Herpes Simplex Infections in Atopic Eczema
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Herpes: a Patient's Guide
Herpes: A Patient’s Guide Herpes: A Patient’s Guide Introduction Herpes is a very common infection that is passed through HSV-1 and HSV-2: what’s in a name? ....................................................................3 skin-to-skin contact. Canadian studies have estimated that up to 89% of Canadians have been exposed to herpes simplex Herpes symptoms .........................................................................................................4 type 1 (HSV-1), which usually shows up as cold sores on the Herpes transmission: how do you get herpes? ................................................6 mouth. In a British Columbia study, about 15% of people tested positive for herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), which Herpes testing: when is it useful? ..........................................................................8 is the type of herpes most commonly thought of as genital herpes. Recently, HSV-1 has been showing up more and Herpes treatment: managing your symptoms ...................................................10 more on the genitals. Some people can have both types of What does herpes mean to you: receiving a new diagnosis ......................12 herpes. Most people have such minor symptoms that they don’t even know they have herpes. What does herpes mean to you: accepting your diagnosis ........................14 While herpes is very common, it also carries a lot of stigma. What does herpes mean to you: dating with herpes ....................................16 This stigma can lead to anxiety, fear and misinformation -
Painful Bubbles
Osteopathic Family Physician (2018) 29 - 31 29 CLINICAL IMAGES Painful Bubbles Craig Bober, DO & Amy Schultz, DO Lankenau Hospital Family Medicine Residency A 25 year-old female with a past medical history of well controlled eczema presented to her primary care physician with a one week his- tory of a painful “bubbles” localized to her right antecubital fossa as seen in Figure 1. She noted that the new rash appeared to form over- night, was extremely painful, and would occasionally drain a clear liquid after scratching. It did not respond to her usual over-the-counter regimen of moisturizers prompting her to be evaluated. She had subjective fevers and malaise but denied oral or genital ulcers, vaginal discharge, dysuria, ocular irritation, visual disturbances, and upper respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. Review of systems was oth- erwise unremarkable. She had no other known medical problems, allergies, and denied drug and alcohol use. She denied any recent travel, sick contacts, pets, or OTC medications/creams. She was sexually active in a monogamous relationship for over a year. QUESTIONS 1. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Cellulitis B. Eczema herpeticum C. Impetigo D. Primary varicella infection 2. Which test should be performed initally? A. Blood culture B. Direct fuorescent antibody staining FIGURE 1: C. Tzanck smear D. Wound culture 3. What is the best treatment? A. Acyclovir B. Augmentin C. Doxycycline D. Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin CORRESPONDENCE: Amy Schultz, DO | [email protected] 1877-5773X/$ - see front matter. © 2018 ACOFP. All rights reserved. 30 Osteopathic Family Physician | Volume 10, No. 3 | May/June, 2018 ANSWERS 1. -
Symptoms and Signs of Herpes Simplex Virus What to Do—HERPES! Provider’S Guide for Uncommon Suspected Sexual Abuse Scenarios Ann S
Symptoms and Signs of Herpes Simplex Virus What to Do—HERPES! Provider’s Guide for Uncommon Suspected Sexual Abuse Scenarios Ann S. Botash, MD Background Herpes can present in any of several ways: • herpetic gingivostomatitis • herpetic whitlow, • herpes labialis • herpes gladiotorum • genital herpes • herpes encephalitis • herpetic keratoconjuctivitis • eczema herpeticum The differential diagnosis of ulcerative lesions in the genital area is broad. Infectious causes: • chancroid • syphilis, • genital HSV infection • scabies, • granuloma inguinale (donovanosis) • CMV or EBV • candida, • varicella or herpes zoster virus (VZV) • lymphogranuloma venereum Non-infectious causes: • lichen planus • Behçet syndrome • trauma History Symptoms Skin lesions are typically preceded by prodromal symptoms: • burning and paresthesia at the •malaise site •myalgia • lymphadenopathy •loss of appetite • fever •headaches Exposure history Identify anyone with any of the various presentations of genital or extra- genital ulcers. Determine if there has been a recurrence. Determine if there are any risk factors for infection: • eczematous skin conditions • immunocompromised state of patient and/or alleged perpetrator. Rule out autoinoculation or consensual transmission. Physical Cutaneous lesions consist of small, monomorphous vesicles on an erythematous base that rupture into painful, shallow, gray erosions or ulcerations with or without crusting. Clinical diagnosis of genital herpes is not very sensitive or specific. Obtain laboratory cultures for a definitive diagnosis. Lab Tests Viral culture (gold standard)—preferred test • Must be from active lesions. • Vigorously swab unroofed lesion and inoculate into a prepared cell culture. Antigen detection • Order typing of genital lesions in children. • DFA distinguishes between HSV1 & 2, EIA does not. Cytologic detection • Tzanck Prep is insensitive (50%) and non-specific. • PCR testing is sensitive and specific but the role in the diagnosis of genital ulcers is unclear. -
Disseminated Herpes Simplex Virus: a Case of Eczema Herpeticum Causing Viral Encephalitis C Finlow1, J Thomas2
J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2018; 48: 36–9 | doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2018.108 CASE OF THE QUARTER Disseminated herpes simplex virus: a case of eczema herpeticum causing viral encephalitis C Finlow1, J Thomas2 ClinicalEczema herpeticum is a dermatological emergency causing a mortality Correspondence to: of up to 10% if untreated. It frequently presents in a localised form and C Finlow Abstract rarely disseminates via haematogenous spread with pulmonary, hepatic, Noble’s Hospital ocular and neurological manifestations. Although it commonly appears on a Strang background of atopic dermatitis, many other dermatological conditions have Douglas IM4 4RJ been described preceding this disease. Eczema herpeticum can be easily Isle of Man mistaken for folliculitis and is often treated accordingly with antibacterial drugs; therefore patients will often deteriorate before a diagnosis of eczema herpeticum has been considered. Email: c.fi [email protected] Keywords: eczema herpeticum, herpes simplex, Kaposi’s vericelliform eruption, rash, toxic confusional state, viral encephelitis Patient consent: obtained Declaration of interests: No confl ict of interests declared Background top of the chest and back and eventually to all four limbs. In places the rash produced serous and yellow fl uids. Eczema herpeticum (EH) was initially described by Moriz Kaposi in 1887 and is also known as Kaposi varicelliform On admission the patient was being treated with oral eruption.1 It can be a dermatological emergency manifesting fl ucloxacillin and amoxicillin for folliculitis, after initial as a generalised vesicular eruption in a toxic patient with presentation in the community. After being admitted this high morbidity and mortality. It is often associated with a pre- was changed to intravenous fl ucloxacillin, intravenous existing eczema diagnosis and for this reason it has a higher benzylpenicillin and topical fusidic acid for presumed incidence rate in children; however, it is also common in the folliculitis unresponsive to oral antibiotics. -
What Is Herpes?
#35 HERPES PATIENT PERSPECTIVES What is herpes? Herpes is a viral skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV infections are very common and have different names depending upon the location on the body that is affected. Herpes most commonly affects the lips and mouth orolabial( herpes or “cold sores”), as well as genitalia (genital herpes). It can also affect fingertipsherpetic ( whitlow). In patients with active eczema, open areas can get infected with HSV (eczema herpeticum). HOW DO PEOPLE GET HERPES? Herpes is very contagious and spreads by direct contact with the affected skin or mucosa of a person who has HSV. HSV is most easily spread when someone has visible lesions affecting the mouth, genitals, or other skin sites. Occasionally, herpes can spread even if there are no visible sores, and it may also live on surfaces contaminated with infected saliva or skin. Once HSV infects a person, the virus remains inactive in the surrounding nerves of that person. This inactive virus can reactivate and cause recurrent outbreaks in the same area that was initially infected. Stress, dehydration, sunburns, and being sick are all triggers for an outbreak. WHAT DOES HERPES LOOK LIKE ON THE SKIN AND WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS? Herpes looks like a cluster of tiny fluid-filled blisters that last anywhere between 4-10 days. It may leave a sore behind that takes longer to resolve. Symptoms related to herpes are different for each person. Some patients have painful outbreaks with many sores. Others only have mild symptoms that may go unnoticed. During the first outbreak (or primary infection), there may be fever, chills, muscle aches, and swollen nodes before the herpes lesions appear. -
Human Herpes Viruses 10/06/2012
Version 2.0 Human Herpes Viruses 10/06/2012 Name comes from the Greek 'Herpein' - 'to creep' = chronic/latent/recurrent infections. Types • HHV-1: Herpes simplex type I • HHV-2: Herpes simplex type II • HHV-3: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) • HHV-4: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) • HHV-5: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) • HHV-6: Human herpesvirus type 6 (HBLV) • HHV-7: Human herpesvirus type 7 • HHV-8: Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) They belong to the following three families: • Alphaherpesviruses: HSV I & II; VZV • Betaherpesviruses: CMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 • Gammaherpesviruses: EBV and HHV-8 Herpes simplex virus types I and II (HHV1 & 2) Primary infection usually by 2yr of age through mucosal break in mouth, eye or genitals or via minor abrasions in the skin. Asymptomatic or minor local vesicular lesions. Local multiplication → viraemia and systemic infection → migration along peripheral sensory axons to ganglia in the CNS → subsequent life-long latent infection with periodic reactivation → virus travels back down sensory nerves to surface of body and replicates, causing tissue damage: Manifestations of primary HSV infection • Systemic infection , e.g. fever, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy may pass unnoticed. If immunocompromised it may be life-threatening pneumonitis, and hepatitis. • Gingivostomatitis: Ulcers filled with yellow slough appear in the mouth. • Herpetic whitlow: Finger vesicles. Often affects childrens' nurses. • Traumatic herpes (herpes gladiatorum): Vesicles develop at any site where HSV is ground into the skin by brute force. E.g. wrestlers. • Eczema herpeticum: HSV infection of eczematous skin; usually children. • Herpes simplex meningitis: This is uncommon and usually self-limiting (typically HSV II in women during a primary attack) • Genital herpes: Usually HSV type II • HSV keratitis: Corneal dendritic ulcers. -
Atopic Dermatitis in Children, Part 1: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Complications
PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY Series Editor: Camila K. Janniger, MD Atopic Dermatitis in Children, Part 1: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Complications David A. Kiken, MD; Nanette B. Silverberg, MD Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema, incidence is not believed to vary by ethnicity. Chil- is a chronic skin condition, characterized by dren in smaller families of a higher socioeconomic itch (pruritus) and dryness (xerosis). AD lesions class in urban locations are more likely to be affected appear as pruritic red plaques that ooze when than children of other backgrounds. scratched. Children with AD are excessively sensi- Certain types of AD are more clinically prevalent tive to irritants such as scented products and dust among certain ethnic groups.3 Facial and eyelid der- due to their impaired skin barrier and skin immune matitis are more common in Asian infants and teen- responses. AD is among the most common disor- aged girls. Follicular eczema, a variant characterized ders of childhood and its incidence is increasing. by extreme follicular prominence, is most common AD is an all-encompassing disease that causes in black individuals. One subtype of AD, a num- sleep disturbances in the affected child, disrupt- mular variety, named for the coinlike appearance ing the entire household. Patients with AD also of lesions, often is associated with contact allergens are prone to bacterial overgrowth, impetigo, and (ie, allergy to substances that come in contact with extensive viral infections. Consequently, familiarity the skin), including thimerosal, a preservative used with the most recent literature is of utmost impor- in pediatric vaccines.3 tance so that dermatologists and pediatricians can appropriately manage their patients. -
Herpes Simplex – Not Always Simple
Major Sponsor: Clinipath Pathology Dr Smathi Chong Clinical Microbiologist Clinipath Pathology Herpes simplex – Not Always Simple Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 are HSV Serology has a more limited role. Many The highest risk is in symptomatic primary closely related to each other and more clinicians (and patients) expect Herpes herpes infection of the birth canal/genital distantly related to Varicella Zoster virus serology to be able to do more than it can! track. (VZV), which causes Varicella (chicken Test results may not answer many clinical or pox) and Herpes Zoster (shingles). patients’ questions. Herpes simplex serology may be more useful in the setting of pregnancy in patients with Traditionally HSV1 causes most oral herpes A positive serology simply indicates a patient genital lesions suggestive of herpes to help and HSV2 causes most genital herpes. has been infected with HSV at some time risk stratify whether the episode is likely to be But this is no longer so and has changed, in the past. It is not able to time the initial primary HSV. The highest risk would be PCR probably due to more frequent oral sex. infection unless seroconversion (HSV IgG proven active genital lesions and negative changing from negative to positive) can be serology. Figures from Clinipath 2017: demonstrated. In Herpes reactivation, the IgG would already be positive. Treatment including anti-viral therapy HSV Swab Origin HSV1 HSV2 VZV and consideration of caesarean section Oral sites 93% 2% 5% Serology does not indicate the site of infection may be discussed with the obstetrician. (e.g. oral or genital) although a strong positive Management of the neonate with high risk of Genital/perineal sites 45% 50% 5% HSV2 serology in the setting of painful HSV should be handled by a neonatologist or genital lesions is likely to indicate genital paediatrician. -
Eczema Herpeticum
ECZEMA HERPETICUM http://www.aocd.org Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a painful, blistering rash caused by the herpes simplex virus. EH is also called Kaposi varicelliform eruption, as the person who first described it believed it to resemble chicken pox, which is caused by the varicella zoster virus. EH is more common in young children and particularly in individuals who have atopic dermatitis (AD). The skin acts as a barrier to hold in moisture and keep out environmental elements including bacteria and viruses. In those with AD, the barrier is weakened by the alteration in a protein that helps bind the outer layer of the skin together. People with AD have dry, sensitive skin and are at a greater risk for developing EH. The infection is usually caused by HSV 1, the common culprit of cold sores, and can be spread from close contacts like parents or siblings. However, it may occur with the strain that typically causes genital herpes, HSV 2. EH presents as a sudden appearance of pruritic, painful lesions filled with fluid or pus. Patients may also have a fever in addition to local swelling and enlargement of lymph nodes. The small blisters may break open and reveal erosions or ulcerations, eventually forming crusts. The lesions are usually concentrated in the areas of active dermatitis, although it may present in uninvolved skin. The distribution of AD in young children is often on the face and neck, so EH is common in these locations. Secondary infections with Staphylococcus aureus or molluscum contagiosum may be potential complications. This condition is usually mild and self-limited in healthy individuals. -
Congenital, Perinatal, and Neonatal Infections
Congenital Viral Infections An Overview Congenital, Perinatal, and Neonatal Viral Infections Intrauterine Viral Infections Perinatal and Neonatal Infections Rubella Human Herpes Simplex Cytomegalovirus (CMV) VZV Parvovirus B19 Enteroviruses Varicella-Zoster (VZV) HIV HIV Hepatitis B HTLV-1 Hepatitis C Hepatitis C HTLV-1 Hepatitis B Lassa Fever Japanese Encephalitis Rubella History 1881 Rubella accepted as a distinct disease 1941 Associated with congenital disease 1961 Rubella virus first isolated 1967 Serological tests available 1969 Rubella vaccines available Characteristics of Rubella RNA enveloped virus, member of the togavirus family Spread by respiratory droplets. In the prevaccination era, 80% of women were already infected by childbearing age. Clinical Features maculopapular rash lymphadenopathy fever arthropathy (up to 60% of cases) Rash of Rubella Risks of rubella infection during pregnancy Preconception minimal risk 0-12 weeks 100% risk of fetus being congenitally infected resulting in major congenital abnormalities. Spontaneous abortion occurs in 20% of cases. 13-16 weeks deafness and retinopathy 15% after 16 weeks normal development, slight risk of deafness and retinopathy Congenital Rubella Syndrome Classical triad consists of cataracts, heart defects, and sensorineural deafness. Many other abnormalities had been described and these are divided into transient, permanent and developmental. Transient low birth weight, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenic purpura bone lesions, meningoencephalitis, hepatitis, haemolytic -
RASH in INFECTIOUS DISEASES of CHILDREN Andrew Bonwit, M.D
RASH IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CHILDREN Andrew Bonwit, M.D. Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics OBJECTIVES • Develop skills in observing and describing rashes • Recognize associations between rashes and serious diseases • Recognize rashes associated with benign conditions • Learn associations between rashes and contagious disease Descriptions • Rash • Petechiae • Exanthem • Purpura • Vesicle • Erythroderma • Bulla • Erythema • Macule • Enanthem • Papule • Eruption Period of infectivity in relation to presence of rash • VZV incubates 10 – 21 days (to 28 d if VZIG is given • Contagious from 24 - 48° before rash to crusting of all lesions • Fifth disease (parvovirus B19 infection): clinical illness & contagiousness pre-rash • Rash follows appearance of IgG; no longer contagious when rash appears • Measles incubates 7 – 10 days • Contagious from 7 – 10 days post exposure, or 1 – 2 d pre-Sx, 3 – 5 d pre- rash; to 4th day after onset of rash Associated changes in integument • Enanthems • Measles, varicella, group A streptoccus • Mucosal hyperemia • Toxin-mediated bacterial infections • Conjunctivitis/conjunctival injection • Measles, adenovirus, Kawasaki disease, SJS, toxin-mediated bacterial disease Pathophysiology of rash: epidermal disruption • Vesicles: epidermal, clear fluid, < 5 mm • Varicella • HSV • Contact dermatitis • Bullae: epidermal, serous/seropurulent, > 5 mm • Bullous impetigo • Neonatal HSV • Bullous pemphigoid • Burns • Contact dermatitis • Stevens Johnson syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Bacterial causes of rash -
Extensive Orf Infection in a Toddler with Associated Id Reaction
HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Pediatr Manuscript Author Dermatol. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 March 19. Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Dermatol. 2017 November ; 34(6): e337–e340. doi:10.1111/pde.13259. Extensive orf infection in a toddler with associated id reaction Ellen S. Haddock, AB, MBA1, Carol E. Cheng, MD2, John S. Bradley, MD3,4,5, Christopher H. Hsu, MD, PhD, MPH6,7, Hui Zhao, MD6, Whitni B. Davidson, MPH6, and Victoria R. Barrio, MD5,8,9 1School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA 2Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA 4Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA 5Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA 6Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 7Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, GA, USA 8Department of Dermatology, Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA 9Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Abstract Orf is a zoonotic parapoxvirus typically transmitted to humans by a bite from goats or sheep. We present an unusual case of multiple orf lesions on the fingers of a 13-month-old child who was bitten by a goat and subsequently developed progressive swelling, blistering, and necrotic papulonodules of the hand followed by an additional diffuse, pruritic, papular rash.