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Review Article Alcohol Induced Liver Disease
J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.37.7.721 on 1 July 1984. Downloaded from J Clin Pathol 1984;37:721-733 Review article Alcohol induced liver disease KA FLEMING, JO'D McGEE From the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department ofPathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, England SUMMARY Alcohol induces a variety of changes in the liver: fatty change, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The histopathological appearances of these conditions are discussed, with special atten- tion to differential diagnosis. Many forms of alcoholic liver disease are associated with Mallory body formation and fibrosis. Mallory bodies are formed, at least in part, from intermediate filaments. Associated changes in intermediate filament organisation in alcoholic liver disease also occur. Their significance in the pathogenesis of hepatocyte death may be related to abnormalities in messenger RNA function. The mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrogenesis are also discussed. Although alcohol has many effects on the liver, all formed after some period of alcohol abstinence, except cirrhosis are potentially reversible on cessa- alcohol related changes may not be seen. Accord- tion of alcohol ingestion. Cirrhosis is irreversible ingly, we shall consider the morphological changes and usually ultimately fatal. It is therefore important associated with alcohol abuse under the headings in to determine what factors are responsible for Table 1. development of alcohol induced cirrhosis, especially In the second part, the pathogenesis of alcohol since only 17-30% of all alcoholics become' cirrho- induced liver disease will be discussed, but this will tic.' This is of some urgency now, since there has deal only with the induction of alcoholic hepatitis, been an explosive increase in alcohol consumption fibrosis, and cirrhosis-that is, chronic alcoholic http://jcp.bmj.com/ in the Western World, particularly affecting young liver disease-and not with fatty change, for two people, resulting in a dramatic increase in the inci- reasons. -
And Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus Djiddensis)
VIRAL DISCOVERY IN BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS) AND GIANT GUITARFISH (RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS) BY HISTOPATHOLOGY EVALUATION, METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS AND NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING by JENNIFER ANNE DILL (Under the Direction of Alvin Camus) ABSTRACT The rapid growth of aquaculture production and international trade in live fish has led to the emergence of many new diseases. The introduction of novel disease agents can result in significant economic losses, as well as threats to vulnerable wild fish populations. Losses are often exacerbated by a lack of agent identification, delay in the development of diagnostic tools and poor knowledge of host range and susceptibility. Examples in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and the giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) will be discussed here. Bluegill are popular freshwater game fish, native to eastern North America, living in shallow lakes, ponds, and slow moving waterways. Bluegill experiencing epizootics of proliferative lip and skin lesions, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, papillomas, and rarely squamous cell carcinoma, were investigated in two isolated poopulations. Next generation genomic sequencing revealed partial DNA sequences of an endogenous retrovirus and the entire circular genome of a novel hepadnavirus. Giant Guitarfish, a rajiform elasmobranch listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List, are found in the tropical Western Indian Ocean. Proliferative skin lesions were observed on the ventrum and caudal fin of a juvenile male quarantined at a public aquarium following international shipment. Histologically, lesions consisted of papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia with myriad large, amphophilic, intranuclear inclusions. Deep sequencing and metagenomic analysis produced the complete genomes of two novel DNA viruses, a typical polyomavirus and a second unclassified virus with a 20 kb genome tentatively named Colossomavirus. -
Fructose Diets on the Liver of Male Albino Rat and the Proposed Underlying Mechanisms S.M
Folia Morphol. Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 124–136 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2018.0063 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2019 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 journals.viamedica.pl The differential effects of high-fat and high- -fructose diets on the liver of male albino rat and the proposed underlying mechanisms S.M. Zaki1, 2, S.A. Fattah1, D.S. Hassan1 1Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt 2Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia [Received: 23 May 2108; Accepted: 26 June 2018] Background: The Western-style diet is characterised by the high intake of energy- -dense foods. Consumption of either high-fructose diet or saturated fat resulted in the development of metabolic syndrome. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Many researchers studied the effect of high-fat diet (HFD), high-fructose diet (HFruD) and high-fructose high-fat diet (HFHF) on the liver. The missing data are the comparison effect of these groups i.e. are effects of the HFHF diet on the liver more pronounced? So, this study was designed to compare the metabolic and histopathological effect of the HFD, HFruD, and HFHF on the liver. The proposed underlying mechanisms involved in these changes were also studied. Materials and methods: Twenty four rats were divided into four groups: con- trol, HFD, HFruD, and HFHF. Food was offered for 6 weeks. Biochemical, light microscopic, immunohistochemical (Inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] and alpha-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]), real-time polymerase chain reaction (gene expression of TNF-α, interleukin-6, Bax, BCL-2, and caspase 3), histomorphometric analysis and oxidative/antioxidative markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS], malondialdehyde [MDA]/glutathione [GSH] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) were done. -
Diversity of Large DNA Viruses of Invertebrates ⇑ Trevor Williams A, Max Bergoin B, Monique M
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 147 (2017) 4–22 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates ⇑ Trevor Williams a, Max Bergoin b, Monique M. van Oers c, a Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico b Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, Faculté des Sciences, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France c Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: In this review we provide an overview of the diversity of large DNA viruses known to be pathogenic for Received 22 June 2016 invertebrates. We present their taxonomical classification and describe the evolutionary relationships Revised 3 August 2016 among various groups of invertebrate-infecting viruses. We also indicate the relationships of the Accepted 4 August 2016 invertebrate viruses to viruses infecting mammals or other vertebrates. The shared characteristics of Available online 31 August 2016 the viruses within the various families are described, including the structure of the virus particle, genome properties, and gene expression strategies. Finally, we explain the transmission and mode of infection of Keywords: the most important viruses in these families and indicate, which orders of invertebrates are susceptible to Entomopoxvirus these pathogens. Iridovirus Ó Ascovirus 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nudivirus Hytrosavirus Filamentous viruses of hymenopterans Mollusk-infecting herpesviruses 1. Introduction in the cytoplasm. This group comprises viruses in the families Poxviridae (subfamily Entomopoxvirinae) and Iridoviridae. The Invertebrate DNA viruses span several virus families, some of viruses in the family Ascoviridae are also discussed as part of which also include members that infect vertebrates, whereas other this group as their replication starts in the nucleus, which families are restricted to invertebrates. -
The Morphology of Cirrhosis' Recommendations on Definition, Nomenclature, and Classification by a Working Group Sponsored by the World Health Organization
J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.31.5.395 on 1 May 1978. Downloaded from Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1978, 31, 395-414 The morphology of cirrhosis' Recommendations on definition, nomenclature, and classification by a working group sponsored by the World Health Organization P. P. ANTHONY, K. G. ISHAK, N. C. NAYAK, H. E. POULSEN, P. J. SCHEUER, AND L. H. SOBIN From the Bland-Sutton Institute ofPathology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, the Armed Forces Institute ofPathology, Washington, the All India Institute ofMedical Sciences, New Delhi, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, The Royal Free Hospital School ofMedicine, London, and the Cancer Unit of the World Health Organization, Geneva SUMMARY This memorandum provides guidelines on the definition, nomenclature, and classification of cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. These are considered according to morphological characteristics and aetiology. It is hoped that this system will serve as a standard for diagnostic, research, and epidemiological purposes. The relationship of cirrhosis to liver cell carcinoma is briefly discussed and the possible morphological markers of an increased risk of malignancy are defined. The aim of this paper is to provide guidelines for the morphological terms but, in spite of many attempts, pathologist on the definition, nomenclature, and no single definition exists that does not require classification of hepatic cirrhosis and related con- further elaboration or qualification. The essential ditions. The many systems of classification in current features are considered to be parenchymal necrosis, http://jcp.bmj.com/ use (Table 1) hinder rather than help comparisons of regeneration, and diffuse fibrosis, resulting in dis- published data and the evaluation of relationships organisation of the lobular architecture throughout between cirrhosis and liver cancer. -
Histopathologic Diagnosis of Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Marmara Medical Journal 2016; 29 (Special issue 1): 18-28 DOI: 10.5472/MMJsi.2901.05 REVIEW / DERLEME Histopathologic diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis Kronik viral hepatitin histopatolojik tanısı Çiğdem ATAİZİ ÇELİKEL ABSTRACT ÖZ Morphological evaluation of the liver continues to play a central Kronik viral hepatit tanısı, derecelendirme ve evreleme açısından, role for the diagnosis, grading and staging of chronic viral hepatitis. karaciğerin morfolojik değerlendirmesi önem taşır. Tanımsal The defining morphology is necroinflammation, that is hepatocyte morfoloji hepatosit hasarı ve inflamasyon ile karakterize injury and inflammation. Hepatocyte injury is usually irreversible, nekroinflamasyondur. Hepatosit hasarı, apoptoz ve/veya nekroz and presents as apoptosis and/or necrosis. Mononuclear cell şeklinde olup, genellikle geri dönüşümsüzdür. Portal alanda infiltration of the portal tracts, that is usually accompanied by mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonuna, çoğu zaman periportal periportal (interface) and lobular inflammation is typical. Continued (interfaz) ve lobüler inflamasyon eşlik eder. İnterfazda periportal necroinflammatory activity at the limiting plate destroying hepatositlerde süregelen hasar fibrogenezi tetikler ve siroz periportal parenchyma initiates fibrogenesis leading to cirrhosis. gelişebilir. Tamir dokusunun parçalanması, bozulan vaskülatürün Fibrosis can be reversible with fragmentation of scar tissue, organizasyonu ve hepatosit rejenerasyonu ile fibrozis/siroz resolving vascular derangements and parenchymal regeneration. -
A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes
Review A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes Ferdinand Nanfack Minkeu 1,2,3 and Kenneth D. Vernick 1,2,* 1 Institut Pasteur, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] 2 CNRS, Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France 3 Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-1-4061-3642 Received: 7 April 2018; Accepted: 21 April 2018; Published: 25 April 2018 Abstract: Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria, but they also harbor viruses, collectively termed the virome. The Anopheles virome is relatively poorly studied, and the number and function of viruses are unknown. Only the o’nyong-nyong arbovirus (ONNV) is known to be consistently transmitted to vertebrates by Anopheles mosquitoes. A systematic literature review searched four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Lissa. In addition, online and print resources were searched manually. The searches yielded 259 records. After screening for eligibility criteria, we found at least 51 viruses reported in Anopheles, including viruses with potential to cause febrile disease if transmitted to humans or other vertebrates. Studies to date have not provided evidence that Anopheles consistently transmit and maintain arboviruses other than ONNV. However, anthropophilic Anopheles vectors of malaria are constantly exposed to arboviruses in human bloodmeals. It is possible that in malaria-endemic zones, febrile symptoms may be commonly misdiagnosed. -
Chronic-Binge Model of Alcoholic Hepatitis in Long Evans Rats
Ashdin Publishing Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research ASHDIN Vol. 3 (2014), Article ID 235837, 10 pages publishing doi:10.4303/jdar/235837 Research Article Chronic-Binge Model of Alcoholic Hepatitis in Long Evans Rats Teresa Ramirez,1 Ming Tong,2 and Suzanne M. de la Monte3 1Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA 2Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA 3Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA Address correspondence to Suzanne M. de la Monte, suzanne delamonte [email protected] Received 22 November 2013; Revised 8 May 2014; Accepted 2 June 2014 Copyright © 2014 Teresa Ramirez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is largely a liver disease (ALD) that culminates in cirrhosis and liver histopathologic diagnosis that is based upon the presence of failure [26]. The major cause of ALD is heavy drinking over significant inflammation, hepatocellular lipid accumulation, ballooned prolonged periods [37]. degeneration of hepatocytes, and Mallory-Denk bodies. Underlying biochemical and molecular abnormalities -
Discovery of Antivirals Against Smallpox
Discovery of antivirals against smallpox Stephen C. Harrisona,b, Bruce Albertsc, Ellie Ehrenfeldd, Lynn Enquiste, Harvey Finebergf, Steven L. McKnightg, Bernard Mossh, Michael O’Donnelli, Hidde Ploeghj, Sandra L. Schmidk, K. Peter Walterl, and Julie Theriotm aHarvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seeley Mudd Building, Room 130, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115; cNational Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418; dLaboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 6120, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892; ePrinceton University, 314 Schultz Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544; fInstitute of Medicine, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418; gDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390; hLaboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 4, Room 229, 4 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892; iLaboratory of DNA Replication, The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021; jDepartment of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, NRB, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115; kDepartment of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; lDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Box 0448, HSE 1001, San Francisco, CA 94143; and mDepartment of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 Contributed by Stephen C. Harrison, May 21, 2004 mallpox, a devastating infectious Whatever the likelihood of covertly dopoxviruses has a restricted and spe- disease dreaded throughout much held variola virus stocks, an intentional cific host array (Table 2). -
The Discovery, Distribution and Diversity of DNA Viruses Associated with Drosophila Melanogaster in Europe Authors: Megan A
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.16.342956; this version posted October 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. DNA viruses of European Drosophila The discovery, distribution and diversity of DNA viruses associated with Drosophila melanogaster in Europe Authors: Megan A. Wallace 1,2 [email protected] 0000-0001-5367-420X Kelsey A. Coffman 3 [email protected] 0000-0002-7609-6286 Clément Gilbert 1,4 [email protected] 0000-0002-2131-7467 Sanjana Ravindran 2 [email protected] 0000-0003-0996-0262 Gregory F. Albery 5 [email protected] 0000-0001-6260-2662 Jessica Abbott 1,6 [email protected] 0000-0002-8743-2089 Eliza Argyridou 1,7 [email protected] 0000-0002-6890-4642 Paola Bellosta 1,8,9 [email protected] 0000-0003-1913-5661 Andrea J. Betancourt 1,10 [email protected] 0000-0001-9351-1413 Hervé Colinet 1,11 [email protected] 0000-0002-8806-3107 Katarina Eric 1,12 [email protected] 0000-0002-3456-2576 Amanda Glaser-Schmitt 1,7 [email protected] 0000-0002-1322-1000 Sonja Grath 1,7 [email protected] 0000-0003-3621-736X Mihailo Jelic 1,13 [email protected] 0000-0002-1637-0933 Maaria Kankare 1,14 [email protected] 0000-0003-1541-9050 Iryna Kozeretska 1,15 [email protected] 0000-0002-6485-1408 Volker Loeschcke 1,16 [email protected] 0000-0003-1450-0754 Catherine Montchamp-Moreau 1,4 [email protected] 0000-0002-5044-9709 Lino Ometto 1,17 [email protected] 0000-0002-2679-625X Banu Sebnem Onder 1,18 [email protected] 0000-0002-3003-248X Dorcas J. -
Viral Hepatitis (I)
Viral Hepatitis (I) Luigi Terracciano Department of Pathology University Hospital Basel Basel, 19. 04. 2016 Definition Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver characterized by a variable combination of : • mononuclear inflammation (lymphocytes and plasma cells) • hepatocellular necrosis/apoptosis • hepatocellular regeneration Viral Hepatitis Unless otherwise specified, the term "viral hepatitis" is reserved for infection of the liver caused by a group of viruses having a particular affinity for the liver Systemic viral infections that can involve the liver include: 1.infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), which may cause a mild hepatitis during the acute phase; 2.cytomegalovirus, particularly in the newborn or immunosuppressed patient; 3.yellow fever, which has been a major and serious cause of hepatitis in tropical countries. Hepatotropic viruses cause overlapping patterns of disease Viral Hepatitis The Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus Hepatitis D Virus Hepatitis E Agent Icosahedral capsid, Enveloped dsDNA Enveloped ssRNA Enveloped ssRNA Unenveloped ssRNA ssRNA Transmission Fecal-oral Parenteral; close contact Parenteral; close contact Parenteral; Waterborne close contact Incubation Period 2-6 wk 4-26 wk 2-26 wk 4-7 wk 2-8 wk Carrier state None 0.1-1.0% of blood donors 0.2-1.0% of blood donors. 1-10% in drug addicts Unknown in U.S. and Western worldi in U.S and Western world and hemophiliacs 1-2% of blood donors Chronic hepatitis None 5-10% of >50% <5% coinfection, None / Very rare acute -
University of Oklahoma Graduate College Viral
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE VIRAL METAGENOMICS AND ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE AMERICAS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ANDREW T. OZGA Norman, Oklahoma 2015 VIRAL METAGENOMICS AND ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE AMERICAS A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Cecil M. Lewis, Jr., Chair ______________________________ Dr. Katherine Hirschfeld ______________________________ Dr. Paul Spicer ______________________________ Dr. Kermyt G. Anderson ______________________________ Dr. Tyrrell Conway © Copyright by ANDREW T. OZGA 2015 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and encouragement of a number of professors, colleagues, friends, and family members. First and foremost I’d like to thank my advisor and chair, Dr. Cecil Lewis. His guidance and critiques throughout the project design, execution, and drafting process were invaluable to my completion of this degree. I’d also like to thank my doctoral committee: Dr. Tassie Hirschfeld, Dr. KG Anderson, Dr. Paul Spicer, and Dr. Tyrrell Conway for their support and insight regarding my project design and manuscript draft. I must thank those that graciously provided fecal samples for this project including the Cheyenne & Arapaho Nation, University of Oklahoma colleagues and students, and those from the coastal and jungle regions of Peru. Additionally, I’d like to thank my LMAMR colleagues including Dr. Christina Warinner and Dr. Jiawu Xu for their encouragement and valuable knowledge. This includes Dr. Alexandra Obregon-Tito and Raul Tito for their relentless support of my pursuit of a Ph.D., their assistance in sample processing, and their assistance in the Peruvian IRB process and sample collection.