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Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures: Customs Fees and Charges on Imports”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No Please cite this paper as: OECD (2005-03-08), “Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures: Customs Fees and Charges on Imports”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 14, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/251376621576 OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 14 Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures CUSTOMS FEES AND CHARGES ON IMPORTS OECD Unclassified TD/TC/WP(2004)46/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 08-Mar-2005 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English TRADE DIRECTORATE TRADE COMMITTEE Unclassified TD/TC/WP(2004)46/FINAL Working Party of the Trade Committee ANALYSIS OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES: CUSTOMS FEES AND CHARGES ON IMPORTS OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 14 Contact: Michael Engman, Trade Directorate; Tel. 00-33-1-45248933; e-mail: [email protected] English - Or. English JT00179942 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format TD/TC/WP(2004)46/FINAL ABSTRACT This study examines the nature and the extent of use of customs fees and charges that affect imports at borders. It is part of a series of studies that analyse various types of non-tariff measures and the objective of this paper is to contribute to discussions in the Negotiating Group on Market Access (NAMA), the Council on Trade in Goods and elsewhere in the trade policy community. The analysis draws on data collected from WTO Trade Policy Reviews, non-tariff barrier notifications to NAMA, and the UNCTAD TRAINS database and country notes. The study reveals that most types of customs fees and charges on imports are applied ad valorem rather than with regard to the underlying costs of the services rendered. The use of customs fees and charges has also evolved over time: the use of both customs surcharges and consular invoice fees has markedly declined over the last two decades while more countries nowadays charge importers fees for the use of various customs-related services. Keywords: non-tariff barriers, non-tariff measures, customs fees, customs charges, GATT Article VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study has been prepared by Michael Engman of the Trade Directorate under the supervision of Barbara Fliess and Anthony Kleitz. The Secretary-General has agreed to declassify the document under his responsibility, as recommended by the Working Party of the Trade Committee, with the aim of bringing information on this subject to the attention of a wider audience. It is available in English and French at the OECD website under the following address: http://www.oecd.org/trade. Copyright OECD, 2005 Application for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: OECD Publications, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France 2 TD/TC/WP(2004)46/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 4 List of abbreviations.................................................................................................................................... 5 I. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 6 II. Definitions and methodology............................................................................................................... 6 III. Overview of WTO disciplines ............................................................................................................. 8 IV. Review of data on use of customs fees and charges .......................................................................... 10 Customs fees and charges in the WTO Trade Policy Reviews (1995 – 2004)...................................... 10 A. Customs surcharges .................................................................................................................... 11 B. Tax on foreign exchange transactions......................................................................................... 14 C. Stamp tax .................................................................................................................................... 14 D. Import licence fee ....................................................................................................................... 15 E. Consular invoice fee ................................................................................................................... 15 F. Statistical tax............................................................................................................................... 15 G. Tax of transport facilities............................................................................................................ 16 H. Taxes and charges for sensitive product categories.................................................................... 16 I. Additional charges n.e.s.............................................................................................................. 16 J. Fees related to customs procedures............................................................................................. 17 K. Community levies....................................................................................................................... 18 Notifications of customs fees and charges in NAMA ........................................................................... 18 V. Analysis of data on customs fees and charges .................................................................................. 19 A. Trends in high- and low-income countries ................................................................................. 19 B. Ad valorem vs. specific customs fees and charges ..................................................................... 21 C. Motivations and effects of imposing customs fees and charges ................................................. 24 D. Provisions in RTAs and discrimination ...................................................................................... 24 VI. Concluding remarks.......................................................................................................................... 26 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 27 ANNEX A. Descriptions of fees and charges in the UNCTAD TCM classification................................ 28 ANNEX B. UNCTAD’s TCM coding system in relation to the GATT ................................................... 29 ANNEX C. Bound Other Duties and Charges for all products................................................................. 30 ANNEX D. Customs Fees and Charges in the WTO Trade Policy Reviews............................................ 31 ANNEX E. Non-tariff barrier notifications to NAMA on customs fees and charges............................... 40 ANNEX F. Provisions in selected RTAs concerning customs fees and charges ...................................... 42 3 TD/TC/WP(2004)46/FINAL ANALYSIS OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES: CUSTOMS FEES AND CHARGES ON IMPORTS Executive Summary Various customs fees and charges are frequently applied in addition to tariffs, significantly adding to the costs of trading in many parts of the world. Particularly low- and middle-income countries levy high ad valorem fees which may negatively affect both South-South and North-South trade. Examining fees and charges applied on imports at the border, this paper represents a contribution to the ongoing series of studies investigating the nature and scope of non-tariff measures. The objective of this study is to provide as clear a picture as possible of the use made of different types of customs fees and charges and the problems they may cause to traders. The paper reviews and analyses the information contained in the WTO Trade Policy Reviews since the introduction of the TPR Mechanism in 1995. The analysis also draws on information from the notifications to the Negotiating Group on Market Access (NAMA) and from various other sets of data. The study reveals that the use of customs fees and charges has evolved over time. The use of both customs surcharges and consular invoice fees has markedly declined over the last two decades while more countries nowadays charge importers fees for the use of various customs-related services. In practise, a great majority of these fees, like most other types of fees and charges, are applied ad valorem rather than with regard to the underlying costs of the services rendered. 54% of the fees and charges applied by high- income economies were ad valorem while the corresponding figures were between 71-76% in the upper- middle income and lower-middle income economies, and 83% in low-income economies. Although GATT Article VIII requires customs fees and charges to be limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered, frequent application of high ad valorem fees and charges seems to signal that clearer guidelines on how customs fees and charges should be calculated would be useful and would remove some of the uncertainties regarding the legality of their application. In addition, a more precise definition in Article VIII:1(a) of what constitutes the “services” whose costs are intended to be reflected in the fees would also remove some of the uncertainties in the interpretation of
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