Glossary ban dar Harbour master, the official coordinating foreign trade on behalf of a ruler. Also syahbandar, shabandar or subandar. bendahara The leading official in a Malay sultanate. chandu Opium that has been prepared for smoking. Tjandoe in Dutch spelling. Chettiar A caste of Indian moneylenders. chinteng A policeman employed by a revenue farmer in order to protect his monopoly against such threats as smuggling. Federated Malay The Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and States (FMS) . kangchu A Chinese headman in charge of a river mouth settlement of a pepper and gambier plantation in , or . In Johor kangchus were also revenue farmers. kapitan system The system by which indigenous and colonial authorities appointed headman of the Chinese population, usually with the title 'captain' (Kapitan ) but in the Indies with the titles 'lieutenant', 'captain' and 'major'. kong A Thai administrative unit. kongsi A Chinese association or partnership, usually referring in this volume to a syndicate formed to bid for and operate a rev• enue farm. krom A Thai administrative unit. laksamana 'Admiral', the title of a high official in a Malay sultanate. mentri 'Minister', the title of a high ranking official in a Malay sultanate. Specifically, the title of the ruler of Larut, a district in the Perak sultanate. nai 'Master', in contrast to phrai (q.v.). A Thai term. Nan yang 'Southern Ocean', the Chinese term for the Southeast Asian region. Outer Possessions Dutch term for the areas of the Netherlands Indies outside . Also known as the 'Outer Islands'. paddy Unhusked rice. From the Malay padi. peranakan Locally born Chinese or Chinese mestizo. phrai People registered under a nai and subject to corvee and other obligations. A Thai term. prahu A small sailing craft. raja Title of a ruler. regent Bupati, the highest territorial official in the native adminis• trative corps in the Netherlands Indies. regie A government-run monopoly, as distinguished from a re• venue farm. Specifically, the government opium monopolies of French Indochina and the Netherlands Indies. From the French regie. Resident The top British official in one of the ; the Dutch official in charge of a residency. singkeh A recently arrived Chinese immigrant.

281 282 Glossary

Straits Settlements The British colony made up of Singapore, Penang and Melaka suai A head tax. A Thai term. syahbandar See bandar. tahils Unit of weight (1 tahil = 39 gm) temenggong One of the highest ranking chiefs in a Malay sultanate. More specifically, the title of the ruler of Johor for much of the nineteenth century. towkay A Chinese businessman. Bibliography and References

Abbreviations Used in Bibliography

BKI Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde /G De Indische Gids JMBRAS Journal of the Malaysian [or Malayan] Branch of the Royal Asia• tic Society TvNI Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie V/G Verhandelingen van de Algemene Vergadering van het Indisch Genootschap

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Abd al-Rahman, 55 Bentong, 256-7, 262, 265 Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Kedah, 130, 133, Berg, N. P. van den, 197 134 Bernard, Paul, 183 Abdullah Mukarran Shah, Sultan of Birch, J. W. W., 25 Kedah, 125, 127 birds' nests, edible, 73, 157, 227 Abendanon, J. H., 19 Bisnu, Tunku, 128 Abeyasekere, S., 108 Bloemen Waanders, P. L. van, 120 Abu Bakar, Maharaja of Johor, 167, 173, Bluss~. Leonard, 27, 73, 74, 75 176, 251 Blythe, Wilfred L., 90 Aceh, 56, 70, 71, 81, 127, 218, 263 Boeijinga, K. J., 230 Aceh War, 198 Bonney, R., 49, 60, 61-2 Ahan Borirak, Phraya, 147 Boorman, Howard, 263 Ahmad Tajuddin II, Sultan of Kedah, 128, Borneo, 21, 24, 27, 73, 83 130 Bosher, J. F., 46, 66 Ahmad Tajuddin III, Sultan of Kedah, 132 Bowring, Sir John, 142 Akin Rabibhadana, 143 Bowring Treaty (1855), 29, 147, 148 alcohol, 22, 77, 90, 151, 226 Brand, J. van den, 33 Allen, G. C., 85 Brandenburg-Prussia, 58 Amangkurat I, Sultan, 77 Braude!, Fernand, 8, 48, 54, 55, 60, 62, 64, Amangkurat II, Sultan, 73, 77 65-6 Anderson, Benedict R. O'G., 4, 20 Braun, Rudolph, 59 Anderson, Perry, 49, 56 Broecke, Pieter van den, 71 Andreski, Stanislav, 47 Broek, H. A. van den, 107, 109 Ang Thay Liang, 273, 276 Brooke, James, 24 Annam, 193 Brown, Ian, 35, 36, 40 Anson, Archibald, 167, 169, 171 Brugmans, I. J., 197 armies, private, 62 Bruin, A. G. de, 264 Asahan, 22, 26, 27, 28 Brunschwig, Henry, 183, 189 Ashton, Robert, 46, 57, 58, 64 Burd, John, 116-17, 118-19 Athar Ali, M., 52, 54 bureaucracy, 23, 38-9, 55-7, 81, 163-4 auctions, 51, 61, 73-5 see also state(s) Aylmer, G. E., 46 Burma, 80, 83 Ayutthaya, 73, 76-7 business tax, 228-9 Butcher, John G., 35, 36, 269 Bagan Si Api Api, 33, 36, 41-2, 230 Buttinger, Joseph, 194 Bali, 103-21, 216 bandars, 15, 70-1, 77, 103-23 Calavan, Sharon Kay Mitchell, 163-4 Banerjea, Pramathanath, 52, 56, 61, 64 Callis, Helmut G., 85 Bangka, 41, 73, 83 Cambodia, 81, 192-3 Bangkok, 29, 30, 130, 144, 147, 151, 159, Canada,46 178, 241 capital, 5, 37, 85-7, 90, 164, 180, 231 banking, 12, 87, 88, 97, 98-9, 243-4, 264-5, internationalisation of farm, 10, 178-80, 271,277 242 Banten, 71, 73 mobility of Chinese, 10 Barkan, Orner Lutfi, 58 capitalism, 8-10, 46-8, 66, 99, 183 Barnes, Warren, 94, 95, 97 Carey, Peter, 23, 27, 73, 77-8 Barros, Joao de, 70 Cartwright, H. A., 90, 98, 96, 97, 255, 269 Batavia, 73, 74-5, 108, 178 Cashin, A. W., 96 Bau, 24 Cator, W. L., 201 Baud, J. C., 197 Cavenagh, Orfeur, 251 Bayly, C. A., 52, 57, 64, 65, 66 centralized control, extent of, 25, 29-31, Beh lng Tjoe, 210-11 60, 129-33, 161 Belitung, 41, 83, 217 see also bureaucracy; state(s) 302 Index 303

Chambers, Richard L., 63 coercion, 5-6, 53, 64 Chan Kang Choon, 89 see also police Chan Ley Kam, 93 Cohn, Bernard, 53 Chang, Queenie, 264 Colijn, H., 33, 4~ Chang Keng Kin, 252 colonialism, 3, 4, 6, 11-12, 22, 29-36, 8()-2, Chatchai Panananon, 147 178-80, 194 Cheah Chen Eok, 90, 94, 95, 96,97 see also individual colonies Cheah Choo Yew, 235-6, 237, 238, 239 Comber, Leon, 90 Cheah Choon Sen, 265 competition fot revenue farms, 31-2, 211 Cheah Oon Heap, 90 Connor, L., 107 Cheah Tat Jin, 270 Coolhaas, W. Ph., 74,75 Cheah Tek Tbye, 98 Cappel, c .. 273, 274, 275 Cheah Teow Bang, 96 Corteslio, A., 126 Cheang Hong Guan, 252-3 corv~e, 7, 27, 182 Cheang Hong Lim, 91, 167, 171, 173, 176, Crawfurd, John, 22-3, 79 178,250,251,252,253,254 Creutzberg, P., 114, 197, 198 Cheang Sam Teo, 167, 249, 251, 252 Cultivation System, 21, 114, 197 Chee Quee Bong, 96, 98 Cushman, Jennifer W., 12, 92, 270 Chee Swee Cheng, 98 customs duties, 22, 28, 147-8 Chen Chingho, 72 Cheng Kian, 134 Daendels, H. W., 110, 196 Chew, Ernest, 32 Damrong Rajanubhab, Prince, 142 Chew Chen Eok, 93 Damrongthamaslin, Luang, 234, 235 Chew Joon Hiang, 277 Dassier, Pierre, 183 Chew (Chiu) Sin Yong, 91, 93, 96, 173, Decamps, J., 183 174, 175, 177, 178 Deli, 178, 263, 264 Chi Tze Ching, 96 see also Sumatra, East Chiang Mai, 21-2, 30, 33 Demosthenes, 67 China, 21, 72, 114 Dent, Julian, 47, 62 revenue farming in, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, development economics, 4 55,57,58,60,61,65 Dhiauddin, Sultan of Kedah, 128 Chinese, 3, 6, 7, 9-12, 23-4, 26, 72, 113, Dhiravat na Pombejra, 71 114-15, 164, 243 Dick, H. W., 4, 12 case studies of individual revenue Diponegoro, Prince, 110 farmers, 249-79 Donnithorne, Audrey G., 85 Indochina opium trade and, 182-94 Dorgel~s. Roland, 194 investment by, 86-8 Drabble, J. H., 260 in Java to early 1800s, 73-8 Dreyer, Edward L., 49 in Netherlands East Indies, 201-3, 207, Dubois, Pierre, 109, 111, 113, 115 209-31 Dubreuil, Ren~. 182, 192 networks of, 89-99, 262-6 Dumarest, Jacques, 183, 184, 187, 191, secret societies, 10, 24, 31, 34, 36, 90-1, 192, 194 168-9, 179-80, 249, 251-2, 253-4, 255 Duncan, Jonathan, 64 Singapore Great Syndicate and, 166-80 Dunlop, Maj. S., 176 taxation of, 22, 147, 228-9 Choa Giang Thye, 96 Earl, George Windsor, 24, 118, 119 Choisy, Abb~ de, 70 economic development, 66 Chua Moh Choon, 171, 252 economic history, 4-5 Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, 30, 33, 147, Egypt, 45, 51, 59, 66 161, 239 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 64, 65 Chung Keng Kwee, 31-2, 91, 93, 96 Elvin, Mark, 55 Chung Tbye Phin, 93, 94, 97, 98, 269 En~and,45,49,50, 56,57,58,62 Chung Tbye Song, 98 entrepreneurs, 66-7 Clark, Walter, 69 individual case studies of, 249-79 Clough, Shephard B., 65 Eu Tong Seng, 97, 257, 269 Coble, Parks M., 5 Cochinchina, 182-92 Faroqhi, Suraiya, 63 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 73, 74 Feldwick, W.; 264 304 Index feudalism, 47-8, 60 Helms, L. V., 105, 117, 118, 119, 120 fishing, 33, 41-2, 153, 22~7 Heng Bun Soon, 249, 252 Fokkens,F.,33,38,39,202,203,214 Hermansen, Jan, 126 Foo Choo Choon, 89, 93, 94, 97, 257, 258, Hershlag, Z. Y., 63, 64 266, 269, 270 Ho Tiang Wan, 98 Foo Tye Sin, 90, 98 Ho Tjiaw Ing, 274-S France, revenue farming in, 23, 35, 4~. Ho Yam Lo, 274 50,52,54,55,56,57,58,60,61-2,66 Hoetink, B., 74 Franck, Harry, 194 Hoevell, W. R. van, 117, 118 Frederick William I, King of Prussia, 56 Hong Kong, 178, 257-8,275-8 Fumivall, John S., 12, 39, 196, 197 Hong Lysa, ~. 27 Houtman, Frederick de, 74 gambier, 166, 167-8, 170 Hsiao Kung-chuan, 49 gambling, 22, 36, 37, 41, 74, 151, 153, 157, Hsieh Jung-kuang, 265 222,257,258,260,269 Gan Hong Kee, 97 Ibrahim, Tunku, 128 Gan Ngoh Bee, 92, 93-5, 98, 264, 269 lnalcik, Halil, 45, 49, 50-1, 52, 59, 63 Gan Sim Swee, 90 independence movements, 3-4 Gan Teong Tat, 97 India, revenue farming in, 4~ passim Geertz, Clifford, 105 Indochina (Vietnam), 12, 81, 83, 18:Z...94 Ghee Hin secret society, 90-1, 168, 179, Ingram, James C., 147 249,255 Innes, Alfred Mitchell, 142 Gibson, Charles, 45 investment, 26, 37, 66, 85-8 Giyanti Treaty (1755), 78 see also capital Godley, Michael R., 262, 265, 266 lslamoglu, Huri, 66 Goei Bing Nio, 274 Isoart, Paul, 194 Goei Som Han, 275 Ito, Takeshi, 70 Goh Boon Keng, 89, 94, 95, 98,269,270 Goh Sin Koh, 91 Jammes, H. L., 192 gold, 21, 24 Jancon, 74 Graaf, H. J. de, 77 Jansen, A., 200 Granpr6 Moliere, C. A., 114 Japan, 4, 5, 49 Great Syndicate, 10, 91, 1~0. 252 Java, 80, 108 Greco-Roman times, revenue farming in, economy of, 21, 34, 83, 114 45 revenue farms in, 22, 23, 27, 33, 35, Groeneveldt, W. P., 183-7, 190, 192-4, 218 73-8, 207-14, 219-31; abolition of, 12, Gulland, W. G., 172, 173, 174, 252 36,38-9,203-7,218,219 Gullick, J. M., 21, 25, 26, 31, 32 (1825-30), 78, 110-11, 197, 220 Gusti G'de Pamacutan, Raja of Badung, Johor,25, 26, 1~7. 168,170,249-54 109 passim Gusti Jambe, Raja of Badung, 109, 112 Gusti Ngurah Made Pamacutan, Raja of Kangchu system, 25, 27, 168, 170 Badung, 109 Kedah,6,25,30, 125-36 Gusti Ngurah Pamacutan, Raja of Badung, Keddie, Nikki R., 58 110-11, 112 Kelantan, 30 Kemp, P. H. van der, 220 Ha Tien, 72 Kerkvliet, Benedict, 4 Haan, E. de, 77 Kern, R. A., 70 Habib, lrfan, 52, 66 Kesiman, Raja of Badung, 109, 112-13, Hai San secret society, 91 117, 120 Hamengkubuwono II, Sultan of Keyder, Cagier, 66 Yogyakarta, 78 Khaw Concern, 9, 10, 92, 267-71 Hamilton, Alexander, 73 Khaw Joo Choe, 92, 9~, 97, 98,267,269, Hare, G. T., 94 270 Hart, Robert, 49 Khaw Joo Ghee, 92, 269 Hastings, Warren, 62 Khaw Joo Tok, 268, 269, 270 Heeckeren, Baron von, 275 Khaw Sim Bee, 92, 268, 269, 270-1 Heesterman, J. C., 53 Khaw Sim Khim, 268 Index 305

Khaw Sim Kong, 268, 271 Lewis, Bernard, 51, 63 Khaw Sim Tek, 268 Liem Tjwan Ling, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278 Khaw Soo Cheang, 267-8 Light, Francis, 22 Khoe Tjin Tek, 265 Lim Choo Boon, 97 Khoo Cheow Tiong, 89, 94, 95, 98, 265 Lim Kam Tong, 132 Khoo Hang Yang, 95 LimKekChuan, 90, 94, 93, 95,269,270 Khoo Hun Yeang, 92, 96, 97 Lim Kwee Eng, 171, 173 Khoo Kay Kim, 27-8, 90, 91 Lim Leng Cheak, 134-5 Khoo Khay Jin, 132, 133 Lim Mah Chye, 89 Khoo.Sian Ewe, 98, 265 Lim Pek Kwee, 96, 97 Khoo Sian Tan, 92 Lo Lan Chong, 132, 134 Khao Sian Wei, 98 Lockard, Craig A., 24 Khoo Siew Jin, 92 Loke Chow Kit, 257, 258, 259, 260 Khoo Teong Poh, 91, 98 Loke Chow Thye, 257 Khoo Thean Tek, 91, 92, 93, 96, 252 Loke Yew, 255-60, 262 Kian Tek secret society, 90-1 Lokkegaard, Frede, 50 Kielstra, E. B., 197 Lombok, 111, 114, 116-17 Kim Seng Lee, 236, 238, 243-4 Long Jaafar, 21, 27 King, George Pockock, 116-17 Low, Hugh, 31-2,255 kinship ties, 97-8, 268-9 Luong Nhi Ky, 189 Klerck, E. S. de, 110, 111 Luro, E., 190 Koch Sun Chai, 175, 176 Luwu', 70 Koh Cheng Sian, 98 Koh Lay Huan, 98 Mac Cuu, 72 Koh Seang Tat, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98, 167, McGowan, Bruce, 51 171, 172, 173, 178 McLane, John R., 50, 53, 58 Korthals Altes, W. L., 197 McVey, Ruth T., 42 Kraan, A.M. van der, 108, 111 Maddison, Angus, 197 Krader, Lawrence, 48 Madura, 35 Kratoska, Paul, H., 22 Mahit, Prince, 234, 236, 238-9, 240, 243-4 Kuala Lumpur, 32, 255, 256, 259 Maitriwanit, Luang, 234, 235 Kudin, Tunku, 132, 133 , 69 Kunt, I. Metin, 51 Mak Lau Fong, 179 Kuta, 105-21 Mangkubumi, Sultan, 78 Manila, 73, 74 La Loubi~re, Simon de, 71, 142 Mann, Susan, 46, 49, 57-8, 60, 61, 65 Lam Ah Kham, 97 Mansvelt, W. M. F., 197, 198, 209 Lamb ton, A. K. S., 45 Maratha Confederacy, 49 land tax, 7, 22, 27 Mardin, Serif, 66 Lange, Hans, 121 market tax, 220-1 Lange, Mads, 116-19, 120 marriage ties, 97-8, 268-9 Lange, Peter Christian, 121 Marsden, William, 74 Lao Joon Tek, 249, 250 Marx, Karl, 46, 47, 48 Laos, 81 Mataram, 56, 77 Larut, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31 Matthews, George T., 23, 35, 66 u Thtmh Khai, 73 Mauritius, 108 Lee Ah Ghee, 263 MaxweU, W. E., 30 Lee Ban Teong, 134 Meade, R., 177 Lee Cheng Tee, 90, 253 Mechelen, Charles te, 213; 214 Lee Keng Yam, 91, 178 Medhurst, W. H., 115 Lee Pee Chuan, 268 Meeteren Brouwer, P.M. 1an, 24 Lee Thye, 93 Meilink-Roelofsz M.A. P., 71 Lekkerkerker, C., 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, Melaka, 22, 70, 75 113 mercantilism, 9 Leong Fee, 89, 97 mercenaries, 7, 62 Leur, J. C. van, 48, 73 mestizo societies, 11 Levijssohn, J. H., 116 Mexico, 45 Levy, J.-P., 45, 61 MicheU, H., 45, 46 306 Index

Middlebrook, S. M., 32 Ord, Harry St. George, 169, 251, 252 military expenditure, 56-7 Ottoman Empire, 49, 50-51, 52, 57, 58, 59, mining, see gold; tin 61, 63,66 Misra, B. B., 52, 62 Owen, Norman G., 120 Mitra, Manoshi, 53 Owen, Roger, 49, 51, 59, 61, 63, 66 Mohammed Jewa, Sultan of Kedah, 126 Mohammed Saad, Tunku, 135 Pa Jembrong, 105, 116 Mongkut, King of Siam, 29, 147 Paget, Ralph, 237 monopolies, 7,27,142 Pahang,30 government-run, 16, 37, 38-42, 184, Pallegoix, Jean Baptist, 142 188-94, 203-7, 217, 218, 230, 231, 241 palm sugar tax, 229 trade, 27-8, 70, 103-21 passim, 125-8 Pasai, 70 see also revenue farming passive resistance, 4 Montrado 24 Patani, 69, 129, 134, 151 Moreland, W. H., 56 patronage, 60 . Murray, Martin J., 183, 189, 190, 192 pawnbroking, 22, 23, 33, 35, 39, 205, Mysore, 56 222-4, 257 Peet, George, 260 Nagtegaal, Luc, 77 Penang, 29, 32, 89-99, 129-31, 133, 178, Naples, Kingdom of, 55 235, 254, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268 Narai, King of Siam, 70, 71-2 pepper, 83, 166, 167-8, 170 neocolonialism, 4 Perak, 25, 21, 30, 32, 90, 92, 130, 255, 257, Neoh Ah Chung, 90 259 Netherlands, 73-4, 197 Persia, 45 Netherlands East Indies, 29-30, 31, 35-6, Peyrouton, Bernard, 183 38-42, 196-8 Phakdiphathrakqn, Phraya, 236, 239 revenue farming case study of, 198-231 Philippines, 45, 80, 81, 83 see also individual islands Phuah Hin Leong, 132, 135 networks revenue farm, 89-99, 262-6 Phuket, 73, 91, 155-6, 269, 270 Ng Boo Bee, 258, 260, 269, 270 Phuwadol Songpraset, 268, 269, 270, 271 Ngee Ann Kongsi, 249 Pickering, William, 169-70, 176, 179 Ngo Vinh Long, 183, 189, 191 Pigeaud, Th. G. Th., 69, 77 Nielsen, A. K., 117, 120, 121 Pires, Tom~. 71, 126 Norlund, Irene, 183 police, 37, 38, 41, 168, 174, 176, 179 political instability, 55 Oei Hui Lan, 274, 275 poll (head) tax, 22, 55, 147, 228-9 Oei Tiong Bing, 275 Pompeo Hantrakool, 76 Oei Tiong Ham, 9, 89, 272-9 Prasatthong, King of Siam, 71 Oei Tiong Hauw, 278, 279 prebendalization, 47-8 Oei Tiong Swan, 278 Priangan System, 212 Oei Tjie Sien, 273, 4, 276 Prince, G~, 197 Ong Han Chong, 95 prostitution, 71 Onghokham, 274 Prussia, 58 Oon Gan Thay, 98 opium, 22, 23, 32-3, 34, 36, 37, 39-40, 148, Quah Beng Hong, 91 157,267 Quah Beng Kee, 98 in Indochina, 182-94 Netherlands East Indies case study of, Rabie, Hassanein, 50 200-1, 203, 207-18 racial prejudice, 11-12, 36, 201, 202 Siamese case study of, 36, 40-1, 233-44 Rames, Thomas Stamford, 79, 108, 197, Singapore Great Syndicate and, 166-80 228 Opium Commission, Straits Settlement and Rama III, King of Siam, 21, 25 Federated Malay States, 37, 39-40, 94, Ramsay, James Ansil, 22, 30, 33 267 Ray, Ratnalekha, 53 opium regie Read, W. H., 175-6 in Indochina, 16, 184, 188-94 real estate, 256, 259, 277-8 in Netherlands East Asia, 16, 39, 40, regie, see monopolies, government-run; 203-7, 217, 218, 231 opium regie; salt regie Index 307

Reid, Anthony, 56 Scott, James C., 4 religion, 69· Seah Bu Chin, 167, 169,249 resistance to tax-farmers, 65 Seah Liang Seang, 94, 97 R~union, 108 Seah Song Seah, 92 revenue farming secret societies, 10, 24, 31, 34, 36, ~1, benefits and drawbacks of, 58, 59-67 168-9,179-80,249,251-2,253-4,255 case studies of individual revenue Seh Tan surname group, 168, 174, 252 farmers in, 249-79 Selangor, 30, 32, 255-60, 269 comparative analysis of, 45-68 Shaharil, Talib, 2~, 25 competition for farms, 19-20, 26, 28, 32, Shanghai, 5, 178 • 34, 90, 94-5, 99, 213-14, 217, 234, Sharom Ahmat, 25, 129, 130, 136 251-3, 258, 275 Shaw, Stanford J., 51, 63 decline and abolition of, 7-8, 9-10, shipping, 12, 269, 276-7 11-12, 34-42, 203-7, 233-44 Siak, 25, 29 . definitions of, 3, 19, 52-4, 69 Siam (Thailand), 6, 12, 81, 120, 130 expansion in SB Asia of, 2~9 economy of, 83, 145; 161-4 in Indochina, 184-94 political system of, 82, 144-5, 160, 161-4 Kedah case study of, 125-36 revenue farms in, 22, 27, 29, 30, 34, 70, Netherlands Bast Indies case study of, 71-2, 73, 76-7, 142-64; aboliton of, 35, 198-231 36.~1,233-44 networks of, 89-99 Siddiqi, Noman Ahmad, 53, 64 origins of, 7, 21, 69-79 Singapore, 9, 21, 22, 39, 83, 114, 249-54 profits from, 28-9, 34, 62, 65-6 passim, 255,259 reasons for revenue farming, 23, 54-9 Chinese networks in, 91-6 Siamese case studies of, 142-64, 233-44 Great Syndicate of, 10, 166-80, 252 Singapore Great Syndicate and, 10, Skinner, 0. William, 73 166-80 slaughter taxes, 224-6, 227 state power/weakness and, 5-6, 8-9, slavery, 22, 107-8, 110, 113-14 1~11, 19-20,29-35,42-3,46-7,53, Smith, Adam, 32, 47 59-60, 63-4, 81 smuggling, 9, 33, 40, 174-7, 188, 192, 194, types of, 21-2, 49-54 211-16 Riau-Lingga, 30, 170 So Bingkong, 74 rice, 82, 83, 111, 114, 115-16, 120, 126-8, Song Ong Siang, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 166, 134 171, 178, 249, 277 Richards, J. F., 65 Songkhla, 73 Ricklefs, M. C., 77 Sophonphetcharat, Luang, 236, 238, 243-4 Robequain, Charles, 183 Spain, 45, 54, 56 Roberts, J. G., 5 speculation, 65 Roberts, Stephen, 183, 194 spirits (alcohol), 22, 90, 226 Robson, J. H. M., 259 state(s), 3-5, 19-20, 59-60, 162 Roo, L. W. G. de, 203 extension of power of, 29-35, 37-41, Rossabi, Morris, 45 42-3, 81, 161, 178-9, 254 rubber, 83, 85, 260 formation of, S-8, 161 Rujaya Abhakom, M. R., 147 struggle for control of, 9, 1~12 Rush, James R., 11, 33, 39, 213, 214, 216, see also revenue farming 272, 273, 274, 275 Stein, Burton, 66 Russia, 50, 54 Steyn Parv~. D. C., 200 Stoianovich, Traian, 51 salt, 22, 33, 41-2, 197, 229-30 Strobel, Edward, 237-8 salt regie, 42, 230 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 54, 60, 61, 65, 66 Sawiimiphakdi, Luang, 233 sugar, 83, 85, 276 Schadee, W. H. M., 22, 30, 31 Sumatra, Bast, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 83, Schulte Nordholt, H., 118,110, 119,117, 215, 216, 217, 265 120 Sungei Ujong, 30 Schumpeter, J. A., 46 Sunthqnkosik Luang, 234, 235, 236, 239 Schuurman, D. B., 116, 117 Suphiiphqn~haranphat, 242-3 Schuurman, H. F., 55 Suriyiinuwat, Phrayii, 241, 242 Schweitzer, T. A., 183, 189 Sutherland, Heather, 11 308 Index

Swettenham, Frank, 256, 258 Tregonning, K. G., 259 Trengganu,21,25,26, 30,31 , 76 tribute, 70 Taksin, King of Songkhla, 21, 73 Trocki, Carl A., 10, 25, 166, 168, 170, 249, Tan Ah Choh, 176 250 Tan Ah Hun, 249 Tsurumi, Naohiro, 55 Tan Beng Swee, 169 Turkey, see Ottoman Empire Tan Eng Cheng, 176 Tan Hiok Nee, 167, 171, 173, 176, 251, Vanvugt, Ewald, 209 252, 253, 254 Vaughan, J. D., 169 Tan Hock Seng, 176 Vellema, P., 224 Tan Jiak Kim, 267 Vietnam (Indochina), 12, 81, 83, 182-94 Tan Kah Kee, 270 Vitalis, L., 114, 200, 221 Tan Keng Swee, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177 Vlerning, J. L., 265 Tan Khean Hock, 89-90, 97, 98 Vliet, Jeremias van, 71 Tan Kim Cheng, 90-1, 169, 176, 179, 252, VOC (), 14, 71, 268 75, 77, 78, 108, 196 Tan Mob Yong, 174, 176 Tan Seng Poh, 92, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, Waal, E. de, 197, 210-11, 220, 221, 227, 179,249-54 230 tax Wallerstein, Immanuel, 42, 47, 48, 55, 56, assessment of, 55, 57 58,62,64,65-6 erosion of, 57 Wan Mohammed Saman, 133, 135 taxation Wang Tai Peng, 24, 72 nature of, 5, 45, 46 Wang Yeh-chien, 52, 55 see also revenue farming Warwijck, Wybrant van, 69 Tay Han Long, 252 Weber, Max, 45, 47-8, 49, 52, 59 Tay Ho Swee, 252 Wee Kay Poh, 98 Taylor, Jean Gelman, 11 Wee Kay Siang, 98 Taylor, William, 94 Wee Kim Yam, 91 teak, 30, 83 weigh-houses, 74 Thailand, see Siam Weld, Frederick, 167, 170, 171, 173, 175-8 The Tik Gwan, 276 Wetters, J. S., 114, 116 The Tjik Nio, 276 Wickham, Chris, 50, 51 Thio Thiau Siat, 9, 10, 95, 89, 93, 262-6, Wilkinson, R. J., 25, 31, 74 269 Wilson, Constance M., 147, 148 Thiphakorawong, Cao Phrya, 142 Wink, Andr~. 49, 53, 54, 65 Thiphakosa, Phraya, 233-4, 238, 240 Winstedt, R. W., 126 Thomas, Th., 203 Wira Wimonti, 76, 154-5 Thompson, Virginia, 183 Wolff van Westerrode, W. P. D. de, 35, 38 Thun Ah Khun, 90 Woloch, Isser, 61 Tilly, Charles, 20, 47, 56, 57 Wong C. S., 171, 249 timber, tax on cutting of, 229 Wong Ah Fook, 97 tin, 10, 27-8, 83, 85, 87, 134, 255, 258-9, Wong Boon Sin, 263 267,270 Wong Lin Ken, 22, 87, 91, 115, 118, 255 Tjoa Soe Tjong, 273, 276, 277, 278 Wright, Arnold, 90, 96, 97, 98, 255, 269 Tjong A Fie, 38, 264, 265 Wu Yang, 73 Tjong Yong Hian, 264, 265, 271 Wynne, Mervyn Llewellyn, 91, 251-2 To In, 78 Toa Peh Kong secret society, 90, 91 Yaacob, Tunku, 132, 133 tobacco, 83, 134, 227 Yap Ah Loy, 32 tolls, 7, 22, 77-8, 219-20, 228 Yeap Keng Teng, 94 Tonkin, 193-4 Yen Ching-hwang, 90, 91, 265 Tracy, James D., 74 Yeah Ooi Gark, 90, 94, 95,93, 96, 98, 264, trade, 21, 27, 70-71, 82-5 269 Bali case study of, 103-21 Yeah Wee Gark, 269 Kedah case study of, 125-9 Yogyakarta, 27, 77-8 taxes on, 7, 22, 28 Yoshihara Kunia, 264, 275, 278, 279 Index 309

Yusuf, Tunku, 132, 133 Zelin, Madeleine, 49 Zheng Chenggong, 72 Zainal Rashid, Sultan of Kedah, 132 Zoetmulder, P. J., 74 Zegers, J. L., 203