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BMC Immunology Biomed Central BMC Immunology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Characterization of rag1 mutant zebrafish leukocytes Lora Petrie-Hanson*, Claudia Hohn and Larry Hanson Address: Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS, 39762- 6100, USA Email: Lora Petrie-Hanson* - [email protected]; Claudia Hohn - [email protected]; Larry Hanson - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 3 February 2009 Received: 11 September 2008 Accepted: 3 February 2009 BMC Immunology 2009, 10:8 doi:10.1186/1471-2172-10-8 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/10/8 © 2009 Petrie-Hanson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Zebrafish may prove to be one of the best vertebrate models for innate immunology. These fish have sophisticated immune components, yet rely heavily on innate immune mechanisms. Thus, the development and characterization of mutant and/or knock out zebrafish are critical to help define immune cell and immune gene functions in the zebrafish model. The use of Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) and recombination activation gene 1 and 2 mutant mice has allowed the investigation of the specific contribution of innate defenses in many infectious diseases. Similar zebrafish mutants are now being used in biomedical and fish immunology related research. This report describes the leukocyte populations in a unique model, recombination activation gene 1-/- mutant zebrafish (rag1 mutants). Results: Differential counts of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) showed that rag1 mutants had significantly decreased lymphocyte-like cell populations (34.7%) compared to wild-types (70.5%), and significantly increased granulocyte populations (52.7%) compared to wild-types (17.6%). Monocyte/macrophage populations were similar between mutants and wild-types, 12.6% and 11.3%, respectively. Differential leukocyte counts of rag1 mutant kidney hematopoietic tissue showed a significantly reduced lymphocyte-like cell population (8%), a significantly increased myelomonocyte population (57%), 34.8% precursor cells, and 0.2% thrombocytes, while wild-type hematopoietic kidney tissue showed 29.4% lymphocytes/lymphocyte-like cells, 36.4% myelomonocytes, 33.8% precursors and 0.5% thrombocytes. Flow cytometric analyses of kidney hematopoietic tissue revealed three leukocyte populations. Population A was monocytes and granulocytes and comprised 34.7% of the gated cells in rag1 mutants and 17.6% in wild-types. Population B consisted of hematopoietic precursors, and comprised 50% of the gated cells for rag1 mutants and 53% for wild-types. Population C consisted of lymphocytes and lymphocyte-like cells and comprised 7% of the gated cells in the rag1 mutants and 26% in the wild-types. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays demonstrated rag1 mutant kidney hematopoietic tissue expressed mRNA encoding Non-specific Cytotoxic cell receptor protein-1 (NCCRP-1) and Natural Killer (NK) cell lysin but lacked T cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) transcript expression, while wild-type kidney hematopoietic tissue expressed NCCRP-1, NK lysin, TCR and Ig transcript expression. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that in comparison to wild-type zebrafish, rag1 mutants have a significantly reduced lymphocyte-like cell population that likely includes Non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCC) and NK cells (and lacks functional T and B lymphocytes), a similar macrophage/monocyte population, and a significantly increased neutrophil population. These zebrafish have comparable leukocyte populations to SCID and rag 1 and/or 2 mutant mice, that possess macrophages, natural killer cells and neutrophils, but lack T and B lymphocytes. Rag1 mutant zebrafish will provide the platform for remarkable investigations in fish and innate immunology, as rag 1 and 2 mutant mice did for mammalian immunology. Page 1 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Immunology 2009, 10:8 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/10/8 Background lymphocytes and lymphocyte-like cells. Thrombocytes The zebrafish has many advantages for use in immuno- had round nuclei and very scant, faintly eosinophilic cyto- logical research. Zebrafish can mount innate and adaptive plasm that was often irregular. The nuclear chromatin was immune responses much like higher vertebrates and their very dense. Lymphocytes and lymphocyte-like cells genome demonstrates a high degree of synteny to the included several populations that were round with a high human genome [1,2]. Current methods for targeted gene nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. The cytoplasm stained pale silencing, the availability of many mutant strains and the blue and was agranular. Smaller lymphocytes had a very ease of producing specific mutants make the zebrafish an scant cytoplasm. Larger lymphocytes had a more granular excellent model for experimental immunology [3]. They cytoplasm. Monocytes were large with a lower nuclear to are phylogenetically one of the lowest vertebrates and rely cytoplasmic ratio. Nuclear shape was round, indented or more than mammals on innate immune mechanisms, bilobed, and the cytoplasm was granular, but not frothy. and may prove to be one of the best models for innate Macrophages were large with a low nuclear to cytoplasmic immunology. However, the development, propagation ratio. The nucleus was irregularly shaped. The cytoplasm and characterization of mutant and/or knock out was frothy, or vacuolated, and often contained debris, and zebrafish are critical to help define immune cell and the margin was often irregular. The granulocyte popula- immune gene functions in the zebrafish model. Much of tion was predominately two cell types: a myeloperoxidase the research on inducible components of innate and (mpo) positive neutrophil and an mpo negative eosi- acquired immunity is based on in vitro research utilizing nophil. The nuclei of neutrophils were multi-lobed and isolated or cultured cells. These types of studies are useful the cytoplasm stained lilac or pale pink and was not obvi- for dissecting specific mechanistic pathways but are artifi- ously granular by light microscopy. Eosinophils had cial, in that unknown cellular interactions that occur in eccentric nuclei. The cytoplasm stained pale pink and con- the whole animal are removed from the system. With the tained larger granules. production of mutants and specific knock out mice, com- ponents of the immune system could be dissected in the Comparisons of PBL differentials from mutants and wild- whole animal model. The use of SCID and rag 1 and 2 types were 34.7% vs. 70.5% lymphocyte-like cells and mutant mice has allowed the investigation of the specific lymphocytes, 12.6% vs. 11.3% monocytes, and 52.7% vs. contribution of innate defenses in many infectious dis- 17.6% granulocytes (Figure 1-I). Mutant lymphocyte-like eases. Both mutants have normally functioning macro- cell populations were significantly less than wild-type phages, natural killer cells and neutrophils, but lack T and lymphocyte/lymphocyte-like cell populations, and granu- B lymphocytes [4,5]. locyte populations were significantly greater compared to wild-types. Average thrombocyte counts (per 100 leuko- Similar mutants are now being used in biomedical and cytes) were 519 ± 112 (mean ± SD) for mutants and 496 fish immunology related research. Reverse genetics, the ± 10.6 for wild-types. Comparisons of kidney hematopoi- ability to inactivate a given gene in an entire animal, is an etic tissue leukocyte differentials from mutants and wild- established technique in zebrafish research [1]. Target- types were 8% lymphocyte-like cells vs. 29.4% lym- selected mutagenesis was used to identify a series of 15 phocytes and lymphocyte-like cells, 57% vs. 36.4% mye- rag1 mutations. One of these was a point mutation that lomonocytes, 34.8% vs. 33.8% precursors and 0.2% vs. causes a premature stop codon in the catalytic domain of 0.5% thrombocytes (Figure 1-II). Again, mutant lym- rag1 [6]. A functional RAG1 protein is required for V(D)J phocyte-like cell populations were significantly lower recombination when generating functional immunoglob- than wild-types, and myelomonocyte populations were ulin and T cell receptor (TCR) genes [7]. As in other verte- significantly greater than in wild-types. Cell counts are brates, there is only one functional rag1 gene; loss of presented as percentage ± standard deviation. function at this locus results in a complete block of immu- noglobulin gene assembly and, presumably, in immuno- Flow cytometry deficiency [6]. The aims of our project were to describe Examination of mutant and wild-type kidney interstitial leukocyte cell populations of adult rag1-/- (mutant) and cells by Fluoresence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) analysis rag1+/+ (wild-type) zebrafish by morphologic and flow demonstrated three main cell populations (Figure 1-III cytometric analyses, and to determine the presence or and 1-VI). On the basis of forward scatter (FSC) and side absence of leukocyte-associated transcripts by RT-PCR scatter (SSC) properties and location in a FSC vs. SSC plot, assays. these populations were identified as monocytes/granulo- cytes/myelomonocyte precursors and designated
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