the launch stage to the present. India’s defeat by China in the 1962 does not cause damage to civilian lives and border war, probably more than any other event, property. Rocket propellant is highly explosive galvanized its leadership to build indigenous missile and if it does explode during the launch stage, and “threshold” nuclear weapons capabilities as burning fuel and metal fragments are sprayed over a credible deterrent against attack by China, and vast areas. Often, rockets fail to take off along to attain military superiority over Pakistan. the planned trajectory and have to be destroyed by the range safety officer. In this case too, the As far back as in November 1978, the· effects are so devastating that most launch sites government had set up a Committee to identify a around the world are consequently located on a site for the establishment of an instrumented test coast. range. A group of experts had surveyed a number The Bay of Bengal provides an ideal of sites, including the Sunderbans (West Bengal), stretch of sea over which missiles can be fired. -
Possession and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia an Assessment of Some Risks
Special articles Possession and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia An Assessment of Some Risks This paper examines some of operational requirements and the dangers that come with the possibility that in the foreseeable future India and Pakistan may deploy their nuclear arsenals. The authors first describe the analytical basis for the inevitability of accidents in complex high-technology systems. Then they turn to potential failures of nuclear command and control and early warning systems as examples. They go on to discuss the possibility and consequences of accidental explosions involving nuclear weapons and their delivery systems. Finally some measures to reduce these risks are suggested. R RAJARAMAN, M V RAMANA, ZIA MIAN s citizens of nuclear armed states, ing periods of crises. Bruce Riedel, for- (DND) released by the National Security the people of India and Pakistan merly the Senior Director for Near East Advisory Board.4 It states that “India Amust confront the risks that go and South Asian Affairs at the US National shall pursue a doctrine of credible with possessing nuclear weapons. There Security Council, has disclosed that the minimum nuclear deterrence” and that is some public awareness of the holocaust “Pakistanis were preparing their nuclear this in turn requires that India maintain: that results when nuclear bombs are used arsenals for possible deployment” during (a) sufficient, survivable and operationally in warfare, a legacy of the ghastly attacks the 1999 Kargil crisis.1 Similarly, Raj prepared nuclear forces, (b) a robust com- by the US on the Japanese cities of Chengappa, a senior journalist with India mand and control system, (c) effective Hiroshima and Nagasaki over five decades Today with access to defence personnel, intelligence and early warning capabili- ago.