HISTORICAL REVIEW

JULY 1967 George Caleb Bingham Home, Arrow Rock

Published Quarterly By The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1965-68 LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President * WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Second Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1967 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1968 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis R. I. COLBORN, Paris LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana *WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1969 *BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry L. E. MEADOR, Springfield HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Uni­ versity of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee.

T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City

* Deceased CONTENTS

Page

BANKING IN EARLY MISSOURI. By Harry S. Gleick 427

DALLAS COUNTY RAILROAD BONDS. By Virginia Rust Frazer 444

WILLIAM S. STEWART LETTERS, JANUARY 13, 1861 TO DECEMBER 4, 1862.

Edited by Harvey L. Carter and Norma L. Peterson 463

THE CHARITON RIVER FISH TRAP. By Wayne F. Shields 489

MISSOURI'S NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 497

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Bishop Ivan Lee Holt Papers Presented to Western Historical Manuscripts and State Historical Society 510 University of Missouri Holds Inauguration for President Weaver 511 Views from the Past: Missouri Recreation 512 News in Brief 514 Local Historical Societies 517 Honors and Tributes 528 Gifts 529 Missouri History in Newspapers 533 Missouri History in Magazines 538 Book Reviews 541 Book Notes 551 In Memoriam 554

THE IRON HORSE 592

PHOEBE COUZINS Back Cover

THE COVER: The George Caleb Bingham Home, Arrow Rock, after the second restoration, 1964-1965, by the Missouri State Park Board. For additional in­ formation about the Bingham Home see pages 505 to 509. Volume LXI July 1967 Number 4

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR DOROTHY CALDWELL

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Mis­ souri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $25 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. Furs were used as the medium of exchange for many years in early Missouri. Spanish dollars, acquired by Missouri merchants in the 1820s were often chopped into quarters1 and halves and made into "hits", each worth 12V2 cents.

Mo. Hist. Society St. Louis

Banking in Early Missouri Part I

BY HARRY S. GLEICK

At the beginning of the nineteenth century there were neither banks nor banking associations, nor was banking in any form carried on in that part of the Upper Louisiana Territory out of Harry S. Gleick, an Ohioan by birth, has received the A.B., LL.B. which the State of Missouri was and J.D. degrees from the University later carved. In 1803, when the of Wisconsin. In 1917 he was admitted to the Missouri Bar. He is the author United States purchased the of numerous articles in legal publica­ territory, the region was still in tions and a former member of the 1 faculty of the Washington University a state of truck economy. The and St. Louis University Law Schools. inhabitants of the ceded terri­ A founder of the International Junior Chamber of Commerce, Dr. Gleick is tory were to be incorporated in a member of the American Bar Asso­ the Union upon the principles ciation, the St. Louis Bar Association 2 and the Lawyers Association of St. of the Federal Constitution. Louis.

1 A good description of trading in early St. Louis may be found in Walter B. Stevens, St. Louis, The Fourth City, 1764-1911 (St. Louis, 1911), I, 217; and J. Thomas Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883) , II, 1370. 2 Treaty for the Cession of Louisiana to the United States (April 30, 1803) , Art. 3, in Treaties and Conventions—United States (Washington, 1889), 332.

427 428 Missouri Historical Review

The only provision which could restrict banking and currency in the Missouri area according to the Constitution was included in Article I which read: "no State shall . . . coin money, emit bills of credit, make anything but gold and silver in payment of debts."3 Not infrequently trades were made by barter in early Missouri.4 A traveler in 1819 noted that "the furs and peltries which are col­ lected during repeated excursions in the woods, are taken down the river (Mississippi) at certain seasons in canoes, and disposed of to traders who visit the lower parts of this river for that purpose. Here they receive in exchange . . . articles of primary importance. Very little cash is paid, and that in hard money only, no bank bills of any kind being taken in that quarter."5 Lead, peltry and salt, the principal articles of export, were legal tender, and debts were usually paid in this way.6 St. Louis grew out of a trading post, and peltry naturally became the chief medium of trade. The different varieties of furs were redeemable in one another,7 and a note was payable in peltry unless there was an express stipulation that the payment should be in Spanish milled dollars.8 The first recorded payments in coin in Missouri consisted of silver sent to pay the Spanish garrison at St. Louis,9 but the offi­ cer who took possession of Louisiana for the United States in 1804, was impressed by the fact that Upper Louisiana was practically destitute of a circulating medium.10 The cession of the territory stimulated commerce, especially with the Southwest, trade was extended as far South as Chihauhua. Payments for tinware and dry goods were made in Spanish and Mexican dollars, small change being acquired by cutting the dollars into quarters and "bits."11 The growth of commerce and industry resulted in a demand for banking facilities. The first attempt to do a banking business was made in 1808, when Wilkinson and Price at

3 Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sec. 10. 4 Thomas J. Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Plains (London, 1843) , I, 193, in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1906), XXVIII, 174; Henry R. Schoolcraft, Lead Mines in Missouri; . . . (New York, 1819) , 249-250. 5 Ibid., 250-251. 6 Louis Houck, A Flistory of Missouri (Chicago, 1908) , III, 190; Scharf, History of Saint Louis, II, 1367; Stevens, St. Louis, Fourth City, I, 217. 7 J. J. Knox, History of Banking in the United States (New York, 1900) , 779. 8 Major Amos Stoddard, Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, of Louisiana (Philadelphia, 1812), 282. 9 Knox, History of Banking, 781. io Stoddard, Sketches, 282, 459. 11 Knox, History of Banking, 781. Banking in Early Missouri 429

St. Louis advertised bills of exchange drawn on the government.12 In the meantime state banks had been developing in other parts of the country, particularly in the East. The period of the First Bank of the United States, a period of sound banking cur­ rency,13 saw the introduction and development of state banks; there were twenty-six banks by the end of the century, and by 1811 the number had increased to eighty-eight.14 The refusal of Congress to recharter the United States Bank was followed by an immediate increase in the number of these institutions, until in 1816 there were two hundred and forty-six in operation.15 The notes of the state banks superseded those of the United States Bank, and great profits were anticipated by the founders of the new institutions.16 The same tendency showed itself in the West. In Illinois a bank was organized at Shawneetown in 1813, but it did not begin business until 1817.17 During the same year the Bank of St. Louis was organized and chartered by the General Assembly of the Ter­ ritory of Missouri.18 One of the most active of the founders was Auguste Chouteau, a name well known in the annals of early St. Louis. The charter of the bank was granted for a period of twenty- five years.19 The capital stock was limited to $450,000 and was divided into one hundred dollar shares, which were to number not more than 1,500 exclusive of those subscribed for by the territory.20 Not more than one-fourth of the capital stock was to be sold out­ side of Missouri and Illinois and no stock could be transferred to holders outside of these territories under any conditions unless the

12 St. Louis Missouri Gazette, July 26, 1808. 13 A. B. Hepburn, History of Coinage and Currency in the United States (New York, 1903), 139. 14 J. B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States (New York, 1895), IV, 281. 15 D. R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States (New York, 1903), 144; Scharf, History of Saint Louis, II, 1369. 16 A. S. Bolles, Financial History of the United States (New York, 1883), II, 152-155; Albert Gallatin, "Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States," in The Writings of Albert Gallatin, ed. by Henry Adams (Philadelphia, 1879), III, 287. 17 Charles Hunter Garnett, "Banks of Issue in Illinois," Sound Currency, V (May 1, 1898), 122. 18 Laws of the State of Missouri; Revised and Digested by Authority of the General Assembly (St. Louis, 1825) , I, 175; Laws of a Public and General Nature of the District of Louisiana, of the Territory of Louisiana, of the Territory of Missouri and of the State of Missouri Up To the Year 1824 (Jefferson City, 1842) , I, 278; Hereafter cited as Laws of Louisiana and Missouri. H. S. Geyer, Digest of the Laws of Missouri Territory (St. Louis, 1818), 86. Missouri was organized by Congress as a territory in 1812. 19 Charter of the bank, Sec. 1, in Laws of the State of Missouri, I, 175. 20 ibid., Sec. 2, 176. consent of the board of direc­ tors has been obtained; non­ residents were not to cast more than one-fourth of the votes at any election.21 The for hotdmttt purpose of this provision was to prevent the control of the bank from falling into the hands of outsiders, especially Easterners, and is indicative of the suspicion with which neraon* namtd the capitalistic class in the M9HHB , older sections of the country iiiiiii was looked upon. The charter PnUe^i rottt; Rktdofi9MHMnH PriceMSi expressly gave the Territory •iiillMBlSPl of Missouri the right to sub­ scribe to any number of shares not exceeding one hundred and fifty.22 tcr Witkmtw 413 votet | Tbeophulw There were no provisions in regard to the liability of stock­ holders, but the directors were made personally liable for any loba B. C. Locat, Robert SImpfoo, loss occurring through the Mafia 1111^^^ payment of dividends out of capital,23 or in case any loss occurred because the total in­ St. Louis Missouri Gazette, debtedness exceeded double Sept. 7, 1816 the amount of capital stock.24 The regulations concerning the duties of the directors included much that is now provided for in the by-laws of the corporation, such as the limiting of the term of office to one year, and the provision that at least nine of the thirteen directors must reside in or near St. Louis;25 the powers of the di­ rectors were defined in some detail.26 No provisions for the supervision of the bank were made, and

21 Ibid., Sec. 21, 182. 22 ibid., Sec. 7, 178. Mlbid., Sec. 14, 180-181. 24 ibid., Sec. 8, 178-179. 25 ibid., Sec. 3, 176-177. wibid., Sec. 5, 177-178. ISIHHHffiHnM IISiiMill^^^lipllBta! DirectortoftheBaokof 81 Lou­ is, to meet at the Union Hotel, in the town of St. Louis, »tg of 8eptembe? inst for tbepur- pote of appoinUn^a ^retideot and for the transaction of any.o. ther business tbat may properly ! iiiii liiJBiWili^SP ^9iSx

St. Louis Missouri Gazette, Sept. 7, 1816 nothing was said of reserve requirements. Lead, peltry, furs, and other property could be taken as security for loans,27 but the bank was prohibited from dealing in real estate or in merchandise.28 The limit placed upon the amount of loans and discounts was that the total indebtedness should never exceed twice the capital of the bank; bank charters of this period quite frequently contained some such provision as this.29 The power to circulate notes was granted, and no restriction of any sort was placed upon the amount of the issue other than making them binding and obligatory upon the corporation, a rather ineffective safeguard.30 The directors were empowered, whenever they saw fit, to es­ tablish branches for discount and deposit only within the territory, with the proviso, however, that no branch should be established within fifty miles of the principal bank or any other branch. The charter itself provided for the establishment of one such branch at Ste. Genevieve, with a capital stock of $50,000,31 but this provision was not carried out during the short existence of the bank.32 The charter of this first bank in Missouri was evidently in-

27 ibid., Sec. 18, 181-182. 28 ibid., Sec. 9, 178-179. 29 ibid., Sec. 8, 178. so ibid., Sec. 10, 179. 31 ibid., Sec. 17 & 23, 181, 183. 32 D. R. Dewey, "State Banking Before the Civil War," Report of the National Monetary Commission, 1910, 61st Congress, 2nd Sess. Sen. Doc. XXXIV, 31. 432 Missouri Historical Review

fluenced by the charter of the First Bank of the United States.33 For instance, foreign stockholders were prohibited from voting by proxy in the charter of the latter,34 and alien stockholders were by the charter of the former excluded entirely from voting.35 In order to prevent holders of large blocks of stock from obtaining undue influence there was a system of voting by which the larger stock­ holders received proportionally fewer votes than the smaller stock­ holders.36 A similar provision was incorporated in the bank or­ ganized at Shawneetown.37 The desire of the people to restrict closely the operations of the bank was clearly evidenced by the nature of the various pro­ visions. The bank was not to demand a greater interest rate than six percent.38 This was in part a duplication of an act which had been passed by the territorial legislature in 1808, restricting interest rates to six percent, except where a special agreement was made, in which case the rate was limited to ten percent.39 Later, in 1825, a similar law was re-enacted by the state legislature.40 Provisions requiring the directors to be residents of St. Louis, and making by­ laws for the operation of the bank and the calling of directors' meetings seem to indicate a desire to regulate the bank as much as possible.41 Closely connected with this idea of restriction by statute was the power expressly given to the State of subscribing stock.42 The notice of the act of incorporation appeared in the Missouri Gazette in August, 1813.43 Subscription books were opened in Sep­ tember, but little of the stock was subscribed for at this time; in

33 For this charter, U.S. Statutes at Large (Boston, 1850) , I, 191-196; Annals of Congress (Washington, 1834), II, 2312-2317. 34 u.S. Statutes at Large, I, Sec. 7, 193. 35 Laws of the State of Missouri, I, Sec. 13, 180. By the Charter of the Second Bank of the United States (1816) no alien could vote in the choice of directors. U.S. Statutes at Large (Boston, 1850), III, Sec. 11, XVI, 274. 36 Charter of First Bank of the United States, Sec. 7, in U.S. Statutes at Large, I, 193; Charter of the Bank of St. Louis, Sec. 13, in Laws of the State of Missouri, I, 180; See also Charter of the Second Bank of the United States, Sec. 11, I, in U.S. Statutes at Large, III, 271. 37 See footnote 15. 38 Charter of the Bank of St. Louis, Sec. 15, in Laws of the State of Missouri, I, 181. 39 Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, I, 220. 40 Laws of the State of Missouri, I, 461. 41 Charter of the Bank, Sections 3, 4, 13 in Laws of the State of Missouri, I, 176-177, 180. 42 ibid., Sec. 2, 176. 43 St. Louis Missouri Gazette, August 21, 1813; excerpts in Frederic L. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Territorial Days (St. Louis, 1888) , 85. Banking in Early Missouri 433

December, 1814, a notice appeared that the books would be re­ opened.44 On July 13, 1816, it was announced that sufficient stock had been subscribed, and on September 2, the first election of directors was held. There was soon dissension in the management, however, and in March, 1818, business was suspended. The bank reopened a year later, and dragged out a feeble existence until September, 1819, when it came to an untimely end.45 The stockholders suffered more than the creditors, as the directors favored the latter in the distribu­ tion of assets.46 From a newspaper statement it seems that un­ scrupulous men had gained control of the bank after disputes as to certain investments, and this had contributed materially to the failure.47 According to another account a dissatisfied minority of the directorate, led by Thomas H. Benton, aided by certain out­ siders, took forcible possession of the bank.48 The bank lost its stability, and with panicky conditions existing throughout the country, it was unable to recover. Inability to collect debts, and the failure of other banks whose paper constituted nearly all of the currency of the region, were also factors in the collapse.49 Moreover, most of the stock subscriptions had been paid for with paper currency of doubtful value.50 The scarcity of specie is shown by the fact that the Bank of Illinois (1821-1823) never re­ ceived any specie of consequence; the specie receipts of one of its branches amounted to only two dollars, both of which were care­ fully preserved as curiosities.51 In addition to those causes it must be remembered that just at this time business and currency con­ ditions over the entire country were unsettled, and strong banks were few indeed.52 But before the Bank of St. Louis had closed its affairs a com-

44 St. Louis Missouri Gazette, December 31, 1814; Billon, Annals of St. Louis, 85. 45 Knox, History of Banking, 781. 46 Stevens, St. Louis, Fourth City, I, 221. 47 St. Louis Missouri Gazette and Public Advertiser, September 22, 1819; Elihu H. Shepard, Early History of St. Louis and Missouri (St. Louis, 1870), 57. 48 Stevens, St. Louis, Fourth City, I, 221; Scharf, History of Saint Louis, II, 1384, 1387. 49 St. Louis Missouri Gazette and Public Advertiser, September 8, 1819. 50 St. Louis Missouri Gazette, October 15, 1816; Dewey, "State Banking," 22. 51 Garnett, "Banks of Issue in Illinois," 127. 52 Hepburn, History of Coinage and Currency, 139; Frederick Jackson Tur­ ner, Rise of the New West, in Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., American Nation: A History, XIV (New York, 1906), 134-148. 434 Missouri Historical Review petitor entered the field. In spite of miserable financial conditions the Territorial Bank of Missouri was incorporated in 1817.53 Like its ill-fated predecessor the bank had its main office at St. Louis, which was already a flourishing town. In the main the charter was copied from that of the Bank of St. Louis. The capital stock, however, was limited to $250,000,54 and, in view of the ex­ perience of that bank, it was provided that the charter was to be void unless accepted within six months.55 For failure to redeem its notes on demand the bank was to be penalized at the rate of five percent a month until such notes were paid.56 The chartering of this bank occasioned considerable discus­ sion, and also opposition; and the power of the territorial legisla­ ture to charter this sort of a corporation was questioned until settled by the courts.57 In 1817 both of the banks began to issue notes,58 and when the Bank of St. Louis went out of existence com­ plaints were made that the Bank of Missouri was a monopoly, and that another bank should be created to afford competition.59 But in spite of the criticisms directed against it, the Bank of Missouri started with more advantages than its predecessor. The bank was fortunate in having a good paid up capital and a sub­ stantial backing, and in 1820 it became a depository for government funds for the land district of Missouri.60 The following bank statement was submitted to the legislature as the condition of the bank on October 26, 1818:61 Capital stock of the Bank of Missouri $210,000.00 Capital stock, branch at Ste. Genevieve 40,000.00 Amount of debts due to the bank 324,493.21 Real Estate 4,700.00 Monies Deposited 312,888.89 Notes on the Bank in Circulation 100,002.25 Cash on hand $231,542.39 Do. sent for specie 65,544.49 Do. sent to branch 40,000.00 337,086.88

53 For the charter. Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, I, 532; Laws of the State of Missouri, I, 164; Geyer, Digest, 74. 54 Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, I, 533; Geyer, Digest, 75. 55 Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, I, 549; Geyer, Digest, 85. 56 Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, I, 540; Geyer, Digest, 84. 57 Riddick v. Amelin, 1 Mo. 9; Douglass v. Bank, 1 Mo. 24. 58 Houck, History of Missouri, III, 7. 59 St. Louis Missouri Gazette and Public Advertiser, January 1, 1819. 60 Billon, Annals of St. Louis, 89; Knox, History of Banking, 782. 61 St. Louis Missouri Gazette and Public Advertiser, November 6, 1818. The Bank of Missouri stopped payment on notes in August, 1821.

On October 1, 1818, a semi-annual dividend of four percent was declared.62 The period of prosperity was short. At this time the bank was issuing notes, as were most of the other state banks in the country. The currency of a majority of these institutions was in a hopeless state. In the South and West a very few of the banks redeemed their notes in specie; the Bank of Missouri stopped payments in August, 1821.63 The establishment of relief systems, hindering creditors from collecting their debts, in Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, made conditions in those states even worse than in the rest of the country.64 Early in 1822, Lilburn W. Boggs, treasurer of the bank, wrote to U.S. Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford that the bank was unable to con­ tinue banking on specie.65 The bank did not actually fail, but it was

mibid., October 6, 1819. 63 R. c. H. Catterall, Second Bank of the United States (Chicago, 1903), 83; American State Papers, Finance (Washington, 1834, folio ed.), IV, 758. 64 Catterall, Second Bank of U.S., 83. 65 American State Papers, Finance, IV, 758. For report of Secretary Craw­ ford to the House of Representatives on the condition of the banks, February 14, 1822, Ibid., Ill, 720. 436 Missouri Historical Review forced into liquidation, and Missouri, having just ripened into state­ hood, was left without an organized banking institution.66 What were the causes of the failure of these two banks of early Missouri? Economic conditions would seem to have demanded a bank, for Missouri was a growing state and St. Louis a thriving commercial town doing a business of $1,000,000 a year.67 Certainly the competition of other banks did not materially affect the situ­ ation. The explanation does not lie in any one cause or condition. Professor Wildman aptly describes this period of our history as be­ ing marked "by successive waves of unsound banking, each wave presenting these characteristics: inflated credit and extended debts, with rising prices and apparent good times; the contraction of issues with enforcement of specie payments; fall of prices, collapse of credit, and failure of debtors."68 Missouri was a frontier state, and the frontier had been settled by a class of speculators.69 It has been said that in times of speculation the culminating phase is devoted to the land boom.70 The land system favored speculation, and the situation came to a head with the panic of 1819.71 Bound up with the land speculation was the inflation of the currency due to the issues of wildcat banks. In 1820 throughout the West there was a scarcity of specie and general discouragement. Banking had become a mania during the previous decade, and the chief purpose of many banks was to get money on issues of notes unsecured by specie.72 There was no limit placed on the amount of notes issued by either of the Missouri banks, and the Bank of St. Louis soon after its organization "joined in the race for wealth and flooded the country with its issues." The Bank of Missouri at the beginning gained the confidence of the people because it was a depository

66 Billon, Annals of St. Louis, 89; Knox, History of Banking, 782. There were, however, several private firms doing a banking business. Houck, History of Missouri, III, 191. 67 Stevens, St. Louis, Fourth City, I, 221; Scharf, History of Saint Louis, II, 1369. 68 M. S. Wildman, Money Inflation in the United States (New York, 1908) , 69. Mlbid., 82; Turner, New West, 138. 70 W. G. L. Taylor, The Credit System (New York, 1913) , 228. 71 C. R. Fish, Development of American Nationality (New York, 1913) , 173; Turner, New West, 134, 148. 72 A. O. Eliasion, Rise of Commercial Banking Institutions in the United States (Minneapolis, 1901) , 65. Auguste Chouteau, one of the wealthiest men in St. Louis, was the first president of the Bank of Missouri. The bank was located on the first floor of Chouteau's mansion on the west side of Main Street, be­ tween Market and Chestnut Streets. The sketch was made from a por­ trait at the Missouri Historical So­ ciety, St. Louis.

for public money, and was thus able to float its issues.73 Neither of the banks was in a better situation than the banks that were going down on every side, including Kentucky's "litter of forty," and both went down with the others.74 The heritage bequeathed by the Territory of Missouri to the State of Missouri was a general distrust of banks. On March 2, 1821, Congress passed the act which enabled Missouri to become a state.75 The entire West at this time was in the midst of a period of rapid growth. The rush of emigration westward from the Atlantic seaboard began at the close of the Revolutionary War. It was checked temporarily at the outbreak of the French Revolution, because foreign demand for American food­ stuffs caused a return of good times. By treaty with Spain the Mississippi River was opened to trade in 1796,76 and this, with the decline of business that followed the

73 Scharf, History of Saint Louis, II, 1370. 74 A good description of the banking situation is given in Charles J. Bul­ lock, Monetary History of the United States (New York, 1900), 79-93. 75 Ben: Perley Poore, The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Chap­ ters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States (Washington, 1878) , II, 1102. 76 Katherine Coman, Economic Beginnings of the Far West (New York, 1912), I, 93. 438 Missouri Historical Review end of the war in Europe, started the western movement anew. This migration was in turn interrupted by the impetus given to trade and commerce at the outbreak of war in Europe in 1803. But the check was merely a temporary one, and in the decade preceding 1820 the roads and rivers from the East to the Middle West were literally swarming with settlers.77 The steamboat was another element in the rapid development of the midwestern states. A westerner at the time remarked that "the introduction of steamboats has contributed more than any one single cause to advance the prosperity of the West."78 The steam­ boats operating along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers served not only as a means of transporting the population, but afforded a trade connection between Pittsburgh and St. Louis and all the intermediate points, and New Orleans.79 In fact, goods were even sent by steamboat from Philadelphia to Cincinnati by way of New Orleans.80 It is reported that a steamship on a single trip from New Orleans to Louisville cleared $23,500 net profit.81 One result of this migratory movement was a strong demand for internal improvements, and for many years this was one of the chief political issues in the newer sections of the country. Roads and canals in turn facilitated the movement of population and the development of commercial relations between the towns and vil­ lages that were everywhere springing up in the Ohio and Upper Mississippi valleys.82 The population of Missouri increased from 10,000 in 1804 to 20,000 in 1810, to 66,000 in 1820, and to 140,000 in 1830.83 And yet, after the failure of the Bank of Missouri in 1822, the

77 E. L. Bogart, Economic History of the United States (New York, 1907) , Ch. XII. 78 James Hall, Statistics of the West (Cincinnati, 1836), 216. 79 Bogart, Economic History, 175; C. B. Walker, The Mississippi River (Burlington, Iowa, 1880), Ch. X. 80 Hall, Statistics, 239. 81 W. Faux, Memorable Days in America (London, 1823) , 203, in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, XI, 198. 82McMaster, History of the People, IV, Ch. 23, 29; Turner, New West, Ch. V. For a good description of the methods of transportation, James Schouler, History of the United States (New York, 1885), III, 346. 83 Fifth Census; or Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States, 1830 . . . (Washington, 1832), 22, 23, 151; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclo­ pedia of the History of Missouri (New York, 1901) , V, 194. See also Schouler, History of the U.S., IV, 26, 28; John W. Monette, History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi (New York, 1846), II, 545; John Warner Barber, History of the Western States and Territories (Cincinnati, 1867), 407. Banking in Early Missouri 439 people of the new State were left without an organized bank, although not altogether without banking facilities. Neither in the act enabling the territory of Missouri to form a state constitution, nor in the Act of Admission to the Union, was there any provision relating to banking or currency. But in the State Constitution, adopted 1820, the General Assembly was given power to incorporate "one banking company, and no more, to be in operation at the same time," the capital stock not to exceed $5,000,000, at least one-half of which was to be reserved for the use of the State; such a bank might have five or less branches, no more than one to be established at any one session of the General Assembly.84 These restrictions were due partly to the experience of the people and to their desire to prevent the establishment of useless banks,85 and partly to the influence of the newly adopted consti­ tutions of Indiana and Alabama.86 The Indiana Constitution of 1816 and the Alabama Constitution of 1819 both forbade the in­ corporation of any bank except a single state bank; both limited the number of branches, and the Alabama Constitution prohibited the establishment of more than one branch at any one session of the legislature.87 But in Missouri the distrust of banks was so great that it was not until 1837 that the legislature saw fit to exercise the limited privileges given to it by the Constitution. A unique institution known as the loan office was established in 1821, supposedly as a relief measure.88 The State was divided into five districts, and a loan office was established in each under the supervision of com­ missioners elected by the General Assembly. Certificates were issued in denominations of from fifty cents to ten dollars, bearing interest at two percent. The total amount of the certificates issued was not to exceed $200,000, but later this maximum was increased to $300,000. In spite of the fact that the property and credit of the State was pledged as security for the payment of these notes, and that they were declared to be receivable in payment of taxes and public

84 Constitution of Missouri, 1820, Art. VIII. 85 Houck, History of Missouri, III, 251. 86 Floyd C. Shoemaker, "The First Constitution of Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, VI (January, 1912) ,58. 87 Poore, Charters and Constitutions, 43, 509. 88 Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, I, Ch. 313, 358, 369, 375, 386, 439; Coman, Economic Beginnings, VI, 45. 440 Missouri Historical Review

dues, and that the Governor was authorized to negotiate a specie loan with which to redeem the certificates, they steadily decreased in value until they were worth only fifty percent of their original value.89 There was no practical difference between this loan office and a paper-issuing bank except that in the case of the former the State issued the paper upon the strength of its own security. In 1822 the St. Louis Circuit Court declared the law establishing the loan of­ fice unconstitutional.90 The following year, the United States Su­ preme Court decided that certificates issued by the State, receivable in payment of all state, county, and town dues, the faith and funds of the State being pledged for their redemption, were bills of credit and as such were prohibited by the constitution.91 This decision was not handed down until 1830; in 1825, before the case had reached the Supreme Court, the legislature had abolished the loan office.92 The institution was never very successful, although at the time it was organized it promised much relief. Its failure pro­ duced a corresponding depression.93 Various western states adopted what is known as a relief system, the chief purpose of which was to give relief to debtors by making it more difficult for creditors to collect debts.94 Replevin laws, staying the execution of judgments in favor of the creditor, or laws which provided for the appraisal of the debtor's estate by his neighbors, were favorite devices. In Missouri a law was enacted providing that if the goods of a debtor were sold on execution, title to the land should not pass for two and a half years after the sale, during which period the debtor could at any time redeem the land by paying the purchase money plus ten percent.95 This also was a

89 The certificates are described in William G. Sumner, History of Banking in the United States, in History of Banking in All Leading Nations, I (Dods- worth, New York, 1896), 161-163; L. Carroll Root, "States as Bankers," Sound Currency, XI (April 15, 1895), 29; Craig v. State of Missouri, 4 Peters (29 U.S.) 410, has an excellent analysis of these certificates, as well as the historical de­ velopment of this form of currency and the legal questions involved. 90 Missouri v. Lane, see supplement to 22 Niles 128. 91 Craig v. State of Missouri, 4 Peters (29 U.S.) 410. In 1837 state banks were declared capable of issuing such money, provided the funds of the state were not pledged as security, even though the state was sole stockholder. Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky, 11 Peters (36 U.S.) 257. 92 Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, II, Ch. 131. 93 Root, "States as Bankers," 29; Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years, . . . (Boston, 1826) ,213. 94 See page 435. Catterall, Second Bank of the U.S., 83; William G. Sumner, History of American Currency (New York, 1874) , 1824. 95 Laws of Louisiana and Missouri, I, Ch. 325. Banking in Early Missouri 441 dismal failure so far as relieving the situation was concerned, and the law was repealed six months after its passage.96 Between 1822 and 1829 the only local banking facilities were supplied by two or three private firms having credit in the East.97 The note issues of such banks were prohibited, but this was prac­ tically the only restriction upon their business.98 To a limited extent the banks of neighboring states supplied the banking needs of the community. In the latter part of the 1820s the policy of the Second Bank of the United States in enforcing the redemption of state bank notes made currency conditions better and banking safer. The state banks were forced to measure up to the standard or go out of business.99 In 1829 a branch was established at St. Louis. It was well managed, and from the very first supplied a valuable service to the community.100 After it had obtained the confidence of the people its notes and coins gradually took the place of the miscellaneous currency previously in circulation. The veto by President Jackson of the bill to recharter the bank caused violent criticism101 and the branch at St. Louis wound up its affairs in 1833. The following statement is taken from figures compiled by the Secretary of the Treasury:102 Feb. 7, 1831. April 7, 1834. Bills Discounted on Personal Security $395,474.23 $376,557.18 Bills Discounted on Bank Stock 1,200.00 Bills Discounted on Other Securities 8,500.00 Domestic Bills of Exchange 90,501.13 85,084.33 Due from Bank U.S. & Branches 343,701.11 951,796.73 Due from State Banks 52.50 Expenses 821.88 2,348.46 Notes of Bank U.S. and offices 810,810.00 741,210.00 Specie 227,495.27 312,023.92 Notes Issued 678,860.00 809,900.00 Discount, Exchange and Interest 6,104.13 13,724.05 Due to Bank U.S. and offices 822,707.65 1,123,404.26 Due to State Banks 1,117.06 44,984.80 Deposits of U.S. Treasurer 235,438.45 184,448.04 Deposits of Public Officers 8,803.32 103,677.03 Deposits of Individuals 115,773.01 198,634.34

96 ibid., Ch. 367. 97 Knox, History of Banking, 782. 98 Laws of the State of Missouri, I, 103. 99 Hepburn, History of Coinage and Currency, 139. 100 Conard, Encyclopedia of History of Missouri, I, 113-114. ioi Stevens, St. Louis, Fourth City, I, 225-226; Conard, Encyclopedia of His­ tory of Missouri, I, 214. 102 Executive Documents, 23rd Cong., 1st Sess., 1833-1834, VI, Doc. 523 (Serial No. 259). 442 Missouri Historical Review

Threatened with a loss of financial facilities, the business in­ terests welcomed a branch of the Cincinnati Commercial Agency.103 This agency was made a government depository, and in 1836 held nearly $2,000,000 of government money.104 But this was only a temporary expedient, and in 1837 a second Bank of Missouri was established.105 Each new year brought with it an increased demand for a more satisfactory banking system and a more reliable medium of trade. Missouri was not a manufacturing state; the laboring classes were chiefly slaves, who were better adapted to farm labor.106 The total capital devoted to manufacturing in the entire State in 1840 was only $2,700,000.107 But St. Louis had an extensive commerce, especially with New Orleans, which at this time was the principal market of the West.108 The financial and commercial situation in the West at this time cannot be grasped without an adequate knowledge of the centering of trade at New Orleans. The Mississippi and Ohio valleys sent vast quantities of provisions and other commodities to this market, much of which was re-transported to foreign ports. A con­ temporary states that foreign vessels frequently arrived at New Orleans with from $500,000 to $1,000,000 in specie for the purpose of purchasing cargoes of sugar, cotton and tobacco.109 The coins thus acquired were in turn used to pay for the shipments from the interior, and thus for many years practically the only hard money west of the Alleghenies consisted of foreign money. Besides Spanish, there were also French, German, English, Italian and Mexican coins.110 Change in most places was scarce.111 103 Stevens, St. Louis, Fourth City, I, 226; Conard, Encyclopedia of History of Missouri, I, 124. 104 "Conditions of State Deposit Banks, According to the Returns Made to the Treasury Dep't. April 1, 1836," see Sidney Dean, History of Banking and Banks (Boston, 1884) , 169. 105 Known as the Bank of the State of Missouri, or the "Old State Bank," as distinguished from the Bank of the Territory of Missouri (1817-1822) . 106 Hall, Statistics, 266-267. 107 J. D. B. DeBow, Industrial Resources, Statistics, etc., of the United States (New York, 1854) , III, 496. 108 Ibid., 267; Faux, Memorable Days, 146, in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, XI, 151. 109 Estwick Evans, Pedestrious Tour (Concord, N.H., 1819) , 232, in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, VIII, 339; E. P. Fordham, Personal Narrative of Travels, 1817-18, ed. by F. A. Ogg (Cleveland, 1906) , 106. no W. N. Blane, An Excursion through the United States and Canada (Lon­ don, 1824) , 257; Stevens, St. Louis, Fourth City, I, 442. in John Woods, Two Years' Residence on the English Prairie in the Illinois Country (London, 1822), 17, 90, in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, IX, 188, 230. See also Isaac Holmes, Account of the United States of America (London, 1823), 211. Banking in Early Missouri 443

The vast majority of business had to be done by means of such paper money as there was. As in all new communities, the western pioneers were buyers.112 Money was scarce because it was con­ stantly being sent East to pay for the necessities which were manufactured there; there was little manufacturing done in the West. The demand for money was an incentive to the establish­ ment of banks, whose notes soon depreciated, and drove the good money out of circulation.113 The fluctuating character of the currency, the fact that the notes in circulation were of varying degrees of depreciation, and the scarcity of money in general were serious obstacles to a credit system. The great majority of transactions were for cash. In one in­ stance subscriptions to a fund for a celebration were made in produce. With such conditions as these it may readily be seen that the commercial growth of the West was stunted and the develop­ ment of manufactures was retarded until the country could be pro­ vided with a sound currency. Banking and currency conditions during the fifteen years fol­ lowing the admission of Missouri to the Union were particularly chaotic. The period began with the failure of the two territorial banks and ended with the establishment of an agency controlled by outsiders. Only during the time when the branch bank of the United States was in operation was there well-regulated banking and a bank that deserved the confidence of the people; and this was partly due to the exceptional character and ability of the directorate. As yet, no sound financial institution had been or­ ganized by the people of the State. [Part II of "Banking in Early Missouri" will be published in the October issue of the REVIEW.]

H2Coman, Economic Beginnings, II, 45. 113 Hall, Statistics, 173-174.

The Unforgivable Sin Novinger Record, April 13, 1906. One woman sues for divorce because her spouse "reneged" at cards and then slapped her. She might overlook the slapping, but never his failure to follow her lead. "**:] I

or.

• \ Springfield Sunday News & Leader, June 2, 1940 An artist's depiction of the mass meeting at Buffalo, Missouri, on August 5, 1869, when the county judges agreed to issue $150,000 in bonds to help pay for a railroad across Dallas County. DALLAS COUNTY RAILROAD BONDS

BY VIRGINIA RUST FRAZER

To the citizens of Dallas County, Missouri, July 4, 1940, was more than a national Independence Day. It was also the celebra­ tion of their deliverance from a debt which had burdened the county for almost three-quarters of a century, a debt incurred by their forebears to pay for a railroad which was never built. On that day, a great bond burning ceremony was held at Buffalo, the county seat. Into the flames went county bonds which, with prin­ cipal and interest, amounted to almost $3,000,000. The bonfire destroyed not only the canceled bonds, as evidence of the debt, but

444 Dallas County Railroad Bonds 445

also the long years of bitterness and strife arising out of that debt. Dallas County was at last free from a bondage into which it had sold itself.1 In order to understand and appreciate this lengthy tragicomedy, it is necessary to know something of its physical and political set­ ting, and of the character of the dramatis personae. Dallas County was organized as Niangua County by an Act of the Missouri Legislature, on January 28, 1841, its name being changed by the legislature on December 16, 1844, to Dallas Coun­ ty.2 It is located in the southwestern part of the State; although it is described as being on the northern slope of the Ozark mountain range, there are no real mountains in the county, and more than one-third of it consists of rich prairie land. The county is well watered by springs flowing up through the limestone formation, and there are many small rivers. Although the soil is quite fertile and adapted to a wide range of products, only about fifty percent is under cultivation. Coal, lead, iron and limestone are produced in Dallas County; however, neither agriculture nor mining have been developed to their fullest potentialities, due to some extent to the lack of a railroad and to the tremendous burden of debt under which the county labored for so long.3 Buffalo is the county seat of ; ; „. . . ~ ~ ^ u ^ , , The late Virginia Rust Frazer, a JJallas County, and the only member of the State Historical So- town of any size. In the early ciet>' of Missouri for twenty-seven £l_ . r i. - years, was born in Buffalo, Missouri, years, after its founding m 1833, She received a B.S. degree from South- Buffalo was quite prosperous west Missouri State College, Spring- -, -ri i , field, in 1946 and continued her stud- and might have been a rival of ies at the University of Arkansas and Springfield for the title "Queen Lincoln University, Jefferson City. In x ^ "~r , « - addition to her interest in local his- dty Ot the Ozarks. 4 The lack tory, Mrs. Frazer was a former in- of railroad facilities retarded the structor o£ English at Southwest Mis- J/L "U I. r l souri State College and Lincoln growth both Ot the county and University and a nationally accredited the county seat, and for a num- lecturer in horticulture.

i Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940; Kansas City Star, June 30, 1940, cited in MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXV (October, 1940), 133-134; personal interview with Ben H. Darby, circuit clerk and recorder of Dallas County in 1940. 2 Sarah Guitar and Floyd C. Shoemaker, "The Missouri Chronicle, 1673- 1924," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIX (January, 1925), 193; Walter B. Stevens, Missouri, The Center State (Chicago, 1915), II, 768. 3 History of Laclede, Camden, Dallas, Webster, Wright, Texas, Pulaski, Phelps, and Dent Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1889) , 493-495. Hereafter cited as History of Laclede. Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (New York, 1901), II, 217; Elva Murrell Hemphill, Early Days in Dallas County (1954), 5-6. 7 y 4 Ibid., 9. 446 Missouri Historical Review ber of years the population remained static, the number of births being equaled by the number of young people who left the com­ munity to seek better opportunities elsewhere.5 The settlers who came to Missouri from 1810 to 1860 were pre­ dominately from the southern states.6 After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers began arriving in considerable numbers, and after the War of 1812, the tide increased, due to publicity extolling the richness of the western lands and the freedom of life to be found there.7 In Dallas County the settlers were for the most part from Ten­ nessee and Kentucky.8 The majority were of Scotch-Irish stock- farmers who were attracted by the cheapness and fertility of the land, and hunters who were drawn by the abundance of wildlife. To understand the struggle to avoid payment of the railroad bond indebtedness, the character of these people must be under­ stood. They were free, independent and opinionated. They were often dour and ultra-religious and not very glamorous, but they and their kind added a great deal of stiffness to the American backbone; when they had principles, they stuck to those principles, come "hell or high water."9 During the Civil War, the sentiment in Dallas County was overwhelmingly for the Union.10 However, there were some south­ ern sympathizers, and this led to great bitterness and occasionally to internecine bloodshed. During this confused period, many left the county. Guerrilla bands ravaged the countryside, and the in­ habitants were forced to bury their possessions in the woods and to hide their food in order to save it from pillage.11 The first county courthouse, built of logs, was burned by one of these roving bands in 1863; its replacement was burned in 1864.12 All county records were destroyed in these fires, a destruction which considerably confused the situation in regard to land titles, records of births, deaths, marriages and law suits.

» Louis Brownlow, A Passion for Politics (Chicago, 1955) , 36. 6 Ruby Matson Robins, "The Missouri Reader," MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW, XLV (October, 1950), 11. 7 Eugene Morrow Violette, A History of Missouri (Cape Girardeau, 1951), 288. 8 "Missouriana," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXV (January, 1941), 235. 9 Personal interviews with Julia Morrow Pittman, resident of Buffalo, 1852-1939, and with Ben H. Darby and Alice Pittman Darby, lifetime residents of Buffalo. 10 Hemphill, Early Days in Dallas County, 27. 11 For reminiscent accounts of the Civil War in Dallas County see Buffalo Reflex, January 27, February 24, and March 10, 1955. 12 Hemphill, Early Days in Dallas County, 27. Dallas County Railroad Bonds 447

At the end of the Civil War, those who had fought on one side or another returned to their homes, as did those who had fled to avoid the marauding guerrillas. The bitterness of the struggle seems to have been more or less forgotten; at least, there were no reprisals, and those who fought on the losing side were allowed to resume their former means of livelihood without prejudice.13 There were no carpetbaggers in this county; no alien government was imposed. All of the inhabitants seem to have been inspired with new energy and hope for the future, which no doubt increased their desire for a railroad. Although the nation's first railroad was built in 1828, and more than 9,000 miles of track had been laid by 1850, not one mile had been constructed in Missouri prior to 1851.14 This does not mean, however, that no efforts had been made toward securing railroads for the State. During the months of January and February, 1837, eighteen railroad companies, with aggregate stock of more than $7,000,000, were incorporated by the state legislature.15 None of these companies ever made any progress toward building a rail­ road. The Panic of 1837 intervened. Interest in railroad building abated and the State Board of Internal Improvements was abolished in 1845. The proceeds from the sale of 500,000 acres of land granted by Congress for the purpose of assisting internal improvements had been divided among the counties of the state to be used in the construction of roads.16 It was not until 1850 that interest in railroads revived in Missouri. By this time, the popula­ tion of the State had quadrupled, and the state, as well as the nation, had almost completely recovered from the effects of the Panic of 1837.17 In 1851, the state legislature passed a bill to aid railroad companies in the construction of railroads within the State. Bonds were to be issued, and the proceeds from the sale of the bonds loaned to companies building railroads in Missouri, the debtor companies to pay six percent interest and to pay off the principal in twenty years, the debt to be secured by a mortgage or mortgages. By 1860, Missouri had authorized bonds to the amount of

13 Brownlow, Passion for Politics, 6-8. 14 Violette, History of Missouri, 228-229. 15 Ibid., 230. iQIbid., 231. 17 Walter B. Stevens, Centennial History of Missouri (Chicago, 1921) , I, 383-416; Violette, History of Missouri, 232. 448 Missouri Historical Review

$24,950,000, in favor of six different railroad companies, and 715 miles of track had been laid.18 During the Civil War, the railroads in Missouri played some part in transporting men and supplies between St. Louis and the western part of the State, but no new roads were built, and the railroad companies were in financial difficulties. Suggestions of fraud and corruption were made; the companies were delinquent in payment of interest to the State, yet they asked for more assist­ ance. The legislature then passed a law authorizing two of the companies to borrow money wherever they could, and to give mortgages as security.19 Subsequently, in 1866, the legislature de­ cided to foreclose the mortgages held on the roads, and laws were passed to implement this decision. By March, 1868, all of the de­ faulting railroads had been sold, and the sum received was applied on the state debt incurred to aid the railroads. Unfortunately, the amount recovered by the sale was only $6,131,496, to apply on an indebtedness of $31,735,840. Corruption and bribery were charged, and Missouri struggled with this indebtedness until 1903.20 This unhappy experience did not dampen the enthusiasm for building more railroads. The smoke had scarcely cleared from the battlefields of the Civil War before every county, city, and hamlet was on fire to have a railroad.21 The cessation of the tragic struggle seemed to release an urge for progress, and in the late 1860s, every community seemed to think that the coming of the railroad would mean prosperity and a golden future. Dallas County was not im­ mune to this pandemic. There, too, a railroad seemed the direct route to the "Promised Land." In 1869, a railroad line had already been constructed from St. Louis to Newburg, Missouri, and the steel rails were creeping to­ ward Lebanon, a town thirty-five miles due east of Buffalo. Dr. J. H. B. Dodson, of Nevada City, conceived the idea, which he promoted with vigor, of creating a railroad company for the pur­ pose of building a line from Lebanon, Missouri, to Fort Scott, Kansas. The proposed railroad was to join the St. Louis line at Lebanon; it was to cross half of Laclede County (in which Lebanon

is ibid., 240. 19 History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford and Gasconade Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1888) , 40. Hereafter cited as History of Franklin. Violette, History of Missouri, 240-242. 20 Ibid., 243-244; Margaret Louise Fitzsimmons, "Missouri Railroads During the Civil War and Reconstruction," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXV (Janu­ ary, 1941), 188-206. 21 Violette, History of Missouri, 245. Dallas County Railroad Bonds 449

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Railroads in operation Jan. 1, 1869 "»" Railroads placed in f 1869 operation during I 1870 — 450 Missouri Historical Review

was located), all of Dallas, Polk, Cedar and Vernon counties. The citizens of Fort Scott were soon convinced that the coming of the railroad would bring unparalleled prosperity, and that their town was destined to become the great railroad center of the West.22 The originator of this Lebanon-to-Fort Scott project convinced a number of his acquaintances of the soundness of his idea, and the Laclede and Fort Scott Railroad Company was born. The next step was to interest the various counties through which the line was to run. In 1869, with the railroad frenzy at its height, this was not a difficult task. The promoters initiated a series of meetings in county seats, and everywhere enthusiasm ran high. If there were any dissenting voices, they were too weak to halt the tide; in every county and town which they visited, Dr. Dodson and his colleagues obtained pledges of assistance.23 In due time these men reached Dallas County. On August 5, 1869, arrangements had been made for their arrival in Buffalo. When the presiding judge of the county court opened the mass meeting on that hot and dusty August afternoon, most of the county's 2,018 taxpayers, who had, the preceding year, paid taxes on a total valuation of $1,311,900, were present. On the platform with Judge Brown and Dr. Dodson were his colleagues: Colonel A. C. Mitchell of Polk County; Dr. E. Hovey, of Buffalo, and Colonel Gravely, of Stockton.24 Each one added his bit of color to the painting of the rosy picture of the future which the building of a railroad would produce. As speech after speech was made, the crowd became more and more enthusiastic. The newspapers of the time reported that Colonel Mitchell's speech was "replete with facts and arguments on the general advantages of railroads to communities fortunate enough to secure them."25 His hypnotized audience was in the proper mood to believe anything, and wild cheers followed each statement. After the crowd had been sufficiently inspired, Dr. Hovey, of Buffalo, presented a resolution to the effect that the county court of Dallas County should issue $150,000 worth of bonds to cover the county's share of building the railroad. One question arises:

22 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940; History of Laclede, 520-525. 23 ibid. 24 An account of the meeting and the resolutions passed was reprinted from the Bolivar Free Press in the Buffalo Reflex, August 21, 1869; Springfield Sunday Neivs and Leader, June 2, 1940. 25 ibid. Dallas County Railroad Bonds 451

What authority did the county court have to issue such bonds? The county court in Missouri is an administrative, not a judicial, body. It is, as in most states, known as a board of county commissioners. It levies taxes, makes appropriations for the county business and, in general, manages the business of the county.26 It is important to note that this was no formal bond election, and that none was ever held. Someone in the crowd must have raised doubts as to the authority of the county court to issue such bonds without a bond election, because it was reported that Colonel Gravely made a speech "dispelling any legal objections the Court might entertain in regard to their power to subscribe stock to the road."27 The Colonel's speech was obviously persuasive, for Judge Brown, of the county court, and his fellow judges, Nathan White and J. R. Gammon, retired for a private consultation and shortly returned to the meeting with the report that the county court had decided that Dallas County should participate in the proposed railroad building, and that the bonds would be issued.28 A reporter who was present at this meeting wrote: "When the decision of the Court was announced, salutes were fired, and a general season of hilarity was indulged in."29 The "season of hilarity" seems to have lasted for some time. The citizens were so excited and enthusiastic about their anticipated prosperity that no one inquired into the actual details. It was as­ sumed that Dallas County would have a railroad within a short time, and that property values would increase tremendously, busi­ ness would boom, and every resident would become a Croesus.30 The county court had voted to issue bonds to the value of $150,000, backed by the credit of the county. The proceeds of the sale of the bonds were to be paid to the Laclede and Fort Scott Railroad Company to purchase capital stock in that company. The bonds were to be issued only "when the railroad bed or grading shall be completed . . . ready to receive the cross ties up to the Dallas County line."31 In other words, the bonds were not to be issued until the roadbed had been constructed from Kansas to the western boundary of Dallas County; they were then to be issued,

26 Brownlow, Passion for Politics, 39. 27 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940. 28 Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, II, 219. 29 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940. 30 Personal interview, Julia Morrow Pittman. 31 Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, II, 219; History of Laclede, 520-525. 452 Missouri Historical Review

and exchanged for stock in the railroad company; the railroad com­ pany would, at that time, sell the bonds and use the funds derived therefrom to construct the roadbed across Dallas County. There­ fore, the county court had not actually contracted for a railroad, nor had any legal assurances been given that Dallas County would have a railroad.32 The anticipated boom actually began. The population of Buffalo doubled. The value of property trebled. There was no un­ employment. Construction gangs began to arrive, with wagons and teams of horses. One of the new arrivals, Charles F. Johnson, a native of Ireland, was given a contract to construct stone culverts, for a total fee of $5,000;33 he built the culverts, some of which may be seen today; but he never received the $5,000. However, he did give employment to local masons, and from all of this activity, the county benefited.34 The agents of the railroad company went through the county, getting releases to property for use as a right-of-way. They carried little printed forms which were a release to all right, title and in­ terest in a 100-foot strip of land, for the consideration of one dollar. Property owners everywhere signed these releases with alacrity, and expected the trains to arrive the next day. One property owner, however, did not receive a dollar for her waiver. She had a toothache, and so the release to her strip of land read, "In consid­ eration of pulling a tooth, I . . . hereby release all my right, title, and interest. . . ,"35 On the day before Christmas, 1869, work began on the road­ bed at the western end of the line, between Fort Scott and Nevada, Missouri. In the summer of 1870, the railroaders were ready to begin construction of the roadbed in Dallas County. The temporary prosperity of Dallas County increased daily with the arrival of new workmen; people felt that these happy days would continue for­ ever.36 The feverish atmosphere inspired the county court to order an additional bond issue, as requested by the railroad company.37

32 Ibid. 33 Buffalo Reflex, November 20, 1869. 34 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940; Johnson eventually became the largest land owner in Dallas County. His land holdings amounted to 7,700 acres. See Buffalo Reflex, June 13, 1940. 35 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940. 36 Ibid. 37 History of Laclede, 520-525; Buffalo Reflex, November 30, 1950. Dallas County Railroad Bonds 453

However, a few cautious souls had done a little sober and private thinking, and a mass meeting was called to protest the new issue. A number of prominent taxpayers, including W. L. Morrow, S. G. Whittelsey, and A. S. Stanley, spoke against any further commit­ ments. Their protests were brushed aside, and the motion for addi­ tional bonds was passed by the county court on May 18, 1870. Again, no general bond election was held. The total of the railroad debt was now $235,000. The county court cautiously provided in this new order that the bonds were not to be issued "until some able and reliable company agreed and bound itself to equip said road; that is, tie, iron and put on the necessary rolling stock." One of the county judges began to feel dubious about the whole situa­ tion, and he dissented to the order this time, but it carried, none­ theless. In fact, he became so alarmed that he tried to repudiate the whole transaction; one day, when the presiding judge was absent, Judge Nathan White placed an order on the minutes of the court, canceling the first bond issue; but this order was later rescinded, and Judge White was fined ten dollars for contempt of court.38 By the summer of 1871, the roadbed had been partly finished in Dallas County. Hopes were still high. A reputedly great financier of New York City, General George A. Fitch, contracted to have trains rolling on the railroad by July 4, 1873.39 The bonds, in the principal amount of $235,000, had been issued and sold by the railroad company to private investors (one who owned many of these bonds was John B. Henderson, a former Republican senator from Missouri).40 These bonds were of the de­ nomination of $1,000 each, bearing seven percent interest, payable semi-annually, the bonds maturing in twenty years. Dallas County had committed itself heavily. But the work on the railroad suddenly stopped. The year 1871 marked the zenith of the golden dreams of prosperity. Delay fol­ lowed delay. By 1872, the directors of the Laclede and Fort Scott Railroad Company voided the contract with General Fitch of New York and his associates, and admitted that the contract with him was obtained by "fraud, intrigue and misrepresentation."41 They

38 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940. The text of Judge White's remonstrance is found in the Buffalo Reflex, June 2, 1913. 39 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 2, 1940. 40 Brownlow, Passion for Politics, 39. 41 Springfield Sunday Nexus and Leader, June 2, 1940. 454 Missouri Historical Review spoke bitterly in their report to the company stockholders concern­ ing a "pretended election" in St. Louis, where Fitch and his as­ sociates had elected a new board of directors, as "a notorious fraud, humbug and swindle."42 Dr. Dodson, the onetime enthusiast, re-elected president of the Laclede and Fort Scott Railroad Company, dejectedly reported on the road's condition, charging that Fitch and his friends had tricked company officials into turning the books over to them in St. Louis. He included a faintly hopeful prediction that things might turn out all right. There was still a hope, although a dim one, that Dallas County might some day have a railroad.43 Then the Panic of 1873 swept the nation, caused to some ex­ tent by the railroad boom, although it was only one aspect of the general moral letdown following the Civil War. Thousands of people were ruined, and the financial position of many communities was muddied for many years to come.44 In Dallas County, the four- year dream of prosperity vanished. The roadbed lay deserted; weeds grew over it; its bridges began to rot. Thus the hope for a railroad in Dallas County died; but the Dallas County bonds were very much alive. They had been sold and had eventually come into possession of eastern investors, who, when efforts in local courts proved unfruitful, took the matter to the federal courts, where a writ of mandamus was issued against the county, requiring it to levy sufficient taxes to pay the defaulted interest on the bonds.45 When hope died in Dallas County, anger took its place—the righteous anger of the old Covenanter stock. The inhabitants be­ lieved that they had been tricked by eastern capitalists. They had issued bonds to pay for a railroad. No railroad had been built. Obviously it would be unjust to be forced to pay for something which they did not receive, and the inhabitants of the county were not of the disposition to tolerate injustice. So Dallas County re­ fused to pay one cent of interest or principal on the county bonds, and the long legal struggle began.46 Dallas County was not the only Missouri county which had railroad bonds outstanding, but had no railroad. Professor Violette,

42 Ibid. 43 Ibid. 44 J. G. Randall, The Civil War and Reconstruction (Boston, 1937), 831-832. 45 Brownlow, Passion for Politics, 39-40. 46 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 9, 1940. To RJL Contractors n?

LACLEDE & FORT SCOTT R. R. Reeled propoeala will le re

Buffalo Reflex, Mar. 12, 1870 in his History of Missouri, calls this "a disgraceful chapter in the history of railroads."47 To remedy such a situation, the General Assembly of the State approved, on April 12, 1878, an "Act to Au­ thorize Counties and Towns to Compromise Their Indebtedness."48 On August 7, 1878, the county court of Dallas County ordered that an election be held on September 10, 1878, for the purpose of sub­ mitting to the voters a proposition to compromise $147,000 of the seven percent bonds, with accrued interest and judgments on past- due coupons, at a discount of twenty-two and a half percent on the whole amount, by issuing new bonds, bearing six percent in­ terest, payable in twenty years, and after five years redeemable at the pleasure of the county.49 The election was held, and of the total votes cast, 131 were in favor of the proposition and 791 against.50 The proposition to compromise was defeated and the bonds were left outstanding. So Dallas County voters had taken their position, a position from which they were not to retreat one foot for fifty years. The bondholders began to demand their money. Suits were instituted in federal courts for the collection of principal and de­ linquent interest on the bonds, but the judgments were ignored; the county court refused to make a levy for the payment of the bonds;

47 Violette, History of Missouri, 245. 48 History of Laclede, 520-525. 49 Buffalo Reflex, August 9, 1878. 50 Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, II, 219. 456 Missouri Historical Review

and the grim game of hide-and-seek between the United States marshals and the county court began. For fifty years, many United States marshals and many county judges, came and went, but the struggle went on. Dallas County was bitterly determined not to pay one cent. County judges were elected with the understanding that if they permitted themselves to be served with an order by the federal officer they would go to jail for contempt of court before they would levy a tax on the county to pay bonds. The judges therefore took great care to avoid being served with an order by the marshal, and accounts of the methods they used have been preserved.51 Buffalo, the county seat, became a beleaguered town, defended always by the vigilance of the county's inhabitants. A ring of eyes seemed to surround the town where the county judges resided and held court, and every stranger was suspected of wearing a concealed United States badge. When a farmer or a member of his family noticed the approach of an unknown visitor, one of the children was dispatched across the fields to warn the judges to drop what they were doing and hide. When a United States mar­ shal appeared in Buffalo, all the county judges disappeared.52 By law, the regular meeting of the county court had to be held on the first Monday in May.53 Since this was a matter of public knowledge, it was the hour of greatest danger. On the pre­ ceding weekend, the federal officers always arrived in town. The county court avoided this sure danger by ordering the county clerk to prepare the minutes of the court beforehand. Late on Sunday night, the county clerk slipped into his office with his minute book. Soon the sheriff of the county stealthily appeared. One by one, the judges came, often by way of a window. When the sheriffs

51 Brownlow, Passion for Politics, 40-41; personal interviews with lifelong residents of Dallas County; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 9, 1940. Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., attorney for the bondholders, corresponded with R. C. Holbrook about the inability of county marshals to serve notice on Dallas County judges. Reflecting on past history he wrote, "Years ago they used to use beacon lights, which consisted of brush piles set on fire, to warn the judges of the approach of a deputy marshal." Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., to R. C. Holbrook, January 15, 1912, Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., Papers, 1841-1949, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. Hereafter cited as the Mitchell Papers. 52 Buffalo Reflex, November 30, 1950. On October 19, 1917, Mitchell wrote that deputy marshal Brown had returned from Dallas County after an unsuccessful three-day search for the county officials. Mitchell noted that even the prosecuting attorney could not be located. Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., to David Yost, October 19, 1917, Mitchell Papers. Yost was a trustee for the bondholders. 53 Brownlow, Passion for Politics, 40. Dallas County Railroad Bonds 457 watch told him that it was one minute past midnight, and thus the first Monday in May, the sheriff opened the door and whis­ pered into the dark, empty corridor of the court house: "Oyez, oyez! The honorable County Court of Dallas County is now met pursuant to adjournment and stands ready for the transaction of business."54 By the light of one dim lamp, the judges hastily affixed their signatures to the already prepared minutes, which included the county's tax levy for the year, but which never included any tax levy to pay the railroad bonds. Then the judges vaulted out of the windows and were gone. The sheriff waited until the room was empty, and then whispered again into the corridor: "Oyez, oyez! The honorable county court of Dallas County is now adjourned sine die." All the while, the federal officers were sleeping, and when they awoke, they found that the county court had met and that the judges had again disappeared.55 Some strangers arrived in Dallas County one day and asked to be directed to the home of one of the county judges. They were, of course, deliberately misdirected by everyone of whom they inquired, and they drove all over the county before it was dis­ covered that they were relatives who were coming to visit the judge.56 One county judge was plowing a field. His eight-year-old son saw a stranger riding up the road. Even the younger children in the county in those days knew that any stranger was dangerous; so this child ran to the big dinner bell in the yard, and set up such a clangor that his father was warned and had time to "Take to the woods," as it was described in Dallas County. The marshal was told that the judge was visiting a sick friend, whose illness miraculously coincided in length with the marshal's stay in town. Actually, the judge was well hidden in the home of a neighbor- in those days, a county judge was welcome in any Dallas County home, where he would be hidden for as long as necessary.57

54 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 9, 1940; Buffalo Reflex, November 30, 1950. 55 ibid. 56 Personal interview, Bert Pendleton, son of a county judge. 57 Buffalo Reflex, November 30, 1950: A deputy marshal, in the fall of 1917, received instructions to serve a writ of mandamus to Monroe Quigley, presiding judge of Dallas County. When the deputy arrived at Quigley's home he was informed by the judge's wife that he was gone; she had no idea where he was. The notice was served by giving a copy to Quigley's wife. Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., to David Yost, September 28, 1917, Mitchell Papers. 458 Missouri Historical Review

All sorts of ruses were tried by the federal officers. When they could not catch a judge, they tried to catch the county clerk. Occasionally, when an extra session was called, the county court met in the woods, or under culverts, or in barns. Each judge had his favorite hiding place, and the children of one of the judges remembers that his father spent a great deal of time in the rafters of his barn.58 Not all of the judges were quick enough or fortunate enough to evade the marshal. Several of them were caught and sentenced to jail terms for contempt of court. It is told that one judge was caught because he hid between two feather mattresses, and the suspicious federal officer stayed in the house so long that the judge's wife revealed his hiding place, fearing that he would smother if he remained concealed any longer.59 According to legend, one judge died as a result of his im­ prisonment for contempt of court, because he refused to order a tax levy to pay the judgments against the county. One cold night in late autumn, during the early years of the conflict, a federal marshal rode up to the home of Judge John Scott. He dismounted, walked to the door, knocked, and called for Judge Scott. As he expected, he was told the judge was not at home. This was true,

58 Personal interview, Alice Callaway, daughter of a county judge. 59 Personal interview, Ben H. Darby.

Arrival in St. Louis by boat from New Orleans of the first locomotive for the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 1852. Original painting by Frank B. Nuderscher in the Missouri Pacific Museum, St. Louis Dallas County Railroad Bonds 459 for the judge had heard the approaching horse, and, apprehensive, as usual, had slipped out the back door to hide nearby until he learned the identity of the caller. The marshal did not reveal his suspicions that the judge was hiding nearby; he returned to his horse and rode away, the sound of the horse's hooves on the frozen road were quite audible. After riding a half mile or so, the marshal stopped his horse, dismounted, tied his horse to a tree, and crept back to the house on foot. The ruse worked, for Judge Scott, hear­ ing the diminishing sound of the horse's hoofbeats, had returned too soon to the warmth of his home. The marshal suddenly appeared at the back door; Judge Scott's retreat was cut off; he was forced to listen to the reading of the warrant and to submit to arrest. He was placed in jail in Jefferson City until such time as the county court of Dallas County voted a tax levy. Of course, it would have been necessary to arrest all the members of the county court before such action could be forced, and the federal authorities were never able to capture more than one judge at a time, but they did have one safely locked up. The incarcerated Judge Scott began to worry about his fam­ ily. He had been arrested before he had time to cut his winter wood and gather his corn. He knew that there was no one at home to perform these chores. So he made a proposition to his jailer: if he might be permitted to go home for three days in order to cut some wood and gather some of his crops, he would return voluntarily at the end of that time. He gave no security for his return other than his word of honor, but, amazingly, his request was granted. The weather was bitterly cold, but Judge Scott felt honor bound to return to the jail within the agreed time. He con­ tracted pneumonia from overexposure while cutting wood in deep snow, and died on the very day he was pledged to return to his prison cell.60 This episode seemed to add fuel to the flames of bit­ terness which consumed Dallas County, and they resolved anew never to pay the unjust debt. The inhabitants became so vigilant that it was many years before another arrest was made. It is reported that not all of the marshals were unfriendly to Dallas County. Quite a few of them sympathized with the con­ viction that the debt was unjust. When one of these men went to Buffalo, he made a practice of dropping in at the bank or one of the stores or some other public place when he got to

60 Buffalo Reflex, November 30, 1950; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 9, 1940. 460 Missouri Historical Review town, and asking loudly if anyone had seen the county judges. Then he would stand and gossip for a time, and seemingly fail to notice that someone had slipped out to warn the judges.61 During all of this time, a fight had been going on in the courts. The leading figure in the legal battle for Dallas County was John S. Haymes, who was prosecuting attorney for many years. Haymes was an unusual and brilliant lawyer. Many tales are told of the years when he had every table in his home covered with law books, so that his wife had to serve meals on boxes or chairs. He was not fond of shaving every day, and he absolutely refused to wear a collar; his clothes needed pressing, and his old hat was battered and stained. When he appeared in the higher courts, the city lawyers sniggered at the appearance of the "hick lawyer from the hills"; but their amusement soon turned to admira­ tion when they realized the brilliance and depth of his legal knowledge.62 Haymes made a brave and intelligent, but hopeless, fight for Dallas County. He appealed the case, and appealed it again, until it finally reached the Missouri Supreme Court. His chief argu­ ment was that the bonds had not been legally issued, since the citizens of the county had not voted on the matter. However, the courts ruled that they were properly issued under a statute passed by the Missouri Legislature, and that they had been sold to inno­ cent purchasers, who bought them in the belief that they were based on the credit of the county.63 So the last legal resort had been tried, and John S. Haymes went back to Dallas County. Soon he began to talk compromise. He realized that a compromise must be reached if Dallas County were ever to rid itself of this burden of debt.64 At first the people of Dallas County rejected the idea of com­ promise; they were still firm in their determination "not to pay one red cent for a railroad they didn't get." Carroll Hawkins, county prosecutor from 1898 to 1908, agreed with Haymes that a com­ promise should be effected. The attorneys of the county all realized that there was no legal loophole remaining, and that the debt was growing at an alarming rate. New efforts were being made to collect for the bondholders by ambitious and energetic Spring-

61 Buffalo Reflex, September 28, 1950. 62 Personal interviews, Mrs. John S. Haymes and Ben H. Darby. 63 Personal interview, Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr. 64 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 9, 1940. Dallas County Railroad Bonds 461 field attorneys, William D. Tatlow and Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr. The talk of compromise grew, and was given final impetus by the arrest of one of the county judges, John Stark Evans, who spent forty days in jail, where he was visited by most of the inhabitants of the county, who brought gifts and food to him.65 Arbiters for a compromise were finally appointed. A figure of $300,000 was agreed upon. This was an extremely modest fig­ ure, and one which was more than fair to Dallas County, for by this time the initial debt of $235,000 had grown to the tremendous sum of $2,889,785.11. So the debt was finally settled on the basis of ten cents of the dollar, and the county was given twenty years in which to pay the settlement.66 Many of the residents of the county still believed, however, that they were paying an unfair debt. During all the years, sup­ plies had been brought into the county by wagon; all mail was brought in by horseback; travelers to and from Buffalo traveled by "hack," a semi-stagecoach drawn by horses. The nearest railroad station was some thirty miles away; the condition of the roads was always bad; there were several small streams to be crossed, and, as Ozark streams do, they became impassable after every rain.67 Many tales are told of hardy mail carriers who swam the

65 Ibid. After the U.S. Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment against Evans, he made the claim that he could not sign a bond levy because he had not been reelected county judge. This assertion struck Mitchell as being very strange. Mitchell wrote David Yost that Evans had been renominated without any opposition. Mitchell wrote Yost in March that Evans was released from jail before his firm was given its day in court. However, he implied that "there was nothing we could have said for the reason that the judge gave himself up before there was any occasion for it." Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., to David Yost, February 1, and March 19, 1919, Mitchell Papers. 66 The arbiters were Arba S. Van Valkenburgh, Henry S. Lamm and Cor­ nelius H. Skinker. Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., to David Yost, April 14, 1919, Mitchell Papers. Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 9, 1940. Earlier, in 1915, there was an attempt to pass a bill in the state legislature that would settle the Dallas County judgments. Wash Adams, Democratic House member from Greene County introduced the bill designed to give federal courts the right to levy taxes in the event that county judges refused to obey writs. J. W. Miller to Wash Adams, February 26, 1915; Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr. to A. C. Huidekoper, February 27, 1915; and H. B. McDaniel to Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., March 3, 1915, Mitchell Papers. The bill never passed because the jobbers and manufacturers in the Dallas County area initiated a series of condemning resolutions. Their actions were precipitated by Dallas County customers threatening to boycott them if the bill became law. Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr. to Arthur Dempster, March 10, 1915, Mitchell Papers. 67 Personal recollections of the author. 462 Missouri Historical Review rivers with mail sacks on their heads, and of travelers who were marooned between rivers until the water subsided.68 Although it was without a railroad, the county managed to exist, if not to become prosperous. Carroll Hawkins, prominent banker of Buffalo, said, "I believe that this bond business has made the people conservative. It has kept out a lot of people who might have settled here. ... It has kept us from having any more debts. Maybe it was a blessing in disguise."69 Since the advent of automobiles, trucks and good highways, the lack of a railroad has ceased to be a handicap, and the county is moderately pros­ perous. Buffalo is still proud of its self-chosen motto, "The big­ gest inland town in the United States." Certainly the legends of the county court and the United States marshals have added a rich chapter to the folklore of the region and the country.

68 Personal interview, Nell Pittman Rust, resident of Buffalo for many years. 69 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, June 9, 1940.

c^SV,

Look In Your Closet; Woman Wants Skeleton By ALLAN HALE St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 18, 1966. Everybody has a skeleton in their closet it's said. Mrs. Norma Fritts, . . . would like to locate at least two of them for Halloween. After trying novelty shops and theatrical dealers and medical schools, the nearest she has come is an offer from a New York firm of skeleton suppliers to sell her two of its latest models at $250 apiece. Even with detachable arms, one detachable hand and "A calvarium cut which permits examination of the cranial vault," this price is a bit too high for one night's use. "I was thinking on the lines of something cheaper," Mrs. Fritts says. "Per­ haps in plastic." She wants them for a "haunted house" in which to hold a party for young church workers on Oct. 31. . . . At any rate, there's no point in buying a skelton for the occasion, she thinks. There is, after all, nothing she can do with it afterward . . . except perhaps keep it in a closet. WILLIAM S. STEWART LETTERS

January 13, 1861, to December 4, 1862

Harvey L. Carter is the John and Harriet Campbell professor of American History and Curator of the Archer B. Hulbert Memorial Collection of Western Americana, EDITED BY The Colorado College, Colorado Springs. He did his undergraduate work at Wabash College and re­ HARVEY L. CARTER ceived his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Wisconsin. He is the author of numerous articles and sketches in The Moun­ tain Men and Fur Trade of the NORMA L. PETERSON Far West.

Norma Lois Peterson, professor of History and chairman, Division of Social Studies, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado, re­ ceived her B.A. degree from The Colorado College and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the Uni­ versity of Missouri. She is the author of Freedom and Franchise, published in 1965.

Part III

Point Pleasant, Mo. March 13, 1862 Dear Father and Mother Yesterday I received a letter from Harvey James. It was a good letter, and well written. I was sorry to hear that Father was still feeble. I hope that he may live to see the glorious suc­ cess of our arms over rebellion, which cannot be many months distant. When this happens if I am spared, I expect to visit home

463 464 Missouri Historical Review and rejoice with you all. Since I last wrote to you we have had some earnest soldiering. I have been among the enemy's bomb­ shells and cannon balls for over a week. On Feb. 26th our Begi- ment moved from Cape Girardeau to Commerce 15 miles below on the river, and joined General Popes Division of the Army. On the 28th we marched southward through the Cypress swamps for New Madrid, Missouri, and encamped that night in the woods, without tents or anything to eat, our wagons having got stuck in the swamps behind us. Next morning they came up and we got breakfast of coffee and hard crackers. We then started and marched to a little town called Sykestown [Sikeston], where we en­ camped and eat supper. In the night (Saturday night) there came a tremendous storm and before morning we were all swimming in water. It kept on raining till noon, but this did not stop our move­ ments. We marched on, Sunday as it was, and late at night en­ camped in the brush. Next day we marched on and about 2 o'clock arrived with our large Army near New Madrid.1 It was a beautiful sight, to see our Army spread out for a mile on each side of the road, on an extensive prairie with 50 or more Union flags floating in the breeze. With several Begiments of Cavalry and Artillery behind us we approached upon the enemy, who were in a large fort, and whose gunboats filled the river. When near them they opened fire upon us from their heavy cannon, but with­ out effect. Our boys could dodge the balls and shells while they fell and bursted all around us. Our regiment sat down and ate a lunch right among their shells. Two of our pieces of cannon went up near them and disabled two of their gunboats. We could have taken the fort and town, but our guns were not heavy enough for their boats, besides our orders were to await the action of our forces on the enemy above us on the river. So we moved back a short distance and encamped. The rebels tried to shell us where we were but could not do it. On Thursday March 6th our Divi­ sion under General Plummer, formerly our Colonel was ordered

1 On February 26, 1862, the regiment boarded the steamer Empress and traveled by water to Commerce, Missouri. There the men disembarked and, after a short stay, joined Gen. John Popes forces and marched southward. The weather was cold and damp, and there was at least one skirmish with the enemy, near Sikeston. D. McCall, Three Years in the Service: A Record of the Doivgs of the 11th Reg. Missouri Volunteers (Springfield, Mo., 1864) , 6. William S. Stewart Letters 465 to go below and take possession of the river at Point Pleasant.2 We started about 1 o'clock, and that snowy cold and muddy night, camped in a cornfield without fires. I slept on a pile of cornstalks with my 1st Lieutenant Wilson A. Duggans [sic], with one blanket over us. In the morning our blanket was covered with snow. I felt very well after the sleep, except a severe cold, which I am not quite over yet. Next morning we arrived at this place, pitched into the gunboats with our cannon and sharp shooters and drove them off. We still hold the place, but have a fight every day with the gunboats. We drive them off every time. Our camp is in a pleasant place in the woods, and the weather is quite mild. On the opposite side of the river is Tennessee, and we are below the proper line of Arkansas, in a kind of pocket of Missouri, which you will see by looking on the map of Missouri. This morning a heavy fight was had above us. The cannon roared incessantly from six o'clock this morning until after dinner. I cannot yet tell the result. The rebels seem to be retreating by land. We are ready to receive them if they come by the river.

Friday Morning March 14th There is no special news of interest this morning. The can-

2 General J. B. Plummer's report of March 27, 1862, states that he marched from camp near New Madrid on March 5, taking a circuitous route to avoid fire from enemy gunboats. He surprised Point Pleasant, but the Mary Keene, a Confederate transport, got away. Enemy gunboats shelled the town after the Union forces occupied it, but there were no casualties as a result. Plummer detailed 280 men under Captain A. J. Weber of the 11th Missouri Regiment to dig rifle pits for the protection of sharpshooters firing on the gunboats. McCall records that the gunboats tried to drive Captain Weber and his working party away, but the workers persisted and "they soon had sufficient protection from the shot and shell that was continually falling around them." Plummer had the 11th Missouri, the 26th and 47th Illinois regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry, the 2nd and 3rd Michigan, a four piece battery of the 1st Missouri Light Artillery, and one company of engineers in his command. War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, 1888), Series 1, Volume VIII, 113-115. Hereafter cited as O. R. See also 599-600 where General Pope reports, "Rebel gunboats after repeated efforts failed to disturb General Plummer in a lodgement at Point Pleasant," and McCall, Three Years in the Service, 7. McCall also described the large quantities of stores taken by the Union forces during the capture of Point Pleasant. "After Plummer's men drove the rebels from the town, they took possession and then commenced the work of plunder. Stores were broken into and everything of value was taken. One warehouse was filled with corn, sugar and molasses. Whisky and medicine [were] in abundance, as there were several drugstores and the boys helped themselves to what they wanted. Our camp was about a mile from the town and most everything of value was carried off." Stewart does not mention any of these activities. 466 Missouri Historical Review nonading of yesterday was between our siege guns,3 and the enemies gunboats. The gunboats drew off from the firing. Last night we had a tremendous thunderstorm, and rain. Our forces kept as dry as if in houses. I don't know where I shall write from next, somewhere down the river. Be of good cheer and hope for the best. Our cause looks quite promising. Tell Har­ vey James that I will write to him soon. Give my love to all the friends. Bespectfully Your Obedient and Affectionate Son William

Camp Point Pleasant, Mo. March 29th 1862 Dear Father and Mother It has been nearly three weeks since I wrote to you. Since then I have been quite well except a severe cold which seems to be getting better. We are still where we were when I last wrote to you. We have had a great many fights with the rebel gunboats. They have tried often to land and take our batteries, but our boys killed so many of their pilots and men with our excellent rifles, that the boats had to back out every time. They have shot near a thousand shells and round shot at us, and as yet have killed but one man and one horse. The town is completely riddled with their balls, but our boys have learned to dodge them. We are within four miles of Island No. 10, and hear all their firing. The river runs in this style, (x) is the Island (2) New

3 Siege guns were brought up by General Pope on March 13, 1862. They were 8- and 10-inch howitzers, smooth bore muzzle loaders, with a range of over 2,000 yards. The shells weighed 45 and 90 pounds. Mark Mayo Boatner III, Civil War Dictionary (New York, 1959), 119-121. McCall, Three Years in the Service, 7, states that the enemy planted batteries on the opposite side of the river, but "could not make us leave. We had come to stay for awhile and we were determined on it." Plummer's holding Point Pleasant and closing the river to enemy gunboats coming up from below was the decisive move in the New Madrid-Island #10 campaign. Had he been unsuccessful in doing this, Halleck would have abandoned the campaign. Kenneth P. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War (New York, 1952) , III, 297-299. William S. Stewart Letters 467

Madrid and (3) point Pleasant where we are. We are below New Madrid and yet nearer to the Island than to New Madrid.4

Sunday March 30th A most beautiful day. Everything cheerful in camp, preaching at 10/2 o'clock. Our time of moving from here will depend upon the opera­ tions at Island No. 10. which will soon be captured. We have them surrounded.5 But I must close, a messenger will take this letter directly to St. Louis and mail it. He is waiting on me. Direct to me at Point Pleasant naming the Begiment (11th Mo.) Give my love to all the friends Bespectfully Your affectionate son Will

New Madrid April 11th 1862 Dear Father and Mother I will hastily write you a few lines while the rain keeps me in my tent, for otherwise I have so much to do that I can hardly get time to write. You no doubt have seen the details of our im­ portant victories at Island No. 10. and along the Mississippi Biver. Victories without bloodshed, but accomplished by splendid gen­ eralship, and the daring of our troops in surrounding and captur­ ing six thousand men, one hundred large cannon, and all that the enemy had. Gen. Pope was the manager of the whole affair. Gen. Plummer our former Col. belongs to Popes Command and of course our Beg does also, all of us under Gen. Pope. Our Gen.

4 The Mississippi River makes a triple bend in this area. Stewart's diagram makes the geographical situation clear with a minimum of explanation. Point Pleasant was seven miles below the enemy's works. Annual Report of the Ad­ jutant General of Missouri for 1865, 145. 5 Island #10 surrendered on April 7, 1862. Two of Commodore A. H. Foote's ironclads, the Carondolet and the Pittsburgh slipped past the batteries on the Island during the night and were able to protect a crossing of the river by General Pope's forces below the Island. Island #10 was thus surrounded, besieged by both land and water forces from above and below. James Truslow Adams & R. V. Coleman, eds., Dictionary of American History (New York, 1940) , I, 317; Ibid., Ill, 161; Shelby Foote, The Civil War, A Narrative, Fort Sumter to Perryville (New York, 1958) , 311-314. 468 Missouri Historical Review was entrusted with an important part of the plan and executed it finely.6 I saw some beautiful fights between our gunboats and the enemies land batteries. Glorious news have been received of [sic] from the armies near Corinth Miss.7 You will read it all be­ fore you get this letter. Also before you get this letter, all our forces under Gen. Pope will be in Memphis.8 Since beginning this letter, we have received order to pack up and be ready to embark our steamboats at a moments warning.9 We are all in high glee and fine spirits. I never before fully realized the grandeur and sublimity of the power of a free government when once called into exercise. I can now understand more than ever before, the glorious meaning of that patriotic passion called "love of country". But I must quit. I have not time to write more. My greatest earthy desire is to see and assist in putting down this terrible rebellion. My next desire is to visit my aged parents and congratulate them that our glorious country is fully vindicated and her power and glory made stronger and brighter than ever. I know I have had your prayers for my safety through all the dangers that I have passed and have them for my safety through the dangers I have yet to pass. If I fall, all will be well. You can certainly submit with Christian grace to the sacrifice of one son at least in so noble a cause. But give my love to all the friends as usual, and tell them to be cheerful and hopeful, and the raging storm of rebel­ lious passion will soon be past. Your affectionate Son William

6 Stewart's report of the campaign is entirely correct. Pope's execution of the plan was brilliant and brought him to the attention of the country. Plum­ mer's operation at Point Pleasant had been well carried out. The number of men captured at Island #10 is usually given as between 5,000 and 7,000. Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1956) , I, 446, 549. Colonel William Preston Johnston, CSA, son of Albert Sidney Johnston, places the number between 6,000 and 7,000. Rear Admiral Henry Walke, USN, states that over 5,000 men were taken prisoner. 7 The reference here is to the Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, April 6-7, 1862, in which the Confederate General, Albert Sidney Johnston, was killed and which forced General G. T. Beauregard to fall back upon Corinth, Mississippi. The victorious Union general was U. S. Grant. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war. 8 Stewart overestimated the speed of the Union advance, but he was correct in assuming that Union victories had rendered Memphis untenable. The city was evacuated on June 3, 1862. 9 Stewart's regiment remained in New Madrid until April 13. It then em­ barked on transports and traveled down the river to attack Fort Pillow. Report of the Adjutant General, 145. New Madrid was a very small village in 1860, with a population of only 610. Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, May 3, 1862 Union forces under General Pope disembark opposite New Madrid.

P.S. Direct to Captain W.S. Stewart Co. K 11-th Mo. Beg. District of the Mississippi Gen. Plummers Division Wm. S.S.

Since writing to you last we have changed our position from Point Pleasant Mo. to New Madrid Mo. and tomorrow will be off for Memphis with Gen. Popes entire Army. W.S.S.

[From April 12, 1862, through August 24, 1862, Stewart wrote his parents seven letters depicting the events that took place on the march from Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, through Mississippi, to Tuscumbia, Alabama.]

Camp near Iuka, Miss. September 9th 1862 Dear Father and Mother Since I last wrote to you we have made more changes. I wrote from Tuscumbia, Alabama sometime near the 22nd of Aug. On the 30th I took my Company forty three miles further by rail­ road to Decatur, Ala. in guard of the train as the country was full of guerrillas, who had been tearing up the roads, destroying the trains and shooting our men. I took the train through, and brought it back safe to Tuscumbia. On the next day we mustered and on the 2nd struck tents and the whole Begiment started for 470 Missouri Historical Review the mountains.10 We were after guerrillas but caught none. The 6th we came out of Iuka 7 miles into a nest of Guerrillas and have been skirmishing with them ever since. We have pitched our camp with orders to clean out the country around here which you may be sure we will do.11 Gen. Price with a large Army is not far off, but we are watching him. I have been looking for a letter from home, since I wrote but have received none. I see by the papers that Cincinnati12 was scared pretty badly about a week ago but has partly got over its fright. Hope you were not scared. The rebels have been quite active lately, trying to do something before our new levies should get into the field, but they have not accomplished as much as they expected. Their extremity and desperation, caused the great effort. They cannot keep it up long. I think our late reverses are but temporary, and my hopes are yet high, though it pains me to see the depression that exists in some places. My health is still quite good. I marched all the way in our march over the mountains and stood it finely, as I do all marches. We have quite a nice camp out here, where we will try and rest a few days, if the Guerrillas don't bother us too much. Melons are abundant here and we have eaten several wagon loads since we arrived. Peaches are getting to be and [sic] old song. We have been using them for about two months. We have scarcely any apples, and peaches are poor. There is very little cotton of this years planting, and our men have got nearly all of last years. Last night I dreamed that I was married, that my wife was in Cincinnati, and that I had gone to

10 The Union forces in this area were perplexed about the movements of the Confederate troops. Rumors of Price being in the vicinity were received at Grant's headquarters, and, at Tuscumbia, news arrived of a rebel cavalry force near Russellville, Alabama, directly south of Tuscumbia. General William S. Rosecrans moved his troops in that direction. The 11th Missouri did not en­ counter any of the enemy on the march, but the 3rd Michigan Cavalry, before the 11th Missouri could arrive on the scene, defeated a rebel group near Russellville. The Union forces then passed through Russellville and on to Frankfort, Alabama. At Frankfort the rebel cavalry cut off some of the stragglers of the 11th Missouri and two were taken prisoners. McCall, Three Years in the Service, 9. The 11th Missouri was traveling south out of Tuscumbia, then swinging northwestward toward Iuka. Iuka is in the northeastern corner of Mississippi. In pre-Civil War days it was a favorite spa of the southern planter aristocracy, as it was the location of several fine springs of water. 11 Breastworks were constructed about eight miles southwest of Iuka. Ibid., 9. The location was near Barnett's Corner. Report of the Adjutant General, 145. 12 In mid-August, 1862, General Braxton Bragg, who had superseded Beauregard, began an offensive campaign into Kentucky. On September 2, General Kirby Smith occupied Lexington, Kentucky, from which point either Louisville or Cincinnati would be threatened. William S. Stewart Letters 471

visit her. I had just arrived where she was staying with her friends, and felt very happy, when, bad luck to me, I waked up and found myself away down here in Dixie, still a forlorn crusty old bache­ lor. But the mail is closing and I must quit. My love to all the friends. I'll write soon again. Bespectfully your obe't Son William

Jacinto, Mississippi September 23rd 1862 Dear Father and Mother Before this shall reach you, you will hear of [a] desperate battle fought at Iuka, Miss, on last Friday the 19th of this month,13 13 Grant's strategy had been to catch Sterling Price on September 20, be­ tween General E. O. C, Ord, with 8,000 to the north of the Iuka-Corinth area, and Rosecrans, with 9,000 on the south. This plan was foiled, and when Rose­ crans was engaging Price on September 19, Ord was not aware of it. O. R., Vol. XXVII, Pt. I, 65-69 (Grant's Report) . On September 13, 1862, General Price at­ tacked Iuka, driving the Union troops toward Corinth. On September 16, a reconnoitering force consisting of the 11th Missouri, 8th Wisconsin, 16th Iowa Infantry, a squadron of the 7th Illinois Cavalry, and a Michigan battery, under the command of Col. Joseph A. Mower of the 11th Missouri, attacked the Con­ federates to ascertain their strength and position. They then withdrew to Burnsville, about six miles northwest of Iuka on the road to Corinth, where the forces under Rosecrans were concentrated. On September 18, Rosecrans' troops were moved to the Jacinto road to attack Iuka from the south, with the exception of three brigades which remained on the Burnsville road to attack Iuka from the west. These brigades on the Burnsville road were under the command of Grant, while the advance division on the Jacinto road was led by General Charles S. Hamilton, whose brigade commanders were Generals J. C. Sullivan, N. B. Buford and Colonel Mower. On September 19, Hamilton came upon the enemy in force, two miles from Iuka. This information is taken from an article by Stewart which he wrote for the Cincinnati Daily Commercial, and is found in the September 29, 1862 edition of that paper.

Site of the Battle of Iuka, Mississippi. Harper's Weekly, July 21, 1862

WMMmM WMiEMm 472 Missouri Historical Review and wonder if I was there, if I was killed or wounded. Well I was there but was neither killed or wounded, but for about 2 hours or three during the battle, my life couldn't have been insured for more than twenty five cents at the highest. There has been no Begiment in this whole war that fought more desperately for over two hours than the 11th Mo. did in that battle. If we had not had the advantage of the rebels in being on lower ground than they causing their balls to go over us, we would have been annihilated right in our line,14 for there was not a man of us that would give back an inch, and that too when they charged bayo­ nets on us three different times but were repulsed every time. Not only that, there were four regiments fighting our one Begi­ ment. Their four Begiments were known as the "Flower Brigade".15 We fought for an hour after dark when the rebel guns ceased firing and we lay on our arms all night ready for renewing the fight in the morning. But the rebel Army run off in the night. This disappointed us very much, though we had killed and wounded 1300 of them and taken a great many prisoners. We also scattered them like sheep, and they went off leaving almost every­ thing they had. We pursued them some time. Price retreated

14 In his newspaper account Stewart reported that a shallow ravine separated the contending forces along most of the line. The 11th Missouri was located some feet below the position of the enemy, causing the enemy bullets to pass mostly over the heads of the Missouri regiment. Ibid. See also the report of Major A. J. Weber, who was commanding the 11th Missouri at this time. O. R., Vol. XVII, Pt. I, 87-88. 15 Major Weber's report states that the 11th Missouri Regiment was ordered forward in person by General Rosecrans to support General Hamilton; that they advanced double quick and cheering vociferously; that they formed in the open on Hamilton's right and entered some woods; that they faced the 4th Mis­ sissippi Brigade; that after the first volley a man ran forward from the enemy ranks and cried, "for God's sake, stop firing on your own men, this is the 37th Mississippi"; that this was answered by another volley; that they repelled three charges within an hour; that they then fell back ten rods and replenished their ammunition but were not followed by the enemy. Ibid. The Confederate 1st Division, Army of the West, engaged at Iuka, was composed of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Brigades. The 4th Brigade, The Flower Brigade, as Stewart refers to it, was commanded by Brigadier General Henry Little, who was killed in the battle. The 4th Brigade was composed of the 36th, 37th, and 38th Mississippi Infantry and the 37th Alabama Infantry. Ibid., 131-133, for Colonel John Martin's report. Martin succeeded to the command of the 4th Brigade upon the death of Little. William S. Stewart Letters 473 toward the rebel Army under Breckinridge16 and Van Dorn, who were moving toward Corinth, and we are now preparing to meet all of them. We lost 73 in killed and wounded17 in our Beg. It was our Begiment, the 8th Wisconsin and 16th Iowa that found Gen. Price at Iuka the Tuesday before the fight, having been sent there by Gen. Bosecrans to reconnoiter.18 We made a bold dash upon them twice, and then retreated in the night 6 miles and came up with the Army and had the fight. This was done to see how much force Gen. Price had and how he had his Army posted. It was one of the boldest attacks ever made. If Price had known that we had only 1500 men he would have captured all of us, but we got back safely. Our Begiment is known and bragged on throughout the whole Army. We will probably have another fight soon. Every­ thing looks like it but the more we fight now the sooner it will be over. At the fight the other day, Gen Grant had a force of 8,000 men on the road west of Iuka and was to come upon the enemy while we should attack them from the South, and thus capture the whole Army of Price, and if Grant had come up the whole rebel Army would have been captured or killed. But Gen.

16 John Cabell Breckinridge (1821-1875), had been active in the Demo­ cratic party before the Civil War, serving in the United States Congress and as Vice President of the United States during the administration of James Bu­ chanan. In 1860, he was one of Lincoln's opponents in the presidential cam­ paign. In November, 1861, he was appointed Brigadier General in the Con­ federate army. He had seen action at Shiloh and Baton Rouge, and later, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Cold Harbor, among other engagements. On February 4, 1865, he became Secretary of War in Jefferson Davis' cabinet. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 83. 17 Major Weber reported 7 killed, 64 wounded, and 3 missing, which tallies closely with Stewart's statement. Among the six officers of the 11th Missouri Regiment who were wounded was Lt. Charles H. Foster of Stewart's Company K. O. R., Vol. XVII, Pt. I, 87-88. 18 General Rosecran's report on Iuka credits Colonel Mower, of the 11th Missouri Infantry, commanding the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Mississippi, with the reconnaissance which discovered Price at Iuka. Elected Colonel of the 11th Missouri on May 3, 1862, after his capture of New Madrid, a circumstance which Stewart fails to mention, Mower was brevetted four times during the Civil War and his combat record was one which was rarely equalled. General Sherman requested his services later and Major Weber succeeded to the command of the 11th Missouri. The reputation of the regiment, which Stewart proudly reports, was no doubt due in no small part to Mower, whom Stewart never mentioned in his letters, although he mentioned both Rufus Saxton and Plummer when they were in command of the 11th Missouri. Mower's own reports make no mention of Stewart; in fact, Mower seldom mentions any of the officers under him. 474 Missouri Historical Review

Grant was dead drunk and couldn't bring up his Army.19 This is true. I was so mad when I first learned the facts, that I would have shot Grant if I would have hung for it next minute. The next morning after the battle I went over the battle field. None of the dead had been carried away yet. I had been on battle fields before but never saw so many dead in so straight a line before. In a line of half a mile there were a thousand dead wounded and dying men, and lots of dead and wounded horses, and then such awful wounds. Some with heads blown off some with legs off, some cut into with cannon balls; some stabbed through with bayonets, and others mangled up in every conceivable way. The wounded were groaning and calling for water and for help. But I have said enough about the battle. I feel well and hearty, and able for a good deal more service. Since the 18th of last month our Begm't has marched 280 miles, and I have marched at the head of my Company every foot of the way. My muscles are as hard as iron and I am able to do a great deal of hard serv­ ice. But I will not write any more now. You will see by the papers more particulars of the battle than I can write in this letter. I have written an article for the Cincinnati Commercial signed W. S. S. and will start it at the same time that this will go.20

19 The force of 8,000 mentioned by Stewart was commanded by Ord, who was under direct orders from Grant, whose headquarters were at Burnsville. At the time of the battle, Ord's forces had not moved from Burnsville. Grant had modified the original plan which was for Ord, not Rosecrans, to make the initial attack. Had Ord been advanced nearer to Iuka, he would have heard sounds of the battle. Because of an adverse wind, no sounds of fighting were heard at Burnsville. Rosecrans also modified the plan by advancing only upon the Jacinto road and not upon the Fulton road as well. Grant's change of plan left Rosecrans to fight alone, while that of Rosecrans, although it enabled him to fight successfully, allowed Price an avenue of escape. Grant's fondness for the bottle had been the subject of much acrimonious debate, Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, V, 138, mentions six occasions upon which Grant was charged with drinking while on duty but Iuka is not among them. William M. Lamers, The Edge of Glory: A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A. (New York, 1961), 126-130, discusses it as a possibility. However, Lamers best evidence is the article in the Cincinnati Commercial, September 29, 1862, written by Stewart. Stewart could have had no first hand knowledge concerning Grant's drinking on this occasion. Doubtless influenced by his own strict views, he accepted rather readily a current rumor that would account for Grant's failure to come up during the battle of Iuka. Lamers, Edge of Glory, 117-118, connects Grant's inactivity with his pre­ occupation with a report that McClellan had annihilated Lee at Antietam and his endeavor to convince Price to surrender on this account. It is possible that this news was the occasion for premature celebration on the part of Grant but of this there is no proof. For the case, as stated by Grant, see Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York, 1885) , I, 408-413. The review of contemporary reports in Lamers, Edge of Glory, 103-130, exposes the weakness of Grant's later version of the matter. 20 This is the article on the Battle of Iuka published September 29, 1862. William S. Stewart Letters 475

Harper's Weekly, July 21, 1862 Advance guard of General Pope's army entering Corinth.

I hope you are all well though I have not heard from you for some time. Give my love to all the friends and remember me your Obt Son William

Corinth, Mississippi October 12th 1862 Dear Mother Now is the first opportunity I have had to write since receiv­ ing the sad news of Fathers death.21 It was not until Friday the 10th that I received Jonathans letter. I am sorry that I was not permitted to see Father again alive, but I have the consolation with you all, that he died the death of the righteous and that his death was but a transfer from temporal sorrow to eternal joy.

21 Samuel Stewart, father of William S. Stewart, was born in Pennsylvania in 1784. He had resided in Ohio at least as early as 1815 and had moved to Indiana about 1831. His first wife was a McClearney; his second wife, the mother of William S. Stewart, was Margaret Earhart. Manuscript U.S. Census for Indiana, 1850, 730, from microfilm in Indiana State & Historical Library, Indianapolis, Indiana. 476 Missouri Historical Review

May our last moments be as his—unclouded and resigned. I will state here that on the day of his death, September 19th, we fought the bloody battle of Iuka, of which I wrote you. Two weeks later on the 3rd of October we began another battle at Corinth which ended on Saturday, more bloody and desperate than that of Iuka. In the two battles there were six or seven thousand killed and wounded. I was in the thickest and hottest of both battles and came out untouched though both of my Lieutenants were wounded. You have no doubt seen details of the battles in the newspapers. I have no time now to write details. Our Begiment (the 11th Mo) did nobly and won a great name. In our bayonet charge in recap­ turing the Fort at Corinth we lost 63 men.22 This charge was one of the most brilliant affairs of the war. We pursued the enemy 50 miles and scattered all their fine Army.23 But more hereafter about the fight. Since beginning this letter one came from you dated September 9th written by Lizzie Seal. I'm sorry I did not get it sooner. I was sorry to hear of the scare you had.24 You

22 The 11th Missouri Regiment was engaged in the fighting on October 3, the first day of the Battle of Corinth, but not severely. On the morning of October 4, however, it played a decisive part in ending the battle. As the enemy attacked, according to Major Weber's report, the 11th Missouri took a position lying down about forty paces behind the 63rd Ohio. When the 63rd Ohio was forced to fall back, the enemy captured Redoubt Robinette. While General Rosecrans personally rallied the 63rd Ohio, the 27th Ohio and the 11th Missouri charged about 30 paces with fixed bayonets, and drove the enemy from the redoubt without firing a shot. They then advanced, firing on the fleeing enemy, aided by the reanimated 63rd Ohio. O. R., Vol. XVII, Pt. I, 170- 182, 201-202. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, IV, 93-94, does not do justice to the crucial end of the battle in which Battery Robinette was retaken. After noting the loss of nine of 13 line officers of the 63rd Ohio, and 45% killed and wounded in the brigade, he merely says, "On the right Hamilton met the attack mostly by artillery fire, and when this checked the enemy he ordered his whole line to advance. Within minutes, those who had seemed so nearly defeated had won the battle." Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston, 1960) , 315-316, ignores the part played by the 11th Missouri in charging Battery Robinette, and gives the credit only to "Ohio soldiers who defended Battery Robinette." McCall, Three Years in the Service, 11-13, gives a graphic description of the fighting at Corinth. 23 Grant again was very disappointed that the enemy was not destroyed. He blamed Rosecrans for not pursuing the Confederate troops quickly enough. Catton, Grant Moves South, 316-319. Grant, Memoirs, I, 418 419. Earlier in 1862 the 11th Missouri Regiment skirmished with the Confederates near Corinth. Stewart wrote his parents of these skirmishes. These letters have been deleted. Van Dorn had attacked Corinth with about 20,000 men, including the remnant of Price's army, after Iuka. Rosecrans had about the same number. Confederate losses were 4,838, killed, wounded, and missing; Union losses were 2,520. Dictionary of American History, II, 59. Lamers, Edge of Glory, 157-158, defends Rosecrans' actions after the battle pointing out that his forces were fatigued. 24 This undoubtedly refers to Bragg's operations around Frankfort, Ken­ tucky, prior to the Battle of Perryville. William S. Stewart Letters 477 have no grounds for fears at all, and never had. Mother if you want money, you can have any amount from one to a thousand dollars but how to get it to you is the difficulty. I am going to try and get a leave of absence and visit you all. Till that time try and do the best you can. I am now very busy. We have been in the field so long that we had no opportunity to do anything, and now that we are encamped again after 2 months marching, we have to clothe our companies and fix up our books and papers. You will see in the next Harper's Weekly25 a picture of our Cor­ inth Battle. Get it and look at it. But I must close, I will write to Jonathan just as soon as I can. No more now, Good Bye. Your Affectionate Son William Direct to Corinth, Mississippi.

Corinth, Miss. October 17th 1862 Bro. Jonathan A few days ago when we had just returned from our pursuit of Price, Van-Dorn26 & Lovell,27 I wrote to Mother a line or two to let her and all of you know that I was safe after having passed through the hottest part of two of the most desperate and bloody battles of the war. I also acknowledged the receipt of your letter bearing the sad intelligence of Father's death. Since then I have received a letter from home written by Lizzie Seal, before your letter. I would like very much to visit home, and I regret very much that it was impossible to go before Father died. But I see no prospect of getting off for a while. Enclosed I send you a history of the Corinth Battle. It is quite a correct history, and the part that our Begiment (the 11th Mo) took in the recon-

25 Harper's Weekly was established in 1857. Its pictorial coverage of the events of the Civil War was excellent. 26 Earl Van Dorn (1820-1863) USMA, 1842, after losing the bloody battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 7-8, 1862, had brought his army across the Mississippi, but not in time for the Battle of Shiloh. His attack on Rosecrans at Corinth was fierce and repulsed with difficulty. On May 8, 1863, Van Dorn was killed by a Dr. Peters, who disliked the attention paid by the general to Mrs. Peters. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 867; Dumas Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), XIX, 185-186. 27 Mansfield Lovell (1822-1884), USMA, 1842, was a capable officer, who had been blamed for the loss of New Orleans, which he had been unable to prevent because of inadequate defenses against naval attack. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 494; Dictionary of American Biography, XI, 441-442. 478 Missouri Historical Review William S. Stewart Letters 479

noisances [sic] and battle is all true.28 I took my company through it all. Our motto was victory or death, and our brave boys stuck to the motto most determinedly. I suppose that many of our Franklin County boys were in the fight at Perryville, Ky.29 I would like to hear from them. We will probably remain at Corinth for a week or two and then make some important movement. My health is quite good, as usual. The weather is pleasant nights cool. What kind of crops will you have this summer? Write soon again and tell me all the news. Give my love to all the friends, Your Bro Will

In the field 4 miles south of Grand Junction, Tenn. November 12th 1862 Dear Mother I have just received a letter from Harvey James, and was glad to hear from home again. I hope you are still in good health. I am so anxious to visit you, and see that you are comfortably provided for the future, though I'm sure the friends will all see to that. Our Army is again moving. We are in the lower edge of Tennessee 50 miles west of Corinth, and expect every day to start for the farther South. My health is quite good as usual. Since I wrote to you, I wrote to Jonathan, and sent him an article about our Corinth Battle. I don't know whether he got it or not. I sup­ pose he did. Harvey says that Father rented the farm to Jonathan and Mr. Bichmond, for another year, that Mother did not know what to do till she heard from Frank or me. I have no objection to the arrangement, if the farm is to be kept in repair. I don't know when the war will close, but our prospects are good now for breaking the rebellion by Spring. I hardly think we will go into winter quarters, but will soldier during the winter. I shall visit home just as soon as I can get a chance, which may be this

28 Unfortunately this history is not preserved with the Stewart Letters. The "reconnaissances" mentioned undoubtedly refer to the movements of Colonel Mower, who took two companies of the 11th Missouri as skirmishers, was wounded in the neck, was captured, and was able to make his escape in the evening. See report of General W. S. Rosecrans in O. R., Vol. XVII, Pt. I, 180-181. 29 The Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, October 8, 1862, developed from an accidental encounter of Gen. D. C. Buell's forces with those of Bragg. As a result, Bragg retired from Kentucky into Tennessee. 480 Missouri Historical Review winter some time. My next draw of pay will amount to 500 dollars. This we are looking for every day as it is now overdue. Whatever you want you must get and be comfortable, for as to money you shall have all you need. I have 1200 dollars in Bank at St. Louis, or rather on private loan, which [is] better than in Bank. When I get to some place where we can stop awhile, I will write more and oftener to you. Last night was the first night that I slept under a shelter of any kind since the 1st of November. Still I have no cold or sickness. Our trains were left at Corinth,30 and we had nothing but what we had on our backs. We look for our wagons up today. This paper, I had to tear off of an old letter, and managed to borrow an envelope. Had a stamp in my pocket and now if the mail will go out, you will stand a chance of get­ ting a letter from me. Tell Harvey I will write to him as soon as I possibly can. I have been looking for a letter from Jonathan and also from my friend Clem [entine] Craig. Hope they will both write soon. Mother you must be of good cheer. You have trusted in the Lord long enough to know that you cannot trust him in vain. He has perserved me through all the dangers of camp disease and several bloody battles. You have prayed for my safety and I thought of it a thousand times. I have often had occasion to thank God for praying pious parents. But I must close. Give my love to all the friends and relatives, and tell them I hope to see them [after] all the smoke and courage of battle have passed away. The news in Harvey's letter was particularly interesting. Tell Fanny to write to me. She writes well and could write often. Tell all the young

30 The march to Grand Junction, Tennessee, was made November 2-4, 1862. From then until January 10, 1863, the 11th Missouri was participating in Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign, moving in the general vicinity, to Oxford, Mis­ sissippi, November 29-December 9, 1862, to Holly Springs, Mississippi, December 21-25, 1862, to Davis Mills, five miles from Grand Junction, Tennessee, De­ cember 30, 1862. On January 8, 1863, the regiment started for Corinth, Mis­ sissippi, via Bolivar, Tennessee, arriving at Corinth on January 13. On February 10, the Missourians moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and a few days later to Helena, Arkansas, Young's Point, Louisiana, and Dicksport, Louisiana, remain ing at the latter place until May, 1863, when the regiment moved to join the siege of Vicksburg. It remained in the Vicksburg area until the fall of that city to the Union forces on July 4, 1863. During this period Stewart seems to have been separated from his regiment for a time and we are unable to sav at what time or place he rejoined it. However, he did participate in the siege of Vicksburg. Frederick H. Dyer, Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (New York, 1959), III, 1327-1328; Report of the Adjutant General, 146. William S. Stewart Letters 481 ladies that I look as young as ever, and will commence courting again when the war is over. Your Affectionate Son Will Stewart

Hd Qr's Boss' Division Camp Davis Mills, Miss. November 20th AD 1862 Dear Mother It has been more than a week since I last wrote to you. You may not have received my letter yet, so I will write again.31 Since my last letter we have again moved our Division of the Army several miles and are now at Davis Mills south of Grand Junction. Last Sunday I took a position on Gen. Boss' Staff32 as commander of the outposts of the Division. I therefore have charge of the outposts and picket lines of nine Begiments and three Batteries, making a line of about 8 miles that I ride in front of the Army every day. To-day a flag of [truce] having come to our lines, I went out with another Staff Officer and met the rebel Captain with his escort of 40 men mounted. We had a pleasant chat with their officers for a half hour and transacted our business with them, when they departed. My position is quite an active one, but very profitable, and in many respects very pleasant. I mess with the General and Staff and my boy Jim Ellis is the boss cook.33 I have received no letters since I last wrote though I suppose you are all well. I said in my last that I was perfectly willing for Jonathan to hold the farm for another year, the same as before. I suppose the rest are willing though I do not know. If I were

31 Stewart's mother had died in November 19, 1862, just two months after the death of her husband. Hence, his letter and the two following were all written after her death. Whether she had received his letter of November 12, 1862, before her death is not known. Margaret (Earhart) Stewart was born November 11, 1799, and was, therefore, 63 years of age at the time of her death. Samuel and Margaret Stewart are both buried in the James Cemetery on the Big Cedar Creek Road, Springfield Township, Franklin County, Indiana. "Franklin County, Indiana, Cemetery Records, Bible Records, M. E. Church Records," 76, in the Indiana State & Historical Library, Indianapolis, Indiana. 32 Leonard Fulton Ross (1823-1901), was colonel of the 17th Illinois Regi­ ment and had command of a division after the fall of Fort Donelson. He re­ signed on July 22, 1863, and was thereafter active in the Republican party in Illinois. The circumstances leading to Stewart's attachment to his staff are not known. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 709. 33 This is the third mention by Stewart of his cook, but the first time that his name is given. 482 Missouri Historical Review at home I could tell better how the affairs ought to be managed, but I hope that they will be managed without trouble. I am to-night sitting by a pleasant fire, in a pleasant house owned by a very wealthy planter, who ran off when we came to this section of country, leaving his wife and two handsome daugh­ ters here. We occupy the house for headquarters. I tried to sleep on a feather bed the other night, but it was too soft. I could not sleep. Next night I went back to my cot, and slept very well indeed. I hope we will not be compelled to remain here this winter. The prospect however, is that we will be much farther south before Spring. I have no particular news to send you. Give my love to all the loyal friends. Tell the disloyal, if any, that I shall pray. . . . 84

Davis Mills, Miss. November 27th 1862 Dear Mother We are just about to march again southward. Tomorrow morn­ ing at 7 o'clock we start with our entire Army. I go in front. I am well as usual, in fact I am growing fatter all the time. On this move I will be mounted and will have much riding to do. You may look for quick work in routing the rebels in front of us. I do not believe they have fifty thousand men all told, and we are fully able for that many and more. Our prospects are very fair. We are now in a rich portion of Dixie. Immense cotton and corn­ fields cover the entire country.35 The corn feeds our animals, the Negroes (men) make our roads, and the women pick the cotton, which goes North. A planter is not respectable unless he owns 2000 acres of land and from one to three hundred Negroes. Ladies are scarce, particularly the handsome kind. When you write to me direct to Capt. Wm. S. Stewart headquarters 2nd Division Army of West Tennessee. I hope you are all well and prospering. I will write to you again as soon as we halt. Why don't some person write to me again. Where's Jonathan or Fanny or Clem Craig or her Aunt or some who used to write

34 This letter is incomplete and breaks off at this point. 85 Marshall County, Mississippi, ranked third among all the counties of Mississippi, according to the census of 1860, in the number of slaves; second in the value of livestock; sixth in the production of cotton (49,348 bales of 400 pounds each) ; and was one of the eight counties producing over a million bushels of corn. Its population was 28,863 of which 17,437 or 60% were slaves. It had 110 farms of over 500 acres. William S. Stewart Letters 483 to me. But I shall write anyhow. My love to all the loyal friends. Tell them I shall see them all as soon as the rebellion is crushed if the Lord spare me. Good Bye Your Son Will

Waterford, Miss. Hd Qrs Boss' Division Dec. 4th, 1862 Dear Mother, I am now at Waterford in a good house, where we have the Head Quarters of our Division. It began raining this afternoon and to-night it is raining and dark. I am quite well, and have much more comfortable quarters than when with the Begiment. The brave old Eleventh Mo. is in our Division, and is known throughout the entire Army, as the fighting Begiment. I shall always be proud that I belonged to this Begiment. Our forces have pushed the rebels out of their strong position on the Talla­ hatchie Biver and our advance is 20 miles beyond. A large Union Army under Gen Steele36 is below the rebels at Grenada and the rebels are trying to get away by stretching eastward. They can get away by scattering and only that way. This will compell [sic] the Mississippi Biver and vally [sic] to be all given up by them. Our Army is in fine spirits. The rains are bad on us. We will not be able to advance rapidly on account of the Bail Boad having been damaged in many places, and we will have to repair as we go.37 I think we will be in Jackson soon. I have not heard from you all for some time, though I suppose you are all well, but the mail is come and I must see if there is any thing for me. I have just examined the mail and find nothing. So I will send this and wait. The Presidents message has just come but I have not yet read it.38 I will have a comfortable place to sleep to-night. I

36 Frederick Steele (1819-1868), USMA, 1843, had fought at Wilson's Creek and had commanded the Southeast Missouri District. He took part in cam­ paigns in Arkansas, and in the Vicksburg and Mobile campaigns in Mississippi. He was promoted to Major General in November, 1862, and in December, 1862, he led the 11th Division, XIII, in the Army of the Tennessee. Ibid., 794. 37 The Mississippi Central Railroad ran south from Grand Junction, Ten­ nessee, through Holly Springs and Oxford to Jackson, Mississippi. 38 Congress convened on December 1 in election years until the passage of the 21st Amendment, and the first item of business was usually the trans­ mission of a message from the President. 484 Missouri Historical Review have not nor neither has our Army received any pay for five months and we are nearly all strapped. Still we get plenty to eat. I visited some ladies, Union ladies—last evening. Had a good time. But good Bye. My love to you all. Send me some letters.39 Your Affectionate Son Will

Appendix

Cape Girardeau Mo Nov. 1861 Messrs. Editors— For the purpose of doing justice to all who were engaged in the battle at Fredricktown [sic] Mo. on the 21st of Oct. last, we feel it our duty to make a fair and impartial statement of facts as they are, and as they were on the battlefield. Such a statement has never yet appeared in full in the public prints, and for this reason, the credit of the whole engagement has been given, in a great degree, to some who never arrived on the field until after the battle was half fought, and who never fired or commanded the firing of a gun. As has already been published, the forces from Cape Girar­ deau under Col. Plummer were ordered to advance against Jeff Thompson and Col Lowe, who were then moving Northward through the counties west of the Cape. Col. Plummer's forces consisted of his own 11th Mo. Begiment, the 17th 111. under Col. Boss, the 20th 111, under Col. Marsh, a section of Taylor's Battery under Lieut' White, and Captain Stewarts and Capt Lohrman's two Companies of Cavalry. These forces started from the Cape on the 18th and marched westward. The Trenton forces under command of Col. Carlin, consisting of Col Carlin's 111. Col Hoveys 111. Col [Boss] 111 Col Murphy's Wis.' 8th Major Schofields Battery and eight Companies of Col. Baker's Indiana Cavalry, also have received marching orders and arrived at Fredricktown [sic] on the morning of the day of battle, about 8 o'clock and supposing that no enemy was near, halted and were quietly taking their rest, ignorant of the fact that the enemy had arrived within a mile of town about the same time

39 Soon after this Stewart must have learned of the death of his mother, which was the reason for the discontinuance of his regular letters. William S. Stewart Letters 485 and were preparing for themselves a splendid position along the ravine, and on the high hills about a mile distant. While the Trenton forces were thus resting in quiet and fancied security Col. Plummer's Command arrived and halted in a bottom at the east edge of town about 10 min. past 1 o'clock. Col. Plummer and some of his officers immediately rode forward and Col. Carlin, who stated that the enemy had been there, but had taken the south road the day before and by that time was well on toward Greenville and it was useless to attempt a pursuit, as there was no possibility of catching him. Col. Plummer thought differently, and said that the enemy must be pursued: Whereupon he asked of Col. Carlin a reinforcement from his command. Col. Carlin still insisting that a pursuit would avail nothing, turned over to Col. Plummer a part of his force as follows; two Begiments of Infantry, one section of Schofields battery and six Companies of Col. Bakers Cavalry. Col. Plummer then ordered his Brigade and reinforcements forward, the Cape Girardeau forces in advance. Capt. Stewart with his Cavalry leading the advance. In this connection we will state that there was at no time any controversy between Col. Plummer and Col. Carlin as to rank, or who had the right to command; the only controversy being in reference to the policy of pursuing the enemy, as before stated. As the forces began to move forward in the pursuit, some of the officers who were to remain behind, came up to Col. Plummer and wished him success, but stated at the same time that they did not believe that he would ever catch Jeff Thompson. The Col. however believing that "nothing ventured, nothing gained" pushed on. His direction was south toward Greenville, and the road was a gradual ascent for more than half a mile from town to the brow of the north hill. Capt. Stewart went forward with some of his men to make observations, and discovered the enemy in large force lying in ambush along the ravine between the hills, and on the south hill he saw what he supposed to be masked batteries, well supported as he rightly supposed by large forces on the southern slope of the South hills, the forces being well covered by these hills and woods. He rode back and reported the position of the enemy, when the forces halted, and were immediately assigned their respective positions by Col. Plummer after he had rode forward and carefully viewed the grounds. . . . The 111. 17th under Col. Boss filed off to the left in a road 486 Missouri Historical Review and entered a cornfield and then faced by the rear rank toward the enemy. The 1st Batt' of the 11th Missouri, under Lieut.' Col. Panabaker, then entered the same field and joined Col. Boss on the right faced in the same manner toward the enemy. Col Marsh's 111. 20th took position on the right of the main road in an open field. Before these positions of Infantry were fully taken, Lieut' Whites Battery had begun firing, and after two shots had been fired from the main road, the enemy began replying vigorously. Capt' Stewart's Cavalry was at that time posted on the right of the 111. 20th ready and eager for a charge. The 17th 111. and 11th Mo. opened soon after the roaring of cannon, a roaring of rifles and musketry upon Col. Lowe's Brigade, which w7as no less in its grandeur, than the constant and startling peals of the artillery. While these two Begiments were pouring in their storm of deadly leaden hail upon the enemy Whites battery moved to the left in the cornfield in their rear but up the slopes, sufficiently elevated to throw their balls over the heads of the Infantry into the ranks of the enemy, and this they did with good effect. While this was going on, Col. Marsh, on the right of the main road, was ordered to advance and take the hill from the enemy next to the main road on the right, while Capt. Weber in command of the second Battalion of the 11th Mo. also advanced to a hill still further on and to the right of the hill above mentioned to take it from the enemy. And Col. Carlin's Begiment under its Major (Col. Carlin, not yet having appeared on the field) took position in the rear and toward the left of Col. Boss and Lieut. Col. Panabaker. At this time Col. Lowe had been killed, and his Brigade—what was left of the original 1700 was retreating across a meadow toward their main force, Col. Boss after them. While Lieut. Col. Pana­ baker moved to the right to support Schofields Battery, on the right of the main road which was then doing fine execution. As Col. Marsh and Capt. Weber advanced to take possession of the hills, the news came to Col. Plummer that the enemy was retreating. He immediately sent one of his aids with an order for four Companies of Cavalry, two of Capt. Stewart's, and two of Col. Bakers; but in the hurry of the moment the order was given to Col. Baker, for four of his Companies and the Col. sent them with lightening speed to report to Col. Plummer for orders. They were immediately ordered to attack Thompson on his retreat. At this time Col. Carlin came upon the field, rubbing his eyes and reported to Col. Plummer for orders. Col. P. told him to go to his William S. Stewart Letters 487

Begiment, as it was already on the field under orders. The Cavalry pressed on and made their charge in which the brave Major Gavitt and Capt. Highman were killed in front of the Cavalry. A halt was ordered and the object of the charged was thwarted. Major Schofield's Battery was immediately ordered forward, Lieut. Col. Panabaker supporting it. The enemy however continued to re­ treat in great disorder, the 111. 20th firing upon them. The Cavalry came up again, and pursued the scattering enemy several miles further, then returned, when all the Union forces returned to town to arrange for a fresh pursuit in the morning. We will not extend this statement further. The pursuit of the enemy the next day after the battle, and the return of the two Brigades to their respective Head Quarters, we believe has been correctly published. So have been the numbers killed, wounded and captured, on both sides. Our object is now accomplished in stating a fair and truthful account of the battle and those engaged in it. These facts we know both from actual observation, and from the most authentic sources and from witnesses who so one can truthfully gainsay, who was in a position to see and know the facts and events as they occurred. We have made the statement also to render honor to whom honor is due; to give proper credit to one whose military genius and ability are unsurpassed by many who rank him in our Army; to him who with his gallant battalion of regulars led the advancing columns of General Lyon's Army and opened the charge upon the enemy at the bloody battle of "Wilsons Creek" and for two long hours with his 400 men fought three full regiments of the boasted and well-trained southern Chivalry: to him who endears himself to all whom he meets or commands, by noble nature and his unstained patriotism; and who by his sagacity and vigilance at Fredericktown saved from a bloody route, a whole Brigade of our Army that was lying in sweet sleep and imaginary security, ready for the enemy to rush upon them that night—as the enemy now state they intended to do—and tear and scatter them as sheep amid ravening wolves. We make the statement also to render justice to the Brigade which Colonel Plummer commanded, for, since this Brigade has been almost entirely obscured by the refulgent glory so strangely won by those who never fired a gun on that battlefield, it is but just and proper, here to say, that his Brigade fought the entire battle from the beginning to the close, with a short assistance only, of a section of Major Schofields battery, and four Companies of Col. 488 Missouri Historical Review

Baker's Cavalry that made a charge upon the enemy in their retreat. We state these facts also in justice to Col. Plummers brave 11th Missouri, who under their cool and gallant Lieut. Colonel, rushed in good order into the very brunt of the battle and fought to the end with an energy and courage that would have done honor to a Begiment of Begulars, and regretted only, that they had not found a foe more worthy of their steel.

What's A Bookmark? You Name It! St. Louis Globe-Democrat, December 1, 1966. In 11 years spent sorting and shelving books in the reference stacks of St. Louis Public Library, . . . Bob Brown has found a lot of odd items, in and around books. The most recent and most unusual was a baby's rattle . . . one of the most frequent bookmarkers he comes across are blank checks. . . . In the course of the years, they say, assistants have discovered improvised bookmarkers in the form of nickels, dimes and quarters, razor blades, light, water, laundry and electric bills. Letters of all kinds, including love letters, turn up in books at regular intervals. Bobby pins, rubber bands, paper clips, matches and trading stamps by the dozen fly from between pages. Photographs turn up frequently, and sometimes flowers. None of these things bother the librarians too much. But the things they do object to finding used as bookmarks are used chewing gum, sections of peanutbutter and jelly sandwiches, and—as once hap­ pened—a whole cold, fried strip of bacon.

c^V,

An Idle Dream Novinger Record, August 10, 1906. A wealthy citizen of Sumner appeared on the street early one morning carrying a pitchfork on his shoulder. As he had not worked for several years this demonstration caused comment. It developed that he was walking in his sleep. He dreamed that a great rain had raised the river out of its banks and he was going to spear fish in a big slough with a pitchfork. The Chariton River Fish Trap

Wayne Shields received the B.S. de- BY WAYNE F. SHIELDS gree at Southwest Missouri State Col­ lege, Springfield, and the M.A. degree in Anthropology at the University of Missouri. He is currently a candidate for the Ph.D. degree in Anthropology at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. He is curator of the Museum of Anthropology, director of the state­ wide Archaeological Survey and as sistant director of American Archaeol­ ogy at the University of Utah.

Upon the arrival of the Europeans to this continent many adaptations to the New World's environment took place. Fish, as well as other wild game, made up a substantial part of the early pioneer and Indian diet. One of the more common methods of catching fish was with the aid of a trap. Such aborigines as the Achomawi, Atsugewi, Shoshoni, Beaver, Montagnais, Iroquois, Blackfeet and the Manahoac are known to have used traps for catching fish. Geographically, all areas of the United States except the Southwest and the High Plains, are represented by the use of fish traps. The construction of the fish traps varied depending on the area as well as the cultural group. The lack of fish traps in the Southwest and the High Plains is probably due to the absence of construction materials, suitable streams and flash flooding. Historical accounts of the early pioneers assuming the opera­ tion of aboriginal fish traps are numerous. For example, in Ken­ tucky the following account describes such a phenomenon: The fish trap was still in good repair when Kentucky was settled by the whites. I have seen both the dam and also a small pool made use of by a Negro slave by the name of George Norris. The Negro repaired and used the dam just as the Indians used it and used the storage tank to keep a supply of live fish for the table.1

i W. D. Funkhouser and W. S. Webb, Archaeological Survey of Kentucky, Publication of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology (Universitv of Kentucky, 1932) , II, 36. 489 490 Missouri Historical Review

Another such account pertains to the Chariton Biver Fish Trap in north central Missouri. This trap was located in the old channel of the Chariton Biver a few miles north of the Chariton- Missouri Biver confluence. At the present time no evidence of the fish trap structure exists. Due to rechanneling the stream has become sluggish and therefore wider covering any part of the structure that may have survived. Fortunately, several photo­ graphs of the trap were taken by local people during the latter part of its operation. From these photographs the exact location and type of construction was determined. Local history attributes the original structure as an innova­ tion of a group of Indians in the early part of the nineteenth cen­ tury. The earliest record concerning the fish trap is related as fol­ lows: Something like 90 years ago (1820) there was a large Indian village on the terrace by the river. To effect an easy crossing the redmen piled rock from one bank to the other, and during some period of their occupancy they rigged up a curious arrangement from tree limbs to catch the fish as they dashed over the dam.2 In 1832 a battle allegedly took place between the Sac and Fox Indians at the site of the fish trap.3 In 1837 James McClure purchased the fish trap property.4 McClure was the first white man to operate the fish trap. McClure improved the trap by add­ ing timbers to the rows of stones and eventually attached a chute near the center of the dam. The chute, which resembled a live­ stock loading chute, allowed the water to pass through but re­ tained the fish in the modified "V"-shaped area. McClure's modi­ fication of the trap apparently was not greatly elaborated upon as the photographs taken in the early part of the twentieth cen­ tury illustrate a similar structure. McClure operated the fish trap until 1862. At that time he sold it to John Corey.5 The operation of the trap was passed from Corey to Giddens, from Giddens to Bogers, and from Bogers to Ben Clark who was operating the trap in 1910.6

- "Dynamited Fish Trap: Historic Landmark Put Out of Business—Paid Like a Gold Mine," Macon Times-Democrat, August 4, 1910. 3 General History of Macon County, Missouri (Chicago, 1910) , 22-24. 4 Letter from Earl WTasham, County Recorder of Deeds, Chariton County, Keytesville, Missouri, October 1, 1965. 5 Macon Times-Democrat, August 4, 1910. 6 Ibid. The Chariton River Fish Trap 491

The early part of the twentieth century appears to have been the most profitable era of the Chariton fish trap operation. Local newspaper accounts for this time described the fish trap as a "gold mine." The trap was netting from $2,000 to $3,000 per year.7 Elderly people of the area recall varied stories related to the fish trap during this period. Some of those are presented as follows: A group drove to the fish trap in a buckboard during a rise for a load of fish. They took one off the trap that when hung to the up-raised tongue of the wagon, lacked but a couple of feet of reaching the lower end. The fish was over five feet long and weighed over one hundred pounds. They brought back a full load and sold them about town keeping the big ones for themselves.8 A group drove to the fish trap and brought back three fish with their tails hanging over the back end of the wagon.9 I rode a horse to the fish trap and brought a fish that when tied to the saddle horn it's tail dragged the ground. Many picnics were held there, baptisms, fish fries, just all-around get togethers. People came from miles when the river was up to buy fish and sometimes rented the trap for the night or day. Fish sold from three to five cents per pound at the trap.10 The fish trap, when originally taken over by McClure, was a legal means of taking fish. In the latter part of the nineteenth century the Missouri Fish and Game Commission was created. Following this came laws concerning wildlife and the means by which wildlife could be taken; thus the trapping of fish was deemed illegal. The community was divided concerning the operation of the Chariton fish trap. For the patrons of the fish trap, it served as a means of obtaining inexpensive food. However the merchants in the nearby towns felt that the trap should be destroyed as it was competing with the meat grocery sales and was in actuality illegal. The trap continued to be operated, in defiance of the legal authorities, until 1910. As a result of complaints by the merchants

7 Ibid. 8 Interview with Earl Jones, Macon County, via V. W. Heath, Callao, Missouri. 9 Interview with Pay Kilgore, Macon County, via V. W. Heath, Callao, Missouri. io Interview with Mr. [?] Malone, Macon County, via V. W. Heath, Callao, Missouri. 492 Missouri Historical Review in the nearby towns, E. C. Higgins and Otto Witt, game wardens, journeyed to the fish trap to destroy it in July, 1910. The incident is vividly described in a letter from Higgins to the head of the Mis­ souri Fish and Game Commission:

Dear Sir—When I was here before I wrote you about a fish trap in Chariton county, on Chariton river, and I be­ lieved it should be torn out. I went to Carrollton and there met Mr. James. We arranged to go up there and do this work, but it rained hard for two days, so we gave it up. When I came to Macon this trip, I was informed the trap was there and doing a good business. Complaints came to me by the wholesale, all wanting to know why this trap was not taken out of the river. Some said 'how do you expect to keep farmers from trapping as long as this goes on'? I was also told this trap had been there for years, some sixty years, and the owner of same had defied the law and all former game wardens. The place had become famous through the years and was the talk of all North Missouri. Everywhere I went this 'fish trap' proposition was handed me: 'Why don't you tear it out? Some told me of old man Clark, the owner, having run two game wardens out. Under the Bhodes Administration a man was sent out there, but he came back a sadder and wiser man. This was about the condition of things when I made up my mind to tackle the proposition. So on Sunday, July 24, I started with Deputy Otto Witt for the famous fish trap. On my way I picked a good guide. We were supplied with guns and a supply of dynamite. After some 27 miles of traveling, ten miles of which was through a dense forrest [sic] following the river, and in the famous chariton bot­ toms. Sometimes we were in mud up to the axle. It seemed to me at times that we were far removed from all civiliza­ tion, and instead of being in North Missouri, we must be in the Ozark hills and woods. On our arrival at the fish trap we found a crowd of some forty or fifty people from all parts of the country awaiting their turn to buy fish. Some carried their fish away in wagons, others in baskets and others on horseback. It was in one of the most picturesque spots I ever saw. Now, the fish trap next attracted my attention, and when I looked at the river and saw the dam and structure that was the trap, I don't believe I ever moved for ten minutes. The Chariton River Fish Trap 493

There was a solid rock dam, about five feet wide, built across the river over on the side where I stood. A hole, about six feet wide, was left. Commencing at the bot­ tom of the dam was placed two sills, one on each side. The sills extended out into the river twenty feet, at about 30 degree angles. Across these sills or beams were placed 2x4s and on these 2x4s slats were nailed about one inch apart, and the sides of all this was [sic] boarded up about six feet high. This was the trap, and through it passed every bit of water, and also every fish; not one escaped. It was an impossibility for any fish to escape. Fish of every description were caught. Day and night the work went on. As high as five hundred pounds of fish were caught in a single night. All fish were sold at five cents per pound. The revenue from this trap runs $2,000 to $2,500 per year. So you can see why they resisted all attempts to destroy same. Upon our arrival old man Clark hid in the coal mine on the other side of the river. I hunted up his son and wife, the son being part owner of the trap and worked night shifts. I told them who I was and my business, and that the trap was going for all time to come. They resisted and argued that it was a vested right handed down from gen­ eration to generation, and if we made a move trouble would commence. I sent them after Clark, but he would not come out, and the more I argued the worse matters got. So I went back across the river and secured the dyna­ mite, as no power of man could get that trap out of there, and placed it in position. I warned the crowd, and such a scattering of people no one ever saw. All I had to say was 'dynamite,' and that was settled.

The Chariton River Fish Trap as it appeared before 1910. State Game and Fish Commission of Mo., 2nd Annual Report, January 1, 1911 494 Missouri Historical Review

Clark's son and another man, Clark's son-in-law made one feeble resistance by cursing and running down to the river. Witt and I stood by with rifles in hand. When I saw those fellows running towards us I waved them back, and when they saw that we meant business, they went back too. I touched the fuse, and in a few moments the very ground seemed to raise up, but it was all over with now. The fish trap that done [sic] its work for 40 years, or more, had passed into history. We loaded up our belongings and pulled back out of the bottoms. On our way back I did not care who knew us, so we followed the river and cut up every net we found. One place we got the whole bunch, a horse trader by the name of Ben Lucus and also Bobert Bice, the owner of the land, and a fellow by the name of Teters. Since that time different ones have been to town and brought all kinds of stories. One was that we destroyed boats. But we never touched any one's boat. The nearest I was to a boat was when I saw a fellow in a boat in the river. I made him come to the shore and on the bank. I gave him such a tirade, he got so scared he told me if I would let go he would tell me where some fellows has [had] a net and had been catching fish with it. I got all this information, the names and his name for a witness. I had a talk with Mr. ? Montgomery, the prosecuting at­ torney at Keytesville, the county where the trap was. I talked over the long distance phone to him. He com­ mended me very highly for the work I did and told me he would have an affidavit prepared for me to sign and send to me here. Then he would file information against Clark and son, also the seiners down there and have the whole bunch tried at the October term of the circuit court. I never saw so much excitement as this thing has caused. It is talked on the trains and every where. I don't wrant any praise, I am only doing my duty, and doing just what I told you I would do the first time I ever talked with you, and I expect to continue without fear of favoritism.11 Apparently Higgins' efforts were in vain as the trap was re­ built by 1916 when Bichard Huelett purchased the property.12 The fish trap was destroyed a second time between 1916 and 1923, and was again rebuilt. The final destruction took place around 1923, about the same time the new channel was opened.

ii Second Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commission to the Hon. Herbert S. Hadley (Jefferson City, January 1, 1911), 103-104. 12 Macon Times-Democrat, August 4, 1910. The Chariton River Fish Trap during the second reconstruction stage. The picture was obtained by the courtesy of V. W. Heath, W. Ross, S. Dooley and the Moberly Travendex.

The Chariton River Fish Trap in the third and final stage of reconstmc- tion. Courtesy L. D. Patton

•„•_.„ \ 496 Missouri Historical Review

Although the Chariton Biver Fish Trap is better documented, other fish traps in Missouri did exist. Hammock's Mill, a few miles distant, is reported to have been built on the remains of an Indian- made rock bridge.13 This may have been used as a fish trap by the Indians. In Henry County stood the Jim Cook and Kidwielder traps. The Cook Dam had two traps and the Kidwielder Dam had one trap. All were constructed using the "chute" principle. Both dams were destroyed by the Fish and Game Commission in 1910.14 Another fish trap was located near Whitewater in Cape Gir­ ardeau County and was not destroyed until 1938.15 Perhaps the most recent one known was located on the Little Osage Biver near Metz in western Missouri. This trap was destroyed several times and the last time in the early 1950s. Bemains of numerous fish traps can still be found in the streams of southern Missouri. To the people of Macon, Chariton, and Bandolph counties the Chariton Biver Fish Trap represented an important part of their local history. This is attributed not only to the fact that it provided an economical means of obtaining meat, but undoubtedly the Chariton Biver Fish Trap served as a gathering place for the citizens to discuss the issues of the day. 13 General History of Macon County, 22-24. 14 Second Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commission, 103-104. 15 Letter from Vernon Bennett, Chief of the Field Division, Missouri Con­ servation Commission, January 18, 1966, Jefferson City, Missouri. <^v, Missouri Jelly Ray burn's Ozark Guide, Autumn, 1947. By an act approved on March 16, 1932, the General Assembly of Missouri declared "the hawthorne, the blossom of the tree commonly called 'red haw' or 'wild haw' (genus Crataegus) " the State floral emblem. It is noted for the beauty of its flower, fruit and foliage. When the fruit is ripe, pick over the select red hawrs; stem, wash, and drain. To each pound of fruit, add 1 cup of water; cook until it is a pulp. Pour into a jelly bag and drain overnight. Measure the liquid. Heat quicklv to the boiling point and boil about five minutes. Stir in a pint of heated sugar for each pint of juice. Continue boiling until it jells, about twenty minutes. Pour into glasses and seal with paraffin. The above recipe was supplied by Mrs. E. B. Dykes Beachy, 1699 31st Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks

BY DOROTHY J. CALDWELL*

Thirteen historic sites in Missouri have been designated National Historic Landmarks since the inauguration of the Begistry of National Historic Landmarks in 1960. The sites are Anheuser- Busch Brewery, St. Louis; Arrow Bock Site; Eads Bridge, St. Louis; Fort Osage, near Buckner; George Caleb Bingham Home, Arrow Bock; Graham Cave, near Mineola; Mark Twain Boyhood Home, Hannibal; The Patee House, St. Joseph; Saltpeter (Besearch) Cave, near Portland; Ste. Genevieve; Sanborn Field and Soil Erosion Plots, Columbia; Utz Site, twelve miles north of Marshall; and Watkins Mill, six miles northwest of Excelsior Springs. The sites were chosen under themes which categorize impor­ tant areas in the history of the United States. The historical sig­ nificance of one or more of these sites will be presented in a series of articles in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL BEVIEW. A registered historic landmark site or building is one which possesses exceptional value in commemorating or illustrating the history of the United States. All of the landmarks together com­ pose the Begistry. The program is administered by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. The selection of sites of exceptional value begins with the National Park Service historians and archaeologists who conduct the field work of the National Survey of Historic Sites and Build­ ings, as provided in the Historic Sites Act of 1935. The site recom­ mendations are screened first by the Consulting Committee on National Parks, Historic Sites and Buildings, then by the Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments. The Advisory Board submits recommendations to the U.S. Sec-

*Dorothy J. Caldwell is an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. 497 498 Missouri Historical Review retary of the Interior who has the final responsibility for declaring sites eligible for the Begistry. Sites are classified under themes and sub-themes. Upon the Secretary's approval that a site is eligible for the Begistry, the Director of the National Park Service confers with the owner. The owner must agree to preserve, so far as practicable and to the best of his ability, the historical integrity of the site or structure; to use the property for purposes consistent with its historical character; and to allow periodic visits to the property by a representative of the National Park Service. The program is entirely voluntary.

ARROW ROCK SITE As the starting point for traders from Old Franklin and Boon's Lick who opened the Santa Fe Trail, the site commemorates the beginning of the Santa Fe trade. It is classified under Theme XV, "Westward Expansion and Extension of National Boundaries"; Sub- Theme, "The Santa Fe Trail."1 The Arrow Bock, a former Indian crossing on the Missouri Biver,2 was noted in 1804 by Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during their historic expedition up the Biver. They wrote, "at this cliff the Missouri is confined within a bed of 200 yards."3 Clark chose the site as the crossing point as he marched overland with his company of St. Charles dragoons to establish Fort Osage in 1808. He encamped at the "top of the hill which is about 90 feet above the water" and described the site as "a fine landing on a Bocky Shore under the Clift [sic] and a gentle assent [sic]."4 In 1813, Clark, then governor of Missouri Territory, ordered George C. Sibley, Indian factor, to establish a blockhouse and trad­ ing post at the Arrow Bock.5 Early travelers on the Missouri Biver reported that the Arrow Bock was so named because the flint found at the site had been

i Correspondence from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, March 22, 1967. 2 Louis Houck, History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), I, map opposite page 226. 3 Elliott Coues, History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark (New York, 1893), I, 18. 4 Kate L. Gregg, ed., "Journal of William Clark, August 25-September 22, 1825," Westward With Dragoons (Fulton, 1937), 28. 5 Kate L. Gregg, "The War of 1812 on the Missouri Frontier," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXIII (January, 1939), Pt. II, 199. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 499 used for many years by the Indians to make points for their arrows.6 After danger from Indian attack subsided at the close of the War of 1812, settlers poured into the Boon's Lick region, then a part of Howard County. Nathaniel Patten, editor of the Missouri Intelligencer, established in Franklin in 1819, remarked: . . . Those who have arrived in this quarter are prin­ cipally from Kentucky, Tennessee, .... During October it is stated no less than 271 wagons and four wheeled car­ riages and cars passed near St. Charles bound principally for Boon's Lick. It is calculated the number of persons accompanying these wagons . . . could not be less than 3,000.7 The town of Franklin, located across the river southeast of the Arrow Bock was founded in 1816. In 1817, it became the county seat of Howard County. The only United States land office was located at Franklin from 1818 to 1824. It was said that thou­ sands of well dressed and intelligent men from the East and South attended the Franklin land sales. Until 1826 Franklin was the largest and wealthiest town west of St. Charles.8 To facilitate westward travel, a ferry was established at the Arrow Bock in 1814 by Henry Becknell.9 As the ferry business increased in volume, a tavern was built at the site. John Ferrill was issued a license to operate the ferry in June, 1819.10 The fol­ lowing October, David Todd of Columbia, advertised the ferry and farm on which John Ferrill lived, for sale. He said, "Its notoriety and situation for a ferry and tavern renders description unneces­ sary."11 During the year a road was marked out from Cooper's Fort to the ferry.12 Numerous settlers in the Arrow Bock area created a demand for a new county. On November 20, 1820, Saline County was

6 Edwin James, ed., Account of an Expedition From Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819-1820 (London, 1823) , I, in Reuben Gold Thwaites, Early Western Travels, 1748-1846 (New York, 1966) , XIV, Pt. I, 162; Maximilian, Prince of Wied, Travels in the Interior of North America (London, 1843), in Ibid., XXII, Pt. I, 244. 7 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, November 19, 1819; E. M. Violette, "Early Settlements in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, I (October, 1906), 51. 8 Jonas Viles, "Old Franklin: A Frontier Town of the Twenties," Mis­ sissippi Valley Historical Review, IX (March, 1923) , 269-282; History of Howard and Chariton Counties (St. Louis, 1883) , 116. 9 J. P. Huston, The Pioneers of Saline (Marshall, 1913), 1. 10 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, June 11, 1819. ii Ibid., October 1, 1819. 12 Howard County Circuit Court Record, Book 2, 61. 500 Missouri Historical Review organized from Howard County.13 At the second session of the Saline County Court, commissioners were appointed to view and mark out a road to the western boundary of the county in con­ formity with the March 3, 1821, Congressional Act providing for a post road from Franklin to the mouth of the Arrow Rock to Mount Vernon (in present Lafayette County) to Fort Osage.14 Writing from Boon's Lick Salt Works, across the river from the Arrow Rock, on June 10, 1821, William Becknell, a native of Am­ herst County, Virginia, who settled at Franklin in 1816, announced his plans for an expedition to the Far West.15 Becknell was a part­ ner with James and Jesse Morrison at the salt works.10 His letter, published in the Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, was "an article for the government of a company of men destined to the west­ ward for the purpose of catching wild horses and mules . . . and Wild Animals of every description."17 He expected to take trade goods on the expedition, which he predicted might be of eight months duration. He specified, "if the company consist of 30 or more men, 10 dollars a man will answer to purchase the quantity of merchandise to trade on." Every man interested in making the trip was invited to meet at the home of Ezekial Williams, located some five miles above Franklin on the Missouri River, on the fourth of August.18 Ezekial Williams, mountain man of the Missouri Fur Company whose adventures in the Far West and New Mexico were related in The Lost Trappers, settled in 1817 in the Franklin area.19 The seventeen men who attended the meeting on August 4 unanimously elected Becknell captain of the group and made plans to cross the Missouri at the Arrow Bock on September l.20 It is probable that many of those who attended the meeting did not join the expedition. In his published report of the journey, Beck-

13 Acts of the First General Assembly of the State of Missouri (St. Louis, 1820), 45-5L 14 History of Saline County (St. Louis, 1881), 194; Franklin Missouri In­ telligencer, August 27, 1819. 15 Clarksville [Texas] Times, February 28, 1958; Franklin Missouri Intel­ ligencer, June 25, 1821. iGIbid., June 25, 1819. 17 Ibid., June 25, 1821. is ibid. 19 David H. Coyner, The Lost Trappers (Cincinnati, 1855). Ezekial Wil­ liams' adventures were related in this volume, first published in 1847. Coyner's fanciful account was discredited by early historians, but more recent scholars have concluded that the work is based on fact, although it contains much dis­ tortion. 20 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, August 14, 1821. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 501 nell did not give the number of his party, but Josiah Gregg, in his classic work on the Santa Fe trade, stated that "Captain Beck­ nell of Missouri with four trusty companions went out to Santa Fe by the far western route."21 Becknell and his companions crossed at the Arrow Rock ferry as scheduled and encamped for the night six miles to the west. Upon arrival at Fort Osage they wrote letters, purchased medi­ cines and arranged such affairs as they thought necessary "previ­ ous to leaving the confines of civilization."22 Following the mean- derings of the Arkansas River and constantly on the alert for Indian attacks, on September 21 they arrived at the forks of the river and followed the one to the left. Becknell wrote, "As yet we have encountered no difficulty for water, but have been destitute for bread or even salt for several weeks."23 On November 13 the party met Spanish troops whom Becknell described as friendly. He hired a Frenchman at the village of San Miguel, located near Santa Fe, to act as his interpreter, since he understood some French, but no Spanish. The party arrived at Santa Fe on November 15 where they were received with "pleasure and joy."24 Becknell returned in mid­ winter with one member of his party.25 News of the success of the expedition spread throughout the Boon's Lick country, and with the approach of spring, two com­ panies were organized for the Santa Fe trade.26 On May 22 Beck­ nell again crossed the Missouri at the Arrow Bock and his party of twenty-one men with three wagons rendezvoused at the site. Becknell stated that the third day after crossing the ferry they departed for Santa Fe.27 After traveling for eight days up the Arkansas Biver, the party struck a southwest course for the Span­ ish country by way of the Cimarron Biver. This was the route followed closely by those who later engaged in the Santa Fe trade.28 Becknell noted in his journal that the greatest difficulty encountered on this trip was in the vicinity of Bock Biver where

21 Ibid., April 22, 1823. Becknell published a report of his 1821 and 1822 expeditions in this issue of the Intelligencer; Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies (New York, 1845), 21. 22 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, April 22, 1823. 23 ibid. 24 ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 ibid. 28 Hiram Martin Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of the Far West (New York, 1935), II, 501. 502 Missouri Historical Review

"we were under the necessity of taking our waggons [sic] up some high and rocky cliffs by hand."29 Benjamin Cooper of How­ ard County, with a party of fifteen, also led an expedition to Santa Fe. In the fall both parties returned in good condition.30 In the report of his 1821 and 1822 expeditions, Becknell gave no definite information about the goods or money with which he returned. He commented, "A very great advance is obtained on goods, and the trade is very profitable; money and mules are plentiful and they do not hesitate to pay the price demanded for an article. . . ."31 The gross returns from the Becknell and Cooper expeditions of 1822 were estimated at $10,000. It was reported that one of BeckneLTs wagons, which cost $150, was sold in Santa Fe for $750.32 In the spring of 1823 Stephen Cooper, nephew of Benjamin Cooper, left Franklin with a party of thirty men. Each man took one or two pack horses and two hundred dollars worth of goods.33 Three hundred miles from Franklin, Indians robbed the party of their horses and they were forced to return to Franklin for a fresh supply.34 Cooper's party arrived in Missouri from Santa Fe in October with four hundred "jacks, jennies and mules and other livestock and a quantity of furs."35 In 1824 eighty-one men, with 200 horses and mules and about $30,000 worth of trade goods left Franklin for Santa Fe. They returned with $180,000 in gold and silver and $10,000 in furs.36' During the early years of the trade, the Missouri trailblazers were often attacked or robbed by hostile Indians. In 1825, Senator Thomas Hart Benton, ever mindful of the needs of his Missouri constituents, pushed a bill through Congress providing for an appropriation of $10,000 for marking the Santa Fe Trail and $20,000 for securing the right of transit from the Indians.37 On July 4, 1825, a dinner was held at Franklin honoring George C.

29 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, April 22, 1823. 'so ibid,, October 8, 1822. si Ibid., April 22, 1823. 32 ibid., February 13, 1823. 33 Ibid., May 13/1823. 3* Ibid., June 17, 1823. So ibid., October 28, 1823. 36 Ibid., September 2, 1825. The journal of the expedition was written by M. M. Marmaduke, who became governor of Missouri in 1844. Reprinted in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. VI (October, 1911), 1-10. 3 7 Kate L. Gregg, The Road to Santa Fe: The Journal and Diaries of George Champlin Sibley, 1825-1827 (Albuquerque, 1952) , 7; F. F. Stephens, "Missouri and the Santa Fe Trade," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, X (April, 1916) , 239-244. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 503

Sibley and Benjamin Beeves, two of the three commissioners appointed to survey the Trail, and Joseph C. Brown, surveyor. The next day the party left for the Arrow Bock, the place of ren­ dezvous. There a thirty-man guard and the chain carriers assem­ bled.38 The volume of trade from the Boon's Lick area increased rapidly in succeeding years. In 1828 the editor of the Intelligencer noted that the town of Franklin was bustling with the buying, sell­ ing and packing of goods, preparatory to the start of the great spring caravan composed of more than 150 men who would take out $100,000 worth of trade goods.39 However, as men from the East began to engage in the trade, the outfitting place was gradually transferred from the Franklin area to Independence. The town of Franklin disappeared in 1828- 1829 as the inhabitants moved to New Franklin after the Frank­ lin site was flooded by the waters of the erratic Missouri Biver.40 With the decline of Franklin, the town of New Philadelphia was platted at the Arrow Bock in 1829 by M. M. Marmaduke.41 The name was changed to Arrow Rock in 1833.42 Citizens of the Franklin-Arrow Rock area opened the Trail which for many years brought prosperity to the state and nation. From 1822 to 1843 the Santa Fe trade averaged one hundred and thirty thousand dollars annually, or nearly three million for the period.43 To William Becknell is accorded the title, "Father of the Santa Fe Trail." Although he was not the first American trader in Santa Fe, he was the first to take wagons on the trail, the first to make a regular trading expedition, and the first to follow the direct route from Missouri to Santa Fe.44 The rock cliff of Arrow Bock, remains of the old ferry road, and the Santa Fe Spring used by those who rendezvoused there in the early days of the Trail are preserved in Arrow Bock State

38 ibid.; Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, July 9, 1825. 39 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, May 2, 1828. 40 History of Howard and Chariton Counties, 169; Viles, "Old Franklin," 282. 41 History of Saline County, 475; Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 3, 1829. 42 Laws of the State of Missouri, 1832-1833, February 8, 1833, 12. 43 R. L. Duffus, The Santa Fe Trail (New York, 1930), 69; Ralph Emerson Twitchell, Old Santa Fe (Santa Fe, 1925) , 230; Chittenden, American Fur Trade of the Far West, 501. 44/fod., 516. 504 Missouri Historical Review

-4, *%, -^^yff^ JP

Courtesy Jean Tyree Hamilton Ruts made by wagons on the old Santa Fe Trail were visible until the 1940s in Saline County.

Park, administered by the Missouri State Park Board.45 To serve traders from the Boon's Lick country, Judge Joseph Huston built the Arrow Bock Tavern in 1834.46 A four-room, two- story brick structure, the east room was used for a store. In later years additions were built and interior changes were made.47 In 1923 the State of Missouri purchased the Tavern and gave cus­ tody to the Missouri Society of the Daughters of the American Bevolution. The Tavern was restored by the State and the Missouri Society of the D.A.R. and opened to the public in 1926.48 The Arrow Rock site was designated a National Historic Land­ mark on May 23, 1963.49 The plaque, presented by the National

4 5 Correspondence from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, March 22, 1967. + *> Boon's Lick Sketches, No. 48, December 19, 1938, compiled by the His­ torical Societv of Howard and Cooper Counties; MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXIII (April, 1939), 464. 4" Charles Van Ravenswaav, "Arrow Rock, Missouri," Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, XV (April, 'l959) , 212-215. 4* Sarah Guitar, "The Arrow Rock Tavern," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XX (Julv, 1926) , 499-503. 4» MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LVII (fulv, 1963), 419. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 505

Park Service and mounted on a boulder east of the Tavern, was dedicated November 8, 1964.50

GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM HOME

The George Caleb Bingham Home, located in Arrow Bock, was designated a National Historic Landmark under Theme XX, The Arts and Science; Subtheme, Painting and Sculpture.51 Dur­ ing the period George Caleb Bingham, famous Missouri artist, owned the Arrow Bock house, he painted portraits and acquired material which served as subjects for his later genre paintings of Missouri frontier life. The site is a part of Arrow Rock State Park and administered by the Missouri State Park Board. George Caleb Bingham lived as a child in Franklin, Missouri. Born in Virginia, March 20, 1811, he emigrated with his family to Franklin in 1819.52 His father Henry Vest Bingham opened a tavern in Franklin at the "sign of the Square and Compass" in 1820 and the following year was appointed Howard County Court judge.53 With Henry Lamme in 1822 Henry Vest Bingham estab­ lished a tobacco factory. After his father's death in 1823,54 Bing­ ham's mother Mary Amend Bingham moved with her family to a farm some three miles from the present town of Arrow Bock.55 In 1830 Bingham was apprenticed to a Boonville cabinet maker.56 In Boonville he met Sarah Elizabeth Hutchison whom he married in 1836.57 A self-taught artist, he began to paint portraits before his marriage. In 1835 while painting portraits in Columbia, it was noted in the local newspaper that although "he never saw a portrait painted in his life," he had in his studio "a collection of well finished portraits."58 Soon after his marriage he purchased

50 Marshall Daily Democrat-News, November 17, 1964. , 5t Correspondence from the National Park Service, March 22, 1967. 52 From correspondence with Mrs. Louise Bingham Neff, the artist's niece, C. B. Rollins and Miss Laura Rollins King, in Fern Helen Rusk, George Caleb Bingham, the Missouri Artist (Jefferson City, 1917), 7, 12. 53 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, May 6, 1820, and January 1, 1821. 54 ibid., February 12, 1822. 55 Ibid., December 30, 1823; from correspondence with Mrs. L. J. B. Neff in Rusk, George Caleb Bingham. 56 Ibid., 16; John Francis McDermott, Bingham: River Portraitist (Norman, Oklahoma, 1959), 16. 57 From correspondence with Miss Laura Rollins King in Rusk, George Caleb Bingham, 23. 58 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, March 14, 1835. 506 Missouri Historical Review

Lot 14 of Block 3 in Arrow Bock from Claiborne Fox Jackson, July 27, 1837, for the sum of fifty dollars.59 Existing records do not reveal the time of Bingham's occu­ pancy of the house which he built on the lot. Much of the time between 1837 and 1844 he was in Philadelphia, New York, Peters­ burg (Virginia), and Washington, D.C.60 In 1843 he wrote to his wife from Washington, D.C, about painting their Arrow Bock house. He added, "It would be hard for me to tell now when we shall want our home to dwell in ourselves, I fear it will be many years, first, unless a great change should take place in my pursuits and feelings. I can be nothing else but a painter and as a painter, how much soever I might desire it, I cannot live at Arrow Bock." He wanted his brother to live there rather than "renting it to a stranger."61 The letters to his wife during this period are all ad­ dressed to Boonville and it is evident that Mrs. Bingham did not live at Arrow Bock during his absence. Although Bingham sold the property in 1845 to John Oldham for five hundred dollars,62 letters reveal that he continued to have a home in Arrow Bock after that date. The deed to Oldham was not filed for record until January 12, 1857, probably pending pay­ ment, and it is possible that Bingham retained possession of the house until the deed was filed. A letter from Bingham's sister Amanda at Arrow Bock, to her brother Henry, dated January 1, 1849, stated that "we are at this time staying at George's with Mother and his dear motherless children." Elizabeth Hutchison Bingham had died November 24, 1848. A letter written the same day by Bingham's mother stated that before he (George) left that there was an application for renting his house, but he refused, saying that he expected his brother Henry to occupy it in the spring.63 It is believed that before 1870 the owners of the home built additions which converted it to a two-story, eight-room

59 Saline County Deed Records, Book G, 482. 60 Rusk, George Caleb Bingham, 25-31; McDermott, George Caleb Bingham. 27-48. 61 Letter from George Caleb Bingham, Washington, D. C, to Elizabeth H. Bingham, Boonville, Missouri, January 17, 1843, Bingham Family Papers, 1822- 1884, Manuscript Collection, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 62 Saline County Deed Records, Book T, 128. 63 Letter of Amanda Bingham, Arrow Rock, Missouri, to Henry Vest Bing­ ham, Jr., Houston, Texas, dated January 1, 1849; Letter of Mary Amend Bing­ ham to Henry Vest Bingham, Jr., dated January 1, 1849, Bingham Family Papers, ] 899.1 so* Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 507

structure. From interviews with the Caton family who lived in the house between 1906 and 1927 it was learned that at this time an interior wall in the first floor west room formed part of a central hallway. This wall was removed by the Catons to make the west room larger. According to the Catons, the four rooms on the sec­ ond floor were not all on the same level. The cellar of the ell to the south was fully excavated only under the extreme southern end. At that time a picket fence extended across the north and west edges of the property.64 In 1926 Hugh Stephens, Jefferson City, took an option on the home in order that it might be preserved.65 He later purchased 64 Robert L. Elgin, "Restoration Plan, Bingham House, Arrow Rock State Park" (St. James, Missouri, 1963), 4, unpublished typescript in the Missouri State Park Board files, Jefferson City. 65 E. H. Rucker, "The Bingham House in Arrow Rock, Missouri" (Colum­ bia, 1963) , 7-9, unpublished typescript, report of archaeological research at the site conducted by students of the University of Missouri, 1963 summer session in Midwestern Archaeology, at the request of the Missouri State Park Board, in the files of the Missouri State Park Board, Jefferson City.

The Bingham home as it appeared before the first restoration in 1936. Alexander Piaget Photo w jjmr

'^'^*# ^»,&

;:si/*-» ip 508 Missouri Historical Review

The Bingham home as it ap­ peared before the second res­ toration in 1984-1985.

it. In 1934 Stephens sold the home and lot and three adjacent lots in Block 3 to the State for $1,500.66 The home was restored in 1936 with the assistance of the Works Progress Administration.67 At this time the frame rooms of the first and second stories were removed leaving a one-story, two-room brick structure. The reno­ vation of these rooms apparently consisted of reconstruction with materials from other old homes wrecked in the Arrow Bock area.68 A new roof was added, the picket fence was retained and the bricks were painted white. After thorough archaeological investigation and careful plan­ ning, the home was again restored by the Missouri State Park Board in 1964-1965.69 Foundation corners were located through archaeological in­ vestigation for the frame room to the south of the brick structure. This foundation formed a unit separate from the two brick rooms. It is believed that this frame room served as a kitchen connected to the main house with a covered passageway, that it was entirely separated from the house, or that two rooms formed the ell and the middle room needed little foundation.70 Documentary and archaeo­ logical information did not determine the exact appearance of the house as built by Bingham. It was carefully restored as a typical small Federal-style house of the 1830s.71

66 Columbia Missourian, June 3, 1926. 67 Information from Orval Henderson, historian, Missouri State Park Board, Jefferson City. 68 Jefferson City, Farm Bureau News, April 3, 1936. 69 Elgin, "Restoration Plan," 4. 70 Annual Report, Missouri State Park Board, 1964. 71 Rucker, "The Bingham House," 22-23. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 509

In the present restoration, the frame kitchen with an under­ lying fruit cellar, is built to the south and connected by a covered porch to the east brick room, forming an ell. The doors, some of the hardware and the hand-carved walnut mantel are original. Three original walnut window frames are retained. The ceilings, sawed shingle roof and gable ends are reproduced. The west room is furnished as a dining-sitting room, the east room as a bedroom and the south room as a kitchen. Primitive furnishings from early Missouri homes were selected by Mrs. Cora Lee Miller, Arrow Bock, at the request of the Missouri State Park Board.72 The home commemorates the life and work of Bingham. His impressions of life along the Missouri Biver in the frontier towns of the Boonslick area are immortalized in his paintings. He studied the Missouri Biver boatmen, the farmer, the village politician and his constituents and the tavern lounger in the Central Missouri surroundings of his youth and reproduced these familiar figures in his paintings. The Arrow Bock Courthouse is believed to form the background for his painting "County Election." The George Caleb Bingham Home has not been formally dedicated as a National Historic Landmark.

72 Information obtained from a personal visit to the home and from Orval Henderson, Missouri State Park Board.

c^V,

'No Parking' Sign Couldn't Be Parked Kansas City Star, March 23, 1966. The trouble with owning your own "no parking" sign—and believe it or not some persons do—is that you can't find anyplace to park it. Funeral directors found this out lately when their signs began disappearing from in front of, of all places, churches. The traffic department, acting under a years-old ordinance which pro­ hibits private signs on public streets, was picking them up as fast as the directors could put them down. "I guess the boys got ambitious," said . . . [the] traffic director. ". . . an ordinance now is pending before the city council to modify the sign prohibition, and permit signs in special cases at the discretion of the traffic director." Until then it's "no parking" for "no parking" signs, and the whole town's a tow-in zone. HISTORICAL

NOTES AND

COMMENTS

Bishop Ivan Lee Holt Papers Presented To Western Historical Manuscripts And State Historical Society

The private and official papers of Missouri from 1944 until his retire­ the late Bishop Ivan Lee Holt were ment in 1956. Bishop Holt's retire­ formally presented to the Western ment was only temporary as he soon Historical Manuscripts Collection of filled an interim appointment as the University and the State His­ bishop of Nebraska. He died at the torical Society of Missouri on May age of 81 on January 12 of this year. 12, 1967. The bishop's son, Judge The Holt papers are expected to Ivan Lee Holt, Jr., of the 22nd judi­ reveal much about the business affairs cial circuit in St. Louis, and his fam­ of the Methodist Church as well as ily made the presentation at cere­ offer other information of historical monies attended by President John C. significance. Bishop Holt was one of Weaver and Chancellor John W. the most widely traveled churchmen Schwada of the University, and Dr. in the world. Constantly promoting Richard S. Brownlee, director and church unity, he participated fre­ secretary of the Society. quently in world conferences on re­ Bishop Holt, a native of Dewitl, ligion. The founder and former presi­ Arkansas, was an honor graduate of dent of the World Methodist Council, Vanderbilt University and of the Uni­ Bishop Holt was also a member of versity of Chicago. Before entering the Council of Bishops of the Meth­ the ministry, he taught Greek and odist Church, the National Council Latin at Stuttgart, Arkansas. He was of Churches and a co-president of pastor of the University Methodist the World Council of Churches. In Church in University City from 1909 St. Louis he was active in promoting until 1918 when he moved to St. friendship among Protestants, Catho­ John's Methodist Church in St. Louis. lics and Jews as wrell as participating After six years as bishop in Texas, in charity campaigns and other civic he presided as Methodist bishop of projects.

510 Historical Notes and Comments 511

University of Missouri Holds Inauguration Ceremonies For President John C. Weaver

John Carrier Weaver was formally the alumni by Marvin McQueen, inaugurated on the Columbia campus. president of the Alumni Association April 18, 1967, as the fourteenth presi­ of the University of Missouri, Colum­ dent of the University of Missouri. bia; and from the State of Missouri This was the first presidential inaugu­ by Governor Warren E. Hearnes. The ration to include the chancellors, investiture of President Weaver by faculty and students from the Univer Robert Neill, president of the Board sity's four campuses. Nearly 3600 peo­ of Curators, preceded the inaugural ple attended the ceremonies that in­ address. A midwesterner, President cluded greetings from the faculty by Weaver received his undergraduate Professor Warren French, president of and graduate degrees from the Uni­ the Academic Senate of the University versity of Wisconsin. Before assum­ of Missouri, Kansas City; from the ing the presidency of the University, students by Bernard Schweigert, presi­ he was vice president for academic dent of the Student Council of the affairs and dean of faculties at Ohio University of Missouri, Rolla; from State University.

C^l,

Weather Signs Vance Randolph, Ozark Superstitions (New York, 1947), 10-33. If a cock crows when he goes to bed, He'll get up with a wet head. When the morning sun is red The ewe and the lamb go wet to bed. Fog goes up with a hop, Rain comes down with a drop.

Rain before seven Shine before eleven. Onion skin mighty thin, Easy winter comin' in. Sing afore you go to bed, You'll git up with a Avet head. VIEWS FROM THE PAST Missourians enjoyed a variety of recreational activities near the turn o£ MISSOURI RECREATION the century.

*#C^i **» Skating on Moreau Creek in Cole County.

Boating at Pertle Springs James H. Christopher developed Pertle Springs, a recreational-health center located one mile south of Warrensburg, in the 1880s. He built a 100-room hotel and a hall with a seating capacity of 3,000. A miniature rail­ way system connected the Springs with Warrensburg. For many years chautauquas and political conventions were held at Pertle Springs. Fishing at the headwaters of the Meramec River in Crawford County.

A fox hunt in Jackson County. Thomas B. Hudspeth of Fort Osage Township made a specialty of breeding fox and wolf hounds. He always kept a pack of from 100 to 200 hounds and sold them in all parts of the United States. He said, "The grandest sport on earth, I think, is chasing the red fox and wolf with a fine looking and well bred pack of hounds."

A Bucklin, Mis­ souri, hayride in 1903. Courtesy F. C. Shoemaker 514 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF

The 1858 farm home of Henry Special events at the Younger home Washington Younger, four miles south included a barbed wire exhibit, May of Lee's Summit on 71 By-Pass, was 21, and a centennial celebration for restored and opened to the public, the founding of Greenwood, June 25. May 6. Few pre-Civil War homes re­ main in the area between Harrison­ Charles S. Murphy, chairman of ville and Lee's Summit, having yielded the Civil Aeronautics Board and to the devastation following the tragic former Assistant to Harry S. Truman Order No. 11 and the years of border in the White House, spoke on "Mr. warfare between the "Redlegs" and Truman's Approach to the Presi­ the pro-slavery "Bushwhackers." This dency," at the tenth annual Harry S. home is a memorial to the best known Truman Library Institute Board of child of Henry Washington Younger, Directors meeting, April 1, at the Thomas Coleman "Cole" Younger, Truman Library, Independence. A and to the war-torn families in the visiting group was headed by Chief "burnt district" of the Civil War. Justice Earl Warren of the United Furnishings and decorations appropri­ States Supreme Court who presided ate for the period, 1850-1860, are be­ at the lecture program. ing accumulated and completion of Dr. Elmer Ellis, president emeritus the home is planned for 1968. Tours of the University of Missouri, presided are now conducted at the home daily at the meeting of the board. At the except Sundays and Mondays from meeting, the $1,000 David D. Lloyd 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and on Sundays book prize was awarded to Professor from 1 to 6 p.m. Charges are adults. Earl Latham, chairman of the political 50 cents; children under 12, 25 cents; science department, Amherst [Massa­ and children under 6 with parents, no chusetts] College. His book, The Com­ charge. munist Controversy in Washington: Historical Notes and Comments 515

From the Neiv Deal to McCarthy, was of records which will be available to judged the best of the Truman Era interested historians and scholars. published in the biennium ending June 30, 1966. The Watkins Mill at the Watkins New board members elected were Mill State Park, near Lawson, was John C. Weaver, president of the dedicated as a National Historic Land­ University of Missouri, and Father mark, April 23. The Excelsior Springs Martin F. Hasting, St. Louis Univer­ High School Band, under the direc­ sity. tion of Ray Belknap, presented con­ cert music of the 1860-1880 period. Recent accessions at the Library in­ Joseph Jaeger, Jr., director of the cluded papers of Edwin G. Nourse, Missouri State Park Board, acted as chairman, President's Council of Eco­ master of ceremonies at the dedica­ nomic Advisers, 1946-49; and papers tion. George Hartzog, director of the of Sam M. Wear, U.S. Attorney for National Park Service, delivered the the Western District of Missouri, dedicatory address. A tour of the Mill 1945-53; additions to the papers of followed the formal ceremony. Stephen J. Spingarn and Tom L. Evans; microfilm copies of corre­ spondence relating to the question The Missouri State Park Board has of Presidential disability from Rich­ accepted the preservation and care ard M. Hansen; photographs pre­ of the old Burfordville Mill and ad­ sented by John Hay Whitney from the jacent covered bridge near Jackson, files of the former New York Herald after a request by Cape Girardeau Tribune; and the oral history tran­ County to take over the property. The script for Mary Paxton Keeley, long­ 27-acre site will be expanded with a time friend of former President Tru- 5-acre contribution from the county and includes an old cemetery adjoin ing the tract. The present mill still has its original machinery and plans are to put it into use with some An exhibition of French manu­ repairs. scripts, entitled "Montreal et les Pays d'En Haut-1712-1806," a collection The Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ of Montreal merchants' records, was mittee of Missouri met, May 6-7, at opened, April 21, at the Chateau de Ramada Inn, Independence. A tour Ramezay, Montreal. The exhibition, of Fort Osage, Watkins Mill and other presented as a part of Canada's cen­ sites of the area preceded the May 6 tennial observances, was prepared by business session. the Antiquarian and Numismatic So­ ciety of Montreal in collaboration with the Minnesota Historical Society of A St. Louis KMOX-TV color spe­ St. Paul. The merchants' records, cial, April 3, presented "A Capitol totalling approximately 9,000 pages, Adventure." This tour through the provide valuable information on fur Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson trade organizations in the Great Lakes City was seen through the eyes of region and many parts of the United Jimmy Hershey, 9i/2-year-old St. States. The collection is being micro­ Louisan, with narration by Thorn filmed to provide the Minnesota His Lewis. The program, sponsored by torical Society with a complete set Southwestern Bell Telephone Com- 516 Missouri Historical Review pany, was written and produced by 27, Warrenton Chamber of Commerce Gary Robinson, directed by Bob dinner at the College Methodist Miller and filmed by Cliff James. Church. He reviewed the colorful life and career of John Smith T, promi­ nent in the early history of Southeast The Missouri Historical Society, St. Missouri. The program was arranged Louis, held a centennial conference, by the Historical Committee of the March 30-31, with special daytime Chamber of Commerce, of which Earl sessions at the City Art Museum Audi­ Comer is chairman. torium and a dinner program at the St. Louis Club, 7701 Forsyth Boule­ vard. Papers were presented by John A livery stable, like those used by Francis McDermott, research profes­ 19th century Missouri settlers, is be­ sor of LIumanities, Southern Illinois ing reconstructed at Missouri Town University; Dale L. Morgan, Bancroft — 1855, at Lake Jacomo, from a pre- Library, University of California; Civil War barn donated to the Jack­ Charles van Ravenswaay, directoi, son County Park Department by the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur O. O. Wood family of Warrensburg. Museum; Donald Jackson, editor, University of Illinois Press; Carl H. Chapman, professor of Anthropology, A lecture series, "Historical Land­ University of Missouri; John C. Ewers, marks of St. Louis" was offered by the Metropolitan College, St. Louis senior anthropologist, Smithsonian University, on four successive Sun­ Institution; Herman R. Friis, senior day evenings beginning February 13, specialist in cartographic archives, at Kelley Auditorium. The talks National Archives; and Edgar Breiten- traced the development of the his­ bach, chief, Prints and Photographs tory of architecture in St. Louis. The Division, Library of Congress. St. Louis Chapter of American Insti­ tute of Architects and the Landmarks The women's committee of the St. Association of St. Louis sponsored the Louis Visitor's Center in the old post series. office, St. Louis, presented a "World's Fair Festival" on April 28, recalling Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, associate the the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Ex­ editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ position. Exhibits of souvenirs from VIEW, presented an illustrated talk on that fair, entertainment, refreshments historical sites of Boone County at a and costumes helped to recreate the meeting of the John S. Marmaduke spirit of the Fair. Clowns, balloons, old Chapter, United Daughters of the time photographers and a strolling Confederacy, April 19, at Candle accordion player added to the festive Light Lodge in Columbia. scene. Visitors also enjoyed a free film telling the story of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, "That Fabulous The Heaton-Bowman Funeral Home, Summer," at Scruggs-Vandervoort- celebrating 125 years of business in Barney Department Store Auditorium. St. Joseph, sponsored a series of in teresting bits of local history on Sta­ tion KFEQ-TV, on Sunday evenings. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director The Saint Joseph Museum cooperated of the State Historical Society of Mis­ by checking the historical accuracy of souri, Columbia, spoke at the March the program. Historical Notes and Comments 517

Local Historical Societies

Atchison County Historical Society presented two concerts, April 6, at "The Indian Contribution to North­ Presser Hall in Mexico. The afternoon west Missouri," was the theme of the performance was given especially for April 27 meeting in the Kline Imple­ the young people. Both events were ment Show Room in Rock Port. A col­ sponsored by the Society. lection of Indian artifacts was dis­ The April 26 dinner meeting at played. Van-Far R-I Junior-Senior High Officers of the Society are Harry School, near Vandalia, was highlighted Broermann, Tarkio, president; Mar with a talk on "A Survey History of guerite McConnell, Fairfax, and Mrs. the Coal and Clay Industry in Audrain Anna Vogler, Rock Port, vice presi­ County," by Elenore Schewe. dents; Earle E. Sims, Fairfax, secre­ tary; and Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Bates County Historical Society Port, treasurer. The Rankin Mule Barn, located on Dr. W. F. Read, professor of Geol­ the Tarkio College campus, is being ogy at Lawrence University, Apple- renovated and converted into a cul­ ton, Wisconsin, presented an illus­ tural center through the efforts of the trated talk on meteorites at the March Society, the College, and other in 23 meeting in the Butler City Hall. terested groups. Plans are to provide, At the May 4 meeting, Wilbur Has­ in the red-brick, octagon-shaped, tin gave a talk on Indian lore and three-story barn, a "Theatre in the demonstrated the making of arrow­ Round," museum facilities for an­ heads. tique treasures and for modern art and The county museum is open every sculpture, and a coffee shop and afternoon from 1:30 to 5:00 for the restaurant. summer months. A column, entitled "Historical Notes From the Bates Audrain County Historical Society County Museum," by Reva Stubble- The St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, field, appears weekly in the Butler conducted by Eleazar de Carvalho, Bates County Democrat. 518 Missouri Historical Review

Boone County Historical Society Civil War Round Table of Dr. Carl H. Chapman, professor of Kansas City Anthropology at the University of The eighth presentation of the Missouri, Columbia, presented an il Harry S. Truman Award for Meri­ lustrated talk on "Ours to Enjoy torious Service in the Field of Civil Along the Lewis and Clark Trail," at War History, was presented to Ameri­ the April 20 dinner meeting at Cafe can historian Ralph G. Newman, at Harris, Columbia. Plans for the 150th the February 28 dinner meeting. New­ Anniversary Celebration of Boone man is the founder of Civil War County were discussed. Round Tables, proprietor of Chicago's Officers for the coming year are famous Abraham Lincoln Book Shop Patterson Bain, president; Judge John and an authority on Abraham Lin­ B. Zaring, vice president; Elizabeth coln. He addressed the group on the Kennedy, secretary; Willard L. Eck- subject, "Ben Butler: American Hero, hardt, treasurer; and Mrs. Elizabeth Junior Grade." Comfort, historian; all of Columbia. Dr. Haskell Monroe, author, histo­ rian, editor and professor at the Agri­ cultural and Mechanical College of Camden County Historical Society Texas, College Station, spoke on "Jef­ "The Life of L. E. Roach," was ferson Davis," at the March 28 dinner presented by Pauline Ford Karley, meeting at Bellerive Hotel, Kansas Linn Creek, at the February 12 meet­ City. ing at Linn Creek School. At the April 25 dinner meeting, Col­ At the March 12 meeting, Mrs. onel Harold B. Simpson, author, Wayne Stutsman, Montreal, gave the soldier and professor, spoke on "Dick "History of the Buffalo Prairie Dowling in the Battle of Sabine Pass." Church." A teacher of U.S. and Texas History Mrs. Paul Chandler, Hugo, and Mrs. at Hill Junior College, Hillsboro. Charles Huddleston, Linn Creek, read Texas, Colonel Simpson has written from old diaries of the 1800s at the six books including Brawling Brass April 9 meeting. North and South, Gaines Mill to Ap­ pomattox and Texas in the Civil War. Clyde C. Walton, Springfield, spoke Chariton County Historical Society on "Mr. Lincoln Opens His Mail," at At the April 23 meeting in Dulany the May 23 meeting. Mr. Walton is Library, Salisbury, Aubrey Fellows, a Illinois State Historian and execu­ life-time resident of Salisbury, spoke tive director of the Illinois State on his remembrance of the Judge Historical Society. He has written Lucious Salisbury family, with whom and edited several books relating to he lived as a boy. Members discussed the Civil War and Abraham Lincoln. the 1967 centennial year for Salis­ bury. The Double I Club of Salisbury presented to the Society a cash gift Civil War Round Table of representing the proceeds from a re­ The Ozarks cent bake sale. At the March 8 meeting in Ramada The Chariton County Historical Inn, Springfield, an address on "The Museum, Salisbury, was opened, May U.S. Supreme Court and the Civil 1. Hours are from 2-5 p.m., Thurs­ War" was presented by Stephen day through Sunday, and other times Schwab of the History Department, by appointment. Southwest Missouri State College, Historical Notes and Comments 519

West Plains Resident Center. The Auxiliary, with Mrs. Donald Pharis talk, dealing with decisions of the presiding, meets monthly in the Mu­ U.S. Supreme Court, before, during seum Building. Plans are to make and after the War, included a special "bazaar type" items which can be sold study on Chief Justice Roger Brooke to perso,ns visiting the Museum to help Taney (1836-1864) . defray Museum expenses. On April 20-21, the group was host The Association sponsored an ex­ to the Civil War Round Table of hibit of some 25 George Caleb Bing­ Chicago's 17th annual battlefield ham paintings at William Jewell Col­ tour. The Chicago Round Table lege, Liberty, April 20-22. This, visited the Wilson's Creek Battlefield, according to Mr. and Mrs. William E. Springfield National Cemetery and Eldridge, co-chairmen of the program, site of Zagonyi's charge in the Spring was the first exhibit of Bingham field area; and Pea Ridge, Rogers paintings in western Missouri. and Fayetteville, Arkansas. Dr. L. E. At a dinner meeting held April 21, Meador, Springfield, spoke on "The at the Student Union, Lew Larkin of Battle of Wilson's Creek," at a the Kansas City Star staff spoke on luncheon, and Edwin C. Bearss, re "Bingham—Early American Artist." search historian of Washington, D. C, Mr. Larkin is the author of two books addressed the group on "Pea Ridge on Bingham. and Prairie Grove," at a dinner The Ladies Auxiliary of the Mu­ meeting. Both events were held at the seum Association sponsored an open Holiday Inn, Springfield, on April 20. house anniversary silver tea and plant sale, April 23. Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Cole County Historical Society Some answers to "The Haunting Founders of the Society were Mystery of A. P. Hill," were presented honored at a 25th anniversary recep­ at the February 22 meeting at Le tion, April 16, at the Society Museum, Chateau, by William Woods Hassler, Jefferson City. The group was or­ Dean of the School of Arts and ganized, July 24, 1941, at the home of Sciences, Indiana University of Penn­ Mr. and Mrs. John W. Hobbs. Mr. sylvania. Hobbs was one of eight founders William N. Still, Jr., associate pro­ present at the reception. Some 150 fessor of History at Mississippi State persons attended the event and visited College for Women, Columbus, spoke the Society's museum. on "Confederate Ironclads" at the March 22 meeting. Mr. Still has pub­ lished several articles on Confederate Concordia Historical Institute naval history and is presently writing A visual exhibit, which opened in a book on the Battle of Mobile Bay. February at the Institute, featured "Church Music." Several display cases Clay County Museum Association contrasting the old and the new, in­ Mrs. Dorothy Holm and her mother, cluded ancient musical instruments, Mrs. George Harrison, presented a gayly decorated record dust jackets, program on Valentines and dolls at contemporary music scores, famous the February 23 meeting in the Na­ Lutheran hymns, and an 1879 letter tional Commercial Bank, Liberty. concerning the kinds of music recom­ The newly organized Museum mended for a church festival. 520 Missouri Historical Review

Dade County Historical Society Friends of Rocheport New officers of the Society are Allen A group, concerned with the preser­ D. Hughes, Stockton, president; Mrs. vation of historic sites in Rocheport, Mabel Landreth, Greenfield, first vice met March 8, at Pete's Cafe near president; Miss Ode Brewer, South Rocheport. A temporary committee Greenfield, second vice president; Miss was named. More than fifty persons Retha Twaddell, Greenfield, secre­ attended the informal discussion and tary and treasurer; and Mrs. Allen D. viewed slides of Rocheport. Hughes, Stockton, assistant secretary At a meeting in Rocheport Com­ and treasurer. munity Hall, March 29, a 9-member The present project of the Society is board of directors was elected, with the moving of Hulston Water Mill George Harper, chairman, and Mrs. to a new location above the water line James C. Cope, treasurer, both of of the Stockton dam. Rocheport. Roger Hines, Columbia, Rocheport city attorney, discussed the proposed articles of incorporation for Dallas County Historical Society the group and presented a set of by­ Organized June 17, 1966, the So­ laws to the board for studv. ciety now has a membership of 170. Officers are Lawrence Holt, president: Herbert H. Scott, vice president; Mrs. Gentry County Historical Society Dorothy Smithpeter, treasurer; and A travelog of the Holy Land was Ida E. Gainer, secretary. presented at the April 2 meeting in the Gentry County Library, Stanberry, by Mrs. John Patton, Albany, and her Dent County Historical Society sister, Mrs. Vestina Daugherty. Offi­ At a meeting of the Society, held cers elected for the coming year were March 10, at the Salem City Hall, Homer Pyle, Bethany, president; Charles Jeffries spoke on the building George Manning, Albany, first vice of the first telephone system in Salem. president; Loy Hammond, Darling­ Former president Kenneth Fiebelman ton, second vice president; Dr. G. L. read a poem, written in 1848, entitled Kling, Albany, third vice president; "The First Settler." Officers elected Mrs. Chester Burks, King City, re­ for the coming year were Charles cording secretary; Mrs. Pearl Feldman, Jeffries, president; Mrs. George Bar- Stanberry, corresponding secretary; nitz, vice president; and Mrs. George H. H. Manring, McFall, treasurer; Addison, secretary. Robert Birbeck, Stanberry, historian and reporter; V. C. Humphrey, Dar­ lington, parliamentarian; and Mrs. Florissant Valley Historical Society Helen Henton, Albany, who has A slide program on "The Islands charge of the Society files. of the Tiki," was presented by Mrs. Ed Cox at the April 20 quarterly- meeting at Taille de Noyer. Grand River Historical Society The Society sponsored an auction, Earle S. Teegarden, Sr., presented April 22, at January-Wabash Park in an account of the Mormon trek across Ferguson. Funds went to the debt re­ Missouri at the April 13 meeting in tirement drive under the direction of the Livingston County Memorial Li­ the Wavs and Means Committee. brary, Chillicothe. Historical Notes and Comments 521

Greene County Historical Society 9. Readings on trees were given by Springfield City Manager David A. Mrs. Cora T h o m i n g and Mrs. Burkhalter presented a talk on "Mu­ Madelyne Warnhoff, both of St. Clair. nicipal Government" at the February Ralph Gregory spoke on trees as land­ 23 meeting. marks and memorials. Following the A color film, produced by the Mis­ program, a number of memorial and souri Division of Resources and De­ honor roses and trees were planted. velopment, "Missouri, A Living Por­ A resolution for a postage stamp in trait," was presented at the March 23 commemoration of the 125 th anni­ meeting at the Springfield Art Mu­ versary, December 3, 1967, of the seum. birth of Phoebe Apperson Hearst was At the April 27 meeting, Fred introduced in the Missouri Senate by DeArmond presented an address on Senator Don Owens of Gerald. The the Civil War Reconstruction period, resolution was passed by the Senate entitled "A Chapter in Missouri His­ and inserted in the Congressional tory: Revised Version." Mr. De­ Record by Representative William L. Armond, a freelance writer, editor Hungate, Ninth District of Missouri. and co-owner of the Mycroft Press, Springfield, is the author of a num­ ber of books and articles on manage­ Henry County Historical Society ment, marketing and labor relations. Organized June 16, 1966, the So­ ciety now has 165 members including 31 original charter members from the Harrison County Historical Society first historical organization of 1954. The Executive Committee met Officers are Mrs. Lloyd Keller, March 10 at the First National Bank president; Ewing Johnson, vice presi­ in Bethany. The Society was presented dent; Mrs. Margaret A. Seifried, sec­ the George W. Wanamaker, History of retary; and Mrs. H. S. Burnham, Harrison County, Missouri, by his treasurer. daughter Hazel Allen Wanamaker Al- A program on the history of early quist of San Antonio, Texas. The Henry County churches was presented family of the late P. G. Wightman, at the March 16 meeting in the First editor of the Harrison County Times, National Bank of Clinton. presented his newspaper files to the At the April 20 meeting, Mrs. W. R. Society. Sannebeck of the Henry County Ab­ The County Court has authorized stract Office, reviewed old land sales one room in the courthouse for use and probate records, and told interest­ of the Society. ing facts about increase in land values and about the kinds of property willed. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial Association Officers for 1967 are Ralph Gregory Hickory County Historical Society of Florida, president; W. A. Bruns, Numerous items were displayed and vice president, and Mrs. Mabel Reed, their history related at the March 14 secretary-treasurer, both of St. Clair. meeting at the county clerk's office in Representatives of Montana, Cali­ Hermitage. Mrs. Opal Stewart Butts, fornia, Kansas and Missouri attended Preston, presented to the Society an the annual Arbor Day observance autographed copy of her recent book, held at Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Tales of Old Hickory County. Mrs. Memorial Park, near Anaconda, April Ester Malmstrom read some Civil War 522 Missouri Historical Review history, contributed by Miss Ella Ben­ ert T. Hubbard, president of the Jop­ nett and the late Chauncey Creed and lin Little Theatre, acting as the Rev­ written by Mrs. Nannie Jinkens. erend Joplin, delivered a sermon of The following officers were re­ the 1840s, which was writte by Lil­ elected for the coming year: Mrs. lian Nothdurft, of First Methodist Nannie Jinkens, president; Dillon Tip­ Church and Joplin Chapter, Missouri ton, vice president; Faye Coffelt, sec­ Writers Guild. Early Methodist hymns retary; Eugene Harryman, assistant were sung by the double quartette of secretary; and Frankie Bartshe, treas­ Missouri Southern College, Joplin. urer. Society membership of 552 exceeded To the Society's files were recently the goal of 500 set for the charter year. added a list of the Pleasant Ridge A successful fund drive bv the So­ Cemetery records and a list of mar­ ciety supplemented the city budget so riages performed, 1868-1915, by James that Mineral Museum at Schiffer- H. Nunn, county judge and justice of decker Park could be open an extra 6 peace. weeks in the spring and at least a month or 6 weeks longer in the fall. The Museum is open Tuesdays Historical Association of through Saturdays, 10-12 a.m. and 1-5 Greater St. Louis p.m.; and Sundays, 1-5 p.m. No ad­ Dr. Carl S. Meyer, professor of mission is charged. Church History, director of the School The Society's Historical Trail proj­ for Graduate Studies at Concordia ect includes plans for 100 metal mark­ Seminary, Clayton, and editor-in-chief ers to be set up at various sites in the of the Concordia Flistorical Institute area. Quarterly, spoke on "C. F. W. Walther, St.. Louis Church Leader, 1811-1887," at the March 16 meeting Kingdom of Callaway in Sieck Hall, Concordia Seminary. Historical Society A series of murals, depicting almost 200 years of Callaway County history, Joplin Historical Society will be painted by Fulton artist Some 250 persons attended the George E. Tutt, and placed on the March 22 meeting at the First Presby­ wall of the courthouse lobby, Fulton, terian Church, Joplin. This was a spe­ by the Society. Eight to ten scenes cial 94th birthday celebration mark­ are planned beginning with the shoot­ ing Joplin's legal incorporation. A ing of Captain James Callaway by In­ number of persons with the name of dians in 1795, and closing with the "Joplin" were invited to attend the Wren Church, the Winston Churchill event. Those attending were Mr. Memorial. The murals are to be Thell H. Joplin, Hot Springs; Mr. and painted on canvas in oil so that they Mrs. Paul Joplin, Magnolia; and Mr. may be moved if a new courthouse is and Mrs. Willard Moseley (Gertrude ever built. Joplin), Mena, all of Arkansas. Evelyn Milligan Jones, author, writer and historian, spoke on "Early Churches Kirkwood Historical Society and Ministers of the Joplin Area," Mrs. Elinor Martineau Coyle pre­ with a special talk on the Reverend sented a review of her book, .S7. Louis- Harris G. Joplin, Methodist missionary Portrait of a River City, at the March for whom the town was named. Rob­ 14 meeting in the Kirkwood City Hall. Historical Notes and Comments 523

Knox County Historical Society ville, second vice president; Mrs. Char­ Officers elected at the March 21 les R. Stark, Aurora, corresponding meeting at the Knox County High secretary; and Fred G. Mieswinkel, School, Edina, were J. S. Wilkerson, Mount Vernon, secretary and treas­ Jr., Novelty, president; Robert Paul urer. Stark, Novelty, vice president; Mrs. Harlan R. Stark, Neosho, presented Don McGlothlin, Edina, secretary; a program of color slides of historic and Mrs. Clyde Myers, Edina, markers and points of interest in Law­ treasurer. rence County, at the April 16 meeting. The County court granted the So­ Members displayed historical items ciety permission to use one room of including a 129-year-old teakettle, a the courthouse at Edina for a museum. Texas citizenship document and a Over 125 items were loaned or do­ slave deed. Eugene H. Carl reported nated for use in the exhibit which that the county court had given per­ opened free to the public, April 14. mission for the Society to place a Museum hours are 1-4:30 p.m., Mon­ historical display in the courthouse. days and Fridays. Members at the May 16 meeting at Lewis County Historical Society the Knox County High School enjoyed R. T. Neff, Shelbina, chairman of a slide program of schools, churches a recent Shelby County cemetery proj­ and places of historical interest. ect, presented the program for the April 9 meeting at Ewing Public Lafayette County Historical Society School. He spoke on the organization Some 85 members and guests at­ necessary to undertake a similar proj­ tended the annual spring banquet, ect in Lewis County. Visitors from April 13, at St. Paul's College, Con­ Shelby County answered questions and cordia. Dr. Byron Banta, admissions displayed numerous charts, maps, director at Missouri Valley College, booklets and card files used in de­ Marshall, spoke on the Black Hawk veloping their project. War. Musical entertainment was fur­ nished by the 60-voice choir of St. Maries County Historical Society Paul's College, under the direction of The Society conducted an after­ Professor Jerome Schwab. Officers noon tour of the Dry Creek area of elected for the coming year were Dr. Maries County, April 30. Participants Lambert Mehl, Concordia, president; visited one of the first public school Edgar Cox, Lexington, vice president; districts in the county, the Terry Mrs. O. W. Osborn, Wellington, sec­ School, and the Terry Church; Fulker- ond vice president; Mrs. William Cul­ son Cemetery, where many early resi­ lum, Lexington, secretary; and Mrs. dents were buried; Loose Cemetery, William Steffens, Higginsville, treas­ used since 1850; Kenner Church and urer. Cemetery; Bell School; and the settle­ ments of Stickney and Hayden. The group enjoyed a picnic lunch at Lawrence County Historical Society Clifty Spring. Officers elected at the January 15 meeting in the Lawrence County Li­ brary, Mount Vernon, were Ross Marion County Historical Society Cameron, Mount Vernon, president; At the April 12 dinner meeting at Dan Stearns, Mount Vernon, first the Mark Twain Hotel, Hannibal, vice president; Ed Muhleman, Marion- Prosecuting Attorney Harold Barrick 524 Missouri Historical Review of Ralls County presented a history bergh's solo flight across the Atlantic, of his home county. A visit to Hanni­ marked the 101st annual meeting of bal by the Columbia Quota Club, the Society, April 28. A musical trib­ May 6, w^as discussed at the business ute with the performance of "Der meeting. Mrs. Kate Ray Kuhn re­ Lindberghflug," was presented. The ported on the restoration of the Molly work, written in 1927, was recently Brown Home in Hannibal and stated found in the Society's collection of that the city planned to provide a car Lindbergh memorabilia. Slides from parking area near the Home. the Society's collection and a com­ mentary by Martin Quigley, comple­ mented the musical program follow­ McDonald County Historical Society ing a dinner at the Society in St. At the May 7 meeting in the Ander­ Louis. son Armory, Colonel Victor Tatum presented a history of the National Guard and its role in the country's Monroe County Historical Society defense since 1813. Original members of the 1922 Anderson Company E, The Society was organized, April known as the "Hound Dawg" regi­ 21, at the courthouse in Paris. Frank ment, were present and were given Mac Snyder, Santa Fe, was elected Hound Dawg lapel pins. temporary chairman, and Mrs. Chris­ tie Menefee, Paris, temporary secre­ tary-treasurer. Representatives from Mercer County Historical Society many communities in the county at­ Joe Linn presented Volume I of the tended the meeting and told why tabulation of Mercer County ceme­ they were interested in the formation teries to the Society at the February of a Society. Membership is open to 14 meeting at East Pine School. A pro­ all interested persons. The purpose of gram on the histories of Half Rock the organization is to help preserve Baptist and Goshen churches was historic sites, discover and record the given by Mrs. Ben Hyde and Mrs. history of the county, and help in T Perry Coon. Elf ord Horn gave a re­ any w ay possible to make available all port on Mercer County rural schools information about the county and its and showed a map of all old school past. locations.

Morgan County Historical Society Mississippi County Some 40 members and guests at­ Historical Society tended the April 24 meeting at the Mrs. Helen Trotter Midkiff, associ­ Morgan County Bank, Versailles. Mrs. ate professor of Music, Belmont Col­ Gene Bartram reported on work at lege, Nashville, Tennessee, presented the Martin Hotel Museum, Versailles. an organ recital, April 23, at the Work nights are held each Friday at Methodist Church in Charleston. The the Hotel. Rooms have been cleaned program was sponsored by the So­ in preparation for redecoration. Col­ ciety and Art Gallery. ored slides of the interior and ex­ terior of the museum building were Missouri Historical Society shown by Moss McDonald. H. B. Hart A celebration, commemorating the of Camdenton spoke on "The Mining 40th anniversary of Charles A. Lind- Aspects of Morgan County." Historical Notes and Comments 525

Pettis County Historical Society presented a sketch of Marion County A replica of the Flat Creek Cov­ at the April 27 dinner meeting in the ered Bridge, which burned, May 30, Wald Hotel, Louisiana. Mrs. Kuhn 1966, near Sedalia, was made by Paul is a writer and author of a history Anthes of the Sedalia Democrat news­ of Marion County. Her talk was part paper staff. The work has been en­ of a series featuring the history of closed in a glass case, donated by the adjoining counties. Sedalia Democrat, and is on display in the foyer of the Pettis County Platte County Historical Society Courthouse in Sedalia. Charles Chapman, past president Other glass cases were donated to of the Leavenworth, Kansas, Historical the Society Museum in 1966 by Mr. Society, spoke at the April 11 meet­ and Mrs. Leroy Van Dyke of televi­ ing at Weston Elementary School. sion and radio fame; Nina Harris, Officers elected for the coming year sister of a local banker; and Mrs. r w ere W. D. Montague, Parkville, Jean Curry, in memory of her hus­ president; Clyde Newman, Edgerton, band who was the first president and first vice president; Mrs. E. Grant a founder of the Pettis County His­ Ege, Parkville, second vice president; torical Society. Mrs. Mary B. Aker, Parkville, execu­ tive secretary; and Ira Hassenpflug, Phelps County Historical Society Kansas City North, treasurer. During the December 14 annual meeting at Rolla Public Library, the Society voted to accept the gift of the Pony Express Historical Association historic John Dillon house, donated The Association sponsored its third by Mrs. W. A. Bowling of the Dillon annual gun show and an antique and area. It wras in this log house in 1857 collectors' exhibition, April 1-2, at that officers of the first Phelps Patee House, St. Joseph. No admis­ County court were elected and where sion was charged. business of the court was transacted The second annual collectors' an­ until a courthouse was established. tique show, May 25-27 opened the Plans are to move the house to a site 1967 tourist season at Patee House. on Third Street, between Rolla and Wayne Garrett, Kansas City antique Main Streets. When restored it will dealer, had charge of the show. All house a collection of historic items proceeds went for the development emphasizing early county history. and maintenance of Patee House. Following the business meeting, guests were invited to view the "Coun­ Raytown Historical Society try Store," a temporary display on Mrs. Dorothy Brown Thompson, loan to the library. historian, genealogist and poet, spoke Officers elected for the coming on genealogical research and compila­ year are Dr. W. C. Hayes, State tion, at the April 25 meeting in St. Geologist, president; Mrs. Charles Michael's Church. Smallwood, vice president; Mrs. Jessie A seal for the Society, depicting his­ Rucker, secretary; Mrs. Sophie Mar­ torical events in early Raytown, was tin, treasurer; and Mrs. Leola Millar, recently designed by Society member curator. Mrs. C. R. Jackson. Some 90 persons enjoyed a bus tour Pike County Historical Society of historic sites in the area, April 2, Mrs. Kate Ray Kuhn, Hannibal, sponsored by the Society. The group 526 Missouri Historical Review

visited sites of early stores, schools, by Nancy Sandehn; and the growth blacksmith shops, churches and banks; of the city until the Civil War. told Byram's Ford; the Brooking Ceme­ by Ray Waldo. The talks were made tery to view the marker of Alvin available in mimeograph form for Brooking for whom Brooking Town­ local teachers. ship was named; and Cave Springs, Members at a special business meet­ an early Santa Fe Trail campsite. ing of the Society, March 15, at the Saint Joseph Museum, view a film entitled "Missouri Calendar." St. Charles County A recent pamphlet, published by Historical Society the Saint Joseph Museum, Nineteenth The sixth annual antique show and Century Saint Joseph, Missouri, sale was held, April 7-9, in Memorial U. S. A., was written and compiled Flail at Blanchette Park, St. Charles. by the Society. Twenty-eight licensed antique dealers from Missouri, Illinois and Arkansas, exhibited their wares. St. Louis County At the quarterly dinner meeting, Historic Buildings Commission April 27, at St. Peters Parish Cafe­ The Commission recently completed teria, St. Charles, George McCue spoke a survey of historic buildings in the on "The Illusive Issues of Beauty and County. Plans were made for a team Ugliness in American Cities." Mr. Mc­ from the Historic American Buildings Cue is art and urban design critic for Survey, to measure and photograph the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and was approximately 20 structures this sum­ the author of The St. Louis Building mer. The information they gather Art: Three Centuries, an architec­ will be filed with the Library of Con­ tural guidebook. gress. A recent gift to the Society was a At a business meeting of the Com­ contribution of $2,500 from Jack mission, held January 24, George R. Buse, St. Charles. The money will be Brooks, director of the Missouri His­ used to complete the patio and land­ torical Society, St. Louis, was elected scaping of the Society's museum chairman, and William Bodley Lane, grounds. Kirkwood architect, vice chairman.

St. Joseph Historical Society St. Louis Westerners At the second program for children Dr. J. Neal Primm, professor and studying local history, at the Saint chairman of the History Department, Joseph Museum, March 12, Mr. and University of Missouri at St. Louis, Mrs. Fred Hyde presented an imagi­ spoke on "Senator Thomas H. Benton nary tour of St. Joseph. They showed and the Development of the Early slides of historic sites in St. Joseph, West," at the March 17 meeting at emphasizing the Civil War period. Garavelli's Restaurant in St. Louis. The program was so popular that it At the April 21 meeting, William was repeated by request for a num­ C. Fordyce, Jr., lawyer and author of ber of individual schools and clubs Civil War Dragoon, spoke on "Con­ and at the April 15 meeting of the flict and Unrest in the West During Society. Early Days of the Civil War." The last program of the series for Officers elected for 1967-1968 are children, April 9, featured the In­ Nicholas Joost, Alton, Illinois, presi­ dians and the Platte Purchase, told dent; George R. Brooks, vice presi- Historical Notes and Comments 527 dent; J. Orville Spreen, secretary; sponsored jointly with the L. & B. James Muchmore, assistant secretary; Fashion Shop. James V. Swift, treasurer; and Charles Open house at the newly acquired H. Corn well, assistant treasurer, all Paterson Memorial Museum was held of St. Louis. April 30, to show restoration progress on the building. Refreshments were St. Mary's Pioneer served by hostesses in period dress. Historical Society Rolland Pangburn, member of the A tall wooden cross which heralded Missouri State Park Board, discussed a mission service given by Redemp- the preservation of Indian artifacts torist Fathers Henning and Girardey at the May 9 meeting in the First in St. Mary's Catholic Church, Inde­ Christian Church at Smithville. pendence, September 22-30, 1867, has A centennial celebration noting the been placed on permanent display first charter for the city is planned in the church. A plaque with the his­ for August 6-12. torical record accompanies the exhibit. Webster Groves The cross was found in the attic of Historical Society the old church during remodeling in Early in 1966, the Society held a 1962. Mrs. William L. Antoine, presi­ contest and invited professional and dent of the Society, located records amateur artists to submit designs for of the old mission service in the an official seal for that organization. Redemptorist Archives in Chicago. The winning design was drawn by Also on display is a group of hand­ Herschel R. Herman of St. Louis. made candle molds, presumed to have The emblem was circular in form, been used by early-day pastors for the name of the Society was printed making candles from beeswax obtained around the outer edge, and the central from hives on the church grounds. portion contained a grove of trees with Shelby County Historical Society four trees forming the letter "W." Over 60 persons attended the April Richard L. Bliss, architect and chair­ 25 meeting in the Shelby County man of the American Institute of Courthouse, Shelbyville. Junior Wil- Architects Committee on Preservation kerson, Novelty, reported on the of Historic Buildings, presented an Knox County Historical Society Mu­ illustrated lecture on "Architectural seum in the courthouse at Edina. Preservation Activities in the Area," Mrs. Gentry Walker, Clarence, pre­ at the December 13 meeting in the sented a program on how she Webster Groves City Hall. obtained information on rural schools Officers of the Society are John W. in her township. Reminiscences of Cooper, Jr., president; William H. early school days were told by Mrs. Copeland, vice president; Mrs. Ralph Harry Glahn, Shelbyville. She also H. Metcalf, secretary; and Roy Brack- displayed old textbooks, newspaper man, treasurer. clippings and pictures. Westport Historical Society Smithville Historical Society Some 100 persons attended the Membership in the Society in March February 24 dinner meeting at the totalled 171. Westport Presbyterian Church. In A fashion show held March 15, at honor of Lincoln's birthday, E. W. the Elementary Multipurpose Room, Smith, Emporia newspaper publisher, Smithville, featured old-fashioned and author and lecturer, spoke on "Abra­ modern-day clothing. The show was ham Lincoln on the Circuit." 528 Missouri Historical Review

HONORS AND TRIBUTES

Dr. Elmer Ellis Receives Former President Harry S. Truman, Thomas Jefferson Award May 8, at the Hotel Muehlebach in Dr. Elmer Ellis, president emeritus Kansas City. The event was sponsored of the University of Missouri, re­ by a group of friends. The Eddie ceived the first annual Thomas Jef­ Jacobson Memorial Foundation, of ferson Award, April 13, at the an­ which Mr. Truman is co-founder and nual Jefferson birthday observance honorary chairman. Because of lim­ on the Columbia campus. Dr. Ellis ited physical activity, 83-year-old was selected by a four-campus com­ Mr. Truman was unable to attend mittee headed by Chancellor James the celebration. The Foundation an­ L. Bugg, University of Missouri at nounced plans to sponsor an annual St. Louis. The award is presented "Harry S. Truman Foreign Policy to an individual with the college or Award," to be given to the U.S. university community who best ex­ Senator who is judged to have ren­ emplified those attributes of mind and dered the most distinguished serv­ heart which produced distinguished ice over the course of the year to statesmen like Thomas Jefferson. Dr. the furtherance of non-partisan foreign Ellis served as president of the Uni­ policy objectives of the United States. versity for 11 years before his retire­ A one-hour program, covering parts ment last September. He joined the of Mr. Truman's life as president, University faculty in 1930. Avas shown, May 7, on KMBC-TV University President John C. in conjunction with his birthday Weaver presented a citation and a celebration. A number of government $500 award to Dr. Ellis at the cere­ officials and former associates ap­ monies in Jesse Auditorium. Dr. peared in the program including Ellis later presented the $500 to the Dean Rusk, the present Secretary of Missouri Press Association for expan­ State; John Snyder, Truman's Secre­ sion of its program of publishing tary of the Treasury; Dean Acheson, books in the Jefferson tradition. his Secretary of State; General Harry Vaughan, his military aide; Drew Pearson, newspaper columnist; and Harry S. Truman Honored Charles Murphy, Truman's special On 83rd Birthday counsel. Mark Evans narrated the A birthdav celebration honored program. Historical Notes and Comments 529

GIFTS

JAMES D. ARVIN, Sheridan, Arkansas, donor: Unidentified Civil War Letter (1861) concerning skirmishes at Athens, Missouri.

EDWARD AULL, JR.,, Birmingham, Alabama, donor: Book: Aull-Meteer and Allied Families of Ireland, Virginia and Missouri, by Edward Aull, Jr.

MRS. WILLIAM BALDWIN, St. Louis, donor: Copies of Civil War Papers (1864-1865) of the Victoria and C. L. Holsapple Family of Kentucky and later, St. Louis.

A. L. BONNEWITZ, Raytown, donor: Leinweber Family History, compiled by Roberta Leinweber Bonnewitz. In Brooking Township, by Roberta L. and Arthur L. Bonnewitz. Families of Henry Thompson & Mary Marticia Ritter, Henry and Milly Ritter, James and Hannah Wadlington Cantrell, Caleb and Martha Wood Stone, compiled by Roberta Leinweber Bonnewitz and Mildred Leinweber Shawhan.

MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: The Murphy-Kirby-Casper Family of Modena, Missouri, by Truman Murphy.

MR. AND MRS. C. B. BROOKS, Rocheport, donors: Old newspapers of Memphis and Edina, Missouri, Chicago Daily Inter- Ocean, and Dawson Daily News, Yukon Territory, late 1890s and early 1900s.

MRS. L. R. BURNS, Jefferson City, donor: Remembrance, History of Hunsucker-Drum Family, by Margaret D. Burns.

OPAL STEWART BUTTS, Preston, donor; through NANNIE JINKENS, Hermitage: Booklet: Tales of Old Hickory County, Fact and Fiction, by Opal Stewart Butts.

RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly, donor: Matthew P. & Allie F. Davidson Papers, legal items of Randolph County, 1882-1887. 530 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. MAURICE CLYDE, Marshall, donor: Love-Loomis Family History, by Burt Weed Loomis. Tombstone Inscriptions of Franklin, Jefferson, St. Francois and St. Louis Counties, Missouri, presented by St. Louis Pioneer Chapter, United Daugh­ ters of 1812. Enos Stanley's Account Book of Taney County, Missouri. Cole History & Genealogy, compiled by Mrs. Ira A. Leiter, gift of Osage Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Sedalia.

MRS. MAUDE E. CORSON, Arcadia, California, donor: Drawings of Negro life, ca. pre-Civil War period. Advertising card.

JOHN R. DOWLER, Eldon, donor: Typescript: Civil War Letters (1863) of Elisha Middleton Jennings, n physician and surgeon who practiced in Missouri and Arkansas for many years.

TOM D. Fox of the Missouri State Medical Association, Jefferson City, donor: Book: History of the Missouri State Medical Association, by Robert E. Schlueter, M.D.

EDITH T. FRIEDRICH, Levasy, donor: Pamphlets: Ebenezer United Church of Christ, Levasy, Mo., 1892-1967.

B. J. GEORGE, SR., Kansas City, donor: Brief History of the (Primitive) Baptist Church at Oak Grove, Missouri, 1853-1937, by B. J. George, Sr.

MRS. RUBY HENRICK, St. Louis, donor: Genealogy: The Vogel-Buhlig and Associate Families of Southeastern Indi­ ana and Central Missouri, compiled by Mrs. Ruby Henrick.

ALAN J. HOENER, St. Louis, donor: Report of Architectural Survey—Holy Cross Lutheran Church, 2650 Miami Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri.

JAMES F. HOPGOOD, Columbia, donor: "A Preliminary Study of Two Archaeological Sites in the Little River Lowland of Southeast Missouri," by James F. Hopgood.

C. LEO HOWDESHELL, Elsberry, donor: Typescript of the Joseph G. O'Hanlon family near Millwood.

MRS. MAURICE HUGHES, Independence, donor: The Milton Family, by Ethel Milton Hughes.

OLIVER H. JOHNSON, Silver Springs, Maryland, donor: Edward D. Phillips Papers, 1865-1938, consisting of a diary, teaching certifi­ cates, grade reports and Civil War reminiscences of the Kansas City area. O. R. Johnson Papers, 1915-1928, concerning Boy Scout troops in Columbia. Historical Notes and Comments 531

VANCE JULIAN, Clinton, donor: Scrapbooks and miscellaneous materials, 1943-1950, concerning the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1943-1944, elections, public utilities and other political items.

JUNIOR CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, Ste. Genevieve, donor: Tour Guide, Historic Homes of Ste. Genevieve.

NED KEHDE, Columbia, donor: Material, including photographs, on Jesse Howard, primitive artist of Fulton.

FRANKLIN B. LAUNER, Columbia, donor: Material on the Missouri Music Teachers Association.

RICKA LEIMKUEHLER, Mt. Sterling, donor: Manuscripts and published material on Missouri churches and family his­ tory, by Ricka Leimkuehler.

CHRISTIAN C. LOEHDE, Arcadia, California, donor: Booklet: Lt. John F. McGrath, War Diary of 354th Infantry, 89th Division, n.d., 243 pp.

DR. CLAIR V. MANN, Rolla, donor: Federal Railroad Survey Reports (1855) , Vols. I-XII. Collection of professional papers written and/or collected by Clair V. Mann.

JOSEPH J. MAURER, Belton, donor: Typescript: "Frank James and the Battle of Centralia," by Joe and Dodie Maurer.

MRS. WILLIAM MILLER, Arrow Rock, donor: Dr. John Sappington, slave deed, September 10, 1853.

MRS. EDNA MCELHINEY OLSON, St. Charles, donor: "Index to the Saint Charles County Missouri Marriages, From 1844 through 1853, Compiled from Records of Churches and County Court," Book III, compiled by Edna McElhiney Olson. MR. AND MRS. SAMUEL POLLOCK, Kansas City, donor: Copies of the Julius C. Robidoux Family papers, about 1858.

WILLIAM FORREST SHONKWILER, St. Ann, donor: Daniel Shonkwiler, Senior, & Some of His Descendants, by William Forrest Shonkwiler.

MRS. JOSEPH (OPAL) SOETAERT, Kansas City, donor: Typescript: "Dr. Thomas M. Groom, Early Pioneer Doctor in Harrison County, Missouri, and Rooks County, Kansas."

GUY M. AND RUTH WELLS SONE, Jefferson City, donors: Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, Air Forces, Wacs, Waves, Spars, Seabees, Nurses Et Al From Cole County, Missouri, World War II, 1941-1945 and The First Census of Cole County, Missouri, 1830, both compiled by Guy M. and Ruth Wells Sone. 532 Missouri Historical Review

H. H. TRICE, Conley-Myers Insurance Agency, Columbia, donor: Papers belonging to Gillespie & Conley, Conley-Myers, and various land companies.

REVEREND WILLIAM T. WHITE, Salisbury, donor: Booklet: History, First Baptist Church, 1867-1967, Salisbury, Missouri.

A. T. WILKINSON, Cape Girardeau, donor: The Wilkinson-Johnson Family of A. T. Wilkinson and Clara Lelia John­ son, compiled by A. T. Wilkinson.

TAYLOR WILLIAMS, Arrow Rock, donor: Copy of an 1865 letter from Davis Vaughan to Pat Ingraham of Saline County.

MRS. HOWARD W. WOODRUFF, Kansas City, donor: Tall Trees in the Forest, The Woodruff Family of Virginia, Alabama, and Missouri, compiled by Audrey Lee Woodruff.

LOUISE WOODRUFF, Columbia, donor: The Genealogy of a Branch of the Woodruff Family in the United States, by James N. Woodruff, revised by June Woodruff Jesberg. Miss FRED LEE WOODSON, Washington, D.C, donor: Colonel Richard Woodson, Civil War Manuscript, 1863, concerning the capture of General Jeff Thompson at Pilot Knob.

c^V>

Don't Go Home at Recess! Novinger Record, July 27, 1906. The first day I was sent to school I went home at recess, thinking school was out says Bert Walker. As I have grown older I find that a whole lot of people did the same thing, and the sad part of the affair is that too many of us never went back. In this life be careful that you don't go home at recess. If you start to learn a trade or profession, stay by it and master it. Don't chase away at recess. If you have a business attend to it and—don't go home at recess. This going home at recess has sent man in to bankruptcy. . . . Going home at recess means that you have fallen asleep at the switch and your train has plunged into the ditch. Always stay until school is out.

No Rough Edges Jefferson City Jeffersonian Republican, July 18, 1840. Wit is like the edge of a sharp knife, it cuts keenly but never mangles. Historical Notes and Comments 533

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Columbia Daily Tribune February 12, 1967—A picture story by Earl Powers, entitled "Delving into History of Rockbridge Park Area [near Columbia]," recalled a recent project of the Rockbridge 4-H Club.

Columbia Missourian February 5, 1967—"How Famous School Got its Name," produced by Doran Jay Levy, recalled the life of a wrell-known Columbia citizen and bene­ factor, James L. Stephens. February 5, 12, 19, 26, March 5, 12, 19, 26, April 2, 9, 16, 23 & 30-"Do You Remember?" featured respectively Jefferson Junior High School; Rocheport's fires; Columbia Theatre; Columbia City Engineers' office; old Columbia YMCA Building; University of Missouri summer school classes; University student trailer-living; Columbia Female Academy; Columbia Fire Department; Columbia Stewart Road Bridge; Christian College, St. Clair Hall; Christian College Ivy chain; and Stephens College Religious Services. March 5—Picture stories in this issue are "[Charles A.] Lindbergh FlewT Atlantic 40 Years Ago," and "A. B. Chance Company Celebrates 60 Years of Progress," by Brad Bliss and A. B. Chance Company. April 23—Picture stories in this issue are "Post-War Story of Columbia," by H. Edward Kim; "Arrow Rock Stirs Pioneer Memories," by Jean Swindell; "J. W. (Blind) Boone—Pianist, Ivories Still Tinkle in Many Memories," by Kathleen Kettering; and "Off to Mark Twain Land," noted the May 6 Columbia Quota Club Tour of Hannibal, by Jeani Wilson.

Gainesville Ozark County Times February 16, March 9, 23, April 4, 13, 20, 27 and May 4, 1967—A historical series on Ozark County post offices by Ruby M. Robins. 534 Missouri Historical Review

Jackson Journal February 1, 1967—"The History of Millersville," Part IV, written and illus­ trated by K. J. H. Cochran. February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, April 5, 12 & 19-A series of early photographs featured Kurreville School Class of 1921; Millersville School, 1912- 1913; McFerron School, 1893; Roberts School, 1912-1913; Link School, 1920; Liberty School, 1897-1898; the Jackson area; Cane Creek School, 1907; Goshen School, 1911; Apple Valley School, 1909-1910; Hoffmeister's Barber Shop before 1912; old Salem School class in 1922; Campster School Class, 1924-1925. February 8, 15 & 22—A History of Jackson, Missouri. March 1— "Method of Government of the City." March 8—"The Story of Missouri's Emblems." March 15—" 'Mr. Shoe-ster' and the Magnificent Squeak," the story of O. L. Hoffman's shoe repair shop in Jackson. March 22 & 29—"Along the Dusty Road," a history of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church in Jackson. April 5—"The Story of the Eaker Family Bible." April 12—"Funeral Customs in Old Jackson." This and all the articles above written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. April 12—An illustrated history of old Schoenbeck School near Jackson. April 19 & 26—A series of the Milde family of Jackson written and illus­ trated by K. J. H. Cochran.

Kansas City Star February 4, March 4 & 11, 1967—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively early history of Kansas City, Harmony Mission and a sketch of Amos Stoddard. February 12—An article, by Paul Stubblefield, "Sale of Joplin Hotel Recalls Colorful Past," related the history of the Connor Hotel and its owner Thomas Connor. February 13—The article, "Bank Links [John J.] Pershing to [Abraham] Lincoln," noted the display of a Lincoln picture at the Citizens National Bank at Chillicothe. The photograph of Lincoln is believed to be one of the few showing him as smooth-shaven and bears the autographed signature of Lincoln. February 18—The history of a Kansas City landmark was recalled in an article entitled "Penn School Spirit Reflected Stable Community," by Sarah Barker. February 21—A brief article noted the razing of a famous old hotel in Cape Girardeau, the St. Charles, and recalled some of the history of the hotel. March 7—The article, "Mid-West Senators Put Justice Above Careers," by Jerome B. Stark, presented a story of Senator John Henderson of Missouri and Senator Edmund Ross of Kansas, whose "no" vote helped to block the impeach­ ment of President Andrew Johnson. March 12—"A Fiftieth Birthday For Woman's City Club," by Jane P. Fowler. March 16—"Sisters of St. Joseph [Hospital Kansas City] Led Way in Medi­ cal Care," by John J. Doohan. March 21—"Basic Remedies Served Horseback Doctor [William C. Baird] Well," by Harold Calvert. Historical Notes and Comments 535

March 30—"When Kipling Met Twain, Unforgettable Day for England's Poet of Empire," by Nora B. Cunningham. April 9—"[Mrs. Harry S. Truman] First Lady, Retired," by Kelly Smith. April 9—A special "Mid-America Vacationland" section noted tourist attrac­ tions—Kansas City, Central Missouri Ozarks Tour, a trip to John J. Pershing's home in Laclede, "Mark Twain Country," and "Shepherd of the Hills Coun­ try," with special articles on state parks and caves of Missouri. April 9—An article on Freedom Fighters recalled the European refugee troops of Civil War General John Charles Fremont. April 25—A brief article by John Haskins recalled some history of the con­ servatory of music at the University of Missouri in Kansas City which this year celebrated its 60th anniversary.

Kansas City Times February 2, 1967—An article, by Michael Satchell, entitled "Real West Lives on Library Shelves," noted the valuable collection of Western Americana at the Snyder Library owned by the University of Missouri at Kansas City. February 10—"Some Have Even Lived Off Jesse James Myths," by Irwin Ross. February 11, 18, 25, March 18, 25, April 1, 8, 15, 22 & 29—"Missouri Heri­ tage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively John Hardeman Walker and the Missouri Bootheel; Francis P. Blair, Jr.; plank roads of Missouri; Jim Bridger; Henry Rowe Schoolcraft; the Pony Express; Lincoln University; Senator Thomas Hart Benton; Lexington, Missouri, and the Civil War; and Ulysses S. Grant. February 23—A short illustrated article by Margaret Teague recalled exploits of the Jesse James gang a century ago. February 24—A historical article by Conwell Carlson recalled the life of Dr. William J. Frick of Kansas City. February 28—"In Death, as in Life, Jimmy Angel is Legendary," by G. C. Konkler. March 14—"Missourian [N. W. Kays] Never Quite Found Gold," reprinted from a letter dated July 6, 1851. March 16—An illustrated article about Dryden Baze, editor and publisher of the Metz Times, was written by William C. Campbell. March 22—An article by Billie Jines, "Yank and Rebel Names Meet at Every Corner," recalled some Civil War history at Pea Ridge, Arkansas. April 7—"Civil War Interrupted Life at Old [Archibald Elihu] Rice Place [Jackson County]," by Ethylene Ballard Thruston. April 19—"Delights and Hardships As '49ers Pushed West," excerpts from a diary of Major James A. Tate of Callaway County, Missouri, by Hugh P. Williamson.

Linn Osage County Observer February 2, 9, 16, 23, March 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, April 6 & 13, 1967-"History of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle.

Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat February 13, 1967—A biography of Robert Gipson, a College Mound resi­ dent, written by James L. Stone. 536 Missouri Historical Review

Paris Monroe County Appeal March 9, 1967—"New Light on Mark Twain's Favorite Uncle, John Quarles," by Ralph Gregory.

St, Charles Journal April 6, 1967—"Father Albert DeMonleon [descendant of Mother Philippine Duschesne]," by Edna McElhiney Olson.

Ste, Genevieve Fair Play February 3, 10, 17, 24, March 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, April 7, 14, 21 & 28, 1967 —"History of Our Town," by Mrs. Jack Basler.

St, Louis Globe-Democrat February 5, 12, 19, 26, March 5, 12, 19, 26, April 2, 9, 16, 23 & 30, 1967 —"Looking Backward" featured respectively the St. Louis River Front, 1890s; St. Louis' labor dispute, May 1, 1900; Twenty-third and Locust Streets scene, 1880s; Forest Park University, St. Louis; Jefferson Barracks, 1898; St. Louis Female Hospital and Industrial Home; Charles A. Lindbergh; St. Louis World's Fair, 1904; St. Louis YMCA Building, 1925-1926; Fourth Street Scene, 1875; Lambert Field, 1924 and 1939; St. Louis World's Fair's Famous Pike; St. Louis Ordnance Plant crew. February 18-19—A history, "The St. Louis Naval Reserve," by Ted Schafers. February 18-19—A short article by Joseph A. Jost, "One Flight Makes Dif­ ference," recalled the historic flight of Charles A. Lindbergh in May of 1927. February 19—"Eden Theological Seminary," in Webster Groves, a United Church of Christ ministerial school, was featured in an article by Nell Gross. February 25-26—A historical article by Walter E. Orthwein, "Washington U. [University]'s Twelve Distinguished Chancellors." March 15—An article on the St. Charles County Courthouse was written by William E. Seibel. March 18-19—"Plan to Restore Ste. Genevieve," by Allan Hale. March 28—"Rare Documents Attract Scholars to [Missouri] Historical Society [St. Louis]." April 7—"A Visit to Old Florissant, Valley of Flowers Rediscovers Its Roots," by Richard Krantz. April 23—"Death at the Crossing," a report of railroad accidents in Mis­ souri, by David Brown, photographed by Roy Cook. April 29-30—-"They Went 'Over There'," by John Auble, Jr., noted Mis­ sourians in the First World War. April 30—"A Study in Contrast," featured a replica of the Charles A. Lind­ bergh plane, the "Spirit of St. Louis" compared with a modern transworld Boeing 707 inter-continental jet.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 5, 1967—An illustrated article "Small Town [Glasgow] on the Upgrade," by Richard M. Jones, was photographed by Robert LaRouche. February 12—An illustrated article, "Century of Contrast," by Arthur Wit- man, featured St. Joseph's Catholic Church and the Mother Duchesne Shrine at St. Charles. February 19—An article concerning old St. Louis public records, by David A. Meeker. Historical Notes and Comments 537

March 7—The 50th anniversary of the Federal Land Bank of St. Louis recalled a brief history of the establishment of its area federal land banks. March 7—"Daughter Recalls Luther Smith's Work on [St. Louis Gateway] Arch," by Charlene Trost. March 26—An illustrated article "The Past on Posters," from the Missouri Historical Society Collection in St. Louis by Richard M. Jones and Arthur Wit- man. April 7—A History "Palmyra Weekly Paper Sold; Was in Sosey Family 128 Years." April 14—"A Head-Start on Perfectionism," by Olivia Skinner, recalled the history of Rossman School in St. Louis founded by Miss Mary Rossman and Miss Helen Schwaner. April 16—"Crumbling Romanticism," by Frank Peters and Robert LaRouche, a picture story of an old dairy barn in Ballwin. April 23—"Missouri's [Reconstruction] Days of Fear," by Fred DeArmond, reprinted from the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. April 23—A picture story of St. Louis movie palaces by Frank Peters and David Gulick was entitled "The Gilded Past." April 28—"Lone Eagle's [Charles A. Lindbergh] Flight Set to Music," by Jack Rice. April 28—"Story of Gambler's [Jonas or John Lock] Hidden Gold Still In­ trigues Barry Residents." April 30—The first of two articles by Theodore P. Wagner, "Specialist in Guerrilla Warfare," told the story of Raymond C. Hunt, a St. Louisan who survived the early stages of the infamous Bataan Death March during World War II. Salem News February 6, 13, 20, March 6, 13, 20, 27 & April 3, 1967—"History of Dent County."

Shelbyville Shelby County Herald March 1, 1967—A special column, "County Historical Society News," by R. T. Neff, featured Missouri schools. March 1, 15, 22, April 5, 12, 19 & 26—A series of pictures on early Shelby County Schools. April 19—A history and picture of Mt. Olive School by Lewis Carroll. April 26—A list of persons who attended the Mt. Olive School in Shelby County from 1874 to 1944, furnished by Lewis Carroll, and an 1874 textbook list from Mt. Olive School.

Springfield Leader-Press April 4, 1967—In commemoration of the paper's 100th anniversary, a page of Volume I, number 1, Springfield Leader, April 4, 1867, was reproduced. A history of the newspaper was also written by Lucile Morris Upton.

Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram-Sentinel February 2, 23, and May 4, 1967—A series on Miller County history by Clyde Lee Jenkins. Warsaw Benton County Enterprise March id—Part of a picture series of early Benton County. 538 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

Agricultural History, January, 1967: "Clash of Interests: The Postwar Battle Between the Office of Price Administration and the Department of Agri­ culture [in the Truman Administration]," by Barton J. Bernstein.

American Heritage, February, 1967: " 'Black Jack' [John J. Pershing] of the 10th," by Richard O'Connor.

American Scene Alagazine (Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art) , 1965: "Santa Fe Trade."

Arizona and the West, Winter, 1966: "Meals by Fred Harvey," by James D. Henderson.

Art in America, March-April, 1967: "Mark Twain's Adventures in Art," by C. Merton Babcock.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, April, 1967: "The Myth of the Fremont Howitzer," by Donald Jackson; "The Odyssey of the Magpie and the Prairie Dog," by Paul Russell Cutright; "Sidelights on the Presidential Election of 1825," by Francis P. Douglas; "The Decorative Art of Jacob Keller," by Mrs. Dana O. Jensen; "Place Names," by "Antiquary"; and "The Journal of Hugh Campbell," by George R. Brooks.

Business History Review, Autumn, 1966: "The Missouri and Kansas Zinc Miners' Association, 1899-1905," by James D. Norris.

Chicago History, Winter, 1966-67: "Rats! Rats! Rats! [a story of Carl Schurz's visit to Chicago, 1854]."

Civil War History, March, 1967: "Quantrill's Bushwhackers: A Case Study in Partisan Warfare," by Albert Castel. Focus I Midwest, 1967: "The Other Mayor [Clarence W.] Lee," by John Kramer; and "A Philosophical and Political Footnote on the St. Louis Gateway Arch," by Richard C. Hackman. Historical Notes and Comments 539

Frontier Times, May, 1967: "The Last Pretender [of Jesse James]," by Carl Breihan.

Great Plains Journal, Fall, 1966: "Stand Watie; Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation," by J. Frederick Neet, Jr.

Hobbies, February, 1967: "Museum World [St. Charles County Historical Society Museum]," by John L. Stoutenburg.

Journal of the West, January, 1967: "Steamboating on the Missouri: Its Signifi­ cance on the Northern Great Plains," by William E. Lass.

Kansas City Genealogist, April, 1967: "Cold Water Cemetery [near Florissant]."

Kansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1966: "The United States Army in the Kansas Border Troubles, 1855-1856," by Marvin Ewy.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1967: "The Kirkwood City Park," by Harlan A. Gould.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1967: "History of the Pio­ neer Woods Family," by Mrs. Homer Smith; "History of Union Church"; and "Woods Cemetery Inscriptions," compiled by Fred G. Mieswinkel.

Louisiana History, Winter, 1967: "Some Recent Books About French Louisiana and Some Books to Come," by John Francis McDermott.

Michigan Quarterly Reviexv, Spring, 1967: "Jesse James and the Medical School, Bankrobbers, Burkers, and Bodysnatchers," by William Holtz.

Minnesota History, Winter, 1966: "Some American Characteristics of the American Fur Company," by David Lavender; and "The Growth and Eco­ nomic Significance of the American Fur Trade, 1790-1890," by James L. Clayton. Missouri Press Neivs, May, 1967: "[Sosey] Family's Reign Ends For Palmyra Paper," by James Southern.

Montana Magazine of Western History, Spring, 1967: "Meriwether Lewis, Manuel Lisa, and the Tantalizing Santa Fe Trade," by Richard H. Dillon.

Museum Graphic, Spring, 1967: "The Diary of James Kay, 1850."

New York History, January, 1967: "[John J.] Pershing at West Point, 1897- 1898," by Donald Smythe, S. J. Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1967: "Missouri Mining, Past, Present, Future," by Dr. William C. Hayes; and "At Civil War's End, White River Valley Depopulated," conclusion of a series, by Elmo Ingenthron.

, April, 1967: "Over These Hills, Old Time Remedies," by Jewell Kirby Fitzhugh.

, May, 1967: "Humor in School Days of Yore," by Warren Cook; and "Visit to an Old Grist Mill [near Annapolis]," by Mae Dees. 540 Missouri Historical Review

Pacific Northwest Quarterly, January, 1967: "The Mystery of Sacagawea's Death," by Helen Addison Howard; and "Sacagawea and the Suffragettes," by Ronald W. Taber.

Shannon County Historical Review, Autumn, 1966: "Shannon County: Early Logging Center," by J. S. Allen; "Delaware [School] of Yesteryear," by Oscar Harper; "Seeing My First Train," by Delia Drane Decker; "The Last Rites," by Oscar Harper; "The Shrinking Sheep," by Dr. Robert Lee; "Memories of Loggers Lake," by Lulu Brown Pritchett; and "Happy Days in the Hills," by Cassie Nichols.

, Winter, 1967: "Early Days of Lumbering," by Oscar Harper; "Alonzo and Nancy Karr," by Ruth Karr Burke; "Ink, A Pioneer Community in Shannon County," Part I, by Lea Lee, and others; "The Jerome Randolph Story," by Effie Randolph Baker Kordisch as told by Lea Lee; "Eulogy to the Union Church," by F. A. Hughes; and "Ben Swiney, Pioneer."

Trail Guide, Kansas City Posse, December, 1966: "Duelling in Missouri His­ tory: The Age of Dirk Drawing and Pistol Snapping," by James E. Moss.

, March, 1967: "Elliott Coues: The Naturalist as Historian of the American West," by Michael J. Brodhead.

Utah Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1967: "Factors in the Destruction of the Mormon Press in Missouri, 1833," by Warren A. Jennings.

Westerners, New York Posse Brand Book, 1966: "Carry A. Nation: Lady With a Hatchet," by Alan W. Farley. , 1967: "William Bent: Frontier Trader," by Matt Clohisy.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Fall, 1966: "Dr. F. V. Baldwin," by Elmo Ingenthron; "Ozark Notes," by Charles E. Rogers; "A Soldier's Diary," Part II, by Lyman O. Bennett; "Colonel [C. B.] Stallcup's Story," Part II, reprinted from the White River Leader about 1915; "Life in the Ozarks Then and Now," by Margaret Gerten Hoten; "[Matthias] Gerten Family History," by Margaret Gerten Hoten; "My Family," by Frances L. Hires; "Swan, Taney Co., Mo., 1909," by Herb Burger; and "Ozark and Vicinity In The Nineteenth Century," by William Neville Collier. c^V,

Recipes for Homemade Inks Jackson Journal, April 5, 1967. Brown—Boil down walnut or butternut hulls that have been mashed first. Add vinegar and salt to bring to boiling water 'set." Black—Add indigo or lamp black (soot) . Blue—Powdered indigo, 2 parts; 1 part madder; 1 part bran. Mix with water. Let stand, then strain well. Historical Notes and Comments 541

BOOK REVIEWS

Pulitzer's Post-Dispatch 1878-1883. By Julian S. Rammel- kamp (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.). Illustrated. $7.50. Reprint of review by Ernest Kirschten published, January 22, 1967, in St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Courtesy St. Louis Post- Dispatch.

That Joseph Pulitzer transformed a bankrupt and dilapidated property into a successful and influential newspaper still seems as unlikely as winning the Grand Prix with a beat-up Model T. But he did it in less than five years. And in doing so, he set the basic pattern of the modern, mass circulation newspaper. Further, he showed that in journalism lies the hope of maintaining in an industrialized and urbanized nation the democracy which Thomas Jefferson believed possible only in an agrarian society. How he did this is told by Professor Rammelkamp in a man­ ner both scholarly and fascinating. His book contributes to the understanding of the nation's transformation in the years after the Civil War as well as being a case history in the transition from highly personal and partisan journalism to independent and re­ sponsible reporting and comment. His contemporaries certainly expected no such achievement from the 31-year-old Pulitzer when on Dec. 9, 1878, the Dispatch, a total wreck after 26 precarious years, was sold on the steps of the St. Louis Courthouse to his agent, Simon J. Arnold, for $2500. The arrogant Republic, the city's oldest paper, the voice of "the best people" and eventually Pulitzer's arch adversary, guessed that he would sell the defunct paper's AP franchise to the Post, which had been established by John A. Dillon on Jan. 10, 1878, 542 Missouri Historical Review and then junk the "heap." After all, he had bought the Staats Zeitung four years earlier and had discontinued it after selling its AP franchise to the Globe. Had he not returned to St. Louis with his bride, Kate Davis Pulitzer, with the intention of establishing a law practice? Even Rammelkamp regards Pulitzer's values and views as those of a businessman with an eye for a profit. True enough. The appraisal, however, underestimates the journalistic zeal and talent Pulitzer had shown on Die Westliche Post, and the influence on him of that distinguished paper's editors, Dr. Emil Preetorius and Carl Schurz. Dillon, a sagacious if some­ what sedate editor, did not misjudge him. He called on him at once, not to bid for the AP franchise but to effect the merger of the Post and the Dispatch. Pulitzer became sole owner within a year, and from the outset a new note, urgent and sharp, indicated his dominance. Yet Dillon was to return a few years later to see the paper through its dark moment of crisis. Rammelkamp makes the point that the new publisher "stooped to conquer," that he turned to sensations to build circulation. Cer­ tainly Pulitzer did launch a series of crusades against political cor­ ruption, monopolistic privilege, tax evasion, police irregularities, gambling, vice and much more. Indeed there was much digging into dark corners and peering behind respectable curtains. Scant respect was shown for public position or social prominence. Even the Veiled Prophet was treated with disdain. Such competent reporters as John Jennings, out of Kerry Patch by way of CBC, Henry Moore, Florence White and John R. Reavis turned up so much that was shocking that the Anzeiger des West ens protested against journalistic unseemliness while the Republic by turn blus­ tered in anger and mocked in disdain. But nobody won any libel suits. Of course, the critics were aiming at the wrong target. They should have vented their anger on the "Oligarchs" as Pulitzer exposed conspiratorial contracts with gas companies, collusive street car franchises, insurance frauds, extortionate railroad rates and shameless tax evasion. This was not the clamor of a revolu­ tionary, but the indignation of a man of integrity who believed that "entrenched privilege violated the basic principle of freedom —and equality—and hampered the city's development." Pulitzer believed so stoutly in freedom of competition that his editorials sometimes seemed inconsistent with his reporters' documentation of the exploitation of factory workers and the abuse of the poor. Historical Notes and Comments 543

When the 1880 census revealed that Chicago had far out­ stripped St. Louis, he blamed the monopolists, especially the rail­ roads. He was indignant at the way city Bourbons were using rural legislators to throttle the community. He was a city man fighting for his city. And he attracted readers—and advertisers, too. In fact, before a year was up he was able to buy the Star, abandoned by its political backers, at auction for $790. Yet Pulitzer might have been even more successful as a pub­ lisher at the outset had he not been so ardent a politician. He ad­ mitted it. "I am passionately fond of politics," he said. He had been elected to the Missouri Legislature in 1874. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1875. He served on the St. Louis Police Board. After the failure of the Liberal Republican revolt against Grantism, he became a Democrat, refusing to follow his mentors, Schurz and Preetorius, back into his old party. He was active at all state and national conventions, usually serving with his friend and fellow editor-politician, Henry Watterson of the Louisville Courier-Journal, on the resolutions committee. Because of his foreign birth, he said, he could not be President, but he wanted to elect one. So he often was busy behind the scenes, trying to persuade one man to become a candidate, or heading off the nomination of another. He had his differences with the party, especially over its treatment of Negroes in the South and its domi­ nation by former Confederates in outstate Missouri. But he sup­ ported the ticket. So the paper often was in the charge of John Cockerill, the managing editor, whom he had brought from Balti­ more in December, 1879, to form the team of "Joe and John." With all this politicking, naturally, went a taste for power. Perhaps, as a preliminary to putting his man in the White House, Pulitzer decided in 1880 to support Thomas T. Crittenden, a rather colorless lawyer from Warrensburg, for Governor. He felt that he could "control" the man. He also submitted himself as a candi­ date for Congress. His support of Crittenden, of course, required at least a truce in the paper's running fight with the outstate Democrats. And he could hardly hope for his own election unless he made an "arrangement" with the city machine in which Ed Butler, the first ward blacksmith, was becoming a power. Natu­ rally, there is no record of how large a campaign contribution was involved, if any. In any case, he felt assured of success. But he had underestimated his enemies. They entered a candidate against him for the nomination, Thomas Allen. And they, too, called on 544 Missouri Historical Review

Boss Butler. So on the eve of the election the word went out to beat Pulitzer. Allen got 4000 votes to fewer than 1000 for Pulitzer. In Butler's ward 641 votes were cast for Allen and only one for Pulitzer. One of Butler's Indians apparently did not get the word to switch. "All is vanity—vanity of vanities, saith the editor as he con­ templates politics." So the Post-Dispatch editorialized the day after. It added that "the nomination of Tom Allen was the very best thing that possibly could be done for the Post-Dispatch and its readers ... I am out of public life. The only suffrage I solicit you can extend to me by purchasing my newspaper daily." Undoubtedly, the double-cross was a salutary shock, if not a total cure. Pulitzer learned that partisan political involvement does not mix with independent journalism. Uninhibited by personal and partisan interests, the Post- Dispatch now turned all its guns on the plunderbund operating in City Hall under Mayor Henry Overstolz. It helped greatly to bring about his defeat. Gov. Crittenden, a disappointment in Jefferson City, also drew the paper's fire, especially after his "dead or alive" reward offer brought about the killing of Jesse James. Pulitzer, of course, had no sympathy for the bandit, but he believed that a criminal was entitled to his day in court. So he denounced the murder as "executive assassination." The crusading spirit of the Post-Dispatch was achieving maturity. "We have no debts," its publisher said as he declared its objective to be "absolutely independent, financially, politically, personally and morally." The first Post-Dispatch scoop which commanded national attention came in 1880 when the paper gave its readers excerpts from the unpublished memoirs of Gen. John A. McDonald which implicated President Grant personally in the scandalous Whisky Ring. Adversaries could denigrate this coup as being motivated by partisan interest. Henceforth, however, Post-Dispatch campaigns were motivated more and more by Pulit­ zer's apprehension that in collusion with corrupt officials, "the monopolists—industrialists, railroad kings and bankers—were be­ coming an elite and the remainder of the American people were in danger of slipping back into a kind of second-class citizenship," that "the tyranny of wealth" meant "the hard struggle of the many for bare existence and the dooming of their posterity to hopeless vassalage." This conviction was forced on Pulitzer by such abuses as Jay Historical Notes and Comments 545

Gould's "bridge arbitrary" which used the Eads Bridge to throttle rather than to advance the city's progress. He was, in fact, voic­ ing the protests of a majority of the St. Louis business com­ munity. In doing so, he came to the realization that free competi­ tion alone was not an effective remedy. Indeed, a measure of governmental intervention was necessary to assure competition. Distrustful as he was of agrarian radicals, he joined in the fight against the Warehouse Combine. The Post-Dispatch came to favor a railroad commission, a labor board and an income tax as "a tax on privilege." Disturbed by the neglected condition of the city, it became a crusader for federal river improvements and for local improve­ ments, for cultural additions such as a public library, for adequate local taxing authority and, above all, for a more energetic com­ munity spirit. Serious as its purpose was, the Post-Dispatch nevertheless became more urbane. A light touch became manifest. Officer Magoogin, the talking policeman, and his taciturn friend, Fopiano, the peanut vender, were introduced 15 years before Mr. Dooley, the bartender philosopher, made his appearance in Chicago. And according to William Marion Reedy, Magoogin was more realistic than Dooley. What could be more realistic than his advice to Fopi when the latter said he did not intend to vote in the upcoming election? "Wote the Dimmycratic ticket aff ye lose your immortal sowl in the sthruggle," Magoogin said, "or I'll close up yer Sthand under the salune law and rin ye in fur thryin' to incoite a riot by refusin' to wote in accordance wid the requesht av a respecc'able majority av the citizens av th ward." Magoogin, the creature of Jennings, the redoubtable reporter from Kerry Patch, even may have had something to do with the Post-Dispatch's decision to report the scores of the baseball games put on by Chris Von der Ahe. The Post-Dispatch had published a weekly column of sporting news and then dropped it in 1881. Now it recognized interests which its publisher did not necessarily share. "It's distasteful to us to print society news, and other vulgar intelligence of various kinds," it explained, "but in our journalistic capacity we follow St. Paul's advice and endeavor to be all things to all grown up men." That sounds like Cockerill. His blitheness moved the Mo­ berly Chronicle to protest that "the Post-Dispatch is too witty for any use. The whole editorial page is continually on the broad grin." 546 Missouri Historical Review

Alas, it was not. Its slashing style, an alternation of invective and ridicule, was not changed overnight. And from that came trouble. In the 1882 campaign it had as one of its targets Col. James O. Broadhead, a prominent lawyer, member of the Civil War Com­ mittee of Public Safety, first president of the American Bar Asso­ ciation and St. Louis representative of Jay Gould. He had been nominated to replace Tom Allen in Congress. The Post-Dispatch immediately recalled that in 1873 Broadhead, while representing the city, had helped to saddle it with an outrageous gas light con­ tract, and that later he had represented the gas monopolists before the state supreme court when the city sought to cancel the deal. Cockerill's editorials called Broadhead "a political and legal weathercock," "a man who has been everything by little and nothing long," an example of "double fees and double dealing in politics," and "vacillation, duplicity, selfishness and uncertainty typified." When he won the nomination by a hair, the Post-Dis­ patch cited instances in which the machine had reported vote totals greater than the registration figures. Emotions became inflamed, especially those of Alonzo Slay- back, Broadhead's hot-tempered associate, who had been de­ nounced as a coward by another politician in the columns of the paper. And on an early October afternoon Slayback, white in face, burst into Cockerill's office. A few moments later there was a shot. In self-defense, Cockerill had killed the angry man advanc­ ing upon him. A grand jury refused to indict the editor, despite the harassments of the Republic. Others in the community, although without knowledge of what had happened, did not hesitate to form opinions, one way or another. The Republic, calling Slayback a victim of the paper's "venom," declared the affair to be the "fruit of the aggressive and sensational journalism of the Post-Dispatch." But many others, especially editors, came to the defense of Cockerill and the paper. In the Kansas City Star which he had recently founded, William Rockhill Nelson wrote: The fact that what most of those who have moralized upon the Slayback-Cockerill tragedy choose to call 'per­ sonal journalism' is the hope and protection of the country today. Every bribe-taking official, every public plunderer, every greedy monopolist—in short every rascal in the land —deprecates 'personal journalism.' . . . Such a journal is a great power for good, not only because of its positive achievements in exposing rascals and bringing them to Historical Notes and Comments 547

punishment, but also because of the restraining influence which it exerts upon those who fear its lash. Such a force has been the Post-Dispatch in St. Louis. It has antagonized all the evil elements in the city, and has not hesitated to attack wrong, however securely entrenched in power and place. . . . All the rascally elements would have been de­ lighted to have seen its building razed to the ground and its editor lynched. ... A powerful public journal cannot be wiped out in this manner by a howling mob, even when it is led by so-called 'prominent citizens.' Despite widespread support, the affair was a shock to the paper and its publisher. Pulitzer hurried back from an Eastern trip to stand by his editor, and John Dillon returned to help in a dark moment. In December, the circulation fell to 20,000, a loss of 2300, but by March it was up to 22,000 and in the next Decem­ ber it reached 27,000. Pulitzer, however, went East again, more determined than ever to reach a larger audience. "I want to speak to a nation," he said, "not a select committee." So Cockerill and Dillon shuttled back and forth between St. Louis and New York. Then on May 10, 1883, Pulitzer bought the New York World, incidentally from Jay Gould. Cockerill joined him in the new ven­ ture while Dillon served as editor-in-chief of the Post-Dispatch from 1883 to 1891. The World was staffed and financed to a considerable extent by the Post-Dispatch and its growth was based on policies and practices developed in St. Louis. Although now guiding the Post- Dispatch only from afar, Pulitzer never lost his interest in it. There were offers to buy the St. Louis paper, notably by George Fishback in 1885, but Pulitzer said he could not bring himself to part with it; he was too proud of it to sell it. This was a pride which he shared with the Post-Dispatch staff. He believed that journalism was a profession with high standards, and he was eager to have editors and reporters make a lifetime career of their association with his paper. This attitude was summarized by Charles Chapin, at one-time city editor of the Post-Dispatch, when he said that "Mr. Pulitzer loved his pro­ fession, loved his newspaper, and loved his men." One may wish that Prof. Rammelkamp had given his readers a little more of the personal flavor of this unusual man, and a more intimate view of the men who had the courage, the percep­ tion and the talent essential to his St. Louis achievement, but the author may argue that this is beyond his province. To contest the 548 Missouri Historical Review point would be as ungracious as to quibble that he overloaded his book with footnotes and references, a few of questionable author­ ity. But that is the way of academic historians, and it is a good way. It nails down the facts. In this case, the facts adequately support the conclusion that "in just four and a half years Pulitzer created a newspaper whose sensational and entertaining style attracted to it a mass city readership," and that while "his Post- Dispatch became an outstanding business success almost over­ night, the greatest significance of the Post-Dispatch was that once Pulitzer turned his attention exclusively to journalism, it mobilized a dynamic movement of reform" and developed "the red thread of continuous policy" which led it from campaign to campaign, often successful, but never abandoning the course set for it by its founder.

The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner with Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California 1846-1847. Edited and with an Introduction by Dwight L. Clarke. The American Exploration and Travel Series (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966). 166 pp. Index. $5.00. Mr. Clarke's book has several features to delight and inform the historian and general reader. He provides a bit of the large sleuthing involved in tracking down Turner's journals. There is an approximately fifty-page biographical essay on Henry Smith Tur­ ner, whose friendship with General W. T. Sherman and responses to the Civil War are but special highlights in an eventful life. The major segment, a personal journal of reflections, musings, accounts of personalities, hardships, rumors, and stirring accomplishments (but, alas no San Pasqual) is finely edited. Lastly, a group of letters to Turner's wife reflects on the California days of Stockton-Kearny- Fremont. There is also the disappointingly dull Journal of 1847. This is the official journal Turner kept for the return from California to Ft. Leavenworth of General S. W. Kearny and party which included Fremont. In this, Turner's prosaic writing and terse descriptions screen what must have been no ordinary human drama. The con­ trast of the personal with the official journal affords a lesson in official records. History teachers may wish to give beginning re­ searchers the benefit of experiencing the gap in candor and fullness these two types of journals afford. Historical Notes and Comments 549

The life of Turner (1811-1881) Mr. Clarke relates is an Ameri­ can success story of good connections well used. Turner's compet­ ency and integrity span both a military and business career. The United States Army provided the Virginia-born kinsman of the Randolphs, Carters, etc. with an education at West Point, and the French military school at Saumur. His happy marriage to Anne Lucas Hunt of a distinguished St. Louis family in 1841 identifies him with his eventful permanent residence. At the outbreak of the Mexican War Captain Turner is at Ft. Leavenworth, and through­ out the war he is close to General Kearny, accompanying him on the exciting adventures to New Mexico and California. He resigns from the Army in 1848. Thereafter a banking career that sees his brief return to California, widening political connections, and fi­ nancial success, is his vocation. Of course the Civil War touches his life acutely, and the sentiments and activities of "us of the Northern Confederacy" whose "Union is irrevocably gone," as he writes his friend Sherman in March, 1863, are an infrequently disclosed ac­ count of experience of those times. Mr. Clarke points out that Turner's main journal to Santa Fe adds little to our knowledge of that leg of Kearny's march, while from New Mexico to California the account is more important. Nevertheless the whole is good observation. Consider at Taos, "a truthful American is rarely seen here"; at Santa Fe, "Everybody smoking—women and men. Clouds of smoke all the time. General goes to bed sick in consequence"; at 396 miles from Santa Fe, ". . . there never was a purer atmosphere than I am breathing at this moment, but having said this there is nothing more to be said in favor of the country"; and at 813 miles, "To our great satisfaction and surprise, we learned last evening that our guide, Mr. Carson had made an error of 2 days. . . ." Missourians will find a parade of familiar figures observed by Turner. Of course Colonel A. W. Doniphan and numerous officers and men of his Missouri Volunteers draw comment and as expected from a regular not all of it favorable. Major Meriwether Lewis Clark does not fare well and there is more than a hint of foot dragging by William Bent. Mr. Clarke notes Susan Magoffin's comments of Cap­ tain Turner but the lady is not mentioned by him. There is an all too brief item about Congressman W. P. Hall. In his California letters the 35-year-old Turner appears a bit naive in his understanding of General Kearny's difficulties with and problem of handling Stockton and Fremont. It is Kearny's 550 Missouri Historical Review

patience with the latter that wears thin on Turner. Turner also writes he is "too old to be in the personal staff of any officer. I have opinions of my own." The 1846 Journal reveals in addition to the military's fine accomplishments what happens to Turner's morale after General Kearny reprimands him. The illustrations are informative, the map less so. The reviewer is a bit confused, however, by the photograph of a mid- to late 19th- century house "The Shelter" as the "home of the Turner Family at Normandy, Missouri" and the text which speaks of the "Shelter" as Mrs. Turner's birthplace in 1822 and the Turner family occupying a new dwelling in Normandy called "Marietta" in 1850.

Central Missouri State College Roy M. Stubbs

They Met In Battle' St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 7, 1967. Monday's unnoticed anniversary was that of Buffalo Bill's wedding. Accord­ ing to Miss Mildred Boatmen, who works as a volunteer at the Downtown Visitor Center, the Indian scout and showman was married here on March 6, 1866. He married a girl named Louisa Frederici, whose family, Miss Boatmen thinks, is still in St. Louis. At the time of the wedding Louisa was living in "French Town," named for the number of French families settled there. The wedding took place at her home. William Cody was just 20, and had already begun to let his hair grow in the style of a Western scout, although at the time he met Louisa he was doing the prosaic job of a hospital orderly. Accounts of how they met differ. Miss Boatmen, a retired St. Louis Public Library supervisor, researched several accounts to find information for the Visitor Center, and after leafing through a couple of romantic tales—Cody saved the girl from a runaway horse—Cody saved the girl from drunken soldiers- came up with Louisa's own story. Mrs. Cody wrote in after years that she had been at home, half-asleep in a rocking chair, when her cousin, Will McDonald entered unseen, with a companion. Will apparently slid the chair out from under the nodding girl, Louisa came down with a bump and starting up hit out at the first person she saw. It was the stranger, who turned out to be Cody. Later, Cody was fond of remarking that he first met his future wife "In battle." Historical Notes and Comments 551

BOOK NOTES History of Hermann, Missouri. Compiled and written by Sam­ uel F. Harrison (Historic Hermann, Inc., 1966). 12 pp. Illustra­ tions. No index. $.50. Many German immigrants who settled in Philadelphia, Penn­ sylvania, during the late 18th and early 19th century, soon became disappointed with conditions in that city. In 1836 they banded together and formed the German Settlement Society of Philadel­ phia, an organization designed to establish a colony in the New World that was "characteristically German in every particular." The Society, deciding to establish a colony in the newly-formed state of Missouri, sent out deputies to make the selection of a site. George F. Bayer, a schoolmaster, purchased the land on which the proposed town, Hermann, now is situated. In this attractively illustrated booklet, the history of Hermann is unfolded. The German image was reflected in the town's culture, religion, schools and architecture. Its major business activities, the wine and printing industries and Missouri River steamboating add a colorful chapter to the story. A short section relates the effects of the Civil War on the residents of Hermann. Disasters in the early 20th century threatened to destroy the town's culture and economy. The anti-German feeling at the time of World War I forced the end of many German customs, and the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment forbade the sale, manufacture and trans­ portation of intoxicating beverages. Hermann's rebirth in new in­ dustries and the establishment of German cultural appreciation in the annual "Maifest," or May picnic, are told in the final pages of this interesting history.

Mark Twains Letters to His Publishers, 1867-1884. Edited by Hamlin Hill (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Cali­ fornia Press, 1967). 388 pp. Indexed. $10.00. Mark Twains Satires and Burlesques. Edited by Franklin R. Rogers (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967). 485 pp. $10.00. Mark Tivains "Which was the Dream?" and Other Symbolic Writings of the Later Years. Edited by John S. Tuckey (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967). 588 pp. $10.00. 552 Missouri Historical Review

These volumes are the beginnings of a projected fourteen- volume series on Mark Twain. Previously unpublished correspond­ ence, notebooks, incomplete manuscripts and other written mate­ rials will constitute the bulk of this series. Those few materials included that have been previously published are used primarily to correct certain inadequacies or inaccuracies in earlier studies of Twain. The editors of the "Mark Twain Papers" believe that these works will prove valuable and easily accessible to future critical or biographical studies of Mark Twain. Hamlin Hill's edition, Letters to His Publishers, 1867-1894, ful­ fills the editors' purposes. The pages abound with both stormy and calm episodes. Clemens' writings for commercial sake are easily discernable in the correspondence involving subscription book publishing. The non-business matters in these letters are de­ leted. Hill states that this is done because these matters will appear in a later volume devoted exclusively to this subject. This reason for omission may be questionable. Will the researcher lose certain clues as to why Clemens wrote in a particular vein? Was Clemens always angry with the publishers in certain instances or did some non-business matter cause a particular temperament? Still, for those who want to discover the intricacies of the publishing world and the problems that faced Clemens and his publishers, it is advisable that they examine this book. In his introduction to Mark Twains Satires and Burlesques Franklin R. Rogers asserts that every editor must always question the use of materials that an author has vetoed for publication because of his own opinions. But in the case of Twain's writings, Rogers believes that the reproduction of this type of material is "indispensable evidence to be used by those seeking to understand the creative process." Among the contents of this volume are the burlesques of "Hamlet" and "II Trovatore" and the satire "1,002 Arabian Nights." Surveying these writings and others Rogers retains the earlier belief that Twain found his major subjects as he wrote; he did not have the subject in mind when he began. Rogers accomplishes his objective of showing the creative process and he proves that the work of a talented and gifted man is often uneven in quality. None of the materials found in this volume are equal to Clemens' established works—and the critic can easily see why these manuscripts were never made public. "Which Was the Dream?" and Other Symbolic Writings of Historical Notes and Comments 553 the Later Years is a collection of seven unfinished narratives of fiction. These manuscripts published in the years 1896-1905, are also referred to as the "Great Dark" manuscripts. This was an extremely difficult period for Clemens as he experienced the shat­ tering loss of his daughter Susy, who died from meningitis in 1896, and the death of his wife Olivia in 1904. His personal tra­ gedy was accompanied by serious business losses involving a pub­ lishing firm and the Paige typesetting machine. These events gave Clemens an understandably dark view of life and of man. His own grief is interwoven throughout these manuscripts. It is probable that because of his own problems, his competence as a writer of fiction was impaired. Although Tuckey documents that these pieces of fiction were written during the same years as "The Mysterious Stranger," not one of them approaches that work's quality. Nonetheless each work provides an insight to the mental anguish that Clemens endured and will be of interest to both the layman and the professional.

c^V,

Epitaph Warrensburg Standard, July 12, 1865. The following is popular in the army, and will be recognized by many of the returning veterans: Died near the South side railroad, on Sunday, April 10, 1864, the Southern Confederacy, aged four years. Conceived in sin, born in iniquity, nurtured by tyranny, died of a chronic attack of PUNCH. U. S. Grant, attending physician; Abraham Lincoln, undertaker; Jeff. Davis, chief mourner.

Gentle stranger, drop a tear, The C. S, A. lies buried here; In youth it lived and prospered well, But like Lucifer it fell; Its body here, its soul in well, E'en if I knew I wouldn't tell. Rest, C. S. A. from every strife. Your death is better than your life; And this one line shall grace your grave— Your death gave freedom to the slave. 554 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM

scholastic society and numerous civic and historical organizations including the State Historical Society of Mis­ souri. Dr. McReynolds was the author of Missouri: A History of the Cross­ roads State; Oklahoma: A History of the Sooner State; and The Seminoles; and co-author of Oklahoma: The Story of Its Past and Present and Historical Atlas of Oklahoma. Born, April 30, 1890, in Spring­ field, Missouri, Dr. McReynolds was married, 1916, to Ruth M. Fry of Wheaton, Illinois. Survivors include his wife; one son, Earl E. McReyn­ olds, Baytown, Texas; two daughters, Mrs. Dan Hayes, LaCrosse, Wiscon­ sin, and Mrs. Roger Edgar, Yuba City, California.

ROY ROBERTS Roy Roberts, noted reporter, editor, president and board chairman of the Kansas City Star, died, February 23, EDWIN C. McREYNOLDS in Kansas City. During his 56 years Well-known historian, teacher and affiliation with that newspaper, the author Dr. Edwin C. McReynolds, Star won five Pulitzer Prizes. Norman, Oklahoma, died February 9. Born in Muscotah, Kansas, 79 years At the University of Oklahoma, Dr. ago, Roberts attended the University McReynolds was a faculty member of Kansas. He served as president of for 17 years and professor emeritus of the American Society of Newspaper history since 1960. In 1960 he re­ Editors and The Associated Press ceived a Distinguished Service Cita­ Managing Editors Association, three tion, the highest honor bestowed by terms as a director of The Associated the Oklahoma University alumni as­ Press, and as honorary president of sociation. Dr. McReynolds also taught Sigma Delta Chi, professional jour­ at Southwest Missouri State College, nalistic society. Roberts received an Springfield; Cottey College, Nevada; Honor Award for Distinguished Serv­ and a number of other colleges in ice in Journalism during Journalism Missouri, Oklahoma and Kansas. He Week at the University of Missouri, was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Columbia, in 1957. Historical Notes and Comments 555

He married Barbara Schwartz of daughter, Mrs. F. L. Stribling, Kansas Natchez, Mississippi, in 1914. She died City. in 1951. In 1953, he married Mrs. Florence G. Ross. He is also survived BALTHASAR, HARRY G., Cincinnati, by a daughter Mrs. Theodore S. Ohio: May 22, 1890-May 16, 1966. Valentine of Chester, Connecticut. BARBER,, L. S., Kansas City: February 13, 1885-October 31, 1966. HERBERT A. TRASK Herbert A. Trask, state political CARPENTER, PAUL S., South Pasadena, correspondent of the St. Louis Post- California: September, 1889-January, Dispatch, died February 27, in St. 1967. Louis at the age of 55. After attend­ ing the University of Missouri School COOK, MELVIN S., Springfield: Au­ of Journalism, Mr. Trask joined the gust 18, 1880-November 28, 1966. St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1934 and Cox, DANIEL H., Kansas City: Died had served as state political corres­ April 20, 1967. pondent since 1951. An expert on legislation and politics, he was con­ CUSTER, MILDRED S., Columbia: April sulted frequently by state officials and 28, 1905-October 15, 1966. legislators, particularly members of the Senate. He was sometimes called the EWALT, MRS. MARIETTE, Columbia: "thirty-fifth Senator." Survivors in­ August 17, 1906-February 27, 1967. clude his wife, the former Mrs. Ford Fix, MRS. KATHERINE, St. Louis: Pennell; three sons, Harrison S., Her­ October 8, 1898-October 16, 1966. bert A. Jr., and Phillip; and three stepchildren, Mrs. John S. Rose- FRAZER, MRS. HENRY MUDD, Jeffer­ brough, Sally and Gene Pennell. His son City: June 22, 1904-April 23, 1967. first wife, the former Ruth Sims, FRAZIER, NARVEL W., SR., Steelville: died, July 15, 1962. October 21, 1902-January 29, 1964.

GABBERT, L. C, Silver Spring, Mary­ JAMES W. PRICE land: January 21, 1874-April 3, 1967. James W. Price, Columbia, con­ sultant in advertising at the Univer­ GREBE, FRANK M., Kansas City: Au­ sity School of Journalism since 1962, gust 26, 1900-May 13, 1964. died, February 6, at Kansas City. GROCE, W. ROY, Richmond: Sep­ Born, July 29, 1900, at Princeton, Mr. tember 7, 1892-September 21, 1966. Price was a graduate from the Uni­ Teacher, High School Principal, Rep­ versity School of Journalism in 1925. resentative of Ray County since 1962, From 1929 to 1962, he edited and pub­ and President of Ray County His­ lished the Princeton Post which later torical Society. combined with the Telegraph in 1944. Mr. Price was a member of the Mis­ HARDESTY, DR. JOEL W., Hannibal: souri Personnel Advisory Board from March 17, 1885-June 1, 1964. 1955 to 1959, the Christian Church HAWKINS, MRS. J. H., Kansas City: and numerous professional and civic December 11, 1882-December 11, 1966. organizations. He is survived by his wife, Dorothy Clift Price; a son, Wil­ HOLT, IVAN LEE, St. Louis: Janu­ liam Price of Evanston, Illinois; and a ary 9, 1886-January 12, 1967. 556 Missouri Historical Review

JAMES, MRS. ROSE E., Sedalia: April RIDGE, JUDGE ALBERT A., Kansas 30, 1878-March 29, 1967. City: October 31, 1898-March 2, 1967.

JONES, JAMES M., St. Joseph: August ROZIER, FRANCIS J., Ste. Genevieve: 9, 1885-July 8, 1966. October 5, 1891-February 28, 1966.

KINDER, MRS. FRANCIS M., Poplar SIEGMUND, FRED C, Ellisville: De­ Bluff: January 8, 1883-January 18, cember 8, 1902-February 6, 1966. 1967. SIMPSON, F. R., Denver, Colorado: KUEHN, CURT E., St. Joseph: Novem­ September 28, 1894-November 13, 1966. ber 13, 1898-October 15, 1966. SMITH, REVEREND WALTER A., Dex­ LESLIE, JAMES FREDERICK, Spring­ ter: April 4, 1890-November 9, 1966. field: January 8, 1889-March 25, 1967. SOUTHERN, ALLEN C, Independence: MACDONNELL, CAREY RYKER, M.D., September 9, 1878-January 21, 1967. Marshfield: November 15, 1892-Oc- tober 22, 1966. STANDISH, MILES W., Kansas City: March 12, 1893-February 28, 1967. MCLEMORE, GERTRUDE, South Green­ field: August 2, 1878-December 25, SWARNER, MRS. FRANK SPENCER, 1966. Slater: May 28, 1884-April 14, 1966.

MITCHELL, SAMUEL A., St. Louis: THACH, R. H., St. Louis: January Died December 27, 1966. 2, 1898-January 8, 1967.

MYERS, DR. WILSON A., Kansas City: THOMASSON, R. R., Columbia: April March 18, 1883-January 15, 1967. 6, 1893-April 9, 1967.

NEVILLE, EARL J., Albuquerque, New THORP, RAYMOND W., Norwalk, Cal­ Mexico: September 11, 1895-July 14, ifornia: January 18, 1896-September 1966. 9, 1966.

RAY, F. O., Kirksville: March 13, WALTER, WILLIAM A., Independence: 1887-January 4, 1967. May 18, 1901-March 23, 1966.

REYNOLDS, JENNIE, Monroe, Utah: WIGHTMAN, L. P., Bethany: October July 26, 1901-April 22, 1966. 26, 1885-February 7, 1966. INDEX TO VOLUME LXI COMPILED BY BRIAN G. CONLAN, B.J., M.A.

A American Institute of Architects, 516, 527 Abernathy, L. G., 109 American Journal of Science, listed, 87 Abolition (in Missouri) , 150, 157, 163, American Plan, 4 164 American Revolution, 149 Aborigines, 63 American Red Cross, 389 Academy of Natural Sciences of American Zouaves, 221 Philadelphia, 89 America's Progressive Age Exposition, Academy of the Sacred Heart, St. 287 Charles, back cover April issue Anderson, "Bloody Bill," 368 Academy of Science of St. Louis, 83, 92 Anderson, James, 116 Achison, Dean, 528 Anderson, Kling L., 177 Ackerman, Cletys, 269 Anderson, Theodore, 248 Act of 1787, 149 Andrews, Lieut-Col. George L., 29 Act of Admission to the Union, 439 Andrews, Miss Orrel, 106 Adams, John Quincy, 11, 19, 145, 147, Andrews, Walter, Jr., 253 148, 153, 161 Angel, Jimmy, 535 Adams, Judge Washington, 119 Anglophile, 295 Adams, Lelia Lackland, donor, 119 Anheuser-Busch Brewery, St. Louis, Adams, Mrs. Neil, 111 385, 497 Addison, Mrs. George, 520 Annals (of the New York Lyceum of Adkins, Katie M., 389 Natural History) , listed, 89' Administration Corresponding Com­ Anthes, Paul, 525 mittee of Callaway County, 6 Anthony, Susan B., back cover Oct. Adreon, William Clark, 381 issue (illus.) Advisory Board on National Parks, Anthropological Society of Paris, 88 Historic Sites, Buildings and Monu­ Anthropology Department, University ments, 385 of Missouri, 363 Aeschliman, Warren Woodson, 270 Antiquarian and Numismatic Society "An Affair of Honor," by James E. of Montreal, 515 Moss, listed, 96 Antoine, Mrs. William L., 527 "African Sunday School," 339 Anton, Mr. & Mrs. Charles, 394 "African Union Church," 337 Anzeiger des Westens, listed, 542 Agassiz, Louis, 85 Apple Blossom Festival, 107 Agee, Mrs. Vic, donor, 258 Arcadia Valley Chamber of Com­ Aguirre, Mamie Bernard, 127 merce, 253 Akeman, Mrs. Clark, obit., 129 Archaeology, in Missouri, art. on, 348- Aker, Mrs. Mary B., 525 363 Alexander, Judge A. R., obit., 129 Archaic Period, 362 Alexander, Mrs. Rodney, obit., 129 Arkansas, 67; Territory, 64 Akin, Clint, 115 Armageddon, 299 Alabama Constitution of 1819, 439 Armour Brothers Banking Company, Alexander, H. E., 122 Allee, Paul, 115 Armour, Kirkland B., history of man­ Allen, George W., 100 sion, 123 Allen, Thomas M., 327, 543, 544, 546 Arnold, Benedict, 224 Allen, William, 114 Arnold, Simon J., 541 Alleyne, Dr. Jeremiah, 88 Arrow Rock Courthouse, 509 Allison, Alexander, 33 Arrow Rock Crafts Club, 100 Allonby, Charles, donor, 119 Arrow Rock Friendship Lodge No. 40, Alquist, Hazel Allen WTanamaker, 521 100 Altenthal, Clarence, 122 Arrow Rock Lyceum, 109 Alte Zeiten Parade, 104 Arrow Rock Site, 497, art. on, 498, 505 Alumni Association of the University Arrow Rock State Park, 505 of Missouri, 511 Arrow Rock Tavern, 97 Amass, Mrs. Ethel, 386 Arvin, James D., donor, 529 557 558 Index

Ashley, William Henry, art. on, 1-20; Barclay, Thomas S., The St. Louis letter of, 18 (illus.) Home Rule Charter 1876: Its Fram­ Associated Press, 279 ing and Adoption, book review, 137- Association for the Study of Negro 139 Life and History, 386 Barker, Henry, 77 Assumption Parish, history of, 265 Barksdale, Mrs. Clarence, donor, 399 "At the Sound of the Horn," "Trans­ Barnes, Charles M., obit., 280 portation" Series, 283-284 Barnes, Ward A., 118 Atchison County Historical Society, Barnett, George, 384 517 Barnitz, Mrs. George, 520 Atkinson, Mrs. Jack, 252 Barns, C. R., 172, 178 Atkins, Tommy, 296, 297 Barnum, P. T., 292 Audrain County Historical Society, Barr, Harry F., 118 109, 247, 517 Barrick, Harold, 396, 523 Audubon, John James, front cover Barry County Historical Society, 247, Jan. issue; 265 388 Aull, Edward, Jr., donor, 529 Bartlow, John, 203-206, 208, 214, 223, Aull, James, 12 225 Barton, Clara, 389 Barton, David, 45, 123 Bartram, Gene, 395 B Bartram, Mrs. Gene, 115, 395, 524 Bad Lands of Nebraska Territory, 93 Bartshe, Miss Frankie, 112, 522 Bahmer, Dr. R. H., director of comp. Bass, Mrs. James L., donor, 258 of Public Papers of the Presidents Bass, Mrs. Mary, donor, 119 of the United States, Lyndon B. Bates County Historical Society, 388, Johnson, 1965, book note, 417 517 Bain, Patterson, 518 Bates County Historical Museum, 388 Baird, William C, 534 Bates, Frederick, 6 Bakeless, John, 172, 176 Bates, Eula James, obit., 423 Baker, K. K., 351 Bates, Edward, 12 Baker, Samuel and Robinson, J. W., Batterson, Mrs. Paulina, 248 Grocery Store, 241 (illus.) Battle Hymn of the Republic, 290 Balch, Vistus, 32 Battlefield Commission, 102 Baldwin, Dr. F. V., 540 Baumgarten, Dr. F. E., 88 Baldwin, Joseph, 379 Baumgarten, Dr. Gustave H. E., 88, 94 Baldwin, Mrs. William, donor, 529 Bayer, George, 551 Balthasar, Harry G., obit., 555 Baze, Dryden, 535 Banda Rossa (of Mexico) , 290 Bealmear, W. E., obit., 423 Bank of Illinois, 433 Bear Creek, 236 Bank of Missouri, 434, 435, Notes Bear Creek Christian Church, 323 (illus.) ; 436, 442 Bearss, Edwin C, 389, 519 Bank of St. Louis, 429, 430-431, Elec­ Beauregard, P. G. T., 45 tion Notice (illus.); 433, 434, 436 Becker, Julius, obit., 423 Bank of the United States, 2, 4, 9, Becknell, Henry, 499 11, 17 Becknell, William, 9, 142, 500, 501 "Banking in Early Missouri," Part I, Beckwith, Thomas, 351 Bedwell, Ray, 256 by Harry S. Gleick, art., 427-443 Beery, Wallace, 234 Banks, Hartley G., Jr., 121 Beisman, James J., donor, 119 Banks (of Missouri), 98-99 (illus.) Belknap, Ray, 515 Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., 49, 196 Bell, Keller, 249 Bannon, John Francis, 255 Ben Hur Trail, 235 Banta, Dr. Byron, 116, 255, 523 Bennett, Charles, 171, 172 Baptist Board of Commissioners, 63 Bennett, Ella, 392, 522 Baptist (Missionary), 62, 68 Bennett, Foster, obit., 423 Bennett, John W., 269 Baptist Missionary Convention, 64 Bennett & Son, 170 Bar and Bench History of Shelby Bennitt, Rudolf, 183 County, listed, 255 Bensinger, Reverend, 254 Barber, L. S., obit., 555 Bent, William, 540, 549 Barbour, Edmund Dana, 119 Bentley, Jordan R., 110, 248, 389 Index 559

Benton County, History of, listed, 267 Blow, Susan E., back cover Jan. issue Benton, Senator Thomas Hart, 17 (illus.) Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 118, Bloyd, Levi H., obit., 130 127, 128, 193, 433, 502, 526, 535, 592 Blue River, 71, 81 Bergin, George, 101 Blunk, Robert, 397 Bernstein, Barton J., reviewer, 412-415; Blythe, P. R., donor, 119 Ed. Truman Administration: A Doc­ Board for Certification of Geneal­ umentary History, book note, 420 ogists, 390 Berry, Brewton J., 352-355, 358, 359 Boating at Pertle Springs (illus.), 512 Berry, Noah, 234 Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis, Berthold, William L., 247 102 Beth Hamedrosh Hagedol, 392 Boder, Bartlett, 255, 396, obit., 422 Bethany Christian Church, 251 Bodley, Harry I., 247 Bethel Baptist Church, 324 (illus.); Boehmer, Thomas, donor, 399 325-327; 329, 332, 335, 340, 341 Boer War, 285 (illus.) ; 290 (illus.) ; Betts, Curtis A., 61 art. on, 285-302 Beveridge, Dr. Thomas R., 393 Bogart Mound, 110 Beynon, Harold Louis, obit., 129 Boggs, Lilburn W., 72, 435 Biddinger, Bell, 312 The Boillot Family Record, listed, 258 Biddle, Thomas, 2, 3 (illus.) Boisliniere, Dr. Louis C, 88 Bidwell, John, 264 Bonderer, Judge Frank, 116 Big Blue River, Battle of, 68 Bonnewitz, A. L., donor, 529 Billy Yank, listed, 191 Bonnewitz, Roberta Leinweber, 529 Bingham, Amanda, 506 Book Notes, 139; 275-278; 416-421; Bingham, Elizabeth Hutchison, 506 551-553 Bingham, George Caleb, 97, 101, 122, Book Reviews, 131-139; 272-274; 409- 262, 263, 266 415; 541-550 Bingham, George Caleb, home of, Boone County Historical Society, 109, front cover July issue (illus.) ; 497, 247, 518 505-509, art.; 507, 508 (Illus.) Boone, J. W. (Blind) , 533 Bingham, Henry, 235, 505, 506 Boon's Lick Trail, 235 Bingham, Mary Amend, 505 Boonslick Historical Society, 109, 388 Bingham, Mrs. William J., 107 Boonville Presbyterian Church, 329 Birbeck, Robert, 111, 250, 391, 520 Border Slave State, 205 Birds and Beasts of Mark Twain, Ed. Boston Latin School, 88 by Robert M. Rodney and Minnie "Bootheel" (of Missouri), 377 M. Brashear, book note, 418 Bott, Anthony E., 398 Bishop, Delbert A., 393 Botts, Mrs. Virginia, donor, 109, 260, Bishop, Edgar W., obit., 129 529 Bishop, Mary E., obit., 129 Boudreau, James, 114 Bishop, Reverend Whipple, 253, 386 Bowdoin College, 92 Bispham, H. C, 33 Bowen, Miss Jean, 117 Bissell, Gen. Daniel, Museum, 117, Bowers, Syban, 198 125; book note on, 420 Bowling, Mrs. W. A., 525 Bitter, Karl (Carl), 288, 289 Boy Scout Troop No. 306, 244 Black, J. R., Ed. by Pictures of Yes­ Boyes, Charles A., donor, 258 terdays in Callaway County, Mo., Brackman, Roy, 527 book note, 418 Bradbury, John, 169 Black, William, 171 Bradford, Eva Ann, obit., 423 Blackmore, J. E., obit., 423 Bradford, Harriet, 391 Blackwater Creek and Bridge, 235 Bradley, Rev. Harold Charles, 271 Blackwell, Mrs. Virgie, 389 Bradley, General Omar Nelson, 242, Bladt, Luther, obit., 423 276 Blair, Francis Preston, Jr., 188, 195, Bradley, T. T., Letters of, listed, 259 209, 218, 373, 375, 535 Brady, Dr. Thomas, 398 Blake, Leonard W., 359 Brashear, Dr. Minnie M., Ed., Birds Blanchard, Ira D., 66 and Beasts of Mark Twain, book Bland, Howard T., 398 note, 418 Bliss, George M., obit., 280 Brashear News office, 382 (illus.) Bliss, Richard L., 527 Braun, Flazel, 389 Blow, Henry Taylor, back cover Jan. Braiuling Brass North and South, by issue Harold B. Simpson, listed, 518 560 Index

Bray, Robert T., 112, 363 Buffalo Grass, 91 Bray, Sanford, 249 Buffum, Mrs. Charles, 396 Breckinridge, Gen. John Cabell, 473 Bufordville Covered Bridge, 232; Mill, Breitenbach, Edgar, 516 515 Brewer, Miss Ode, 520 Bugg, James L., 528 Bricklin Community History, listed, Bull Moosers, 52 258 Bull Shoals, 361 Bridger, Jim, 535 Bullwhacker, verso back cover Oct. Briggs, Dr. Charles E., 88 issue Bundschu, Judge Henry A., 251, 398 Buller, Jack, 255 Brink, George A., obit., 130 Burch, Major Milton, 248 Brinkerhoff,1 F. W., obit., 280 Burdett, Dr. K. L., 269 Brinkley, Mrs. Thelma, 253 Burgess, John W., 364 Brinkmeyer-Busekraus Family Record, Burk, Russell, 253, 394 listed, 260 Burke, Rev. John David, 271 British Boer War veterans, 291, 295 Burkhalter, David A., 521 (illus.) Burkhart, James A., reviewer, 139 British Museum, 87 Burks, Mrs. Chester, 520 Britton, Wiley, 176 Burlington Steam Locomotive, 255 Broadhead, Garland C, 93 Burnett, Elizabeth Emerson, donor, Broadhead, Col. James O., 374, 546 258 Broadhead, Michael, 252, 540 Burnett, Peter, 255 Broermann, Harry, 517 Burnham, Mrs. Emma Route, 384 Brooking, Alvin, 526 Burnham, Mrs. H. S., 521 Brooks, Mr. & Mrs. C. B., donors, 529 Burns, J., and Son Hardware Store, Brooks, Chaplain Joseph, 227 241 (illus.) Brooks, George R., 115, 393, 394, 397, Burns, Mrs. L. R., donor, 529 526 Burns, Milton L., 241 Brookville American, listed, 311 Burns, Richard J., Jr., donor, 258 Brophy, Patrick T., 397 Burr, Theodore, 231 Brosmer, Mrs. J. B., 249 Burris, Edith S., donor, 119 Bross, Mrs. Leo, 394 Burroughs, Travis, 235 Brown, Mrs. Audley, 114 Burr's Arch, 231; Truss, 230 Brown, Mrs. B. Oscar, 390 Burt, Miss Mildred, 252 Brown, Benjamin Boyer, 136 Buse, Jack, 526 Brown, Governor B. Gratz, 247, 374 Busch, Adolphus, 294 Brown, Hannah, 119 Bushwhacker Museum, 397 Brown, Mrs. Foster Y., 395 "Busrrwhackers," poem about, 115; 514 Brown, Mrs. J. Lelan, obit., 130 Butler, Alice, 251 Brown, Joseph C, 503 Butler, Ben, 518 Brown, Mrs. Lowell, donor, 258 Butler County Historical Society, 388 Brown, Margaret Tobin, 253 Butler, Ed, 543 Brown, Mrs. Mary Young, 115 Butler, James, 252 Brown, Quincy, 102 Butler, Mr. & Mrs. Myral, 247 Brown, Robert A., 381 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 287 Brownlee, Dr. Richard S., 96, 119, 249, Butterfield, Gene, 116 355, ^8, 385, 399; reviewer, 409-412; Butterfield, John, 173, 284 510, 516 Butterfield Overland Mail, 173 Bruns, W. A., 521 Butts, Mrs. Opal Stewart, donor, 521, Bryan, Charles S., 241 529 Bryan, William Jennings, 295 Butts, Willard, 240 Bryce, James, 287 Byler, Gordon, 390 Bryne, Richard, 393 Bvrne, Dick, 110 Bryozoa, 90 Brush and Palette Club, 248 Buchanan, James, 202 Buck & Ball, listed, 389 Bucklin Civic Club, donor, 258 Cahokia Mounds State Park, 359 Buckner, Senator Alexander, 17 Cairo and Fulton Railroad, 592 Buckner, Mrs. J. T., 248 Calamity Jane, 246, 267 Budde, G. Edward, 381 Caldwell, Arthur, donor, 399 Buell, Don Carlos, 45 Caldwell County Court, 235 Index 561

Caldwell, Dorothy J., 113; "Missouri's Carter, Harvey L., Ed., "William S. Covered Bridges," art., 229-236; Stewart Letters. January 13 to De­ "Missouri's National Historic Land­ cember 4, 1862," Parts I, II and III, marks," 497-509; 516 art., 187-228; 303-320; 463-488 Caldwell, Mrs. Wr. P., 256 Carter, M. L., 234 Calhoun, James S., 264 Carter, Thomas John, 269 Calhoun, John C, 193 The Carters of the Ozarks; Their Life California Gold Rush, 173 and Times, by Milbourne O. Wil­ California Territory, 142 son, listed, 260 Callaway County, book note on, 418 Caruso, John A., Mississippi Valley Callaway, Captain James, 522 Frontier: The Age of French Ex­ Callaway, Dr. J. E., and office, 383 ploration and Settlement, book note, (illus.) 416-417 Callison, Harry, obit., 423 Carver, George W., 122, 263 Calloway, Robert, 251 Cass County Historical Society, 248 Calvin, John, 78, 80 Cass, Lewis, 8, 63, 79 Camden County Historical Society, Catton, Bruce, 302 109, 248, 389, 518 Cauger, Ted, 112 Camden Point Baptist Church, 331 Caulfield, Henry S., papers of, 399 Cameron, Ross, 394, 523 Cavender, Captain John Smith, 39 Camp, Charles L., Ed., George C. Cedar Creek Baptist Church, 329 Yount and His Chronicles of the Cedar Creek Primitive Baptist Church, West: Comprising Extracts from His 333, 334, 337 'Memoirs' and from the Orange Centennial Citizens Association, 276 Clark 'Narrative,' book review, 272- Centennial Fair, 285 274 Central National Bank Building, 99 Campbell, Mrs. E. Taylor, 396 Central Overland California, 284 Campbell, Hugh, 538 Centralia Massacre, 368 Campbell, James, 80 Centralia Telephone Exchange, 382 Campbell, Major John, 64 (illus.) Campbell, Robert," House of, 101, 245; Century, listed, 289 book note on, 420 Chambers, Charles, 238 Canan, Col. Howard V., 249 Chambers, Joseph, 74 "The Candidate Speaks, Arthur M. Chapman, Carl H., 348 (illus.) ; "Dig­ Hyde," by Robert P. Friedman, art., ging Up Missouri's Past," art., 348- 51-61 363; 381, 516, 518 Cannady, Mr. & Mrs. Dayton, 238 Chapman, Charles, 525 Cantrell, Hannah Wadlington, 529 The Chapman Family Record, listed, Cape Girardeau, 223 258 Cape Girardeau County Historical So­ Chamier, Richard J., donor, 529 ciety, 109 Chandler, Mrs. Paul, 518 Cape Girardeau Riverfront, 1860s, Chapin, Charles, 547 220 (illus.) Charbonneau, Baptiste, 264 Caples, Col. Joseph, obit., 130 "The Charge of the Light Brigade," Carey Mission, 63 listed, 297 Carl, Eugene H., 523 Chariton County, 243, anni.; 248, Carlton, Jesse L., 294 Courthouse History, listed; 264, Carlyn Wohl Building, 392 County and Courthouse History, Carmichael, G. Carson, obit., 130 listed; 518, Historical Museum, 518 Carnell, Mrs. Hiram, 394 Chariton County Historical Society, Carpenter, Mrs. Clarkson, 391 110, 248, 389, 518 Carpenter, Claude, 251 Chariton and Randolph Railroad Carpenter, Clifford D., 173 Carpenter, Joseph O., 251 Company, 276 Carpenter, Paul S., obit., 555 Chariton River, 236 Carpetbag State Government, 374 "The Chariton River Fish Trap," by Carroll County Historical Society, 110, Wayne E. Shields, art., 489-496; 389 493, 496 (illus.) Carroll, Mary E., obit., 130 Charless, Joseph, 123 Carroll, Mrs. Maysia, 248 Chatillon-DeMenil House, 245; book Carrollton City Hall, 389 note on, 420 Carson, Kit, 388 Chatman, Dr. Sam, 249 562 Index

Cheavens, Henry Martyn, Journal of, Clay, Henry, art. on, 1-20; 143 (illus.) ; listed, 96 148 Chestnut, Dwaine, 108, 396 Clayton, Mrs. Edward, 108. 396 Chickamauga, 249 Clayton, EdwTard, 116 Chiles, John Henry, 263 Clearwater Reservoir, 359 Chisholm Trail, 269, 393 Cleaveland, Parker, 92 Chouteau, Auguste Pierre, 8, 87, 387, Clemens, James, Home of, 114 429, 437 (illus.) Clemens, Olivia, 553 Chouteau, Berenice, 100 Clemens, Samuel, 243, 244 Chouteau, C. P., 86 (illus.) ; 87 Clemens, Susy, 553 Chouteau, Francois, 100 Clements, Archie, 368 Christ Church Cathedral, 101 Cleveland, Mrs. Grover, 123 Christ, time of, 357 Clifford, Mrs. R. D., 389 Christisen, Donald, "A Vignette of Clovis Site, 355 Missouri's Native Prairie," art., 166- Clyde, Mrs. Maurice, donor, 530 186 Clyman, James, 272 Christopher, Mrs. Adrienne, 117 Coates, Kersey, 264 Christopher, James H., 512 Cobb, Senator Henry, 147, 148 Christopher, Mrs. O. H., 397 Cochran, John W. & Lemerle W., Christus, Pete, 109 donors, 119 Churches, Missouri Protestant, art. on, Cockerill, John, 543, 545-547 321-347 Coder, Miss Ruth, donor, 258 Church Records, 328, 336 (illus.) ; Cody, 'Buffalo Bill,' 295, 296 list of from Mo. Protestant Churches, Coe Collection, 49 345-347 Coffelt, Mrs. Faye, 112, 522 Churchill, Winston, 117, 242, 395 Cold Water (Salem) Baptist Church, Cincinnati Commercial Agency, 442 334 "Circuit Riders," 33 Cole County Historical Societv, 249, Citizens State Bank, Joplin, 98 (illus.) 395, 519 City Club, 61 Cole, Harry, 391 Civil Aeronautics Board, 514 Colenso, Battle of, 291 (illus.) ; 296, Civil Rights Act, First, 370 297 Civil War Battle Scene, 148 (illus.) Colorado, 91, 92 Civil War Battle Sites, map of, 478 "Colored Temperance Societv." 339 Civil War Centennial, 364 Columbia Baptist Church, 323. 325, "Civil War Journal and Letters of Col. 330, 337 John Van Deusen Du Bois, Ed. by Columbia Cemetery, 109 Jared C. Lobdell, art., 21-50 Columbia Gas Company, 1900s, 260 Civil War Round Table of Kansas Columbia Presbyterian Church, 323, City, 110, 248, 389, 518 325 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, Columbia Quota Club, 524 110, 249, 389, 518 Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 285 Comer, Alan, 115 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, Comer, Earl, 516 110, 249, 390, 519 Comer, Steve, 115 Civil Works Administration, 353 Comfort, Mrs. Elizabeth, 518 Clark County Historical Society, 390 Commercial Savings Bank, Liberty, 384 Clark, Ben, 490 Committee of Thirteen, 162 Clark, Donald H., 257 Common Pleas Courthouse, Cape Gi­ Clark, Dwight L., 548 rardeau, 110 Clark, Dr. Graham, 102 The Communist Controversy in Wash­ ington: From the New Deal to Mc­ Clark, John, 132 Carthy, by Professor Earl Lathamp, Clark, Larry W., 270 listed, 514, 515 Clark, O. L., obit., 130 Compton, Allen T., obit., 423 Clark, Rev. Orange, 274 Conant, A. D., 351 Clark, William, 94, 161, 264, 360, 393, Concord Presbyterian Church, 323, 498, 549 324, 334, 336 Clarkson, Harry, 312 Concord School of Thought, back Clay County Museum Association, 110, cover Jan. issue 249, 390, 519 Concordia Historical Institute Qiiar- Clay County Savings Bank, 384 terly, listed, 522 Index 563

Concordia Historical Institute of St. Crank, Rose, 396 Louis, 250, 277, 390, 519 Cranmer, Mabell, 391 Condon, Clara, 387 Craven, Mrs. Alice, 255 Conestoga Valley (Pa.), 142 Crawford, William H., 435 Conestoga Wagons, 142 Creech, B. J., 130 Coney Island, 301 Creed, Chauncey, 521 Conlan, Brian G., Index compiled by Crestwood Sappington House Commit­ Conrad, Mrs. Pat, 394 tee, 102 "Conservatives," 373 Crews, Mrs. J. J., obit., 280 Constant, Mrs. Alberta Wilson, 112 Crick, J. M., 360 Constitution of 1820, 369 Crittenden, Governor Thomas T., 123, Constitutional Convention of 1865, 376, 543, 544 368, 369, 371, 376, 377 Crockett, Norman L., 270 Cook, Lawrence, 395 Croesus, 451 Cook, Melvin S., obit., 555 Cronenbold, Major Ferdinand, 37 Cooley, Elizabeth Ann, Journal of, Cronje, General Piet, 291, 292; 293 listed, 96 (illus.) ; 294, 301 Coombs, Kenneth, 106, 113 Crouch, Anna J., 389 Coon, Mrs. Perry, 524 Crowder, General Enoch H., 122 Coons, Mrs. Bruce, 397 Crowden, Howard A., 381 Cooper, Benjamin, 502 Crowe, Dr. Harry, obit., 423 Cooper, Mrs. Elise Dougherty, 384 Crowley, Ben, 107, 108 Cooper, John W., Jr., 527 Croy, Homer, 269 Cooper, Stephen, 502 "Crucifixion" (painting) , 100 Cooper's Fort, 499 Crusades (Europe), 355 Cope, Mrs. James C, 520 Crystal Palace Exhibition, 286 Copeland, W'arren Turner, 119 Cullum, Adj-Gen. George Washington, Copeland, William H., 527 44 Corder, Mrs. Leon W., obit., 130 Cullum, Mrs. William, 523 Cordonnier, Mrs. Justin, donor, 399 Culver Military Academy, Black Corey, John, 490 Horse Cavalry, 298 Corinth, Battle of, 188, 189, 194 Cummings, Albert, donor, 256 Corinth, Miss., 468, 473, 476, 477, 479, Cummins, Charles E., 339 480 Cunningham, John, 311 "Corn Belt," 173 Curran, R. W., donor, 258 Cornwell, Charles H., 255, 527 Curry, Mrs. Jean, 525 Cornyn, Dr. Florence, 35 Curry, John, 128 Corrill, John, 74 Curtis, Dan, 270 Corson, Mrs. Maude E., donor, 530 Curtis, W. C, obit., 130 Cosmopolitan, listed, 287 Custer, General George A., 252, 386 Cote San Dessein, 113, 273 Custer, Mildred S., obit, 555 Cotton Gin, 45 Cutler, Dr. Hugh C, 359 Coues, Dr. Elliott, 252, 540 Council of Bishops of the Methodist Church, 510 D "County Election," painting by George Caleb Bingham, 509 Dacotas, 167 Covered Bridges, art. on, 229-236 Dade County Historical Society, 277, Couzins, Phoebe, back cover July 520 issue (illus.) Dains, Mary K., reviewer, 137 Cox, Daniel H., obit., 555 Dallas County Historical Society, 111 Cox, Mrs. Ed, 520 "Dallas County Railroad Bonds," by Cox, Edgar, 523 Virginia Rust Frazer, art., 444-462; Map of, 449 Cox, John C, Sr., 113 Dalton, Mrs. H. E., obit., 130 Coy, Roy, 105 Dalton, Mrs. John M., 245 Coyle, Elinor Martineau, St. Louis: Dalton, Judge, S. P., 356 Portrait of a River City, book note, Dana, Richard Henry, 274 522 Darley, F. O. C, 32 (illus.) Coyle, Joseph C, 264 Darnell, Mrs. Ward, 355 Craig, Doc Newton, 313 Daughters of the American Revolu­ Crandall, Luzerne Westcott, 254 tion, Missouri Society, 504 564 Index

Daughters of the American Revolu­ Dinwiddie, Walter, 116 tion, Osage Chapter, 530 Disnev, Walter E., obit., 423 Daughters of Old Westport, 390 Dixie,' 194, 290, 319, 320 Daugherty, Mrs. Vestina, 520 Dixon, Mrs. Clyde G., 113 Davidson, Allie F., 529 Doak, Mrs. Grace, donor, 258 Davidson, Clarissa Start, 119 Dockery and Hilberts Law, Real Es­ Davidson, Matthew, 529 tate, Abstracting, Loan, Insurance Davidson Papers, 529 and Collection Office, 383 (illus.) Davidson, Dr. Robert L. D., 242 Dockery, Thomas J., 383 (illus.) Davies, Richard O., Housing Reform Dodge, Charles D., 264 During the Truman Administration, Dodge, Grenville, 111 book review, 412-415 Dodge, General Henry, 8 Davis, Cecil, 251 Dodson, Dr. J. H. B., 448 Davis, Clifford T., obit., 423 Doll, Paul N., donor, 259 Davis, Jefferson, 313, 518 Donelson, Fort, 317 Davis, Jehiel, 254 Doniphan, Alexander, 111, 384, 549 Davis, Randal N., obit, 129 Donk Brothers Coal Company, 300 Davis, Richard Harding, 297 Dorothy, Mrs. Bill, 394 Davison, Mrs. Leslie S., 266, 391, 396 Dorothy, Doris, 253 Dawson, Miss Lillian, 243 Dougherty, Major John, 384 Dawson, William, Jr., 243, 266 Dougherty, Captain Lewis B., 384 DeArmond, Fred, "Reconstruction in Douglas, Stephen, 145 Missouri," art., 364-377; 389, 521 "Douncastle" (steamer) , 294 De Bruin, Henry Wynand, 250 Dow, Dr. Blanche H., 244 De Carvalho, Eleazor, 517 Dowgray, Dr. John G. L., 110, 393 De-Hodiamont, Baron Emmanuel, 252 Dowler, John R., donor, 530 De Lozier, Mrs. Mary, 112 Dowling, Dick, 518 De Menil House, 114 Downs, John E., 381 De Monleon, Father Albert, 536 Drake, Charles D., 264, 369, 373, 375 De Smet, Father Pierre Jean, 112 (illus.) "Death of Lyon," Currier and Ives "Drake Constitution," 370, 372, 376, color lithograph, front cover Oct. 377 issue (illus.) "Dramatic Criticism in Frontier St. Decade of Fear, listed, 249 Louis, 1835-1838," 96 Decisive Battles of the Civil War, Dray, Warren, 116 listed, 390 The Dream of Thirteen Men Glas­ Decker, Eugene D., 252 gow, by Kenneth Westhues, book Delaporte, Nancy, 394 note, 276 Delarey, General J. H., 292 Du Bois, John Van Deusen, art. on, Democratic National Convention 21-50 (1904), 290 Dubourg, William Valentine, back Dendochronology, 351 cover April issue Denny, James T., 254 Dubourg, William W. V., 386 Dent County Historical Society, 390, Duffett, Benton S., obit., 423 520 Duggan, Lieut. Wilson A., 308, 465 Dent County, History of, 111, 266 Dunavant, Miss Shirley, 252 Dent, Elizabeth, 111 Dunkeson, Robert, 381 Dent, Lewis, 111 Dunklin, Daniel, 11, 12 Des Peres School and Kindergarten, Dunn, Isidore, 105 back cover Jan. issue Dunning, William A., 364 Devoy, Robert, 116 Durrie, Daniel Steele, 120 Dewey, Thomas E., 131 Duchesne, Mother Philippine, back Diamond Grove School, 392 cover April issue (illus.) Dibble, Philo, 67 Dye, Russell V., donor, 259 Dickinson, Mrs. Genevieve, donor, 399 Dyer, Martha Tabb Watkins, 120 Dickinson, Martin, 360 Die Westliche Post, listed, 542 "Digging Up Missouri's Past," by Carl H. Chapman, art., 348-377 Eads Bridge, 87, 101, 497, 545 Dille, G. E., donor, 119 Eads, Mrs. David, donor, 259 Dillon, John A., 525, 541, 542, 547 Eads, James B., 86 (illus.); 87 Index 565

Eagan, Mayor James, 101 Early Barry Comity, listed, 388 Easter, Johnny & Mary Lou, 249 Faherty, William Barnaby, 386 Easton, Rufus, 16, back cover Oct. Fairchild, Mrs. Mildred, 252 issue Fairfield Covered Bridge, 251 Eaton, John, 157 Farmers' Savings Bank, Marshall, 98 Eckert, Conrad, 397 (illus.) Eckert's Tavern, 238 Farrand, Lieut. Charles E., 34 Eckhardt, Willard L., 518 Farrington, Mrs. Mildred, obit., 423 Ecological Society of America, 183 "Father of Kansas City," (John Mc­ Eddie Jacobson Memorial Foundation, Coy) , 78 528 Faulkner, William, 269 Edgar, Mrs. Robert, 554 Faux, William, 167 Ege, Mrs. E. Grant, 525 Fay, Fred, donor, 259 Eichenberger, Allen J., 358 Fayette City Park Shelterhouse, 109 Eichenlaub, Martin, donor, 259 Feasel, Mrs. Chester, 253 Eikerman, Mrs. Walter, 109 Federal Emergency Relief Administra­ Eifert, Virginia S., Of Men and Rivers: tion, 353 Adventures and Discoveries Along Federal Government, 63, 64 American Waterways, book note, 419 Federal Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ Eisenhower, Dwight, 131 mission, 380 Elder, William H., 184, 186 Federal Records Center, Kansas City, Eldridge, Donald A., 242 103 Eldridge, William E., 254, 384 Federalist, 147 Eldridge, Mr. & Mrs. William E., 519 Feldman, Mrs. Pearl, 520 Eliff, Mrs. Glenn, 253 Fellows, Aubrey, 518 Elliott, Mrs. Alvin, 115 Fellows, Baird, 389 Elliotte, J. C, 231 Ferguson, John H., 294 Ellis, Dr. Elmer, 263, 514, 528 Ferrill, John, 499 Ellis, Harvey, 269 Ferry, Mrs. Arlow V., donor, 119 Elmore, Fletcher, 110 "Festival of Peace," 289 Elston Baptist Church, history of, 263 Fidler, Mrs. J. M., 389 "Emancipator," 151 Fiebelman, Kenneth, 111, 520 Emerson, William Howard, 270 Field, Eugene, 101, 264; book note on Engelmann, George, 84, 86 (illus.) home of, 420 Engelmann, Henry, 91 Fife, Robert B., 119 Englan, Laverne, 391 Fifth World Meeting of I.R.F., 257 Ennis, Mrs. Lillian, 247 Filipiak, Jack D., reviewer, 274 Enno Sander Mineral Water Com­ Fillis, Frank E., 294, 300, 301 pany, 88 Finance Committee Notice, 281 Ensminger, Douglas, 118 Finch, Justice James A., Jr., 118 Epworth League, 134 ^ Fine, Lee C, obit., 129 "Era of Good Feeling," 143, 160 "First African Benevolent Society," 339 Erickson, Kenneth, 115 First Bank of the United States, 429, "Erratum," 128, 406 432 Erwin, Mrs. Paul, 397 First Baptist Church, Kirkwood, donor, Eschbach, Mrs. Rosalie, obit., 423 399 Eskimo Ice Houses, 289 First Christian Church Bethany, Mis­ Eubank, Leroy B., obit., 280 souri, One Hundred and Twenty- Eupatorium, 179 Fifth Anniversary, 1841-1966, pub. Eustis, Clarence, 159 by First Christian Church, Bethany, Eustis Resolution, 159, 162 book note, 418 Evans, John Stark, 91, 461 First District Normal School, 329 Evans, Mark, 528 The First Forty Years, listed, 248 Evans, Tom L., 515 First Methodist Church Historical Committee, Carthage, donor, 120 Evening and Morning Star, listed, 67 First National Bank, Carthage, 99 Ever ton Mill, 102 (illus.) Ewalt, Mrs. Mariette, obit., 555 First National Bank Building, Car­ Ewers, John C, 516 thage, 99 (illus.), 383 Ewing, Rev. Finis, 19 The First 100 Years, by William E. Ewing, Gen. Thomas, 264 Eldridge, listed, 384 566 Index

Fishback, Burney, donor, 100, 259 Fredericktown, Battle of, 305, 306 Fishback, George, 547 (illus,) 308, 309, 312, 484 Fisher, Edmond, 110 Free Dispensary, 87 Fisher, Michael, 396 Freedman's Bureau, 343 Fisher, Walter, 386 Freedmen, School for (illus.) , 340 Fishing in Meramec River, 513 (illus.) Freedom of Information Committee of Fitch, Gen. George A., 453, 454 the Missouri Press Association, 279 Fitzgerald, Ruth Coder, donor, 399 Freeland, Miss Maude, 119 Fitzpatrick, Daniel R., 266 Freeman, Dr. Kenneth H., 243 Fix, Mrs. Katherine, obit., 555 Freiberger, Irvin J., obit., 130 Flat Creek Covered Bridge, 100, 229 Fremont, Camp, 303 (illus.) ; 234, 525 Fremont, John Charles, 22, 190, 220, Flavin, Michael John, 271 222, 224-228, 304, 374, 535, 548, 549 Florissant Valley Historical Society, French, Ernest, 390 111, 250, 266, 390, 520 French, Mrs. Marson H., donor, 120 Florence, Oscar, Drugstore of, Lead- "The French in the Miss. Valley," ville, 241 (illus.) listed, 386 Flying Farmers of Missouri Conven­ French Revolution, 437 tion, 107 French, Warren, 511 Flynt, William Richard, obit., 130 Frick, William J., 534 Fogartv, Mrs. Lena, 386 Friedman, Robert P., "The Candidate Foote/Shelby, 389 Speaks Arthur M. Hyde," art., 51- Ford, Mrs. Kenneth D., 256 61 Ford Ward Museum, 390 Friedrich, Edith, donor, 530 Fordham, Ray, 116 Friends of Arrow Rock, 111 Fordyce, William C, Jr., Civil War Friends of Florida, 391 Dragoon, listed, 526 Friends to Humanity, Cold Water Forks, Isaiah, 136 [Salem] Baptist Church, 334 Forrest, Gen. Nathan B., 194, 196, 377 Friends of Old St. Ferdinand Shrine, Fort Gibson, 64, 65 100, 266, 391 j Fort de Goede Hope, 291 Friends of Rocheport, 52Q Fort Osage, 497, 498, 515; Township, Friis, Herman R.; 516 513 Froebel, Friedrich, back cover Jan. Fortnightly Club, Columbia, donor, issue 120 "From These Roots," listed, 379 Foster, Miss Alice, 248 Frost, Gen. Daniel Marsh, 210 Foster, Charles H., 308 Frost, Lawrence A., U. S. Grant Foster, Fred, Jr., 248 Album: A Pictorial Biography of Foster, Dr. Jeanette, 238 U. S. Grant, From Leather Clerk to Founders of the Academy of Science the White House, book note, 275 of St. Louis, 86 (illus.) Fry, Ruth M., 554 Fourteenth Amendment, 365, 370 Fryer, Harley, 393 Foutch, Mrs. Harriet, 396 Fusco, Tony, donor, 120 Foutch, Larry, 108, 396 Fusilliers, Esse, 297 Fowke, Gerard, 352, 358 Fowlkes, Dr. John Gut, 379 Fox Hunt in Jackson County, 513 (illus.) Fox Midwest Photographers, 393 Gabbert, L. C, obit., 555 Fox, Tom D., donor, 530 Gaines Mill to Appomattox, by Har­ Frame, D. V., 108, 396 old B. Simpson, listed, 518 France, Sara Katherine, 108 Galatea of Peace, 289 Francis, David R., 286, 287, 301, 302 Gallaher, William H., Journal of, (illus.) listed, 96 Franken, Gottfried, 120 Gamblin, Mrs. Norman, 389 Gammon, J. R., 451 Frankenstein, Alfred, 101 Garde Republicaine, 289-290 Frazer, Mrs. Henry Mudd, obit., 555 Garner, Ida E., 520 Frazer, Virginia Rust, "Dallas County Garrett, Wayne, 525 Railroad Bonds," art., 444-462 Gasper, Leonard, 255 Frazier, Narvel W., Sr., obit., 555 Gast, R. M., obit., 423 Fredericktown, 194, 307, 318, 487 Gateway Arch, 101 Index 567

Geary, Norman J., donor, 400 "Graduate Theses Relating to Mis­ Gelpin, Tom, 207 souri History," 270, 271 Gemuetlichkeit, 104 Graham Cave, 354, 355, 497 General Assembly of the Territory of Graham, Kenneth L., 392 Missouri, 369, 429 Graham's Mill Bridge, 235 Gentiana, 179 Gramms, Virginia R., 397 Gentry County Historical Society, 111, Grand Army of the Republic, 120 250, 391, 520 Grand Canyon, 92 Gentry, Mary Lee Payne, 239 Grand Prairie Baptist Church, 329, Gentry, Miss Sue, 112 331, 333, 334 Gentry, Mrs. William R., Jr., 239 Grand Rapids (Michigan), 63 George, B. J., Sr., donor, 400, 530 Grand River Historical Society, 11, George C. Yount and His Chronicles 391, 520 of the West: Comprising Extracts Granger, Capt. Gordon, 31 from His 'Memoirs' and from the Grant, C. L., 122 Orange Clark 'Narrative,' Ed. by Grant, H. Roger, donor, 400 Charles L. Camp, book review, 272- Grant, Ulysses S., 115, 189, 190, 195, 274 248, 270, 275, 389, 473, 474, 535, 544 George Peabody College for Teach­ Great American Desert, 142 ers, 379 "Great Emancipator," 165 Gerber Cemetery, 392 "Great Pacificator," 144, 162, 164, 165 German, George J., donor, 259 Great Salt Lake, 8 German Settlement Society of Phila­ Grebe, Frank M., obit., 555 delphia, 551 Green, James M., obit., 130 Geronimo, 299 Green, Judge G. Derk, 243 Gerten, Matthias, 540 Green, George Fuller, donor, 259 Gettysburg, 248, 249 Greene County Historical Society, 112, Gifts, 119, 120; 258-261; 399-401; 250, 391, 521 529-532 Greene, Capt. James H., 195 Gilbert, lilsie, 397 Gregg, Gen. John, 195 Gilbreath, Mrs. William, 388 Gregg, Josiah, 501 Gilcrease, Thomas, 538 Gregg, Patsy Cox, 119 Gipson, Robert, 535 Gregory, Ralph, 139, 244, 391, 521 Givens, Sarah, 72 Grenadier, Guards, 289 Glahn, Mrs. Harry, 527 Griffith, Judge Daniel, History of Plan­ Glass, Hugh, 128, 273 tation, 124 Gleick, Harry S., Banking in Early Grimes, Mrs. Champ, 396 Missouri, Part I, art., 427-443 Grimm, Mrs. Charles, donor, 400 Glover, Kermit, 381 Groce, W. Roy, obit., 555 Godsey, Townsend, 256 Gross, Mrs. E. W., obit., 130 Goe, Emmett, 397 Grundel Site, 354 Goerke, Mrs. Russell, 120 Guadaloupe Mountains, 90 "Golden Book," 297 Guerrillas Attacking Wagon Train, Golden, Harry, reviewer, 132 366 (illus.) Goldman, Alex J., Ed., The Truman Guilford, Judge E. T., 243 Wit, book review, 131-132 Gunn, Calvin, 14 Gunnels, Jay, Jr., 397 Goldsmith, Miss Katherine, 117 Goldstein, Nat, 57, 58 Goliath, 5 H Goodell, Mrs. Clark, 255 Goodrich, Anne Marlyse, 378 H. Bailey Carroll Award, 245 Goodrich, James W., 378 Hadley, Herbert S., 54 Goodrich, Linda M. Andreoli, 378 Hair, Mary Scott, donor, 256, 259 Hall, Bert, Jr., 397 Goodwin, Dr. John R., 308 Hall-Durrie Agreement, 120 Gough, Mrs. Evelyn, 250 Hall, Frederick S., donor, 120 Gould, Jay, 545-547 Hall, Gene, 114 Governor's Commission on Higher Hall, Jacob, 284 Education, 279 Hall, Nicholas, 100, 234 Governor's Mansion, 245 Hall, Dr. Thomas, 111 Grace Episcopal Church, 323, 329 Hall, W. P., 549 568 Index

Halleck, Gen. Henry W., 43, 190, 314 Hawthorne, Mrs. Maude Yost, 248 Hallmark Historical Collections, Kan­ Hayride, 1903, Bucklin, Mo., 513 sas City, 102 (illus.) Hamel, John Philip, obit., 280 Hayden, Ferdinand V., 93 Hamilton Field School, 360, 363 Hayes, Mrs. Dan, 554 Hamilton, Henry W., 36, 348 (illus.) Hayes, Dr. W. C, 525 Hamilton, Mr. & Mrs. Henry, donors, Haymes, John S., 460 400 Hazelton Library, History of, 391 Hamilton-Kingston, Railroad, 235 Hazelwood Historical Society, 251 Hamlin, Dr. Griffith A., 393 Hearnes, Governor Warren E., 101, Hammer, Ellender, 248 102, 118, 244, 379, 381, 511 Hammer, Felix, 248 "The Hearse" (boat), 359 (illus.) Hammond, Loy, 391, 520 Heaton-Bowman Funeral Home, 516 Hancock the Superb, listed, 249 Heckel, Albert K., obit., 424 Hannibal-New London Grand Road, Heckermann, Capt. Ed., 120 236 Heliotrope, 179 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 107, Hellmuth, George F., 101 592 Helmesberger, 289 Hansen, Richard M., 515 Henderson, D. Pat, 268 Hardee, Gen. William Joseph, 227, 307 Henderson, John B., 453, 534 Hardesty, Dr. Joel W., obit., 555 Henderson, Roswell, 243 Hardin, Charles H., 109 Henrick, Mrs. Ruby, donor, 530 Harke, Charles J., 250 Hendrickson, Walter B., "St. Louis Harlan, Lane, 109, 388 Academy of Science: The Early Harner, Joe, 360 Years," art., 83-95 Harper, Mrs. George, 520 Henning, Dale R., 363 Harper, William Rainey, 287 Hennings, Senator Thomas J., Jr., 249 Harriman, Fred L., donor, 120 Henry, Major Andrew, 8 Harris, Mrs. Harold, 397; Notes from "Henry Clay and the Missouri Ques­ Yesterday, book note, 419 tion' 1819-1821," by Alfred Lightfoot, Harris, Senator Ira, 47 art., 143-165 Harris, Nina, 525 Henry County Historical Society, 521 Harris, Dr. William Torrey, back Henry, Fort, 317 cover Jan. issue Henry, Fountain, obit., 424 Harrison County Historical Societv. Henry, Marjorie H., 389 251, 391, 521 Henry, Patrick, 344 Harrison County Times newspaper Henry, Robert, 396 files, listed, 521 Hensley, A. C, 269 Harrison, Mrs. George, 519 Henson, Thomas, 269 Harrison, Samuel F., 551 Henton, Mrs. Helen, 520 Harry S. Truman Award, 518 Heppermann, Bert, 101 Harry S. Truman Library and Mu­ Heritage of America Art Fair and Gun seum, 267 Show, 255 Harryman, Eugene, 112, 522 Heritage of Cooking: A Collection of Hart, H. B., 524 Recipes From East Perry Co., Mo., Hartman, Mrs. F. V., 255 Ed. by Gerhardt Kramer, book Hartmann, Susan Marie. 270 note, 278 Hartt, Leroy, 250 Hartt, Mrs. Mabel, 250 Heritage Foundation of Florissant, Harvard University, 88 112, 266, 392 Harvey, Fred, 538 Hermann, Herschel R., 527 Harvey, George Y., donor, 259, 261 Hermann Museum, 248 Haseman, Leonard, donor, 259 Herrman, Edward, 120 Haskell, Ralph, 251 Hershey, Jimmy, 515 Haskins, Ruth, 389 Hesse, Mrs. Anna, donor, 259 Hassenpflug, Ira, 525 Hesse, Mrs. Clarence, donor, 120 Hassler, William Woods, 519 Hickey, Miss Margaret, 244 Hastin, Wilbur, 388, 517 Hickok, 'Wild Bill', 252, 267 Hasting, Father Martin F., 515 Hickory County Historical Society, Hawkins, Carroll, 460, 462 112, 251, 392, 521 Hawkins, Mrs. J. H., obit., 555 Hicks, John Edward, 107, 393 Index 569

Hieb, David C, 102 Honors and Tributes, 118; 257; 398; Higgins, E. C, 492 528 High Tide at Gettysburg, 249 Hoosier, 313 Highlanders, 292 Housing Reform During the Truman Hilbert, E. L., 383 Administration, by Richard O. Hill, A. P., 519 Davies, book review, 412-415 Hill, Claibourne, 258 Hoover, Mrs. David, 113 Hill, Hamlin, 551 Hoover, Dr. H. Lee, 112, 251, 389 Hill, Dr. Henry H., 379 Hopewell (Indians), 357, 362 Hill, Norman Rae, donor, 400 Hopgood, James F., donor, 530 Hill, Roy, 111 Hopper, Leo, 391 Hill, Mrs. Roy, 397 Horatio Alger Award, 118 Hill, Dr. W. Merle, 242 Horst, Raymond, obit., 280 Hinckley, Ted, "When the Boer War Houck, Louis, 351 Came to St. Louis," art., 285-302 Houseman, Ben, 269 Hines, Roger, 520 Houston, Mrs. Ethel, 389 Hinn, Mr. & Mrs. Carl, 255 Houston and Harris County Heritage Hirst, Richard Clement, 271 Society, 96 Historic Hermann, 392 Housworth, Glen, 115 Historic Sites Act of 1935, 497 Hovey, Dr. E., 450 Historic Sites in Journalism Commit­ Howard, Dan, 389 tee, 287 Howard, Francis E., obit., 424 Historical Association of Greater St. Howard, Jesse, 531 Louis, 222, 251 Howard, Mrs. Oliver, donor, 259, 400 Historical Notes and Comments, 96- Howdeshell, C. Leo, donor, 530 141; 238-281; 378-424; 510-556 Howe, Jane, donor, 400 History of Callaway County, 172 Howe Truss Bridge, 230-234; 233 History of Emmanuel Episcopal (illus.) Church, 1866-1966, by Dorothy A. Howe, William, 231 Rehkopf, book note, 278 Howells, William Dean, 139 "History of Flat River, Mo., " manu­ Howitzer, Fremont, 538 script by John L. Sullivan, 260 Hubbard, Robert T., 522 History of Harrison County 1888, Hubble, Martin J., 251 listed, 168 Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, History of Hermann, Mo., listed, by listed, 244 Samuel F. Harrison, 551 Huddleston, Mrs. Charles, 248, 518 The History of Jackson Co., Mo., Hudson, James, 337 book note', 277 Hudson, William, 234, 235 History of Kirkwood, listed, 247 Hudspeth, Thomas B., 513 History of Missouri, by Louis Houck, Huelett, Richard, 494 listed, 351 Huff, Lt. Col. Leo E., 389 History of Nodaway Co., listed, 170 Huffstot, Bob, 390 "A History of Persecution," listed, Hughes, Allen D., donor, 259 68 Hughes, Mr. & Mrs. Allen D., 520 Hitchcock, Dr. James, 251 Hughes, Mrs. Maurice, donor, 530 Hoagland, Dan, 243 Huhn, Margaret, 397 Hobbs, Mr. & Mrs. John W., 519 Hull, W. R., Jr., 385 Hodge, Leta, 109 Hulse, Robert R., 243 Hoener, Alan J., donor, 530 Hulston, John K., 102 Holladay, Benjamin, 284 Hulston Mill, 102 i Holloway, Albert R., obit., 280 Humphrey, V. C, 520 Holm, Mrs. Dorothy, 519 Hungate, William L., 238, 521 Holmes, Mrs. Harry M., obit., 130 Hunt, Lucas, 549 Holmes, Nathaniel, 86 (illus.), 87 Hunt, Raymond C, 537 Holmes, Oliver, 135 Hunter, D. K., 254 Holsopple, Miss Mary, 115 Hunter, Gen. D. U., 42 Holt, Bishop Ivan Lee, obit., 510, 555 Hunter, William, 243, 266 Holt, Judge Ivan Lee, Jr., 510 Hurley, Frank, 115 Holt, Mrs. Clarence, 113 Huston, Judge Joseph, 504 Hutchison, Mrs. Preston, 115 Holt, Lawrence, 520 Hutchison, Sarah Elizabeth, 505 Holy City, 290 570 Index

Hutson, Joseph, 168 Jackson, Governor Claiborne F., 374, Hutton, Mrs. Ruth, 247 506 Hyde, Arthur M., 51, campaign Jackson County Historical Journal, scene (illus.); 53, political poster, listed, 112 (illus.) ; 51-61, art. on; 82 Jackson Countv Historical Societv, Hyde, Mrs. Ben, 523 112, 244, 251, 392 Hyde, Fred, 396 Jackson County Park Department, 385, Hyde, Mrs. Fred, 526 516 Hyde, Laurance M., donor, 259 Jackson, Donald, 516 Hyde Park, 131 Jackson, J. Weldon, 248 Jackson, Jim, 367 Jackson, Thomas J., "Stonewall," 344 Jacksonian Era, 164 Jacobs, Dr. G. R., account book of, 260 Jaeger, Herman, home of, 119 Ice Age Mammals of Missouri (listed) , Jaeger, Joseph, 381, 515 354 Jaffa Gate, 290 LI. Stevens Pacific Railroad (survey) , James Bovs (Jesse & Frank) , 252, 368, 91 384 Illinois State Geological Survey, 93 The James Boys of Old Missouri, In Memoriam, 129-130; 279-280; by William Ward, (listed) , 260 422-424; 554-556 James, Cliff, 516 Independence, Mo., 64, 67, 81 James, Frank, 252, 531 Indian Artifacts, 356 James, Harvey, 463, 466 Indian Burial Ground, Sikeston, 351 James, Jesse/115, 123, 252, 264. 376; Indian Living Quarters, 356 (illus.) book review on, 409-412; 535, 539, Indian Missionaries, 64 544, 558 Indian Pottery, 356 (illus.) James, Mrs. Rose E., obit., 556 Indian Removal Bill, 64 Jarvis, Howard, 253 Indians, 62, 63, 67, 80; Igorotes and Jawhawkers Hanged, 367 (illus.) Sioux, 289; Achomawi, Atsugewi, Jefferson Barracks, 120, 209 Beaver, Blackfeet, Manahoac, Mon- Jefferson County Chamber of Com­ tagnais, Shoshone, 489; Sac and Fox, merce, 233 490 Jefferson National Memorial, 101 Indiana, 63 Ingenthron, Elmo, 256, 367 Jefferson, Thomas, 97, 147, 148, 528, International Congress of Arts and 541 Sciences, 287 Jeffersonian, 144, 150 International Road Federation Award Jeffries, Charles, 520 Committee, 257 Jennings, Mrs. Atsey, 392 Interparliamentary Union, 289 Jennings, Elisha Middleton, 530 Ireland, Mrs. Norma, 397 Jennings, John, 542 "The Iron Horse," "Transportation," Jennings, Warren A., "Isaac McCoy Series, verso back cover July issue and the Mormons," art., 62-82; 389 Ironclad Oath, 369, 370 Jesberg, June Woodruff, 532 Irvine, Sam, 360 Jesse James Was His Name or Fact Irving, Washington, 168, 176, 179 and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Island No. 10, 466-467 Missouri, by W. A. Settle, Jr., book Island No. 10 Campaign, 188, 189, 194 review, 409-412 Iuka, Battle of, 188, 189, 194, 469, Jewell Cemetery, 109 470, 471 (illus.), 476 Jewish Community Centers Associa­ tion, 392 Jewish Historical Association of St. Louis, 392 J Jim Cook Fish Trap, 496 Jackson, Andrew, art. on, 1-20, 79, Jinkins, Mrs. Nannie, 112, 392; donor 145, 308, 441 400; 522 Jackson, Mrs. C. R., 525 Joanna Dam, 361 Jackson, Camp, affair at; 208, skirmish Joerns, Clark, 122 at (illus.); 213, 214, 216 Joost, Nicholas, 526 Index 571

John Findley Green Lecture Series, 242 Karle, John, 396 Johnson, Andrew, 365, 534 Karley, Pauline Ford, 518 Johnson, Rev. C. B., 265 Karr, Alonzo, 540 Johnson, Mrs. Catherine, 391 Karr, Nancy, 540 Johnson, Charles F., 452 Karr, W. H., Ill Johnson County Historical Society, Kasle, Shirrel, obit., 280 113, 392 Kay, James, 539 Johnson, Ella Mae, obit., 424 Kays, N. W., 535 Johnson, Ewing, 521 Kaysinger Bluff, 361 Johnson, Miss Helen, 112 Kearns, Kevin Corrigan, 271 Johnson, Oliver H., donor, 530 Kearns, James A., 381 Johnson, O. R., Papers of, listed, 530 Kearny, Gen. S. W., 548-550 Johnson, Col. Richard Mentor, 121 Keel Boat, back cover Oct. issue Johnson, Robert, 78, 397 Keel, J. L., 396 Johnson, Walter L., donor, 260 Keeley, Mary Pax ton, 515 Johnston, Gen. A. S., 45, 368 Keemle, Charles, 12 Johnstone, Dr. Paul, 110 Kehde, Ned, donor, 530 Jones, Evelyn Milligan, 522 Keirsey, Sam, 388 Jones, Herbert S., 107, 117, 255 Keller, Jacob, 538 Jones, Mrs. H. S., 108 Keller, Mrs. Lloyd, 521 Jones, James M., obit., 556 Kelly, C. A., obit., 280 Jones, John Rice, 8 ' Kelly, Lieut. Michael, 22 Jones, Paul, 100 Kemper, Rev. Donald J., 249 Jong-Pil, Kim, 242 Kendrick, W. J., 250 Joplin Chamber of Commerce, 393 Kennedy, Elizabeth, 518 Joplin Globe, listed, 246 Kennedy, Frederic T., obit., 130 Joplin Historical Society, 113, 246, Kennedy, John F., 131 393, 522 Kenney, Wayne C, 102 Joplin, Mr. & Mrs. Paul, 522 Keotting, Charles H., obit., 280 Joplin, Rev. Harris G., 522 Kerby, R. C, obit., 130 Joplin, Thell H., 522 Kerl, Simon, 276 "Journal of Proceedings," 93 Kerr, Charles A., 385 Journalism Week, 119 Khalifah, Elias Salim, Ed., The Jour­ Julian, Vance, donor, 531 nal of the Missouri Dental Assn., Jungmeyer, Mrs. Robert, 395 book review, 135 Juramentado, 290 Kickapoo Indians, 263 Justus, F. K., 397 Kidwell Funeral Home, 395 Juttner, Stephen C, 278 Kidwell, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, 395 Kidwielder Fish Trap, 496 Kimball, Mayor P. E., Ill Kinder, Mrs. Francis M., obit., 556 K Kindergarten, 287 Kindergarten of Susan Blow, back "Kaffir Tom," 300 cover Jan. issue (illus.) Kansa Indians, history of, listed, 123 King, George, 116 Kansas, 63, 64, 90, 92, 93 King Hill Site, 362 (illus.) Kansas City Interstate Bank, 99 Kingdom of Callaway Historical So­ (illus.) ciety, 113, 252, 393, 522 Kansas City Livestock Exchange, his­ Kingpost, 230; truss, 231 tory of, 263 Kinkeade, Edward, 390 Kansas City Museum of History and Kipling, Rudyard, 299, 535 Science, 397 Kirby, Milton B., 110 Kansas City Star, listed, 107, 546 Kirk, Stephen, 117 Kansas City Posse-Westerners, 244, 251, Kirksville State Normal School, 375 393 Kirkwood Historical Review, listed, Kansas-Nebraska Act, 193 247 Kansas State Historical Society, 252 Kirkwood Historical Society, 113, 247, Kanter, Gus, obit., 424 252, 393, 522 Kanzee, Harry B., obit., 280 Kirkwood Military Academy, 247 Karch, Mrs. Hattie Bennett, 253 Kirkwood Seminary, 247 Karchmer, J. H., 389 Kirschten, Ernest, 541 572 Index

Klassen, Joseph, 393 Lanius, Jacob, 327, 391 Kling, Dr. G. L., 520 Lansmon, Joseph, 232 "Kneel-In," 345 Larsen, Homer T., 252 Knight, Newel, 74 Larson, Sidney, 243 Knoll, Marvin, 110 Latham, Earl, 514 Knowles, Ed, 251 Late Woodland Indians, 358 Knox County Historical Society, 523 Latrobe, Charles J., 179, 180 Knox County Historical Society Mu­ Lattice Truss, 234 seum, 113, 527 Launer, Franklin B., donor, 531 Koch, Dr. Albert C, 87, 349 Lavenstein, Robert, 110 Koehler, Henry, 294 Lawrence, Col. B. J., 388 Koelz, Edmond, 55 Lawrence County Historical Society, Koenig, Mayor Paul T., 102 114, 252, 394, 523 Komsak, 289 Leavenworth, Kansas, Historical So­ Korea, 131 ciety, 525 Kost, Arthur P., 255 Lee, Clarence W., 538 Kouns, Nathan, 6 Lee, Don D., obit., 280 Kraal, 291 Lee, Fred L., 393 Kramer, Elizabeth, 120 Lee, Gen. Robert E., 248, 368, 390 Kramer, Gerhardt, Ed. Heritage of Lee, Dr. Robert, 111 Cooking: A Collection of Recipes Leeser, Hedwig C, obit., 130 from E. Perry Co., Mo., book note, Legislature of 1862, 370 278; 391 Lehmann, V. W., 177 Kramer, Rev. Herbert G., donor, 120 Leimkuehler, Ricka, donor, 531 Krampf, Louis P., obit., 424 Leiter, Mrs. Ira A., 530 Kraus-Boelte, Marie, back cover Jan. Lemay Ferry Road, 233, 236 issue Leonard, Abiel, 12; 19 (illus.) Krause, Harry, 264 Leopold, Aldo, 180, 186 Kuchs, Albert, obit., 280 Leslie, James Frederick, obit., 556 Kruger, Mrs. Frank, 388 Lewis, Capt. Arthur W., 293 (illus.) Kruger, Paul, 295 Lewis and Clark Trail, 113, 380, 381, Kucera, Clair, 244 391 Kuhn, Kate Ray, 259, 524, 525 Lewis and Clark Trail Commission of Ku Klux Klan, 377 Missouri, 391 Kuehn, Curt E., obit., 556 Lewis and Clark Trail Committee of Kurz, Louis, 33 Missouri, 380, 515 Kyoto Palace, 289 Lewis and Clark Trail in Missouri, map of, 380 Lewis County Historical Exhibit, 247 Lewis County Historical Societv, 247, 253, 390, 394, 523 Laager, 291 Lewis, Henry, 265 Lackland, James, 119 Lewis, Meriwether, 94, 264, 268, 294, Laclede and Fort Scott Railroad Com­ 360, 393, 498, 539 pany, 450, 451, 453, 454 Lewis, Thomas, 515 Lafayette County Historical Society, Lexington, Kentucky, 85 244, 393, 523 Lexington, Missouri, 64 La-Guignole Dancers, 103 Liatris, 179 LaMar, John B., 252 Lambda Chi Fraternity, 254 Liberal Republican, 374 Lambier, George, 390 The Liberal Republican Movement Lamkin, Charles F., Jr., 244 in Missouri, listed, 139 Lamme, Henry, 505 Liberty Temperance Hall, 384 Lampe, Anthony Bernard, 271 Lightfoot, Alfred, "Henry Clay and Lamprecht, Karl, 287 the Missouri Question," art., 143- Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 165 114, 252, 516 Lightfoot, Dr. B. B., 249, 389 Landmarks and Urban Design Com­ Lincoln, Abraham, 33, 145, 165, 190, mission, 101 365, 518, 527, 534 Landreth, Mrs. Mabel, 520 Lindbergh, Charles A., 101, 524, 533 Lane, William Bodley, 102, 117, 526 536, 537 Index 573

Lindenwood College, back cover Oct. Lyman Archaeological Research Cen­ ter, 360, 363 Ling, Mrs. L. F., 394 Lyne, James G., obit., 424 Linn, Joe, 524 Lvon, Gen. Nathaniel, front cover Linton, M. J., 86 (illus.) Oct. issue (illus.); 22-50, 210, 223, "Lion of Paardenberg," 293 374, 487 Lisa, Manuel, 268, 539 Little Big Horn Associates, 386 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, M 323, 327, 329, 334, 336, 337 "Little Dixie," 322, 323 MacDonnell, Cary Ryker, obit., 556 Little Red Schoolhouse Museum, 251 MacLaine, Robert B., Sr., 386 Liverette, Dr. Lucia, 115 MacMorris, Daniel, 263 Lobdell, J. C, Ed., "Civil War Jour­ MacMurdo, J. R., 101 nal and Letters of Col. John Van Machir, John, Papers of, 119 Deusen Du Bois," art., 21-50 Mack, John P., 360 Local Historical Societies, 105-117; Madison, J., 152, 153, 158 246-256; 388-397; 517-527 Mafeking, 294 Lock, John, 537 Magoffin, Susan, 549 Locust Creek Covered Bridge, 232, Maifest, 103, 259, 392, 551 233 (illus.) Maihafer, Harry James, 270 Loehde, Christian C, donor, 531 Major, Mrs. Etta McCollum, obit., 280 Loehr, Dr. Rodney C, 248 Majors, Alexander, 142, 284 Logan, Wilfred D., 355 Malloy, Tom, 113 Lomax, Carroll, 116 Malstrom, Mrs. Ester, Tales of Old Lomax, Victor, donor, 400 Hickory County, listed, 521 Lone Jack City Council, 244 Maness, Mrs. Rose, 248; donor, 400 Lone Jack Civil War Battle, 244 Manley, Dr. C. Benton, 389 Long, E. B., 'Pete,' 248 Manly, Charles Matthew, 268 Long, Richard, 103 Man-of-the-Year Award, 257 Long, Sally Post, 239 Mann, Dr. Clair V., donor, 120, 531 Long's Peak, 91 Manning, George, 520 Loomis, Burt Weed, donor, 530 Manon, Calvin, 116 "The 'Lord's Army' Marching to the Manring, H. H., 391, 520 Deliverance of 'Zion,'" 79 (illus.) Margreiter, Dr. John, 110 The Lost Trappers, by David H. Marion County Historical Society, Coyer, listed, 500 253, 354, 394, 523 Loughead, George, 388, 389 Marion County, History of, 259 Louisiana Purchase, 289, 301, 446; Mark Twain Birthplace Memorial Monument, 285, 288 (illus.) ; Treaty, Shrine, 244 288; Exposition, 516 Mark Twain National Forest, 250 Louisiana Territory, 7, 427 Mark Twain's Letters to His Publish­ Louisville Courier-Journal, listed, 543 ers, 1867-1884, Ed. by Hamlin Hill, Lovell, Mansfield, 477 book note, 551-552 Lowden, Frank O., 56 Mark Tvjain's Satires and Burlesques, Lowe, Mrs. Harvey J., donor, 260 Ed. by Franklin R. Rogers, book Lowe, James L., 359 (illus.) ; 360 note, 551-552 Lowe, William Fletcher, Letters, Mark Twain's, Which Was the Papers and Genealogy of, 260 Dream?" and Other Symbolic Writ­ Lowell, Arthur, 397 ings of the Later Years, Ed. by John Lowndes, William, 158 S. Tuckey, book note, 551-553 Luck, Robert L., 393 Marlow, William, 170 Lucus, Ben, 494 Lucy Wortham James Foundation, 361 Marmaduke, M. M., 503 Luedde, Mrs. W. H., obit., 424 Marquis, Don, 269 Lusher, Mrs. Naomi, 109 Marshall, Ernest, 389 Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod, Marshall, John, 145 250, 268 Marshall Plan, 131 Luther, Tal, 252 Martin, Miss Lucy, 395 Lykins, Delilah, 64-66, 77 Martin, Mrs. Sophie, 525 Lykins, Johnston, 63, 78 Marvin, Enoch M., 134 574 Index

Mary Lee Payne Gentry Park, 239 Mcllroy, W. L., obit., 130 Mason Dixon Line, 145 Mcjimsey, E. E. E., 52-57, 59, 60 Mason, James, 253 McKay, Mrs. Elmer, 121 Mastadon, 354; site, 350 McKee, William, 374 Matthews, Addah Longley, donor, 260 McKibbin, Joe, 44, 49 Matthews, Mrs. Addah, 247 McKinley, Silas Bent, obit., 130 Matthews, Mrs. Roger, 388 McKinstry, Justus, 39 Matusaw, Allen J., Ed., The Truman McLain, J. F., 122 Administration: A Documentary His- McLemore, Gertrude, obit., 556 toiy, book note, 420 McNair, Alexander, 162, 163 Maupin, Mrs. Olive Peterson, 111 McPheeters, William M., 86 Maurer, Dodie, 531 McQueen, Marvin, 511 Maurer, Joseph J., donor, 531 McReynolds, Earl, 554 Mayhill, R. Thomas, 119 McReynolds, Edwin C, obit., 554 McAdams, William, 351 McVay, Don C, 57 McAfee, Mrs. Lulian, 255 McVey, A., 240 McCall, Jack, 252 Meador, Fred, 247 McCartney, Dave, 248 Meador, Dr. L. E., 102, 519 McCaughen, Mrs. C. Burr, 111 * Meeker, Jotham, 63 McCaw, Sarah Jane, 196, 197 Mehl, Maurice, 352, 353 (illus.), 354 McClellan, Camp, 22 Mehl, Dr. Lambert, 523 McClernand, Gen. John A., 195 Mehus, Mrs. Jewell, donor, 119 McClure, James, 490, 491 Melchers, Gari, back cover Jan. issue McClure's Magazine, listed, 299 Memphis, Tenn., 194, 196, 214, 468, 469 McClurg, Miss Jean, donor, 399 Menefee, Arthur M., 128 McClurg, Governor Joseph W., 374, Menefee, Mrs. Christie, 524 375, 399 Mercer County Historical Society, 246, McCollum, Clarence, 116 394, 524 McConnell, Marguerite, 517 Meriwether, Lee, birthplace of, 128 McCord, Luther M., 216 Mermoud, Mrs. Willa, 247 McCord, May Kennedy, 269 Merrifield, Mayor Douglas, 116 McCoy, A. W., 166, 167, 169, 178 Merrill, James, 204 McCoy, Christina, 64, 65 Merrill, Col. Lewis, 39 McCov, Mrs. Clyde, donor, 260 Metcalf, Mrs. Ralph H., 527 McCoy, Delilah, 63 The Methodist Church in Missouri, McCoy, Isaac, art. on, 62-82; Letters 1798-1939 A Brief History, by Frank and Journal of, listed, 66, 67, 72 C. Tucker, book review, 132-135 McCoy, John C, 78, 81 Methodist Episcopal Church, records, McCoy, William, 284 269 McCue, George, The St. Louis Build­ Methodist Uniting Conference of 1939, ing Art: Three Centuries, listed, 132 526 Meyer Brothers Drug Interests, 294 McCulla's Store, 23 Meyer, Duane, 371 McCulloch, Ben, 25, 224, 228 Meyer, Dr. Carl S., 522 McDaniel, Mrs. Lex, obit., 424 McDermott, Francis, 387, 516 Mexican War, 249, 384 McDonald County Historical Society, Miami (Indian) Tribe, 63 114, 253, 394, 524 Michigan, 77 McDonald, Emmett, 34, 35 Microfilm Index and Bibliography of McDonald, Miss Johanna, 115 the Concordia Historical Institute, McDonald, Gen. John A., 544 The Dept. of Archives and History, McDonald, Moss, 115, 524 The Lutheran Church—Missouri McDonnell, Mrs. William A., 102 Synod, St. Louis, Mo., 1954-63, Ed. McDonough, Mrs. P. J., 115 by August R. Suelflow, book note, McElhiney, Mrs. Edna, 238 277 McGee, James H., 77 Middleton, Mrs. Willard, 396 McGee, Col. Milton, 123 Midkiff, Mrs. Helen Trotter, 523 McGlothin, Mrs. Don, 523 Mid-Missouri Art Fair, 248 McGowan, J. L., obit., 130 Miege, John Baptist, history of, listed, McGrath, Lt. John F., 531 263 McHarg, Tom, donor, 260 Mieswinkel, Fred G., 394, 523 Index 575

Milan Souvenir Edition, by John N. Missouri Fishing River Association of Shepler, book note, 419 Baptists, 78 Millar, Mrs. Leola, 525 Missouri Geological Survey, 85 Miller, Bob, 516 Missouri Historical Society, 115, 253, Miller, C. C, obit., 130 393, 394, 516, 524 Miller, Mrs. Cora Lee, 509 History of Missouri, listed, 455 Miller, Mrs. Elmer E., 198 Missouri History in Magazines, 127- Miller, Governor John, 3, 6, 11, 13, 16 128; 268-269; 407-408; 538-540 Miller, Isaac, 258 Missouri History in Newspapers, 121- Miller, James L., 381, 391 126; 262-267; 402-406; 533-537 Miller, Judge Joe H., 389 Missouri Hound Dog, 264 Miller, William, 11 Missouri Indian Tribe, 348, 360 Miller, Mrs. William, donor, 531 Missouri and Maine Bills, 152, 153 Milkman, Esther, 391 Missouri Militia, 9 Millport Bridge, 234 "Missouri's National Historic Land­ Mills, Edwin Weller, obit., 280 marks," by Dorothy J. Caldwell, Mincy Valley Baptist Church, 269 art., 497-509 Mincy Valley Baptist Church of Missouri and Osage Indian Village Christ, 269 Sites, 360 Minnesota Historical Society of St. Missouri Pacific Railroad, 93; Sta­ Paul, 515 tion, 247; Locomotive, 458 (illus.) Minnick, Mrs. Robert, 255 Missouri Prairie Foundation, 244 Minnis, James T., 110 Missouri Press Association, 100, 528 Minnis, Maud, 110 Missouri Press Women: History and Missionary, 62 Directory, 1965, listed, 119 Mississippi Belle (boat) ,104 Missouri Public Expenditure Survey, Mississippi County Historical Society, 279 ' " 114, 524 Missouri School for the Blind, 87 Mississippi Valley Frontier: The Age Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, 375 of French Exploration and Settle­ Missouri "Show Me" Club, 115, 254, ment, by John A. Caruso, book note, 395 416-417. Missouri State Capitol, 288 Mississippian Indian Culture, 358; Missouri State Council on the Arts, Tribe, 360 109 .^ Mississippian Period, 362 Missouri State Ktighway Department, Missouri (ship) , 298 257 Missouri Archaeological Society, 354, Missouri State Park Board, 243, 360, 360, 361, $63 504, 505, 508, 509, 515, 527 The Missouri Archaeologist, listed, Missouri Territory, 498 354 Missouri Town, 385, 516 Missouri Association of Daily News­ Missouri Valley Railroad Company, papers, 279 105 Missouri Club of Leisure World, 253, "Missouri Women in History," back 386 cover Oct. issue, "Mary Easton Sib­ Missouri Commission on the Status ley;" back cover Jan. issue, "Susan of Women, 244 E. Blow;" back cover April issue, Missouri Compromise, 133, 154, 155, "Blessed Rose Philippine Du­ 162, 163, 165 chesne;" back cover July issue, Missouri Constitution, 157-159 "Phoebe Couzins" Missouri Council on the Arts, 101 Missouriana Library, 243 Missouri's Covered Bridges by Doro­ Mitchell, Col. A. C, 450 thy J. Caldwell, art., 229-236 Mitchell, Ewing Young, 461 Missouri Dental College, 136 Mitchell, James, 394 Missouri Dental Journal, listed, 136 Mitchell, Joseph, 390 Mitchell, Samuel A., obit., 556 Missouri Dentistry: The Biography of a Profession, by W. M. Shankland, Moberly anni., 242 book review, 135-137 Moberly Chronicle, listed, 545 Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 182- Moberly, Col. W. E., 276 184 "Moderate Republicans," 373 Missouri Fish and Game Commis­ Mollusca, 90 sion, 491, 492, 496 Moniteau County Fair, 262 576 Index

Moniteau County Historical Society, Muchmore, James, 527 395 Mueller, Harvey, 103 Monnett, Howard N., 264, 397 Mueller, Miss Helen B., 109 Monroe County Historical Society, 524 Muhleman, Ed, 394, 523 Monroe, Dr. Haskell, 518 Mullanphy, John, 238 Monroe, Pres. James, 143, 147, 152, Multnomah Mansion, 384 153, 158, 160, 162, 163, 264 Murphy, Charles S., 514, 528 Montague, W. D., 525 Murphy, Edwynne, 381 Montgomery, Capt. Samuel, 41 Murphy, Joseph, verso back cover Montgomery, Ronald, 106 Oct. issue "Montreal et les Pays d'En Haut— Murphy, Truman, 529 1712-1806," manuscript exhibition, Murray, Jim, 110 515 Murray, Sir John, 287 Moon, Parker F., 389 Myers, Mrs. Clyde, 523 Moore, Andy, 269 Myers, John Myers, 273 Moore, Dr. David O., 102 Myers, Dr. Wilson A., obit., 556 Moore, Mrs. Eathel, 392 Moore, F. R., 382 Moore, Henry, 542 N Moore, L. F., 116 Moreland, Mrs. Clyde, 248 Naeter, Mrs. Fred, obit., 130 Morgan County Historical Society, Nagel, Werner O., 183 115, 254, 389, 395, 524 Napier, William Brydie, 6 Morgan, Dale, 516 Narrow Gauge Railroad, 268 Morgan, James, 394 Nation, Carry A., 540 Moriarty, Donald William, Jr., 271 National Bank of Commerce, Kansas Mormanites, 65 City, 98 (illus.) Mormon Trials, 384 National Commercial Bank, Liberty, Mormons, 62, 65, 66, 75 anni., 384 Moros, 289, 290 National Council of Churches, 510 Morris, Delyte W., 386 National Genealogical Society of Morris, Hobart, 388 Washington, D. C, Metropolitan Morris, M. E., 102 St. Louis Chapter, 387 Morris, Dr. Mary Elizabeth, 398 National Guard, 298 Morrison-Fuller, Mrs. Berenice, 121 National Historic Landmark, 355; art. Morriss, Dent, 107 on, 497-509 Morrow, Fred, 389 National Old Trails Road, 236 Morrow, W. L., 453 National Park Service, 355, 361, 497, Morse, John H., 233 T 498, 504, 505 Morsey, W . L., Jr., donor, 400 National Pony Express Centennial Moseley, Mr. & Mrs. Willard, 522 Association, 116 Mosley, Belle, 256 National Research Council, 183 Moss, Amanda Ann, 96 National Science Foundation, 361 Moss, James E., "William Henry National Survey of Historic Sites and Ashley: A Jackson Man With Feet Buildings, listed, 497 of Clay," art., 1-20; 96, 114 Native Sons of Kansas City, 116, 254 Moss, James Mueller, 96 NATO, 131 Moss, Marcia Mueller, 96 Nay, Mr. & Mrs. Henry, 139 Mollev, Mrs. Robert L., 395 Nay, John, 139 Moulder Hotel, 121 Neale, Ben M., obit., 424 Moulder, Mrs. Nelle, 248 Nebraska Territory, 93 Mount Horeb Presbyterian Church, Neff, R. T., 523 326 Negro Rule, 364 Mount Vernon, 236 "Negroes and Missouri Protestant Mount Zion Baptist Church Records, Churches Before and After the Civil 331 (illus.) War," by Gaston Hugh Wamble, Mouse, Archie, 248 art., 321-347 The Movement for Municipal Home Neill, Robert, 511 Rule in St. Louis, listed, 139 Nelson, William Rockhill, 546 Mower, Gen. Joseph A., 194-196 Nettles, F. H., 122 Mower's Brigade, 194 Neville, Earl J., obit., 556 Index 577

New Jerusalem, 65 Oliver, Dr. Kenneth D., Jr., 391 New Mexico, 90 Oliver, R. B., Sr., home of, 122 New York Kindergarten Association, Olson, Mrs. Edna McElhiney, donor, back cover Jan. issue 531 New York National Guard, 294 Olympic Games, 1904, 290 New York Store, 240 (illus.) 100th Anniversary History, 1866-1966, New York World, listed, 547 Moberly, Mo., book review, 275-276 Neudeck, R. A., Sr., obit., 130 Optimist Club of Rolla, 254 Newell, Mrs. Neva B., obit., 280 Orange Clark Narrative, 272 Newhard, Chapin S., 394 "Order No. 11," painting by George Newman Center, 249 Caleb Bingham, 514 Newman, Clyde, 525 Ordinance of 1787, 145 Newman, Eric P., Numismatic Educa­ Oregon Territory, 91, 142 tion Society, donor, 260 The Original Journals of Henry Newman, Ralph G., 518 Smith Turner With Stephen Watts News in Brief, 100-104; 242-245; 385- Kearny to New Mexico and Cali­ 387; 514-516 fornia 1846-1847, Ed. by Dwight L. Nicely, Mrs. Helen Jones, 256 Clarke, book review, 548-550 Nicholson, Terry, 110 Ormond, Robert H., obit., 424 Nickell, Ray, 116 Ornduff, Don R., 393 Niedner, Rev. Frederic, donor, 400 Osage County, History of, 264 Niles, Michigan, 63 Osage, Fort, back cover Oct. issue Noah, W. L., obit., 280 Osage Indians, 360 "Noah's Ark," Covered Bridge, 100, Osage Village Site, 361 234 Osborn, Mrs. O. W., 523 Noren, Carl, 381 Osborn, Mrs. Victor, donor, 400 Norman, Clyde Churchill, obit., 424 Osburn, Morris, 255 Norris, George, 489 Oscar Florence Drugstore, 241 (illus.) North Missouri Normal School and Osdol, Judge Paul, obit., 129 Commercial College, 379 Osterhaus, Major P. J., 29 North Missouri Railroad, 276 Ottawa (Indian) Tribe, 63, 66 Northeast Missouri State Teachers Overland Mail, 284 College, 243, 269; anni., 379 Overland Stage Company, 284 Northwestern and Southern Colored Overmier, Emmons, 120 Baptist Convention, 337 Overmier, Melvern D., 120 Notes from Yesterday, by Mrs. How­ Overstolz, Mayor Henry, 544 ard Taylor and Mrs. Harold Har­ Owen, Phillip E., obit., 280 ris, book note, 419 Owens, Don, 521 Owens, Samuel C, 77 Nortoni, Albert D., 52 Ozark Indian Petroglyphs, 264 Nothduft, Lillian, 522 Nourse, Edwin G., 515 Nunn, James H., 522 Nye, Col. Wilbur S., 249

Paardberg, Battle of, 291 (illus.) O Pacific Railroad Charter, 557 Pack Train, 142 Oath of Allegiance, Taking of, 370 Palace of Charlottenberg, 289 (illus.) Palace of Electricity, 286 Oberheide, Mrs. Fred, 251 Palace of the Grand Trianon, 289 Of Men and Rivers: Adventures and Pallen, Moses M., 86 (illus.) Discoveries Along American Water­ ways, by Virginia S. Eifert, book Palmyra Massacre, 114 note, 419 Palmyra Methodist Church, 323 Official Records of the War of the Palynology, 351 Rebellion, listed, 195 Pangburn, RoIIand, 527 O'Hanlon, Joseph O., 530 Panic of 1837, 447 Oklahoma, 64 Panic of 1873, 454 Old Drum, 264 Paris Exposition, 286 Old St. Ferdinand's Shrine, 391 Parmer, Martin, 123 Oldham, John, 506 Parrish, Dr. William E., 247, 249, 252, Oliver, Allen L., donor, 120 376, 386 578 Index

Parry, Charles C, 91, 92 Pike County Historical Society, 254, Parry, Mrs. Mary Banks, 248 395, 525 Partee, William, 394 Pike's Peak, 91, 92 Patee Hotel, 107 Pike's Peak Express Company, 284 Patee House, St. Joseph, 105, 107, 108, Pilgrim Congregational Church, 268 396, 497 Pillow, Gen. Gideon, 220, 227 Patee, John, 105, 116 Pioneer Press, 246 (illus.) Patridge, Edward, 76 Pirate, Pawnee and Mountain Man: Patten, Nathaniel, 13, 499 The Saga of Hugh Glass, listed, 273 Patterson, 49 Pittsburg Landing, 45 Pattie, James Ohio, narrative of, listed, Planters' Hotel, 57 273 Platte County Fairground, 234 Patton, John, 252 Platte County Historical Society, 254, Patton, Mrs. John, 520 525 Paul, Louis Rene, 135 Platte County Railroad, 557 Payne, Moses U., 109; 121, farm of Plaza of St. Louis, 289 Pearson, Drew, 528 Pleistocene Period, 352 Peck, J. M., 170 Plummer, Col. J. B., 304-305, 311, 316- Pendergast, 'Boss' Tom, 127 319, 464, 467, 469, 484, 486-488 Pennington, Eunice, donor, 120 Plunk, Ben, 390 Perche Creek Bridge, 235 Poincaire, Henri, 287 Perine, George E., 32 Point Four Program, 131 Perry Centennial, 244 Poirot, 186 Perry Enterprise, listed, 100 Poike, Christiana, 63 Pershing, Gen. John J., 116, 124, 534, Pollak, Simon, 86 (illus.) 535, 538, 539 Pollard, Robert, obit., 130 Pershing Memorial State Park, 233 Pollen Analysis, 351 Pershing Park Memorial Association, Pollock, Miss Elizabeth, 253 116, 234 Pollock, Samuel, 397 Personal Reminiscences and Fragments Pollock, Mr. & Mrs. Samuel, donor, 531 of Early History of Springfield and Pomme de Terre, 361 Greene County, Mo., listed, 251 Pony Express, 107 Peterman, Bill, 253 Pony Express Historical Association, Petersburg Campaign, 389 105, 116, 255, 396, 525 Peterson, Dr. Norma L., Ed., "Wil­ Pony Express Museum, 255, 396 liam S. Stewart Letters, January 13, Pool, Dave, 368 1861, to December 4, 1862," art., Pope, Charles A., 86 187-228; 303-320; 463-488; donor, 260 Pope, Capt. John, 90 Peterson, Mrs. William F., donor, 120 Pope, Gen. John, 42, 190, 194, 243, Petite Saline Creek Bridge, 235 319, 464, 467-469 Pettis County Historical Society, 254, Pope, Gen., Army Entering Corinth, 525 475 (illus.) Pettis, Spencer D., 2, 4, 6, 7 Poplar Bluff Loan and Building As­ Pettus, William G., 238 sociation, 388 Pharis, Mrs. Donald, 519 Porterfield, Neil H., 386 Phelps County Historical Society, 116, Post Horn, 284 254, 525 Potawatomi Indian, 263 Phi Beta Kappa, 554 Potosi Academy, 8 Philadelphia Exposition, back cover Potosi, Missouri, 72 Jan. issue Potter, William B., 351 Phillips, Edward David, 122; papers of, Powell, Capt. Albert M., 40 530 Powell, John Wesley, 92 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial As­ Powers, Miss Gladys, 397 sociation, 251, 391, 521 "Prairie Boomer," 184 Piepier, Mrs. Jessie, 388 "Prairie Chicken," by John James Pierson, Elmer, 118 Audubon, front cover Jan. issue "Piete," 100 (illus.) ; 167 Pickett, John, 397 Prairie Chicken Range, map of, 182 Prairie Fire, 174 (illus.) Pictures of Yesterdays in Callaway Prairie Flowers, 180-181 (illus.) County, Mo., Ed. by J. R. Black, Prairie Grass, 166 (illus.) book note, 418 Prairie Schooners, 142 Index 579

Prairie Union Schoolhouse, 251 Railroad Wreck, Buchanan County, Pratt, Thomas, 234 Platte River Bridge, 558 Pratt, Parley P., 68, 74 Railroad Wreck, Gasconade River Pratt Truss, 234 Bridge, 558 Preetorius, Dr. Emil, 542, 543 "The Rainmaker," 109 Presbyterian Church of Kanawha Sa­ Rammelkamp, Julian S., Pulitzer's lines, 325 Post-Dispatch, 1878 to 1883, book Presbyterian Synod of Missouri, back review, 541-548 cover Oct. issue Randol, A. M., 39 Price, Dorothy Clift, 555 Randolph, Jerome, 540 Price, Miss Hazel, 110 Randolph, John, 154 Price, James W., obit., 555 Ray County Historical Society, 255 Price, Dr. Sterling L., 110 Ray, F. O., obit., 556 Price, Gen. Sterling, 25, 36, 196, 228, Rayburn, Frank, obit., 424 264, 368, 372, 374, 470, 472, 473, 477 Raytown Historical Society, 525 Price, William, 555 Read, Dr. W. F., 517 Primitive Baptist Churches, 334 Reavis, John R., 542 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Rebellion, 369 Sciences of Philadelphia, listed, 89 "Reconstruction in Missouri," by Fred Progressive Party Candidate, 52 DeArmond, art., 364-377 Prout, Dr. Hiram, 85, 86 Rector, W7illiam, 7 Providence Baptist Church, 326 Red Bridge, 235 Pulitzer, Joseph, 541-548 Red Cross Ambulances, 291 Pulitzer, Kate Davis, 542 "Red Legs," 514 Pulitzer's Post-Dispatch 1878-1883, by Red River Campaign, 196 Julian S. Rammelkamp, book re­ Reed, Mrs. Mabel, 521 view, 541-548 Reedy, William Marion, 545 Pullen, W. E., donor, 400 Reeves, Benjamin, 503 Public Papers of the Presidents of the Registry of National Historic Land­ United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, marks, 105, 497 1965, comp. by the Office of Fed. Rehkopf, Charles F., 258 Reg. of G.S.A.'s Nat. Archives and Rehkopf, Dorothy A., History of Em­ Records Service under dir. of Dr. manuel Episcopal Church, 1866- R. H. Bahmer, book note, 417 1966, book note, 278 Putz, John G., 122 Reid, Andrew, 311 Pygmalion, 289 "Reign of Terror," 204 Pyle, C. Homer, 103, 520 Reinheimer Jewelry Store, 240 (illus.) Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, 384 Replevin Laws, 440 Republic, listed, 541, 542, 546 Quantrill, William C, 115, 368, 538 Republican City Commission, 55 Quarles, John A., 244, 536 Revolutionary War, 437 Quicksilver, Mrs. Donald G., 398 Reynard School, 388 Quigley, Martin, 524 Reynolds, Jennie, obit., 556 Quincy and Palmyra, 557 Rhodes, James Ford, 364 Rice, Archibald Elihu, 535 Rice, Robert, 494 Ridge, Judge Albert A., obit., 556 R Riggs, David Ray, 269 Racine, Mrs. Frank, 391 Rion, Howard, 116 Rader, Charles, 128 Ripley, John W., 393 Radicals, 373, 374 Ritchie, Everett J., 113 Radio-Carbon Dating, 351, 362 Ritter, Henry, 529 Railroad Bond Mass Meeting, 444 Ritter, Mary Marticia, 529 (illus.) Ritter, Milly, 529 River Basin Archaeological Salvage Railroad Coach Interior, 557 (illus.) Program, 361 Railroad Contractor Advertisement, Roach, Arlan, 255 455 (illus.) Roach, L. E., 518 Railroad Train, art. on, 557-558 Robbins, William J., 353 (illus.) Railroad Train Robbers, 558 Roberts, Brigham H., 69 580 Index

Roberts, Miss Evelyn H., 398 Roberts, Mr. & Mrs. Howard, 396 Roberts, Roy, obit., 554 Saalberg, Harvey, donor, 260 Robertson, Edgar Lee, 388 Sacajawea, 264, 540 Robidoux, Julius C, papers of, 531 St. Charles County Historical Society, Robinett, Paul M., donor, 401 116, 396, 526 Robinson, Gary, donor, 401 St. Charles County Historical Museum, Robinson, James Francis, 271 238 Robinson, J. Walter, and Baker, St. Clair County Historical Society, 116 Samuel, Grocery Store, 241 (illus.) St. Clair, Lawrence L., obit., 280 Robison, Gary, 516 Ste. Genevieve, 386, 497 Rock Falls Baptist Church, 255 Ste. Genevieve Community Better­ "Rocks of Kansas," 93 ment Committee, 103 Rocky Fork Primitive Baptist Church, Ste. Genevieve Jr. Chamber of Com­ 332 merce, donor, 530 Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 8 Ste. Genevieve Tourist Bureau, 103 Rocky Mountains, 91 St. James Hotel, 108 Rock House Cave, 353 St. Joseph Chapter of Missouri Ar­ Rodney, Robert M., Ed. Birds and chaeological Society, 362, 396 Beasts of Mark Twain, book note, St. Joseph Convent of the Sacred 418 Heart, 108 Roes, Herb, 393 St. Joseph and Des Moines Railroad, Rogers, Franklin R., 551 History of, listed, 255 Rolla Civil War Encampment, 218 St. Joseph Historical Society, 117, 255, (illus.) 396, 526 Roman, Helen, 392 St. Joseph Rifle and Pistol Club, 255 Roos, Lawrence K., 239 St. Joseph Museum, 516 Roosevelt, F. D., 131 St. Louis in 1854, 83 (illus.) Roosevelt, President Theodore, 295, "St. Louis Academy of Science: The 299 Early Years," by Walter B. Hen­ Rosa, Joseph, 252 drickson, art., 83-95 Rosebrough, Mrs. John S., 555 St. Louis Arsenal, 207 (illus.) Rosecrans, Gen. William S., 46, 189, St. Louis Circuit Court, 440 196, 473 St. Louis City Art Museum, 245 Rosenbloom, Rabbi Joseph R., 392 St. Louis College of Pharmacy, 88 Ross, Col. L. F., 484-486 St. Louis County Historic Buildings Ross, Edmund, 534 Commission, 117, 526 Ross, Mrs. Florence G., 555 St. Louis Crowd Scene, Civil War Ross, Lawrence K., 102 Days, 198 (illus.) Round Prairie Baptist Church, 102 St. Louis Dental College, 136 Routt, Col. Henry L., 384 St. Louis Dental Journal, listed, 136 Rowton, Chester D„ 397 St. Louis Dental Society, 136 Rozier, Francis J., obit., 556 St. Louis Forest City, 289 Rozier, Mrs. George, 395 St. Louis Forest Park, 286 Ruark, Judge Justin, obit., 129 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, listed, 96, Rucker, Mrs. Jessie, 525 542 Rucker, Lucille, obit., 280 St. Louis Home Charter of 1876, listed, Ruddy, William E., 106 139 Ruffin, James E., 389 St. Louis Heritage: Six Historic Homes, "Rules for the Mission Family," listed, by Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 77 book note, 420 Runge, Robert, obit., 280 St. Louis Home Rule Charter 1876: Runnells, David, 256 Its Framing and Adoption, by Rusk, Dean, 528 Thomas S. Barclay, book review, Russel, A., & Cornelia, Correspondence 137-139 of, 260 St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, Russell, Adelaide Towle, obit., 280 557 Russell, Mrs. Fred, donor, 120 St. Louis Medical College, 87 Russell, Majors and Waddell Freight­ St. Louis Medical and Surgical Jour­ ing Firm, 105 nal, listed, 88 Russell, William H , 142, 284 St. Louis Movement, back cover Jan. Ryle, Dr. Walter H., 379 issue Index 581

St. Louis Police Board, 543 Schivally, D. M., 263 St. Louis: Portrait of a River City, Schlafly, Mrs. Daniel L., 398 photographs and text by Elinor Schlueter, Robert E., 530 Martineau Coyle, book note, 275 Schmidt, Dr. C. Rivers, obit., 280 St. Louis Presbytery, back cover Oct. Schmidt, Dr. Martha K., 250 issue Schmoll, Walter, 55, 58, 59 St. Louis Public Library, 386 Schmulowitz, Nat, obit., 130 St. Louis Rabbinical Association, 392 Schnese, Mrs. Elizabeth, donor, 260 St. Louis Railway Enthusiasts Club, Schofield, Major J. A., 39, 307 252 Schomburg, Don, 390 St. Louis Star, listed, 543 Schoolcraft, Henry, 264, 535 St. Louis, Statute of, 101 Schroeder, Mrs. Walter A., donor, 260 St. Louis University, 84 Schuckman, Jess, 250 St. Louis Westerners, 255, 396, 526 Schuckman, Mrs. Royal, 250 St. Louis World's Fair, 1904, front Schurz, Carl, 538, 542, 543 cover April issue (illus.) Schwab, Irving W., 110 St. Luke's African Methodist Church, Schwab, Jerome, 523 339 Schwab, Stephen, 518 St. Mary Aldermanbury Church, 242 Schwada, John W., 399, 510 St. Mary's Pioneer Historical Society, Schwartz, Charles, 181 527 Schwartz, Barbara, 555 St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Schweer, Mrs. Theodore, 249 Church, 339, 344 Schweigcrt, Bernard, 511 St. Paul's Methodist Church, 339 Schwensen, C. E., 393 St. Teresa's Academy, anni., 263 Scott, Herbert H., Ill, 520 Saline County Herald, listed, 100 Scott, John, 11, 146, 160 Saline County Historical Society, 116, Scott, Judge John, 458, 459 255 Scott, William, 5 Saline County, Medical History of, Seachrest, Effie, 263 listed, 264 Seal, Bob, 312 Salisbury, Judge Lucious, 518 Sealock, Richard B., 100, 117 Salt Fork Bridge, 235 Sechler, Rev. Earl, 111 Saltpeter (Research) Cave, 497 Second Bank of the United States, 441 Samuels, Dr. Reuben, 384 Second Baptist Church, Columbia, 337, 338 (illus.) ; 339 Sanborn Field and Soil Erosion Plots, Second Christian (Colored) Church, 497 Columbia, 339 Sandehn, Nancy, 396, 526 Seibel, Mrs. Dorothy, 394 San Miguel (village), 501 Seidel, Ida, 391 Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, 233 Seifert, Lewis, 123 San Francisco Chronicle, listed, 101 Seifert, Robert A., 389 Sannebeck, Mrs. W. R., 521 Seifried, Mrs. Margaret A., 521 Santa Fe Trail Wagon Wheel Ruts, Seymour, Horatio, 374 504 (illus.) Sellers, Paul, 253, 394; donor, 401 Sappington, Dr. John, 531 Selover's Bakery and Confectionery, Sappington, Thomas, 102, 266; home 240 (illus.) of, 245, 268, book note on, 420 Settle, W. A., Jr., Jesse James Was His Sauer, Carl O., 176 Name or Fact and Fiction Concern­ "Savage South Africa," Show for 1900 ing the Careers of the Notorious Greater Britain Exhibition, 294 James Brothers of Missouri, book re­ Saville, V. B., donor, 401 view, 409-412 Sawyer, Robert McLaren, 270 Setzer, Glenn, 106-108, 255, 396 Sawyers, William Orr, obit., 130 Shane, Capt., Ottawa Indian, 65 Saxon Lutheran Memorial, 250 Shankland, W. M., Missouri Dentistry: Sayad, Mrs. Homer, 239 The Biography of a Profession, Sayman, Mrs. T. M., 244 book review, 135-137 "Scene on the Ohio," painting by Shannon, George, 5 George C. Bingham, 97 Shawhan, Mildred Leinweber, 529 Schewe, Elenore, 517 Shawnee, 64; Agency, 65; Reservation, Schifferdecker Park Mineral Museum, 66 247, 393 Shawneetown (bank) , 429, 432 582 Index

Shedd, William C, Store of, 128 Smith, Ruby, 251 Shelby County Historical Society, 255, Smith, Gen. Thomas A., 10, 44, 65 397, 527 Smith, Thomas 'Pegleg,' 273 Shelby, Mrs. R. D., donor, 260 Smith, Travis, 116 Sheldon, B., donor, 260 Smith, Waddell, 116 Shelton, Miss Eula, 252 Smith, Rev. Wallace, 384 Shelton, M. E., 122 Smith, Rev. Walter A., obit., 556 Shepler, John N., The Milan Souvenir Smith, Mrs. Willeltha, 300 Edition, book note, 419 Smithpeter, Mrs. Dorothy, 520 Sheridan, Phil, 297 Smithsonian Institution, 357 Sherman, Gen. W. T., 49, 195, 374, Smithville Historical Society, 397, 527 548, 549 Smithville Patterson Memorial Mu­ Shields, Wayne F., "The Chariton seum, 397 River Fish Traps," art., 489-496 Snyder, Frank Mac, 524 Shiloh, Battle of, 45, 189 Snyder, John, 528 Shinnick, Mrs. Margaret, 130 Soetaert, Mrs. Joseph, donor, 531 Shippee, J. M., 357 Sokalski, George Oscar, 40 Shoal Creek, 235 Solidage, 179 Shoemaker, F. C, 257 Sone, Guy M.& Ruth Wells, donor, 531 Shonkwiler, William Forrest, donor, Sowers, Rear Admiral Sidney W., 265 531 Sousa, Major John Philip, 290 Shumard, Dr. Benjamin F., 85, 86 South Africa Boer War Exposition (illus.); 90, 91 Company, 294, 295 Shumard, George G., 90 Southern, Allen C, obit., 556 Sibley, George C, 12, 498, 502, 503, Southern Missouri Trust Company, back cover Oct. issue 102 Sibley Hall, back cover Oct. issue Southwestern Bell Telephone Com­ Sibley, Mary Easton, back cover Oct. pany, 515 issue (illus.) Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Siegmund, Fred C, obit., 556 listed, 245 Siemers, G. F., 122 Souvenir Program, 125th Anniversary, Sigel, Gen. Franz, 25 July 6 thru 10, 1966 (Dade County, Sigma Delta Chi, 257, 554 Missouri Quasqui-Centennial As­ Simon, Victor H., Sr., 102 sociation, Inc., 1966) , book note, Simpson, F. R., obit., 556 276-277 Simpson, Harold B., 518 Sowers, William Augustine, 265 Sims, Earle E., 517 Spanish-American War, 295 Sioux, 167; Uprising in Minnesota, 252 Spanish "bits," 427 (illus.) Sites, John P., Gun Shop, 111 Sparks, E. L., obit., 280 Skating on Moreau Creek, 512 (illus.) Spitlog, Matthias, 253 Slaughter, Carl, 251 Sprague (steamboat) , 394 Slayback, Alonzo, 546 Sprague, Dr. Havilah Mowry, 22 "Slush Fund," political scandal con­ Spreen, J. Orville, 527 cerning Frank Lowden, 56 Spilker, Ronald, 256 Smallwood, Mrs. Charles, 525 Spingarn, Stephen J., papers of, listed, Smallwood, Noland, 77 515 Smart, Harold, 116 Springfield, Battle of, 305 Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, 393 Spurr, Richard E., 390 Smith, Absalom, Letters, Papers, and Staats Zeitung, listed, 542 Genealogy of, listed, 260 Stagecoach, art. on, 283-284 Smith, Dr. Clifton, 280 Staley, Mrs. Walter G., 109 Smith, E. W., 110, 527 Stallcup, Col. C. B., 540 Smith, George W\, Autobiography of, Standish, Miles W., obit., 556 listed, 258 Standlee, Dorothy, 256 Smith, Jerry, 392 Stanley, A. S., 453 Smith, Joseph, 64, 80, 82, 197, 384 Stanley, Enos, 530 Smith, Kirby, 368 Stanley Park Post of the American Legion, 244 Smith, Luther, 537 Stark, Mrs. Charles R., 394, 523 Smith, Mrs. Peggy, 117, 397 Stark, Harlan R., 523 Smith, Pitman, obit., 424 Stark, James Hart, 263, 266; book note Smith, Royslyn, 396 on nursery of, 421 Index 583

Stark, Robert Paul, 523 Stine, Sol, 106 Stark Story: Stark Nurseries 150th An­ Stinnett, Dr. T. M., 379 niversary, by Dickson Terry, book Stith, Mrs. Richard T., 398 note, 421 Stocksdale, Russell H., 384 Starnes, Mrs. Eleanor, 396 Stockton Dam, 361 Starnes, Lee, 106, 107; Mr. & Mrs., 108 Stohr, Fred E., obit., 424 Starr, Frederick, 327, 328 Stone, Boomer and Company, 235 State Archaeological Society of Mis­ Stone, Caleb, 529 souri, 354 Stone, Martha Wood, 529 State Board of Internal Improvements, Stopford, Bishop Robert Wright, 242 447 Stoppel, William, 386 State Capital Museum, Olympia, Stouffer, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert, donors, Washington, 101 401 State Geological Survey at Rolla, 354 Stout, Herald E., 120 State Highway Department, 361 Stribling, Mrs. F. L., 555 State Legislature of Missouri, 369 Stuart, Jesse, 391 State Park Board of Missouri, 355 Stubblefield, Reva, 517 State Press Association, anni., 262 Stubbs, Roy M., 550 State Savings Bank, St. Joseph, 99 Stuber, Mrs. Earl, 396 (illus.) Student Council of the University of "Statue of Peace," 289 Missouri, Rolla, 511 Stauber, Martin, 253 Sturges, Harry A., obit., 130 Steamboat, 438 Sturgis, S. D., 25 "Steamboat Palaces," "Transporta­ Stutsman, Mrs. Wayne, 518 tion," series, 425-426 Suelflow, Rev. August R., Ed., Micro­ Stearns, Dan, 114, 394, 523 film Index and Bibliography of the Steele, Frederick, 22, 29, 483 Concordia Historical Institute . . . Steffen, Casper, 114 Lutheran Church, Mo. Synod, 1954- Steffens, Mrs. William, 523 1963, book note, 277 Stephen Harriman Long 1784-1864: Sullivan, John L., donor, 260, 401 Army Engineer, Explorer, Inventor, Summer Archaeological Field School, by Richard G. Wood, book note, 416 University of Missouri, 362 Stephens, Andrew Joseph, 263 Summers, Mr. & Mrs. Floyd G., 252 Stephens, Dean Emeritus F. F., re­ Supreme Court of Missouri, 369 viewer, 135 Sutherland, Miss Lucile, 398 Stephens, Earl, 251 Sutton, Robert S., 128 Stephens, Dr. Frank F., obit., 422 Swahilies, 289 Stephens, Hugh, 507 Swallow, George C, 92, 93 Stephens, James L., 533 Swarner, Mrs. Frank Spencer, obit., Stevens, Charles W., 86 (illus.) 556 Stevens, Thad, 369 Swekosky, Mrs. William G., obit., 130 Stevens, Walter B., 290 Swift, James V., 527 Stewart, Anna M., 193 Swinehart, Rev. Cecil, 251 Stewart, Benjamin F., 192, 193 Swiney, Ben, 540 Stewart, Eva (Mrs. Forest Mahaffy) , Synodical Conference Missions, 390 197 Stewart, Frank, 204, 213, 216, 219 Stewart, James, 193 Stewart, Jonathan, 193, 196, 203, 204, T., Col. John Smith, 385, 516 207, 208, 223 Table Rock, 361 Stewart Letters, 187 (illus.); 187-228 Tabulation of Mercer County Ceme­ Stewart, Margaret (Earhart), 192 teries, Vol. I, 394 Stewart, Ray, 197 Taft, William H., 100 Stewart, Ruth (Mrs. C. H. Rhinehart) , Taggart, Nancy Van Buren, 119 Taggart, Mrs. Ross E., 113 197 Taille de Noyer, 250, 390 Stewart, Samuel, 192 Talbot, Matthew, 385 Stewart, William S., art. on, 187-228; Tallmadge, James, 147-150, 152 303-320; 463-488; Microfilm of Civil Taney, Chief Justice Roger Brooke, War Letters, 260; 192 (illus.) 519 Still, William N., Jr., 519 Tarbet, William E., 256 Stimson, Stephen R., 396 Tatlow, William D., 461 584 Index

Tate, Major James A., 535 Tipton, Dillon, 112, 251, 392, 522 Tatum, Col. Victor, 524 Titanotherium, 94 Tatum, Stewart E., 113 Titanotherium Proutii, 87 Taylor, Elizabeth, 517 Todd, David, 499 Taylor, Mrs. Howard, Notes from Todd's Chapel, 255 Yesterday, book note, 419 Totten, James, 23, 30 Taylor, James L., Jr., donor, 120, 401 Tower Grove, book note on, 420 Taylor, Mrs. Howard, 397 Town, Ithiel, 234 Taylor, John W., 157 Trail of Tears, 268 Taylor, Mrs. William, 248 Trampe, Mrs. Waldo C, 398 Teasdale, Joseph, 254 Transactions (of St. Louis Academy) , Tecumseh, 121 listed, 89-95 Teed, Mrs. C. G., 394 Transcendental Philosophy, back cover Teegarden, Earle, Jr., 391, 520 Jan. issue Templeman, Allen, 175 "Transportation," series, "Wagons Templeman, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, 391 Westward," verso back cover Oct. Templeman, Mrs. Robert, 251 issue; "At the Sound of the Horn," Templin, Dr. Lucinda de Leftwich, 283-284; "Steamboat Palaces," 425- 269 426; "The Iron Horse," verso back Territorial Bank of Missouri, 434 cover July issue Territory of Missouri, 430, 437 Transue, George P., 397 Terry, Dickson, The Stark Story: Stark Transylvania University, 85 Nurseries 150th Anniversary, book Trask, Herbert A., obit, 555 note, 421 Tree-Ring Dating, 351 Terry, Oley W., 386 Trenton, Missouri, political campaign. Terry, Dr. Robert James, obit., 130 51 (illus.) Teutonic, 294 Trice, H. H., donor, 532 Texas, 90 Trimble, Mrs. Minnie B., obit, 280 Texas in the Civil War, listed, by Har­ Trinity Episcopal Church, 263 old B. Simpson, 518 Trinity Methodist Church, 255 Texas Geological Survey, 85 Truman Administration: A documen­ Texas State Historical Association, 245 tary History, Ed. by Barton Bernstein Thach, R. H., obit., 556 and Allen Matusaw, book note, 420 Thatcher, Futz, 391 Truman, Harry, 51, 117, 131, 265, 514, Theilenius, Mrs. Arthur W., 109 515, 528 Thirteenth Amendment, 369 Truman Library and Museum, 117, Thirty Years View, by Thomas H. 514 Benton, listed, 193 The Truman Wit, Ed. by Alex J. Thomas Amendment, 162 Goldman, book review, 131-132 Thomas Bill, 154 Trumbull, R. S., 388 Thomas, Cyrus, 351 "Trunnels," 234 Thomas Gilcrease Institute of Ameri­ Tucker, Frank C, The Methodist can History and Art, 268 Church in Missouri, 1798-1939. A Thomas Jefferson Award, 528 Brief History, book review, 132-135 Thomas, Jesse B., 153 Tucker, Glenn, 249 Thomas Station (mission) , 63 Tucker, Mrs. Percy W., 279 Thomasson, R. R., obit., 556 Tucker, William C, obit., 279 Thoming, Mrs. Cora, 521 Tucker, William C, 102 Thompson, Miss Cecile, 396 Tuckey, John S., 551 Thompson, Mrs. Dorothy Brown, 525 Tugela, Battle of, 296 Thompson, Edwin, obit., 130 Turner, Henry Smith, 548-550 Thompson, Henry, 529 Turner, J. P., obit., 424 Thompson, Jeff, 227, 228, 306 (illus.); Tutt, George E., 522 307, 484-486, 532 Tuttle, James, 195, 196 Thompson, Dr. A. Paul, 113 Twaddell, Miss Retha, 520 Thompson, Walt, 390 Twain, Mark, 101, 127, 240, 269; book Thompson, Walter W., 110 note on, 418; 535, 536, 538 Thompson, William, Letters of, 268 Twain, Mark, boyhood home of, 124, Thorne, John, 119 497 Thorp, Raymond W., obit., 556 Twenty Decisive Battles of the World. Tiffany, Dr. Flavel B., 264 listed, 390 Timmerhoff, Florena, 115 Tyree, Mrs. Clem, obit., 280 Index 585

"Views From the Past," "Missouri u Banks," 98-99 (illus.) ; "Missouri Udall, Stewart L., 385 Stores," 240-241 (illus.) ; "Missouri U. S. Grant Album: A Pictorial Biog­ Offices," 382-383 (illus); "Missouri raphy of Ulysses S. Grant From Recreation," 512-513 (illus.) Leather Clerk to the White House, "A Vignette of Missouri's Native by Lawrence A. Frost, book note, Prairie," by Donald Christisen, art., 275 166-186 Union Covered Bridge, 232 (illus.) Viljoen, Gen. Ben, 291, 293 (illus.); Union Forces, New Madrid, 469 294, 301 (illus.) "Village of St. Francois," 100 Union Pacific Railroad, 92 Vincennes, 63 Union Solders Voting in the Field, 372 Vincentian Foreign Mission Society, (illus.) 114 United Baptist Church, 341 "Vinnie Ream," 97, 101, 247, 248 United Daughters of the Confederacy, Visiting Nurse Association, 263 John S. Marmaduke Chapter, 516 Vogler, Mrs. Anna, 517 United States Bank, 429 Von der Ahe, Chris, 545 United States Court of Claims, 375 United States Department of the In­ terior, 497 W United States Marine Hospital, 212 United States Pension Bureau, 383 Wabash Valley, 63 United States Supreme Court, 374, 440, Waddell, William B., 142, 284 514 Waggoner, Mrs. Hugh H., 249 University of Missouri, 92 Wagon Train Attacked by Guerrillas, University of Missouri Press, donor, 366 (illus.) 260 Wagner, W. H., obit., 280 University Student Activities Board, "Wagons Westward," "Transporta­ 102 tion," series, verso back cover Oct. Upton, Mrs. Lucile Morris, 112 issue Utah, 91 Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 101 Utterback, Lamar, obit., 424 Waldo, David, 284 Utz Site, 497 Waldo, Ray, 107, 255, 526 Waldstein, Julius, 106 Walker, Freeman, 147 Walker, Mrs. Gentry, 527 Walker, John Brisben, 287 Walker, John Hardeman, 535 Valentine, Mrs. Theodore S., 555 Walkup, Lucian L., Wheeling Cen­ Van Bebber, George, 110 tennial: A Peek Into the Past, 1866- Van Camp, Mae, 386 1966, book note, 139 Van Dorn, Earl, 194, 477 Wall, C. W., 294 Van Dvke, Mrs. Leroy, 525 Wall, D. W., 301 Van Horn, Robert T., 264 Walls, Ernest, 255 Van Osdol, Paul, Jr., 116 Wallace, George K., 60 Van Ravenswaay, Charles, 516 Wallace, Gen. Lew, 46, 317 Vance, John Moses, obit., 130 Walter, William A., obit., 556 Vanderslice, Daniel, 128 Walther, C. F. W., 522 Vandivort, Mrs. Frances Baggett, 389 Walther, Rev. O. H., 250 Vardeman, Jeremiah, 327 Walton, Clyde C, 518 Vardeman, Jeremiah B., Jr., 329 Wamble, Gaston Hugh, "Negroes and Vardeman, William H., 327 Missouri Protestant Churches," art., Vastine, Joseph P., 216 321-347 Vaughan, Gen. Harry, 528 Wanamaker, George W., History of Vaughn, Charles, 247 Harrison County, Missouri, 521 Wappapello Reservoir, 359 Vernon County Historical Society, 397 War of 1812, 8, 142, 273, 444 Vest, Senator George, 264 "War Democrats," 373 Vicksburg, 195 Ward, Mrs. H. C, 252 Vierdag, Rose Mary, 391 Ward, Roy, obit., 280 Viet Cong, 365 Ware, Mr. & Mrs. Lacey, 254 586 Index

Warfel, Mrs. Delia, obit., 424 Wheatland Roller Mill, 392 Warnhoff, Mrs. Madelyn, 521 Wheeling Centennial: A Peek Into the Warren, Chief Justice Earl, 514 Post, 1866-1966, by Lucian L. Warrensburg, 279 Walkup, book note, 139 Warrensburg Chamber of Commerce, Whelpley, Henry M., 351 279 "When the Boer War Came to St. Warrensburg State Normal School, 375 Louis," by Ted C. Hinckley, art., Warren ton Chamber of Commerce, 285-302 516 Whigs, 20 Washington Missourian, history of, White, Florence, 542 listed, 267 White, Frank M., obit., 424 Washington Planning and Service White, Kathleen K., donor, 261 Commission, 389 White, Judge Nathan, 451, 453 Washington Territory, 91 White, Pearl, 393 "Watching the Cargo," painting by White, Rev. William T., donor, 532 George C. Bingham, 97 White River Valley Historical Society, Waterman, Harvey, 394 256 Watie, Stand, 539 "Whiteman's Burden," bv Rudyard "Watkins Mill," 385, 497; State Park, Kipling, listed, 299 515 Whitener, L. D., obit., 424 Watters, J. H., 86 (illus.) Whitlow, Mrs. M. L., 248 Watterson, Henry, 543 Whitmer Settlement, 67 Wear, Sam M., 515 Whitney, Eli, 145 Weaver, John Carrier, 510, 511, 515, Whitney, John Hay, 515 528 Whittelsey, S. G., 453 Webb, Beryl, 244 Whitton, Rex M., 257 Webb, Mrs. Beryl, 385 Wightman, L. P., obit., 556 Webb, Elijah, 202 Wightman, P. G., 521 Webb, Mrs. William H., 120 Wilder, William, 397 Webber Collection on Church Ar­ Wildman, M. S., 436 chaeology, 390 Wiley, Bell, 191 Webber, Joe, donor, 260 Wilkerson, J. S., 523 Weber, Max, 287 Wilkerson, Junior, 527 Webster, Daniel, 145, 344 Wilkinson, A. T., donor, 532 Webster Groves Historical Society, 527 William Dean Howells' Corrections, Webster, Mrs. Oren, 248 Suggestions and Questions on the Wedel, Dr. Waldo R., 357 English Manuscript of "Tom Saw­ Weeks, Clyde, 108 yer," listed, 139 Weidmeyer, Al, 116 "William Henry Ashley: A Jackson Well, Robert William, 12, 13, 15 Man With Feet of Clay," by James (illus.) : 16, 17 E. Moss, art., 1-20 Wellman, Paul, obit., 280 William Jewell College, 102; Jewell Wells, Betsey, 65 Hall, 384 Wells, Fargo and Company, 285 "William S. Stewart Letters. January Wells Memorial Key Award, 257 13, 1861, to December 4, 1862," Parts Welty, Mrs. Elmer, 254 I, II and III, Ed. by Harvey L. Car­ Western Academy of Natural Sciences, ter and Norma L. Peterson, art., 84 187-228; 303-320; 463-488 Western Dental Journal, listed, 136 Williams, Abraham J., 109 Western Dental Society, 136 Williams, Ezekial, 500 Western Historical Manuscripts Col­ Williams, John Augustus, 242 lection, University of Mo., 378, 510 Williams, Taylor, donor, 532 Westhues, Kenneth, The Dream of Williams, Mrs. Thalma, 247 Thirteen Men Glasgow, book note, Williamson, Hugh P., 113 276 Williamson, J. W., obit., 424 Westminster College, donor, 260, 386 Williford, Charles C, obit., 424 West Point, 275 Wilmes, Herbert H., 250 West Point Corps of Cadets, 298 Wilson, Mrs. Clyde, 389 Westport, Battle of, 264 Wilson, Gen. James H., 249 Westport Historical Societv, 117, 256, Wilson, Miss Mary Elizabeth, 252 397, 527 Wilson, Moses G., 69, 81 Index 587

Wilson, Mrs. Ola B., 256 Wornall, Francis, 112 Wilson, Woodrow, 287 Wornall, John Briston, Home of, 112 Wilson's Creek, Battle of, 22-50, art., Wrench, Jesse E., 352, 353 (illus.); 32, 33 (illus.) 353-355, 358, 359 Wilson's Creek Battlefield National Wright, Mrs. Anthus, 112 Park Commission, 279 Wright Brothers (Orville and Wil­ Wilson's Creek Civil War Battlefield bur) , 286 Park, 267 Wright, Mrs. Donald T., donor, 401 Windwagon, verso back cover Oct. Wright, Mayor Marvin, 389 issue Wylie, Fort, 296 Winston, W., 395 Wyman, John B., 38 Winterthur, Henry Francis DuPont, Wymore, Tommie, 384 Museum, Winterthur, Delaware, 101, Wythe, George, 144 516 Wise, Mrs. Lowell, 252 Wislizenus, Adolph, 86 (illus.) Wislizenus, Frederick A., 85 Witt, Otto, 492 Yarnell, Mrs. Gerald, 115 Wobblies, 290 Yarnell, Mrs. Ilene Sims, 389; donor, Wolfskill, William, 273 401 Wood, Grant, 128 Young, Mrs. John, donor, 261 Wood, Mrs. Neal S., 398 Young Republicans Association, 52 Wood, O. O., 516 Young, Robert E., 399 Wood, Richard G., Stephen Harriman Younger, Cole, 115 Long 1784-1864: Army Engineer, Younger Brothers (Cole, James, Explorer, Inventor, book note, 416 John) , 368, 388 Wood, W. Raymond, 363 Younger, Henry Washington, 514 Woodruff, A. F., 178 Younger, Thomas Coleman, 514 Woodruff, Mrs. Howard W., donor, Yount, George C, 272 532 Woodruff, James, 532 Woodruff, Louise, donor, 532 Z Woods, Weightstill, 115, 254 Woodson, Miss Fred Lee, donor, 532 Zagoni, 41 Woodson, Col. Richard, 532 Zagonyi, Gen. Charles, 519 Woodson, Silas, 374, 376 Zambeses, 289 Woodville, R. Caton, 297 Zaring, Judge John B., 518 Wooley, Sarah Frances, 269 Ziegler, Matthew, 103 Works Progress Administration, 508 Zink, Wilbur A., 116, 388 World Council of Churches, 510 Zion of God, 64 World Methodist Council, 510 Zion's Camp, 80 "World's Fair Festival," 516 Zoar Baptist Church, 340, 341

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME LXI OCTOBER 1966-JULY 1967

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI 1967 CONTRIBUTORS

DOROTHY J. CALDWELL, associate editor of the REVIEW.

HARVEY L. CARTER, John and Harriet Campbell Professor of American History, Colorado College, Colorado Springs.

CARL H. CHAPMAN, professor of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia.

DONALD CHRISTISEN, game biologist, Missouri Department of Conservation, Jef­ ferson City.

FRED DEARMOND, editor and co-owner of the Mycroft Press, Springfield, Missouri.

VIRGINIA RUST FRAZER, Jefferson City, Missouri.

ROBERT P. FRIEDMAN, professor of Speech, University of Missouri, Columbia.

HARRY S. GLEICK, lawyer, St. Louis, Missouri.

WALTER B. HENDRICKSON, professor of History, MacMurray College, Jacksonville, Illinois.

TED C. HINCKLEY, associate professor of History, San Jose State College, San Jose, California.

WARREN A. JENNINGS, assistant professor of History, Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield.

ALFRED LIGHTFOOT, instructor in Education, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

JARED C. LOBELL, teaching fellow in Commerce, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

JAMES EARL MOSS, director of the Houston and Harris County Heritage Society, Houston, Texas.

NORMA L. PETERSON, chairman of the Division of Social Studies, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado.

WAYNE SHIELDS, assistant director of American Archaeology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.

GASTON HUGH WAMBLE, professor of Church History, Midwestern Baptist Theo­ logical Seminary, Kansas City, Missouri. CONTENTS Page BANKING IN EARLY MISSOURI, PART I. By Harry S. Gleick 427

CANDIDATE SPEAKS, ARTHUR M. HYDE. By Robert P. Freedman 51

CHARITON RIVER FISH TRAP. By Wayne F. Shields 489

CIVIL WAR JOURNAL AND LETTERS OF COL. JOHN VAN DEUSEN DU BOIS. Edited by Jared C. Lobell 21

DALLAS COUNTY RAILROAD BONDS. By Virginia Rust Frazer 444

DIGGING UP MISSOURI'S PAST. By Carl H. Chapman 348

HENRY CLAY AND THE MISSOURI QUESTION. By Alfred Lightfoot 143

ISAAC MCCOY AND THE MORMONS. By Warren A. Jennings 62

MISSOURI'S COVERED BRIDGES. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 229

MISSOURI'S NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 497

NEGROES AND MISSOURI PROTESTANT CHURCHES. By G. Hugh Wamble 321

RECONSTRUCTION IN MISSOURI. By Fred DeArmond 364

ST. LOUIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE: THE EARLY YEARS. By Walter B. Hendrickson 83

A VIGNETTE OF MISSOURI'S NATIVE PRAIRIE. By Donald Christisen 166

WHEN THE BOER WAR CAME TO ST. LOUIS. By Ted C. Hinckley 285

WILLIAM HENRY ASHLEY: A JACKSON MAN WITH FEET OF CLAY. By James Earl Moss 1

WILLIAM S. STEWART LETTERS. JANUARY 13, 1861, TO DECEMBER 4, 1862. Parts I, II and III. Edited by Harvey L. Carter and Norma L. Peterson 187, 303, 463. *£&£ 4&X ~

TRANSPORTATION

THE IRON HORSE

Realizing the need for better transportation, delegates from Missouri counties met in St. Louis, April 20-23, 1836, to discuss internal improvements. They agreed that more adequate facilities would increase population of inte­ rior counties, allow greater exploitation of natural resources and provide more efficient access to market for farm products. Railroads, already in use in the East, could supplement Missouri's steamboat traffic. As a result of the wide­ spread interest, railroad legislation flooded the Missouri General Assembly. Two privately owned railroads were built in the 1840s from near Richmond to Lexington Ferry on the Missouri River, and from Independence to Wayne City. The cars, drawn by mules over wooden rails, carried produce, supplies and passengers to and from the river. Little else was done until 1849 when pro­ posals were made for a transcontinental railroad to the west coast. Missourians, under the leadership of Senator Thomas Hart Benton, advocated that the line should pass through St. Louis.

The Pacific Railroad charter was granted early in 1849, to construct a road from St. Louis to Jefferson City, thence to the western state boundary and eventually to the Pacific Ocean. Construction began, July, 1851, and the first five miles were completed in December, 1852, but the road did not reach Jef­ ferson City until March 12, 1856. It was extended to Tipton, July 26, 1858 and to Sedalia on February 1, 1861. Interrupted by the Civil War, it did not reach Kansas City until September 20, 1865. Getting off to a slow start, Novem­ ber 3, 1851, the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad construction progressed rap­ idly after 1856. It was the first railroad completed across the state when lines from the west and east met near Chillicothe, February 13, 1859. By 1860 rail­ road tracks had also been constructed for part of the Cairo and Fulton Line; the Platte County Railroad; the Quincy and Palmyra; and part of the St. Louis & Iron Mountain. During the Civil War, the railroad in Missouri fell under Federal con­ trol. The lines, however, suffered widespread devastation from Guerrillas who tore up the track, burned bridges, tangled telegraph wires and harrassed the train crew. By the close of the War most roads were in very bad financial condition. Private subscribers could not meet their pledges and the railroads could not pay their interest charges. The state, which had granted aid, began foreclosing her mortgages, 1866-1868. But demands for more roads increased and counties and cities, competing with one another, subscribed liberally to the capital stock of railroad companies. Some roads were built and put in operation, while others were not. Long legal disputes between defaulting company subscribers and bondholders ensued.

Despite difficulties, Missouri did get railroads and the "iron horse" played an important part in western economic life. New towns sprouted along the rail line and grew into commercial centers. Some river towns became railroad terminals and continued to grow; others died with the steamboat trade. Train passengers represented many backgrounds and walks of life. Those who could afford it by 1870 traveled in ornamented Pullman sleeping cars, which offered private drawing rooms and sleeping accommodations. Elegant meals were served in attractive dining cars but low-fare passengers usually carried as much food as possible or purchased it at local station stops. Coach passengers found their seats firm but comfortable, and curtains allowed some privacy for sleeping. Special box-like immigrant cars, which offered still lower fares, were de­ void of most comforts and frills. Each contained toilet facilities and a stove; some had seats or backless benches and offered straw sacks for sleep on the floor. These cars moved slowly and were constantly moved aside to allow passage of faster moving trains. In early years train travel was often unpleasant. Summer heat, severe cold, rain and wind were almost intolerable. Delays were numerous. Wrecks were always a threat as the Gasconade River Bridge accident of November 1, 1855, and the Buchanan County Platte River Bridge accident of September 3, 1861, could well attest. Nearly 50 persons lost their lives in these two disasters. Train robbers were an added threat for many years after Jesse James' gang inaugurated the first robbery in the state, January 31, 1874, at Gad's Hill in Wayne County. Misusing their power and importance, railroads were often guilty of dis­ criminating between customers, fixing rates, bribing public officials, profiteer­ ing and price cutting to secure monopolies. Laws passed in the 1870s regulated rates and placed restrictions upon railroad companies. After the turn of the century, motor-driven vehicles—busses, automobiles, trucks and airplanes, began to threaten the "iron horse's" choice position in the transportation field. Local passenger traffic was almost eliminated on Missouri railways. Though freight and cross continent passenger service are still avail­ able and in demand, the railway no longer plays a dominant role in Missouri's economic life. Missouri Women In History

Phoebe Couzins

Phoebe Couzins was the first woman graduate of the Wash­ ington University Law School, St. Louis, the first professional woman lawyer in the United States and the first woman to serve as a United States Marshal. The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. J. E. D. Couzins, she was born in St. Louis, September 8, 1842. In the 1860s she established a repu­ tation as a writer and speaker for woman suffrage. In 1868 she was one of the signers of a petition presented to the Missouri Gen­ eral Assembly by a group of St. Louis women requesting the right of women to vote. The next year she was the principal speaker at the national convention in St. Louis of the Woman Suffrage As­ sociation. After her graduation from Washington University Law School, May 8, 1871, a banquet was held in her honor attended by the Law School faculty and other prominent St. Louis citizens. Although she was admitted to the Missouri Bar, she never practiced extensively. She became well known throughout the state and nation as an authoritative lecturer on the subjects of women's rights, temperance and the legal profession. She addressed the San Francisco Woman Suffrage Convention in 1872 and the Association's national con­ vention in Washington, D. C. in 1874. She served as deputy to her father, commissioned a United States Marshal of the Eastern District of Missouri, July 5, 1884. After her father's death she received the ad interim appointment on September 28, 1887, as United States Marshal. Her career closed in obscurity and hardship. Financed by St. Louis brewers, she reversed her stand on temperance and became a lobbyist and lecturer for the United Brewers Association. Her last speech in St. Louis in 1906 denounced Governor Joseph W. Folk for his advocacy of legislation restricting the sale of liquor. She died in extreme poverty, December 5, 1913, in St. Louis. She had always worn her United States Marshal's badge and, in compliance with her request, it was buried with her.