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Université Du Québec À Montréal Les UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LES CONSÉQUENCES DE L’UTILISATION DU RÉGIME INTERNATIONAL DES DROITS HUMAINS DANS LES CAS QUI CONCERNENT L’HOMOSEXUALITÉ DANS LES PAYS À MAJORITÉ MUSULMANE MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN DROIT PAR SARAH GOUIN JANVIER 2021 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 – Rév.10-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l’article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l’auteur] concède à l’Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l’auteur] autorise l’Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l’auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l’auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Merci à Rémi Bachand, mon directeur, pour sa patience, sa compréhension et ses bons conseils. Sa confiance en mes idées et mes capacités m’a permis d’avancer avec aplomb lors de chaque étape de ce mémoire et de dépasser mes propres attentes. Merci à mes ami.e.s et à ma famille pour leur soutien indéfectible et leurs constants encouragements lors de cette aventure rocambolesque. Je remercie particulièrement ma mère Cristina, Simon, Marilou et Myriam. Sans vous, ce mémoire aurait été plus difficile à produire. Finalement, merci aux incroyables personnes que j’ai eu la chance de côtoyer lors de mon parcours universitaire, autant au sein du corps professoral qu’étudiant. C’est grâce aux discussions que j’ai eues avec ces personnes, aux apprentissages qu’elles m’ont transmises, que j’ai pu élargir davantage mes horizons. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ................................... v! RÉSUMÉ................................................................................................................ vii! ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... viii! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1! CHAPITRE I LES CATÉGORIES DU RÉGIME INTERNATIONAL DES DROITS HUMAINS 15 1.1! Le mouvement des droits humains comme phénomène occidental ................. 16! 1.1.1! Origines du mouvement des droits humains .......................................... 16! 1.1.2! Mission civilisatrice du mouvement des droits humains ........................ 27! 1.1.3! Catégories occidentales et hétéronormatives du régime international des droits humains ................................................................................ 30 1.2! Difficultés vécues par les organisations locales : l’exemple de l’Égypte ......... 37! 1.2.1! Implication ardue pour les organisations locales ................................... 37! 1.2.2! Le cas du Queen Boat : la crédibilité des organisations locales en jeu ... 40! 1.3! L’homosexualité dans le monde et le rôle du mouvement des droits humains . 44! 1.3.1! Différentes conceptions de l’homosexualité .......................................... 45! 1.3.2! La théorie de Massad : le « Gay International » .................................... 50! 1.3.3! Le problème de la généralisation ........................................................... 53! CHAPITRE II REJET DES ÉTATS NON-OCCIDENTAUX......................................................... 59! 2.1! États non-occidentaux en opposition au mouvement des droits humains : questions d’universalité et de relativisme ....................................................... 60! 2.1.1! Notions d’universalité et de relativisme ................................................ 60! 2.1.2! La convergence des intérêts conservateurs religieux à la Conférence de Beijing ............................................................................................. 72! 2.2! Rejet tendanciel de normes internationales par des États non-occidentaux ..... 78! iv 2.2.1! Le cas du Queen Boat : perception d’une immixtion occidentale à travers la promotion des droits des personnes homosexuelles ................ 79! 2.2.2! Le cas de Bariya Ibrahim Magazu : une ingérence occidentale injustifiée? ............................................................................................ 84! CHAPITRE III MÉCONNAISSANCE DES OUTILS ET STRATÉGIES LOCAUX ...................... 90! 3.1! La surutilisation du droit international par le mouvement des droits humains . 91! 3.1.1! Angle restreint d’analyse des ONGO : les rapports de Human Rights Watch ........................................................................................ 91! 3.1.2! Angle restreint d’analyse des organes de droit international : les travaux de l’Expert indépendant sur la protection contre la violence et la discrimination fondées sur l’orientation sexuelle et l’identité de genre .................................................................................................... 97 3.2! Adaptabilité du régime international des droits humains aux contextes locaux ...........................................................................................................102! 3.2.1! Outils locaux : réponse à l’inefficacité des mesures liées au régime international des droits humains ...........................................................102! 3.2.2! L’abandon d’outils appartenant au droit international au profit de stratégies locales : le cas des mutilations génitales féminines ...............109! 3.3! Les juristes islamiques en quête de réforme ..................................................118! 3.3.1! Quelques éléments de droit islamique ..................................................118! 3.3.2! Débat plus large sur place de l’Islam et ses préceptes et sa relation avec les droits humains .....................................................................................120! CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................132! ANNEXE A ...........................................................................................................137! BIBLIOGRAPHIE .................................................................................................147! LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AAWORD Association of African Women for Research and Development CEDEF Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes DUDH Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme EIPR Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights EOHR Egyptian Organization for Human Rights HRW Human Rights Watch IGLHRC International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission ILGA International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association MGF Mutilation génitale féminine OCI Organisation de la coopération islamique ONG Organisation non-gouvernementale ONGO Organisation non-gouvernementale occidentale ONU Organisation des Nations Unies PIDCP Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques PIDESC Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels vi TWAIL Third World Approaches to International Law RÉSUMÉ L’objectif de cette recherche est de rendre compte des possibles conséquences de l’utilisation du régime international des droits humains par le mouvement des droits humains dans les cas qui concernent des personnes homosexuelles au sein de pays à majorité musulmane. Nous considérons qu’une bonne part de ces conséquences sont négatives, et peuvent être mises en lumière à travers une analyse de la littérature portant entre autres sur l’universalité des droits humains, le relativisme et les théories queer. Le régime international des droits humains semble véhiculer des catégories qui correspondent à une vision occidentale et hétéronormative de la sexualité, rendant ardue la défense des personnes qui n’y sont pas représentées. De plus, nous observons une tendance de la part de certains États non-occidentaux à rejeter le régime international des droits humains, qui est perçu comme une imposition occidentale. Finalement, nous constatons, de la part du mouvement des droits humains, une propension à utiliser presque uniquement le droit international comme outil, au détriment de stratégies locales qui pourraient s’avérer plus efficace. Plusieurs juristes islamiques tentent actuellement de développer le droit islamique afin que celui-ci puisse répondre aux problèmes qui affectent les populations musulmanes, notamment en matière d’orientation sexuelle et d’identité de genre. Ce mémoire ne vise pas à produire du savoir sur les personnes homosexuelles dans les États où la religion majoritaire est l’Islam, ni à critiquer le mouvement des droits humains. Il s’agit simplement d’une exploration des impacts potentiels de l’utilisation du régime international des droits humains dans des situations où d’autres stratégies pourraient être plus adaptées. Mots clés : régime international des droits
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